9789388751698-ALPINE-G05-EVS-II (SOCIAL _STUDIES)-TEXTBOOK-PART2

by classklapTM ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES – II (SOCIAL STUDIES) TEXTBOOK – PART 2 ALPINE SERIES Enhanced Edition 5 Name: ___________________________________ Section: ________________ Roll No.: _________ School: __________________________________ALP_SST_G5_TB_P2_V06.indb 1 12/14/2018 11:33:42 AM

PrefaceIMAX Program partners with schools, supporting them with learning materials andprocesses that are all crafted to work together as an interconnected system todrive learning. IMAX Program presents the latest version of this series – updated andrevised after considering the perceptive feedback and comments shared by ourexperienced reviewers and users.The Alpine series endeavours to be faithful to the spirit of the prescribed boardcurriculum. Furthermore, to facilitate comprehensive coverage, improvedunderstanding of diverse themes and ease of implementation, the EVS curriculum hasbeen split into EVS – I (Science) and EVS – II (Social Studies). Our books are split intotwo parts to manage the bag weight. They also strive to ensure inclusiveness in termsof gender and diversity in representation, catering to the heterogeneousIndian classroom.Our books also contain age-appropriate and easily relatable content that ensuresthat students can perceive social realities while imbibing the values of the IndianConstitution and human rights. There is also use of graphics, illustrations and picturesto help students to engage with concepts and ideas better. These objectives areintegrated in the EVS – II (Social Studies) textbooks and workbooks to provide a holisticlearning experience to students. The key features of the EVS – II (Social Studies) booksare as follows.  Arrangement of concepts based on the RUAH model based on Bloom’s Taxonomy  Character and dialogue-based introductions to concepts to make EVS – II (Social Studies) concepts more relatable to students  V isually engaging formats for the organisation and presentation of information  In-text activities to assist memorisation and understanding  Subject-related vocabulary building in every lesson  U se of timelines and historical maps to help students to develop timeline, map and globe skills  U se of maps and scenario-based questions in the workbooks  Integration of values and life skills  P romotes awareness and personal responsibility through dialogue and enquiry about the world around usOverall, this series aims to enhance social, cultural and analytical skills for the intuitiveand harmonious growth of an individual in an interconnected and independentglobal community. – The AuthorsALP_SST_G5_TB_P2_V06.indb 2 12/14/2018 11:33:42 AM

Textbook Features Let Us Learn About ThinkContains the list of concepts to be Introduces the concept/subtopic andcovered in the lesson along with the arouses curiosity among studentslearning objectives Understanding RememberingExplains the aspects in detail that form Introduces new concepts to build on thethe basis of the concept prerequisite knowledge/skills to understandIncludes elements to ensure that students and achieve the objective of the topicare engaged throughout ApplicationConnects the concept to real-lifesituations by giving an opportunity toapply what students have learnt Higher Order Thinking Skills (H.O.T.S.) Encourages students to extend the concept learnt to advanced application scenarios Amazing Facts Fascinating facts and trivia for students to establish a better real-life connect with the conceptALP_SST_G5_TB_P2_V06.indb 3 12/14/2018 11:33:44 AM

Contents 5Class 6 Some Powerful Dynasties of India��������������������������������������������������������������� 1 7 The Mughal Empire��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 6 8 India’s Democratic Government��������������������������������������������������������������� 10 9 Local Administration����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 151 0 People with Physical Disabilities���������������������������������������������������������������� 21ALP_SST_G5_TB_P2_V06.indb 4 12/14/2018 11:33:45 AM

Lesson Some Powerful Dynasties 6 of India Let Us Learn About R d efinitions of monarchy and dynasty. U when some Indian dynasties ruled. A the main features of Indian empires. h taking decisions like a king or a queen. ThinkRashi and Meher invented a new game. Each one gets aturn to be the ruler. This time, Rashi is the ruler.Rashi: Meher, go and pluck a few flowers to put in my hair! Then, Rashi dressedarrange for a visit to the park. It is my order as queen that all up as a queenchildren must be allowed to stay awake past 8 p.m. They mustcome back home after playing by 6 p.m.Meher: Rashi, I am so tired of you acting like a queen all the time!I am not following your orders. Go order someone else.Rashi: I will punish you for disobeying me!Meher: Hahaha! Playing with you is a punishment, my queen. Tell me Rashi, were realkings and queens harsh like you? How can we know about them? Is India still ruledby them?QQ. Is India still ruled by kings and queens? (A) yes (B) no (C) maybe (D) do not knowALP_SST_G5_TB_P2_V06.indb 1 1 12/14/2018 11:33:51 AM

RememberingThroughout the history of India, there have been many different kinds of rulers andgovernments. Let us read about some ancient Indian kingdoms.KINGDOMS, MONARCHIES AND DYNASTIESA kingdom is a piece of land that is ruled by a king or a queen. A kingdom is often called amonarchy. This means that one person, usually a king or a queen, inherits their position bybirth or marriage. They become the ruler or head of the state.When one after another, the rulers who rule over a kingdom belong to the same family, it isknown as a dynasty.A group of kingdoms or countries ruled by a single person, a few people or a government iscalled an empire.Kingdoms are one of the earliest types of governments on Earth. There have been differentkingdoms throughout history.Early kingdomsThe world’s earliest kingdoms developed thousands of years ago when leaders beganconquering and controlling cities and settlements. Rulers of early kingdoms providedprotection to their subjects. In return, subjects paid taxes or served the king. Kingdoms alsohad the power to create and enforce laws. UnderstandingSOME INDIAN DYNASTIESIndia is known for its ancient kingdoms. These kingdoms were ruled by different dynasties atdifferent times. The most powerful and well-known dynasties were the Mauryas, the Guptas andthe Cholas. The Mughals also ruled over a large empire, though they came much later.Dynasty Period Some famous rulersMaurya 322 BC – 185 BC Chandragupta Maurya, Ashoka Chola 300 BC – 1279 AD Rajaraja Chola I, Rajendra Chola I Gupta 320 AD – 550 AD Chandragupta I, SamudraguptaMughal 1526 AD – 1858 AD Babur, Akbar 2 12/14/2018 11:33:52 AMALP_SST_G5_TB_P2_V06.indb 2

WELL-KNOWN DYNASTIES OF INDIAThe Mauryan dynasty (322 BC – 185 BC)The Mauryan dynasty had the largest empire of its time in India. It was A pillar constructedthe first large united kingdom in India. Emperor Ashoka was a great by Ashokawarrior from this dynasty. He captured many kingdoms till the battleof Kalinga. After the battle of Kalinga, Ashoka chose to spread themessage of peace.The Chola dynasty (300 BC – 1279 AD)Kallanai dam The Chola dynasty was one of the  Rajendra Chola I longest-ruling dynasties in India. The Kallanai dam in Tamil Nadu was originally built by the Chola kings. The dam still stands there today. Rajaraja Chola I and Rajendra Chola I were the greatest of the Chola kings. Rajendra Chola I is known to have crossed the sea and conquered islands such as the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Sri Lanka and so on.The Gupta dynasty (320 AD – 550 AD) Some Powerful Dynasties of India 3ALP_SST_G5_TB_P2_V06.indb 3 12/14/2018 11:33:56 AM

The Gupta dynasty brought peace and prosperity Both sides of a coin from the time ofto their kingdom. Many scientific and artistic Samudragupta's ruleachievements were made during this time. So, it iscalled the Golden Age of India. The mathematician,Aryabhata, and the poet, Kalidasa, belonged to thisperiod. The Gupta king, Samudragupta was known forbuilding a large kingdom. He created a great armyand a powerful navy. ApplicationWHY DO WE STILL REMEMBER THESE KINGDOMS?Let us read about some important actions of the rulers of these dynasties.• Spreading knowledge: They invited visitors from other kingdoms to learn about other places. They supported great religious teachers. They built colleges where literature, mathematics, medicine and other subjects were taught.• Encouraging artists: Many great plays and poems were written. Books such as the Mahabharata were translated into other languages. They supported the creation of great works of art. Art and architecture in the ancient kingdoms Cholas • temples and • sculptures Guptas All the kings of Ashoka • m essages for these dynasties (Mauryas) his peoplewere supporters of carved into stone art. They built many temples and monuments. Mughal • forts • palaces • gardens 4 12/14/2018 11:33:58 AMALP_SST_G5_TB_P2_V06.indb 4

SPECIAL FEATURES OF THE KINGDOMS OF INDIAAll these kingdoms had some special features. These kings had powerful armies. Theyprotected the kingdoms from outsiders. The soldiers came from all parts of the kingdoms.The Mughal army was known for their soldiers on horseback. The kingdoms remained atpeace with the help of laws and rules. People were also able to trade with each other. Theywere great supporters of art, culture and education. Higher Order Thinking Skills (H.O.T.S.)1) If you were a king or queen, what would you do for your kingdom? What would you like to be known for? Discuss these questions in groups of three. Amazing Facts The British Empire was the largest empire in the world. It was under the rule of England, a country. More than one-fifth of world’s population lived in the empire. India was also a part of the British Empire. Millions of Indians died during the British rule. They made one of the richest countries extremely poor. New Words1) inherit – receive from parents or the previous owner2) conquer – take control of a place or people3) enforce – m ake sure a law is followed4) emperor – the ruler of a very large kingdom Some Powerful Dynasties of India 5ALP_SST_G5_TB_P2_V06.indb 5 12/14/2018 11:33:59 AM

Lesson The Mughal Empire 7 Let Us Learn About R the Mughal dynasty. U similarities and differences between two Mughal emperors. A some features of two Indian empires. h the merits and the demerits of a dynasty. ThinkRashi and Meher ask Morad about other kings and queens of India.Meher: Were there dynasties in India after the Chola dynasty?Morad: Yes, there were. Long after the Cholas, there were many important dynastiesin various parts of India.Rashi: I have heard of Akbar and the Mughals.Morad: Yes! The Mughals were an important dynasty.QQ. Meher wants to know if there were dynasties in India (A)  before the Mughal dynasty. (B)  during the Mauryan dynasty. (C) after the Chola dynasty. (D) in 1900 AD. RememberingTHE MUGHAL DYNASTYThe Mughal dynasty ruled most of northern India from the early sixteenth century to the6ALP_SST_G5_TB_P2_V06.indb 6 12/14/2018 11:34:03 AM

mid-eighteenth century. The Mughal dynasty is notable for more than two centuries of ruleover India. It had very able rulers. They were good at administration and supported trade andcultural activities. Babur Humayun AkbarIn 1526, Babur, a king from Babur's son Humayun Humayun’s son AkbarCentral Asia, came to India. became the next captured many kingdoms.He captured many small king in 1530. He lost He brought a large part ofkingdoms to make a new control of the empire to northern and central Indiaempire in southern Asia. Afghan rebels and Sher under his control. He was oneThis empire was called the Shah Suri. He regained of the most successfulMughal Empire. it back in 1555. Mughal emperors. Jahangir Shah Jahan AurangzebAkbar’s son Jahangir became the king Aurangzeb became the ruler in 1658.in 1605. Jahangir’s son Shah Jahan who He conquered the kingdoms in southernbecame the next ruler in 1628, had a passion India. Thereby, he brought the empire tofor buildings. Taj Mahal in Agra and Jama its greatest size. After his death in 1707, theMasjid in Delhi were built during his rule. Mughal Empire lost most of its power. The Mughal Empire 7ALP_SST_G5_TB_P2_V06.indb 7 12/14/2018 11:34:20 AM

UnderstandingAKBAR AND AURANGZEBSome Mughal emperors had great military talent. Others were important patrons of art andculture. However, the two most powerful of them were Akbar and Aurangzeb. But they weredifferent in various ways. Let us learn about them in detail.How did they become emperors?Akbar became the emperor at the age of 13 after his father passed away. He inherited thethrone peacefully. On the other hand, Aurangzeb became the emperor by imprisoning hisfather Shah Jahan and murdering his eldest brother.Similarities between themBoth the Mughal emperors, Akbar and Aurangzeb, had great reputation as rulers of largeareas. Both of them were brave, hard-working, energetic and had great military knowledge.Differences between themAkbar had equal regard for all religions. He believed in the unity of all religions. He appointedHindus to responsible posts in his government. He succeeded in securing whole-heartedcooperation of all people. Aurangzeb imposed extra taxes on Hindus. This created differencesbetween the Muslims and the Hindus. At the same time, Aurangzeb also appointed Hindus toofficial posts.Akbar maintained a grand court and loved luxuries. On the other hand, Aurangzeb was asimple man and avoided luxuries.Akbar was interested in various art forms such as painting, music, architecture, writing, poetryand so on. Aurangzeb was not such an important patron of painting and art.Who will you choose as your king, Akbar or Aurangzeb? Discuss with your partner and mentionthe reasons for your choice. ApplicationHOW DO YOU FIND THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN EMPIRES?Any two empires can be compared based on some features. Let us see some features of theMauryan Empire and the Mughal Empire. 8 12/14/2018 11:34:21 AMALP_SST_G5_TB_P2_V06.indb 8

1) Time: The Mauryan Empire existed between 322 BC – 185 BC, whereas the Mughal Empire existed from 1526 AD to almost 1800s.2) Size: The Mauryan Empire was larger than the Mughal Empire.3) Religion: The Mauryan rulers were followers of Jainism and Buddhism, while the Mughals were followers of Islam. Emperors Akbar and Ashoka were in favour of all religions.4) Culture: Huge Buddhist monasteries and pillars were built during the rule of Emperor Ashoka. During the Mughal Empire, many monuments such as Humayun's Tomb and Taj Mahal were made. Some of the Mughal emperors are also known for their interests in arts, literature and music.Is it necessary to compare life during different times of history? Why or why not? Discuss withyour partner. Higher Order Thinking Skills (H.O.T.S.)1) In a dynasty, a ruler's child becomes the next ruler. This means that, sometimes, a person who cannot be a good king or queen rules the kingdom. Greedy and cruel people can become rulers. Discuss three qualities of a good ruler with your partner. Do you think dynasties are good, or do you think they are bad? Why? Amazing Facts The national symbol of India with four lions standing back-to-back is the Lion Capital of the Ashoka Pillar at Sarnath. It is more than 2000 years old and is located at Sarnath near Varanasi in Uttar Pradesh. New Words1) patron – someone who supports artists by giving them money2) monastery – a building where a group of monks live and work The Mughal Empire 9ALP_SST_G5_TB_P2_V06.indb 9 12/14/2018 11:34:25 AM

Lesson India’s Democratic 8 Government Let Us Learn About R the meaning of democracy and the features of democracy in India. U how elections work in India; levels of government. A s ections of the central government. h similarities and differences between democracy and monarchy.ThinkMr and Mrs Jain are taking Rashi out.  A polling stationShe wants to know where they are going.Rashi: Ma, where are you going?Mrs Jain: The elections are being held today.We are going to the polling station.Rashi: Which train will you take from thepolling station?Mrs Jain: No, Rashi! A polling station is not aplace from where we can get trains.QQ. What do you think Rashi’s parents will do at the polling station? (A)  pick up a relative (B)  take part in the elections (C) see a railway museum (D) book a train ticket 10 12/14/2018 11:34:29 AMALP_SST_G5_TB_P2_V06.indb 10

RememberingIn the olden days, India was ruled by different kings and queens. Do you remember some ofthem? Many European trading companies came to India. Can you name some of them?You have also studied that India fought against the British rule and became free on15 August 1947.After India became free, our leaders decided that people should be allowed to elect theirgovernment. In other words, India’s leaders chose democracy.WHAT IS A DEMOCRACY?A democracy is a system of government run by the representatives chosen by the people ofa country. In a democracy, the people are the most powerful group. They can choose theirleaders. Democracy is a government of the people, by the people and for the people. This isdifferent from the rule of kings and queens where they have all the power. Let us now look atsome of the features of a democracy.FEATURES OF A DEMOCRACY People elect the leaders they want by voting. People who are 18 years and above can vote. Features of a democracy UnderstandingWe have read that one of the main features of a democracy is that people get to choosetheir representatives. In India, we choose our representatives through elections. India’s Democratic Government 11ALP_SST_G5_TB_P2_V06.indb 11 12/14/2018 11:34:32 AM

WHAT IS AN ELECTION?An election is a method of choosing a representative by voting. They are held regularly aftera fixed number of years. In India, they are held every five years.Process of ElectionBefore the elections On election day After the elections• P olitical parties share • People go to polling • T he votes are their ideas and plans stations and vote. counted. for the citizens. • T hey are not required • T he candidate with• T hey tell people to tell anyone whom the most votes wins. about the candidates they voted for. standing for elections • The political party with from their parties. the highest number of winning candidates usually forms the government.The political party that forms the government is called the ruling party. The leader of the rulingparty becomes the head of the government. They choose members of their party to form acabinet. These members are responsible for different departments. For example, one membermanages the agriculture department, while another manages the education department.Elections for different levels of governmentDo you know that there are three levels of government in India? They are the local, the stateand the central governments. We have elections to elect representatives at all three levels. Name of the election Level of the government Local election Local government State election State government Central government National electionTHE WORKING OF THE GOVERNMENTThe central, state and local governments have separate responsibilities. However, the central,state and local governments work together for the welfare of the people.For example, the local government installs street lights. The state government distributeselectricity to all the cities and villages. The central government gives permission for electricalprojects and decides on the electricity prices to be charged. Let us learn more aboutthese levels.Level 1: The Local GovernmentThe local government looks after the needs of people at the village, town or city level. It has12ALP_SST_G5_TB_P2_V06.indb 12 12/14/2018 11:34:32 AM

two levels – rural and urban local governments. Rural local government Urban local governmentThe rural local government is responsible for the The urban local government looks after thewelfare of people living in villages. needs of people living in cities and towns.Level 2: The State GovernmentThe state government takes care of many things such as education, roads and so on fora state. The state government is made up of a state legislature, a Chief Minister, a Governorand other ministers.Level 3: The Central GovernmentThe central government governs the entire country. It deals with the defence of India,relations with other countries, railways and shipping and so on. It is made up of the President,the Prime Minister and a cabinet of ministers. ApplicationYou have understood the three different levels of the government. Now let us look at whatmakes up the central government.THREE SECTIONS OF THE CENTRAL GOVERNMENT• The Parliament makes rules or laws for the entire country.• The Executive puts into action the rules and laws The Parliament made by the Parliament.• The Judiciary upholds the laws and protects the rights of the people.Let us learn more about the Parliament.The Parliament consists of three parts. They are the President of India, Lok Sabhathe Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha.The Lok Sabha consists of members elected by the people duringgeneral elections. It is also called the House of the People. The PrimeMinister is an important member of the Lok Sabha.The Rajya Sabha consists of members indirectly elected by different Rajya Sabhastates and union territories. It is also called the Council of States. TheVice President of India is an important member of the Rajya Sabha. India’s Democratic Government 13ALP_SST_G5_TB_P2_V06.indb 13 12/14/2018 11:34:34 AM

The President is the formal head of India. They are elected by the members of the RajyaSabha, the Lok Sabha and the state legislatures. Higher Order Thinking Skills (H.O.T.S.)1) Discuss with your classmates about how things would be if you lived under the rule of a king (monarchy) instead of a democracy. Hint: You can discuss the absence of elections and the lack of freedom to express your thoughts and opinions. Amazing Facts India is the largest democracy in the world. Among all the democracies in the world, India has the highest population. New Words1) election – a process through which people can choose the people to act or speak for them2) polling station 3) representative – a place where people can go to vote in the elections – someone who has been chosen to act or speak for a4) vote 5) opinion person or a group of people6) political party – show your choice of a person through an election – a point of view about something or someone7) candidate – a group of people who have similar aims, ideas and8) legislature 9) govern thoughts and who want to be a part of the government10) uphold – someone who wants to be chosen or elected – a body that makes laws and rules for a sate – manage a country and its people – maintain 14 12/14/2018 11:34:34 AMALP_SST_G5_TB_P2_V06.indb 14

Lesson Local Administration 9 Let Us Learn About R local-self government. U features of local rural and urban self-governing bodies. A functions of self-governing bodies. h role of a citizen in local self-government. ThinkMeher called Rashi over the phone one late evening.Meher: My grandfather fell down on the street near our house. He hurt himself. Luckily it isa small injury.Rashi: How is he now?Meher: He has a few cuts and has sprained his ankle.Rashi: Thank God. How did it happen?Meher: The street lights in our lane are not working. It is dark at night. He stepped into apothole and fell. Father is very upset. He went to complain to the Municipal Corporation.Rashi: What is the Municipal Corporation?Meher: Father says it is an office where our local representatives take care of thepublic facilities.QQ. Where did Rashi's father go to complain? (A)  the doctor (B)  the school (C) the office (D) the Municipal CorporationALP_SST_G5_TB_P2_V06.indb 15 15 12/14/2018 11:34:37 AM

RememberingIndia is a large country. To make governing easier, the Indian administration is divided intothree levels — the central, state and local administration.The central government is located in New Delhi. The state governments are located in thecapital city of each state. Each state is divided into smaller divisions for better administration.The local government, also known as the local self-government, looks after the smaller areassuch as the cities, towns and villages.LOCAL SELF-GOVERNMENTThe people living in a locality understand their problems very well. So they can help to solvethese problems. In order to do so, people choose representatives from the locality to be apart of the local government. To help the people, rural local government and urban localgovernment have been created. Their work is as follows.• to set up self-governance in villages and cities• to support women, Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Other Backward Classes• to start off programmes that will help to develop the localityThus, in a rural local government there are Gram Panchayats at the village level; TalukPanchayats at the taluk or tehsil level and Zilla Panchayat at the district level. UnderstandingBoth the rural and the urbanself-government work together so that allareas of a state are taken care ofproperly. Let us understand the differenttypes of local self-governments and howthey are formed. Gram Panchayat 16 12/14/2018 11:34:39 AMALP_SST_G5_TB_P2_V06.indb 16

RURAL LOCAL SELF-GOVERNMENT Gram PanchayatElection Term of Office They are elected to office for a period ofMembers from each village are directly five years.elected. There is reservation of seats forwomen, Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Head(s)Tribes and Other Backward Classes. The elected members elect the 'Sarpanch' or the Head of theMembers Panchayat.One member is elected for every fourhundred people residing in the limits. Taluk PanchayatElection Term of OfficeMembers are elected directly They are elected to office for a period ofby the people living in the rural parts of five years.the taluk. There is reservation of seats forwomen, Scheduled Castes, ScheduledTribes and Other Backward Classes.Members Head(s)Around 15 to 19 members, depending The elected members elect Presidentupon the population of the taluk are and the Vice President of the Talukdirectly elected. The Legislative Assembly Panchayat as their leaders from amongstand Legislative Council members themselves.belonging to the taluk are also members. Local Administration 17ALP_SST_G5_TB_P2_V06.indb 17 12/14/2018 11:34:40 AM

Zilla PanchayatElection Term of Office They are appointed to office for a periodThe Zilla Panchayat consists of elected of five years.members from every taluk of the district.There is reservation of seats for women, Head(s)Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and The elected members elect theOther Backward Classes. President of the Zilla Panchayat and the Vice President as their leaders fromMembers amongst themselves.One member is elected for every fortythousand people for most districts.Members of the Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha,State Legislative Assembly and StateLegislative Council belonging to the districtare also members. All Presidents of theTaluk Panchayats are also its members.URBAN LOCAL SELF-GOVERNMENT MunicipalityElection Term of Office They are elected to office for a period ofMembers are directly elected five years.by the people of the town. Thereis reservation of seats for women, Head(s)Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Members elect one among them as theOther Backward Classes. President and another person as the Vice President. The municipality will beMembers administered by a chief officer called the Commissioner.A town is divided into wards. Membersare elected from each ward. Themembers are called Councillors. 18 12/14/2018 11:34:41 AMALP_SST_G5_TB_P2_V06.indb 18

Municipal CorporationElection Term of Office They are elected to office for a period ofMembers are elected directly by people five years.in cities with a population of morethan one million. There is reservation of Head(s)seats for women, Scheduled Castes, Corporators or Councillors elect oneScheduled Tribes and Other Backward among them as the Mayor and aClasses. Deputy Mayor.MembersElected representatives from thewards, respective members of theLok Sabha, Rajya Sabha, LegislativeAssembly and Legislative Council arealso the members. Members are calledCorporators or Councillors. ApplicationWe shall now look into the functions performed by each of these local self-governments.We shall also look at their sources of income.GRAM AND TALUK PANCHAYATSFunction: The main function of a panchayat is to take up projects to help develop the villagearea. We also have something known as the Gram Sabha which forms the lowest level of thepanchayati system. The members of the Gram Sabha meet at least two times in a year andall of them are aged above 18 years.Sources of Income: Grants received from the central or state governments and ZillaPanchayats along with the taxes and rent from the people of the locality. Also, Gram Sabhaidentifies people who would benefit from its welfare schemes.ZILLA PANCHAYATFunction: They prepare an annual plan for the development of the Zilla Panchayat area.They provide relief to victims of natural calamities. They monitor the developmentalprogrammes and government schools in the district. Local Administration 19ALP_SST_G5_TB_P2_V06.indb 19 12/14/2018 11:34:41 AM

Sources of Income: It comprises grants from the central or state governments, loans raisedand income from the taxes, rent and fees collected.MUNICIPALITIES AND MUNICIPAL CORPORATIONSFunction: Municipalities and municipal corporations look after the developmental works andpublic facilities of towns and cities. Developmental works such as healthcare, street lights,sanitation, sewage, water supply, road-building and so on are undertaken. For city planningand development, there is a separate body called the Development Authority.Sources of Income: Government grants and property tax are the major sources. Water cess,health cess, education cess, fire cess and rents are other sources. Higher Order Thinking Skills (H.O.T.S.)1) What role does the citizen play in their local self-government? Find out information about this from the newspaper, library or the internet. Amazing Facts India has nearly 1.5 million elected women representatives at the local level — in terms of numbers, this is the highest globally! New Words1) public facility – cheap or free things or places provided by the government for people to use2) tehsil – an area of land having some towns and villages and3) district governed by a city or state4) reservation – smaller units into which a state is divided to help in5) term administration and includes one or two cities, a few6) grant smaller towns and dozens of villages7) cess – keeping certain seats for some special groups – a set period of time during which something happens – money given by government for a specific purpose – a tax for a specific purpose 20 12/14/2018 11:34:42 AMALP_SST_G5_TB_P2_V06.indb 20

Lesson People with Physical 10 Disabilities Let Us Learn About R physical disability. U the challenges of people with physical disabilities. A how to be respectful to people with physical disabilities. h achievers with physical disabilities. ThinkRashi was watching a live speech, named ‘On Topof the World’, on television with her mother.Rashi: Ma, what is the name of the lady? What didshe do?Rashi’s mother: She is Arunima Sinha. She climbedMount Everest.Rashi: OK. But we learned that Tenzing Norgay also Arunima Sinhaclimbed Mount Everest many years ago.Is there another reason for her to be so famous?Rashi’s mother: Arunima Sinha is famous because she is the first female amputee toclimb Mount Everest.Q. Who is the first female amputee to climb Mount Everest? (A) Rashi (B) Tenzing Norgay (C) Arunima Sinha (D) Rashi’s motherALP_SST_G5_TB_P2_V06.indb 21 21 12/14/2018 11:34:43 AM

RememberingWHAT IS A DISABILITY?Have you noticed that sometimes some people have some problems walking, speaking orseeing? These are types of physical disabilities. A physical disability is a condition that limitsa person’s movements, senses or activities. For example, a physical disability may limit theway a part of the body grows, moves or does what it is supposed to do. It may interfere witha person’s ability to walk, hear, talk, see, think or learn. It does not affect each person in thesame way. In addition, some people might have multiple disabilities.DIFFERENT PEOPLE, DIFFERENT NEEDSWe often see people with disabilities around us. Perhaps, you have also helped themsometimes. You may have helped a person without sight to cross the road. You may havepushed a wheelchair for a person. They are normal people like all of us. People with disabilitiescan do many of the things you do, but it might take them a little longer. They may needassistance or supporting equipment to help them.• A person who has limited vision may use a red and white stick. While walking, this stick is used to lightly tap the surrounding areas to check if the path is clear.• A person who cannot hear properly may use hearing aids.• A person who cannot walk may use a wheelchair.• S ome specially designed computers can also help people with A person without vision special needs. using a stickDIFFERENTLY ABLED PEOPLEWe should understand that differences are normal and people have many similarities too.By focusing on what people have in common, we can bond with each other over commoninterests. No matter how different people with disabilities may appear, they like to laugh andhave fun.People with disabilities also have different strengths. For example, a boy who uses awheelchair may be fluent in English and paint very well. A girl without sight may be agreat singer. We should respect them for these qualities instead of avoiding them for theirdisabilities. Thus, those with physical disabilities may also be called differently abled people.Let us look at some differently abled people who are famous. 22 12/14/2018 11:34:44 AMALP_SST_G5_TB_P2_V06.indb 22

SOME DIFFERENTLY ABLED PEOPLE Srikanth Bolla is CEO and Stephen Hawking was one of the Shekhar Naik is a blind cricketer founder of Bollant Industries. greatest scientists of this century. from Karnataka who helpedHe is the first international blind Due to his paralysis he could not student at the Massachusetts India win the World Cup in 2014. move or talk well. He is a former captain of the Institute of Technology. national blind cricket team. UnderstandingPeople with physical disabilities are like any other people. They can be famous and successful. However, their limitations,sometimes, put some challenges in front of them. Let usunderstand these challenges and find out how we cansupport them.PHYSICAL CHALLENGES Challenge of boarding a trainSome people without disabilities often do not considerpeople with disabilities to be ‘normal’. It could be becausepeople with physical disabilities find it hard to perform someeveryday actions such as walking, seeing, hearing or talking.People who face difficulty walking cannot enter all placeseasily. For example, buildings without wheelchair ramps make itdifficult for them to move around.Challenges for people without sight would be signs outside of Challenge of crossing a roaddoors that often do not have the Braille script underneath thewriting. So, that would make it difficult for them to find the placethat they need to reach in a building.They also take time to adjust to their surroundings and becomefamiliar with all the places they go to. If they go to a new place,there would be a great chance for them to collide with something. Wheelchair ramp People with Physical Disabilities 23ALP_SST_G5_TB_P2_V06.indb 23 12/14/2018 11:34:46 AM

A challenge for a person who cannot speak would be to geta job since most jobs require talking. Also, if they gosomewhere alone, there might not be anyone who knows signlanguage. So, that would make it difficult for them to say whatthey want.EMOTIONAL CHALLENGESWhat people often forget is that when a person cannot move Children using sign languageor speak in a certain way, it does not make them less human. They have the same emotionsas anyone else. They cry if they are hurt, and they laugh when they are happy.Sometimes, people with physical disabilities are not respected. They are ill-treated or notgiven the necessary support. At other times, people comment on them, make fun of themand call them names. It could be either at home, at school, at work or in public. This mightbecome an emotional challenge for them. Instead of seeing the similarities, people often payattention to the limitations. People often forget that all of us are equal. We should not hurt theemotions of others. ApplicationRESPECTING THE DIFFERENTLY ABLEDAs you read earlier, people with physical disabilities might face different challenges just likeanyone else. Just as no human is like another, no people with disability are the same.When speaking or being friends with a person with a physical disability, you can dothe following.• Smile; be yourself. Focus on what a person can do.• T alk to a person with disability about how you can include the person in activities or what the person is comfortable with.• R emember that all human beings like to be respected. Offer assistance if asked or if the need is obvious. Move wheelchairs with permission from the owners.• Be patient. Speak slowly and directly when talking to a person who has little hearing.• B e considerate of people’s feelings when talking to others. Would you want what you are about to say being said about you?• Remember that a person with a disability is not ‘a disabled woman’ or ‘a handicapped man’. Refer to them by their name and not by these words. 24 12/14/2018 11:34:47 AMALP_SST_G5_TB_P2_V06.indb 24

Higher Order Thinking Skills (H.O.T.S.)ACHIEVERS WITH PHYSICAL DISABILITIESOnce we learn to appreciate that people with disabilities can be achievers, we begin torespect them. Let us read about two such people who did not allow the disabilities to limitthem. Then discuss the following questions with your class.Rajinder Singh Rahelu was only eight months old, when he was Rajinder Singh Raheluaffected by polio. Since then, he has not been able to walk. Hewas motivated by his friend to start weightlifting. He started bylifting a weight of 70 kg. But constant training and motivationmade him strong enough to lift a weight of 115 kg withinsix months. In 2006, he was awarded the Arjuna award by thePresident of India. He made history after winning a silver medal inpowerlifting at the Commonwealth Games 2014.Sheela Sharma was only four when she lost both her arms in a Sheela Sharmatrain accident. Sheela’s interest in art was clear right fromchildhood when she would use her mouth and feet to write andpaint. Today she is one of India’s most well-known foot and mouthartists. She has exhibited at many prestigious art galleries, includingthe Jehangir Art Gallery in Mumbai.1) What can you learn from Sheela and Rajinder’s lives?2) Imagine that Sheela or Rajinder comes to your class. Prepare a list of questions you could use to interview them. Amazing FactsThere are more than 26 million people in India who have some or the other kind ofdisability. This is more than the population of Delhi! We should ensure society has morepublic facilities for people with physical disabilities. New Words1) amputee – a person who has had a limb removed by operation2) assistance – the action of helping someone by sharing work3) vision – ability to see People with Physical Disabilities 25ALP_SST_G5_TB_P2_V06.indb 25 12/14/2018 11:34:48 AM

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