12th Bio_Reproduction in Organisms_Avanti Module

B23 – Reproduction in Organisms 1 Fourth Edition B23. Reproduction in Organisms TABLE OF CONTENTS B23. Reproduction in Organisms 1 Points to Remember.....................................................................................................................................................................................2 B23.1 Asexual Reproduction...................................................................................................................................................................4 B23.2 Sexual Reproduction...................................................................................................................................................................12 Answer Key....................................................................................................................................................................................................20

B23 – Reproduction in Organisms 2 Points to Remember  The period between the birth and the natural death of an organism is called life span. It does not correlate with the size of the body of any organism.  Reproduction is termed as a biological process in which an organism gives rise to young ones or offspring similar to itself. It can be categorized as asexual and sexual reproduction.  Asexual reproduction is the phenomenon of production of an offspring by a single parent without the formation and fusion of gametes. It involves only mitotic cell division. Thus, the offspring produced are identical to the parent and are called clones.  Asexual reproduction may occur by fission (i.e. binary and multiple fission), fragmentation, regeneration, budding, sporulation, gemmule formation, parthenogenesis and vegetative propagation.  Vegetative propagation is the formation of new plants from vegetative parts like roots, stem, leaf, bulbils, turions, etc. The units of vegetative propagation such as runner, rhizome, sucker, tuber, bulb, offset all have the capability to give rise to new offspring. These structures are known as vegetative propagules.  Sexual Reproduction is the mode of reproduction which involves the formation of male and female gametes either by the same individual or by different individuals of opposite sex. The gametes fuse to form a new cell called zygote.  Life cycle of an organism is divided into following three phases: I. Juvenile phase is a pre – reproductive period in which an organism grows to attain a sexual maturity. II. Reproductive phase is the reproductive period. III. Senescent phase is known to be the end of reproductive phase and ageing.  Plants in which the male and the female reproductive structures may be present on the same plant are called homothallic or monoecious e.g. Chara, coconut, etc. while, plants in which male and the female reproductive structures are present on different plants are called heterothallic or dioecious. E.g. date palm, cucurbita etc.  Flowers are the major reproductive part of the plant. Those flowers which contain both stamens and pistil are called bisexual flowers e.g. mustard, pea, china rose, etc., while, flowers which contain either stamen or pistil are called unisexual flowers. E.g. watermelon, sunflower, wheat, rice, etc.  As reproduction is a seasonal phenomenon, thus, based on the seasonality in reproduction, animals can be categorized as: I. Continuous breeders are animals that remain reproductively active throughout their reproductive phase, e.g. human. Primate mammals such as monkey, apes, human, etc. undergo cyclic changes during their reproductive phase called menstrual cycle. II. Seasonal breeders are animals that become reproductively active only during the favourable seasons. E.g. dog, lizard, frog, etc. Non – primate mammals, such as tiger, cow, sheep, etc., also undergo cyclic changes during their reproductive phase i.e. the activities of ovaries, accessory ducts and hormones called oestrous cycle.  The events of sexual reproduction occur in three stages: I. Pre – fertilization occurs in two stages i.e. gametogenesis and gamete transfer. In gametogenesis the formation of male and female gametes takes place. Gametes may be of two types: Homogametes or isogametes in which gametes are not differentiated as male and female gametes e.g., in some algae or heterogametes in which male and female gametes are morphologically distinct, e.g. in human (sperm and ova). After gametogenesis, gamete transfer occurs. II. Fertilization is the process of fusion of male and female gametes, which leads to the formation of diploid zygote. It is mainly of two types i.e. external fertilization which occurs in algae, fish and in amphibians and internal fertilization which occurs in most of the terrestrial organisms. E.g. fungi, higher animals and plants as bryophytes, gymnosperms, pteridophytes, etc. III. Post – fertilization events take place after the formation of zygote. Points

B23 – Reproduction in Organisms 3  Embryogenesis is the process of development of embryo from the zygote. It involves cell division, cell enlargement and cell differentiation.  Embryogenesis in animals depends on whether the development of zygote takes place inside or outside the body of the female parent.  Animals are divided into two categories i.e. oviparous animals in which development of zygote take place outside the female parent and the females lay fertilized eggs covered with hard calcareous shell, e.g. reptiles and birds and viviparous animals are those in which the development of zygote takes place in the form of a young one inside a body of the female parent, e.g. humans.  In flowering plants, the zygote is formed inside the ovule. Seed and fruit formation occurs after fertilization. The events which generally occur are: I. Sepals, petals and stamens wither and shed off. II. Pistil remains attached to the plant. III. Zygote develops into embryo and the ovules develop into seed. IV. Ovary develops into the fruit. V. Pericarp is produced as the wall of ovary. Seeds disperse by different agents and germinate into new plants after getting suitable conditions. Points

B23 – Reproduction in Organisms 4 B23.1 Asexual Reproduction CONCEPTS 1. Asexual reproduction 2. Mode of asexual reproduction PRE-READING Category Chapter in HSC Section in HSC Chapter in NCERT Section in NCERT 8.1, 18.0 1 1.1 REQUIRED 8, 18 PRE-READING EXERCISE Q1. The technique of obtaining large number of plantlets by tissue culture method is called _______________. A) plantlet culture B) organ culture C) micropropagation D) macropropagation Q2. Which one of the following processes results in the formation of a clone of bacteria? A) Binary fission B) Conjugation C) Transformation D) Transduction Q3. Asexual reproduction is seen in members of kingdom __________. A) monera B) plantae C) animalia D) all of these Q4. Which of the following has the longest life span? A) Banyan tree B) Tortoise C) Parrot D) Elephant Q5. Which of the following is not used for vegetative propagation? A) Bud B) Bulbil C) Turion D) Antherozoid IN CLASS EXERCISE LEVEL 1 Q1. The living organisms can be unexceptionally distinguished from the non-living things on the basis of their ability for A) reproduction. B) growth and movement. C) responsiveness to touch. D) interaction with the environment and progressive evolution. Q2. Paramoecium reproduces by __________. A) asexual reproduction B) sexual reproduction C) both (A) and (B) D) none of the above B23.1

B23 – Reproduction in Organisms 5 Q3. Oblique binary fission is found in __________. A) Monocystis B) Plasmodium vivax C) Planaria D) Ceratium Q4. Which of the following statements is true about water hyacinth? A) It is very useful to farmers because it acts as manure. B) It is found only in sea water. C) It takes oxygen from water which causes death of fish. D) It gives useful products to be used in medicine. Q5. Bryophyllum has asexual reproductive bodies namely __________. A) runner B) sucker C) bulb D) adventitious buds Q6. The most significant value of vegetative propagation is that it A) is a means of producing a large population of individuals genetically identical to the parent. B) enables production of genetic variation. C) is an ancient practice. D) ensures that the progeny are safe from attack of diseases and pests. Q7. If you have taken scion of Desi mango and stock of Dasheri mango, what type of mango will be born? A) Dasheri B) Desi C) Hybrid D) None Q8. Vegetative propagation in mint occurs by __________. A) offset B) rhizome C) sucker D) runner Q9. Find the correct combination. A) Zoospore in sponge. B) Gemmules in Penicillium. C) Conidia in Algae. D) Buds in Hydra. Q10. Which of the following statements is correct? A) All the individuals of a species have exactly the same life span. B) Smaller organisms always have shorter life span and vice versa. C) Life span of an organism is the time period from its birth to its natural death. D) No organism may have a life span of several hundred years. Q11. Single celled animals are said to be immortal because they A) grow indefinitely in size. B) can tolerate any degree of change in temperature. C) can reproduce throughout their life span. D) continue to live as their daughter cells. Q12. Refer to the given figures and select the correct option. A) It is a type of parthenogenesis. B) It is a type of asexual reproduction. C) The offsprings can also be called as clones. D) Both (B) and (C). B23.1

B23 – Reproduction in Organisms 6 Q13. In which of the following plants, vegetative propagation occurs by adventitious buds? A) B) C) D) None of these Q14. During binary fission in Amoeba which of the following organelles is duplicated? A) Plasma membrane B) Nucleus C) Contractile vacuole D) All of these Q15. Study the given figures representing the process of binary fission in Amoeba. Arrange the figures in the correct sequence and select the correct answer. A) (������������) → (������������������) → (������) → (������������) → (������) B) (������������������) → (������������) → (������) → (������������) → (������) C) (������������������) → (������) → (������������) → (������������) → (������) D) (������������) → (������������������) → (������������) → (������) → (������) Q16. Read the following statements about asexual reproduction and select the correct ones. I. Involves a single parent. II. Slower than sexual reproduction. III. Produces progeny that are genetically identical with the parent but not with one another. IV. The progeny of asexual reproduction can be termed as clones. A) (I) and (II) B) (II) and (III) C) (I) and (IV) D) (I), (III) and (IV) Q17. Match Column-I with Column-II and select the correct option from the codes given below. Column-I Column-II a. Sponge i. Tuber b. Yeast ii. Offset c. Potato iii. Gemmules d. Water hyacinth iv. Budding A) a – iv, b – i, c – ii, d – iii B) a – iii, b – i, c – iv, d – ii C) a – iii, b – iv, c – i, d – ii D) a – iv, b – ii, c – i, d – iii Q18. Refer the given figures and select the correct option. A) ������ and ������ reproduce by budding that includes nuclear division only. B) All of these reproduce by the asexual mode of reproduction. C) ������ represents multiple fission in an alga. D) ������ shows spore formation in a moneran. B23.1

B23 – Reproduction in Organisms 7 Q19. Read the following statements and select the incorrect ones. I. Conidia are the asexual propagules restricted to kingdom fungi. II. A piece of potato tuber having at least one eye (or node) is capable of giving rise to a new plant. III. Ginger propagates vegetatively with the help of its underground roots. IV. Fleshy buds which take part in vegetative propagation are called bulbils, present in Dioscorea, Agave, etc. Q20. Read the following statements about ‘Terror of Bengal’ and select the correct ones. I. ‘Terror of Bengal’ is the name given to water hyacinth (Eichhornia), an algae. II. Eichhornia was introduced in India due to its aesthetic value. III. Eichhornia drains oxygen from the water which leads to death of fishes. A) (I) and (II) B) (I) and (III) C) (II) and (III) D) (I), (II) and (III) Q21. Refer the given figures which show three different types of fission. Select the option which correctly matches them with the organism in which they occur. I. II. III. (I) (II) (III) A) Euglena Plasmodium Amoeba B) Plasmodium Paramecium Euglena C) Euglena Paramecium Escherichia D) Euglena Paramecium Amoeba Q22. This plants was introduced in India because of its beautiful flowers and shape of leaves but it became a notorious weed in Indian water bodies. Identify this plant. A) B) C) D) Q23. Read the following statements and select the correct option. Statement 1: Many plants are propagated vegetatively even though they bear seeds. Statement 2: Sweet potatoes multiply vegetatively by root tubers. A) Both statements 1 and 2 are correct and statement 2 is the correct explanation of statement 1. B) Both statements 1 and 2 are correct but statement 2 is not correct explanation of statement 1. C) Statement 1 is correct and statement 2 is incorrect. D) Both statements 1 and 2 are incorrect. B23.1

B23 – Reproduction in Organisms 8 Q24. Which of the following options correctly identifies artificial and natural methods of vegetative propagation? Artificial methods Natural methods A) Grafting Cutting B) Layering Bulbils C) Offset Tissue culture D) Tubers Rhizomes LEVEL 2 Q25. It is a common method of vegetative propagation in which 20-30 ������������ long pieces of one year old stems are cut, their lower ends are dipped in root promoting hormones and are then planted in the soil, which then develop adventitious roots. This method of vegetative propagation is performed in __________. A) rose and sugarcane B) lemon and orange C) Begonia and Bryophyllum D) all of these Q26. Study the following figures and select the correct B) (I) and (III) statements regarding these. D) (I), (III), and (IV) I. A shows mode of asexual reproduction in sponges through internal buds. II. B shows sexual reproduction through zoospores in Chlamydomonas. III. C shows asexual reproduction through conidiospores in Penicillium. IV. D shows external budding Sycon. A) (I) and (II) C) (II), (III), and (IV) HOMEWORK LEVEL 1 Q1. Which of the following statements is true for yeast? A) The cell divides by binary fission. One of them develops into a bud. B) The cell divides unequally. The smaller cell develops into a bud. C) The cell produces conidia, which develops into a bud. D) None of the above. Q2. Which of the following statements is true for Bryophyllum? A) Germinating bud appears from the eye of the stem tuber. B) Germinating bud appears from the node of the rhizome. C) Germinating bud appears from the notch of the leaf margin. D) All of the above. Q3. Which of the following statements is true for Hydra? A) It produces asexual gemmules. B) It produces unicellular buds. C) It produces multicellular buds. D) None of the above. B23.1

B23 – Reproduction in Organisms 9 Q4. In Agave, vegetative reproduction occurs through __________. A) rhizome B) stolon C) bulbils D) suckers Q5. New banana plants are developed from __________. A) rhizome B) suckers C) stolons D) seed Q6. In grafting, stock and scion ought to be joined by __________. A) phloem to phloem B) xylem to xylem C) pith to pith D) cambium to cambium Q7. Which one group of plants is propagated through underground roots? A) Bryophyllum and Kalanchoe. B) Pistia, Chrysanthemum and Pineapple. C) Ginger, potato, onion, Zamikand. D) Sweet potato, Asparagus, Tapioca and Dahlia. Q8. A horizontal underground stem is known as __________. A) corm B) phylloclade C) rhizome D) rhizoid Q9. Micropropagation is a technique for production of _____________. A) true plants B) haploid plants C) somatic hybrids D) somaclonal plants Q10. Zoospores of Chlamydomonas are __________. A) asexual reproductive bodies B) sexual reproductive bodies C) buds D) gemmules Q11. Vegetatively reproduced organism is __________. A) dahlia B) ginger C) potato D) all of the above Q12. Ciliate motile spores are called __________. A) aplanospores B) conidia C) zoospores D) oospores Q13. Ginger is multiplied vegetatively by means of __________. A) bud B) tuber C) corm D) rhizome Q14. In vegetative propagation of tubers, which of the following remains constant through generations? A) Morphology B) Vigour only C) Vigour and morphology only D) Morphology, vigour and disease resistance Q15. Stem cuttings are commonly used in propagation of __________. A) mango B) cotton C) rose D) banana Q16. Which type of binary fission occurs in Paramoecium? A) Simple binary fission. B) Longitudinal binary fission. C) Transverse binary fission. D) Oblique binary fission. Q17. Plasmotomy occurs in __________. A) Hydra B) Obelia C) Opalina D) Plasmodium B23.1

B23 – Reproduction in Organisms 10 Q18. Gemmule formation occurs in __________. A) fresh water sponge B) some marine sponges C) Labeo rohita D) Both (A) and (B) Q19. Maximum life span of Eagle is __________. A) 90 years B) 15 years C) 10 years D) 5 years Q20. Vegetative propagation in Pistia occurs by __________. A) stolon B) offset C) runner D) sucker Q21. Bamboo species flower ____________. A) only once in lifetime B) Once in 12 years C) every year D) twice in 50-100 years Q22. Life span of crocodile and May fly is __________ and __________ respectively. A) 15 years, 1 week B) 30 years, 1 year C) 45 years, 1 month D) 60 years, 1 day Q23. No individual is immortal, except __________. A) single- celled organisms B) green plants C) sponges D) cyanobacteria Q24. The term used for the offspring that are exactly identical to one another as well as identical to their parents is __________. A) twins B) replicates C) drones D) clone LEVEL 2 Q25. Tea and cocoa are propagated by __________. A) layering B) stem cuttings C) grafting D) bud grafting Q26. The vegetative propagation where a branch is injured, defoliated and pegged down in the ground is known as __________. A) layering B) grafting C) cutting D) bud grafting Q27. Find out the wrongly matched pair. A) Tuber – potato B) Rhizome – ginger C) Bulbil – Agave D) Leaf buds – banana Q28. Life span of tortoise is ___________. A) 25-50 years B) 50-75 years C) 75 to 100 years D) 100-150 years Q29. Individuals of a clone have __________. A) same age B) same height C) same genome D) same number of leaves Q30. The ‘eyes’ of the potato tuber are __________. A) root buds B) flower buds C) shoot buds D) axillary buds B23.1

B23 – Reproduction in Organisms 11 Q31. A clone is a group of A) genetically similar organisms produced through asexual reproduction. B) genetically similar organisms produced through sexual reproduction. C) genetically dissimilar organisms produced as a result of asexual reproduction. D) genetically dissimilar organisms produced as a result of sexual reproduction. Q32. Match the items in Column I with column II and choose the correct option Column I Column II a. Binary fission i. Algae b. Zoospore ii. Amoeba c. Conidium iii. Hydra d. Budding iv. Penicillium e. Gemmules v. Sponge A) a - i, b - iv, c - v, d - iii, e - ii B) a - ii, b - i, c - iv, d - iii, e - v C) a - ii, b - iv, c - iii, d - v, e - i D) a - i, b - iv, c - iii, d - ii, e – v B23.1

B23 – Reproduction in Organisms 12 B23.2 Sexual Reproduction CONCEPTS 1. Sexual reproduction 2. Process of sexual reproduction PRE-READING Category Chapter in HSC Section in HSC Chapter in NCERT Section in NCERT - 1 1.2 REQUIRED - PRE-READING EXERCISE Q1. Where two gametes (male and female) are similar in appearance, they are called __________. A) isogametes B) heterogametes C) anisogametes D) None of above Q2. Why is asexual reproduction sometimes disadvantageous? A) It allows animals that do not move around to produce offspring without finding mates. B) It allows an animal to produce many offspring quickly. C) It saves the time and energy of gamete production. D) It produces genetically uniform populations. Q3. The uniparental reproduction is called __________ reproduction while biparental reproduction is termed __________ reproduction. Higher organisms mostly show __________ reproduction. A) sexual, asexual, sexual B) asexual, sexual, asexual C) asexual, sexual, sexual D) sexual, asexual, asexual Q4. Staminate flowers produce __________. A) eggs B) antherozoids C) fruits D) all of these Q5. Meiosis does not occur in A) asexually reproducing diploid individuals. B) sexually reproducing haploid individuals. C) sexually reproducing diploid individuals. D) all of these. IN CLASS EXERCISE LEVEL 1 Q1. Which of the following is the correct sequence of events? A) Gametogenesis – syngamy – embryogenesis – zygote. B) Syngamy – gametogenesis – zygote – embryogenesis. C) Gametogenesis – syngamy - zygote – embryogenesis. D) Zygote – embryogenesis – syngamy – gametogenesis. B23.2

B23 – Reproduction in Organisms 13 Q2. In human beings, gametes are __________. A) homogametes B) heterogametes C) isogametes D) none Q3. Oestrous cycle is characteristic of mammalian females other than primates, and occurs in females of __________. A) monkeys B) cows C) apes D) humans Q4. The pollen grain is __________. B) diploid D) none of the above A) haploid C) triploid Q5. When a male differs from a female in morphology, it is called __________. A) heterogamy B) homogamy C) sexual dimorphism D) hermaphroditism Q6. Seeds are called products of sexual reproduction because they A) are formed by fusion of gametes. B) give rise to new plants. C) can be stored for long time. D) are formed by fusion of pollen tubes. Q7. Following table summarizes the differences between self-fertilization and cross-fertilization. Pick out the wrong difference. Self-fertilization Cross-fertilization A) It is uniparental. It is biparental. B) It involves the fusion of male and female gametes It involves the fusion of two gametes produced by of the same parent. different parents. C) Examples: Pheretima, Periplaneta Examples: Taenia, Rana tigrina D) None of the above. Q8. Which of the following groups is formed only of the hermaphrodite organisms? A) Earthworm, tapeworm, housefly, frog. B) Earthworm, tapeworm, sea horse, housefly. C) Earthworm, leech, sponge, roundworm. D) Earthworm, tapeworm, leech, sponge. Q9. Which of the following is a dioecious organism? A) B) C) D) Q10. Clear cut vegetative, reproductive and senescent phases cannot be observed in ____________. A) annual plants B) perennial plants C) biennial plants D) ephemeral plants. Q11. Organisms reproducing throughout the year are called __________ breeders e.g., __________, and those who show recurring sexual activity are called __________ breeders e.g., __________. A) continuous, sparrow, seasonal, hen B) seasonal, lizard, continuous, hen C) continuous, man, seasonal, tiger D) seasonal, hen, continuous, tiger B23.2

B23 – Reproduction in Organisms 14 Q12. Strobilanthus kunthiana differs from bamboo in A) being monocarpic. B) length of juvenile phase. C) being polycarpic. D) none of these Q13. Match the organisms given in Column-I with their mode or reproduction Column-II and select the correct answer from the codes given below. Column-I Column-II a. Potato i. Conjugation b. Spirogyra ii. Stem cuttings c. Rose iii. Conidiospores d. Penicillium iv. Stem tubers A) a – i, b – iii, c – ii, d – iv B) a – iv, b – i, c – ii, d – iii C) a – iv, b – i, c – iii, d – ii D) a – ii, b – i, c – iv, d – iii Q14. Read the following statements and select the correct option. Statement 1: In gymnosperms, endosperm is formed before fertilization and is haploid. Statement 2: In angiosperms, endosperm is formed after fertilization and is diploid. A) Both statements 1 and 2 are correct and statement 2 is the correct explanation of statement 1. B) Both statements 1 and 2 are correct but statement 2 is not the correct explanation of statement 1. C) Statement 1 is correct and statement 2 is incorrect. D) Both statements 1 and 2 are incorrect. Q15. The changes that indicate reproductive maturity in humans include A) growth of pubic hair. B) changes in skeleton. C) weight gain. D) both (A) and (B). Q16. Read the following statements about the reproductive cycles in mammals and select the correct ones. I. Oestrous cycle occurs in primate mammals. II. In species with oestrous cycle, females are generally sexually active during estrous phase. III. Both the cycles show monthly recurrence. A) (I) and (II) B) (II) and (III) C) (II) only D) (I), (II) and (III) Q17. Senescent phase of an organism’s life span can be recognized by A) slow metabolism. B) cessation of reproduction. C) decreased immunity. D) all of these. Q18. A diploid parent plant body produces __________ gametes and a haploid parent plant body produces __________ gametes. A) diploid, haploid B) haploid, diploid C) diploid, diploid D) haploid, haploid Q19. In maize, a meiocyte has 20 chromosomes. What will be the number of chromosomes in its somatic cell? A) 40 B) 30 C) 20 D) 10 B23.2

B23 – Reproduction in Organisms 15 Q20. Which of the following statements is not correct regarding sexuality in organisms? A) When both male and female flowers are present on the same plant, the condition is said to be monoecius and is present in cucurbits and coconuts. B) When both male and female flowers are present on the separate plants, the condition is said to be dioecious and is present in papaya and date palms. C) In earthworms, both male and female sex organs are present in the same individual and therefore, self- fertilization occurs in earthworms. D) Cockroaches are dioecious animals and exhibit sexual dimorphism. Q21. Which of the following statements is incorrect? A) Earthworms and leeches are hermaphrodite animals. B) Young ones of animals which have external fertilization receive little or no-parental care. C) If the egg is not fertilized, it is thrown out of the body along with the lining of the uterus as menstrual flow. D) Sex organs in human beings are formed at puberty. Q22. Read the following statements and select the correct option. Statement 1: Honey bees often pollinate red coloured flowers. Statement 2: Honey bees visit flowers for pollen grains only. A) Both statements 1 and 2 are correct and statement 2 is the correct explanation of statement 1. B) Both statements 1 and 2 are correct but statement 2 is not the correct explanation of statement 1. C) Statements 1 is correct and statement 2 is incorrect. D) Both statements 1 and 2 are incorrect. Q23. If a fungal thallus has both male and female reproductive structures, it will be called ___________. A) heterothallic B) homothallic C) dioecious D) unioecious. Q24. Sexual reproduction is considered more beneficial than asexual reproduction because A) it is not affected by adverse environmental conditions. B) fertilization is a chance factor. C) it rapidly multiplies the population. D) it assists in evolution by producing variations. Q25. Which of the following options is correct for the given figures? ������ ������ A) Homogamy Isogamy B) Anisogamy Isogamy C) Heterogamy Anisogamy D) Isogamy Oogamy Q26. Select the incorrect statement about external fertilization. A) Organisms showing external fertilization produce a large number of male gametes only. B) External fertilization is very uncertain and requires synchrony between release of male and female gametes. C) It is replaced by internal fertilization in higher organisms as it wastes energy and requires external medium like water. D) It occurs in most of the fishes and amphibians. B23.2

B23 – Reproduction in Organisms 16 Q27. Offsprings of oviparous animals are greater risk of survival as compared to those of viviparous animals because A) proper embryonic care and protection is absent. B) embryo does not develop completely. C) progenies are of smaller size. D) genetic variations do not occur. Q28. In flowering plants both male and female gametes are non-motile. The method to bring them together for fertilization is __________. A) water B) air C) pollination D) apomixes Q29. Read the following statements and select the incorrect one. A) Cucurbits and coconuts are monoecious plants. B) Papayas and date palms are dioecious plants. C) Leeches and tapeworms are bisexual animals. D) Sponges and coelenterates are unisexual animals. LEVEL 2 Q30. Given figure of Hydra shows its reproductive structures and manner of fertilization. Observe and answer that why is it not showing self-fertilization? A) Distance between testis and ovary is more. B) Sperms do not swim downwards. C) Ovary matures earlier than testis. D) Testis matures earlier than ovary. Q31. It is observed that simple organisms like algae and fungi normally reproduce asexually bit before the onset of adverse conditions they shift to sexual reproduction. It is so because sexual reproduction _____________. A) saves times B) is rapid C) produces variations D) all of these Q32. Refer the given diagrams showing different types of syngamy and select the option that gives correct example of each of these. ������ ������������ A) Fucus Chlamydomonas B) Homo sapiens Fucus C) Ficus Cladophora D) Cladophora Homo sapiens Q33. Statement 1: Viviparous animals gives better protection to their offsprings. Statement 2: In viviparous animals, young ones, after attaining a certain stage of growth, are delivered out of the body of female organism. A) Both statements 1 and 2 are correct and statement 2 is the correct explanation of statement 1. B) Both statements 1 and 2 are correct but statement 2 is not the correct explanation of statement 1. C) Statement 1 is correct and statement 2 is incorrect. D) Both statements 1 and 2 are incorrect. B23.2

B23 – Reproduction in Organisms 17 Q34. In these animals, the female retains the eggs inside its body after fertilization and allows the development of embryo inside the body without providing extra nourishment to the developing embryo as the placenta is absent. Such animals are called as A) oviparous animals B) viviparous animals C) ovoviviparous animals D) None of these. Q35. Refer the following figures and identify the type of gametes (A, B and C) respectively. A) Heterogametes, isogametes, homogametes. B) Isogametes, homogametes, heterogametes. C) Homogametes, isogametes, heterogametes. D) Homo/Isogametes, heterogametes, heterogametes. HOMEWORK LEVEL 1 Q1. Which one of the following has the capacity to reproduce without fertilization of eggs? A) Spider B) Crow C) Honey bee D) Earthworm Q2. Anisogamy means fusion of dissimilar gametes. It is found in __________. A) man B) earthworm C) pila D) all of these Q3. Internal fertilization is found in all A) reptiles, birds, mammals. B) insects, annelids, echinoderms. C) sponges, flatworm, protochordates. D) fish, amphibians, coelenterates. Q4. Which are hermaphrodites? B) Cockroach, ascaris and Hydra D) Ascaris, cockroach and Hydra A) Earthworm, Hydra and leech C) Earthworm, ascaris and leech Q5. The term dioecious is used to describe __________. A) bisexual condition B) unisexual condition C) hermaphrodite condition D) none of above Q6. In plants, meiosis occurs in __________. A) root tip B) pollen grain C) stem tip D) anther Q7. The ovary of a flower is __________. A) haploid B) diploid C) Alocasia D) potato Q8. Comparable to angiosperms, which of the following algae exhibits dipontic life cycle? A) Spirogyra B) Ectocarpus C) Polysiphonia D) Fucus Q9. The meiocyte is __________. A) haploid B) diploid C) triploid D) none of the above Q10. After fertilization the ovary develops into __________. A) seed B) fruit C) pericarp D) stamens B23.2

B23 – Reproduction in Organisms 18 Q11. Natural parthenogenesis is found in __________. A) aphids B) honey bees C) wasps D) all the above Q12. Animals which show vivipary include __________. A) whales B) turtles C) bony Fish D) running birds Q13. First successful animal clone was __________. A) Dolly goat B) Dolly sheep C) Molly goat D) Molly sheep Q14. The offspring produced through which of the following process are not exactly similar to their parents? A) Parthenogenesis B) Asexual reproduction C) Sexual reproduction D) Dizygotic twins Q15. The terminal irreversible stage of ageing is called __________. A) autogamy B) syngamy C) senescence D) cytogames Q16. Development of a seed from an unfertilized egg is __________. A) vivipary B) parthenocarpy C) apogamy D) apospory Q17. The terms homothallic and monoecious are used to denote __________. A) bisexual condition B) unisexual condition C) staminate flowers D) pistillate flowers Q18. Which of following plants is monoecious? A) Papaya B) Date palm C) Coconut D) Both (A) and (B) Q19. The chromosome number is haploid in __________. A) zygote B) gametes C) embryo D) seed Q20. Isogametes are present in __________. A) Fucus B) Cladophora C) Frog D) Bird Q21. Monocarpic plant A) flowers twice in every year. B) bears only one type of flowers. C) flowers once in every year. D) dies after flowering once in its life cycle. Q22. The term parthenogenesis was coined by __________. A) Owen B) Boveri C) Balfour D) Grobber Q23. A few statements describing certain features of reproduction are given below. I. Gametic fusion takes place II. Transfer of genetic material takes place III. Reduction division takes place IV. Progeny have some resemblance with parents Select the options that are true for both asexual and sexual reproduction from the options given below A) I and II B) II and III C) II and IV D) I and III B23.2

B23 – Reproduction in Organisms 19 Q24. A few statements with regard to sexual reproduction are given below. I. Sexual reproduction does not always require two individuals. II. Sexual reproduction generally involves gametic fusion. III. Meiosis never occurs during sexual reproduction. IV. External fertilization is a rule during sexual reproduction. Choose the correct statements from the sexual below. A) I and IV B) I and II C) II and III D) I and IV Q25. The statements given below describe certain features that are observed in the pistil of flowers. I. Pistil may have many carpels. II. Each carpel may have more than one ovule. III. Each carpel has only one ovule. IV. Pistil have only one carpel. Choose the statements that are true from the options below. A) I and II B) I and III C) II and IV D) III and IV Q26. The final event in the process of fertilization is A) structural change in male and female gametes. B) egg activation. C) amphimixis. D) organizational change in egg cytoplasm. Q27. Identify the wrong statement regarding post-fertilization development A) The ovary wall develops into pericarp. B) The outer integument of ovule develops into tegmen. C) The fusion nucleus (triple nucleus) develops into endosperm. D) The ovary develops into fruit. LEVEL 2 Q28. Dicot embryo consists of A) radicle and plumule. B) radicle, plumule, cotyledons and sometimes endosperm. C) radicle, plumule, cotyledons and tegmen. D) radicle, plumule, cotyledons, tegmen and testa. Q29. Some organisms are capable of asexual or sexual reproduction. Under favourable conditions, reproduction proceeds asexually. When conditions becomes more stressful reproduction switches to a sexual mode. Why? A) Sexual reproduction is simple and ore rapid allowing larger numbers of offspring to be produced. B) Sexual reproduction requires two separate individuals, who can mutually provide nutrient support during stress. C) Sexual reproduction produces individuals with new combinations of recombined chromosomes increasing diversity. D) Asexual reproduction requires more energy. B23.2

B23 – Reproduction in Organisms 20 Answer Key B23.1 ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION PRE-READING EXERCISE Q10. C HOMEWORK Q17. C Q11. D Q18. D Q1. C Q12. D LEVEL 1 Q19. B Q2. A Q13. B Q20. B Q3. D Q14. B Q1. B Q21. A Q4. A Q15. C Q2. C Q22. D Q5. D Q16. C Q3. C Q23. A Q17. C Q4. C Q24. D IN CLASS EXERCISE Q18. B Q5. A Q19. C Q6. D LEVEL 2 LEVEL 1 Q20. C Q7. B Q21. D Q8. C Q25. B Q1. A Q22. B Q9. D Q26. C Q2. C Q23. B Q10. A Q27. D Q3. D Q24. B Q11. D Q28. D Q4. C Q12. C Q29. C Q5. D LEVEL 2 Q13. D Q30. D Q6. A Q14. D Q31. A Q7. B Q25. A Q15. C Q32. B Q8. C Q26. D Q16. C Q9. D Q13. B B23.2 SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Q14. C PRE-READING EXERCISE Q15. C Q12. B Q31. C Q16. B Q1. A Q13. B Q32. D Q17. A Q2. D Q14. C Q33. A Q18. C Q3. C Q15. D Q34. C Q19. B Q4. B Q16. C Q35. D Q20. B Q5. A Q17. D Q21. D Q18. D HOMEWORK Q22. A IN CLASS EXERCISE Q19. C Q23. C Q20. C LEVEL 1 Q24. B LEVEL 1 Q21. D Q25. A Q22. D Q1. C Q26. C Q1. C Q23. B Q2. D Q27. B Q2. B Q24. D Q3. A Q3. B Q25. D Q4. A LEVEL 2 Q4. A Q26. A Q5. B Q5. C Q27. A Q6. B Q28. B Q6. A Q28. C Q7. B Q29. C Q7. C Q29. D Q8. D Q8. D Q9. B Q9. D LEVEL 2 Q10. B Q10. B Q11. D Q11. C Q30. D Q12. A Ans.