202110726-PERFORM-STUDENT-WORKBOOK-SCIENCE-G08-FY_Optimized

SELF-EVALUATION SHEET Marks: 15 Time: 30 Mins 1. What measures can be taken to improve the 5. Give reason why the voices of men, women quality of lives of the children with hearing and children are different.  (3 Marks) impairment?  (3 Marks) 2. Define time period. Give its units.  (2 Marks) 3. What are audible and inaudible sounds? What 6. If an object oscillates 30 times in one second, is the audible frequency range for human ears? what would be its frequency?  (1 Mark)  (3 Marks) 4. Explain the factor that causes difference in the sound a baby and that of a man even if they both have the same loudness. (3 Marks) 87

14. Chemical Effects of Electric Current Learning Outcomes At the end of this lesson, students will be able to: • Define good conductors and bad conductors of electricity. • Explain the chemical effects of electric current. • Explain the method of electroplating. • List the applications of electroplating. Concept Map Chemical effects on electric current Good and bad Electrolysis Electroplating conductors of electric current Key Points • Some liquids are good conductors of electricity and some are poor conductors. • Most liquids that conduct electricity are solutions of acids, bases and salts. • The passage of an electric current through a conducting liquid causes chemical reactions. The resulting effects are called chemical effects of currents. • The process of depositing a layer of any desired metal on another material, by means of electricity, is called electroplating. Keywords – electrode, electroplating, good conductor, led, poor conductor. 88

14. Chemical Effects of Electric Current Work Plan CONCEPT COVERAGE DETAILS PRACTICE SHEET Chemical effects of electric • Good and poor conductors of electric current PS-1 current • Electrical conductivity PS-2 PS-3 Electroplating • Method of electroplating Self-evaluation Sheet Worksheet for \"Chemical Effects of Electric Current\" Evaluation with self- check or peer check *Administering self-evaluation at the end of a chapter is a good practice • Teacher discusses the correct answer or displays it using an overhead projector and asks the students to exchange their sheets or books to check and correct each other’s work. • The teacher may only need to do a sample check of students’ work. • Typically takes 10 – 15 min 89

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) I. Answer each of these questions: 1. What is meant by chemical effects of currents? 2. Why should we not touch the electrical appliances with wet hands? 3. How is distilled water different from tap water in terms of electrical conductivity? Explain the reason for this difference. 4. Babu collected some rainwater in a clean glass tumbler and testes it using a tester. To his surprise he found that the compass needle showed deflection. What could be the possible reason for his observation? 5. Why do we classify the liquids as good conductors and poor conductors instead of conductors and insulators? Explain with an example. 6. Describe an activity to check the conductivity of different solutions formed by adding the following substances to distilled water: (i) Lemon juice (ii) Caustic soda (iii) Sugar 7. How can you identify the positive terminal of a cell or a battery concealed in a box with the help of a potato? 8. Arvind conducted an experiment to test the conductivity of two liquids A and B by using a tester with magnetic needle. Current was passed through both the liquids and it found that the magnetic needle deflected more in case of Liquid B. Which among these is a poorer conductor and why? 9. Why is a magnetic needle used in the tester made to test mostly weak conductors? 10. What do we call the materials which pass electricity through them and which do not pass electricity through them? Give examples. PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) I. Answer each of these questions: 1. Define electroplating. 2. In the figure initially both the copper plates are of equal size. After some time, what changes do you observe in the size of the plates? 3. How is electroplating used to give a property to a metallic object which it originally lacked? Explain with examples. 4. Iron is used in bridges and automobiles to provide strength. However, a layer of zinc is plated on it. Name the process. Why is this done? 5. What are the major problems that the electroplating factories are faced with? Name the industries that aggravate this problem? 6. Why do we use chromium metal for electroplating over objects made of cheaper metals? 90

PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) 7. X is a positively charged electrode and Y is a negatively charged electrode. Find out X and Y. I. Choose the correct option: a. X - cathode; Y- anode 1. Which is a good conductor of electricity? b. X- anion; Y - cation A. Fuel c. X- anode; Y- cathode B. Lemon juice d. X- cation; Y- anion C. Honey 8. When an electric current is passed through a D. Distilled water conducting solution, the colour of the solution 2. The process in which a layer of material is changes. This indicates the: deposited on another material with the help of a. Heating effect of current electricity is called: b. Magnetic effect of current a. Electrolysis c. Chemical effect of current b. Electro mining d. All the above c. Electro chipping 9. LED means: d. Electroplating a. Light emitting diode 3. This is used in electroplating: b. Light exploring diode a. Electromagnet c. Light emitting device b. Ammeter d. Light expansion device c. Electrolyte 10. Zinc is used as a coating on materials to protect d. Galvanometer them from: 4. Which among the following is not used in a. Heat electroplating? b. Rust a. Zinc c. Melting b. Gold d. Shining c. Sodium II. Short Answer Questions: d. Chromium 1. Explain the following terms. 5. Why insulators do not allow the flow of a. Electrode charge? b. Electrolyte a. Particles insulators are loosely packed c. Electroplating b. Particles in insulators are metal coated 2. Saima' s mother brought gold bangles, which c. Particles in insulators are tightly packed were very shiny, in a shop. After a few days she d. None of the above observed that the colour of the bangles had 6. What can an electric current produce? changed. What is the reason for this change? a. Heating effect only b. Magnetic effect only 3. \"Do not touch the electric poles when your hands c. Chemical effect only are wet.” You will observe such warnings written d. Heating, magnetic and chemical effects on electric poles and near electric boxes. Why it is dangerous to touch electric poles and electric switches with wet hands? 91

PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) III. Long Answer Questions: 1. What is meant by chemical effects of electric current? Explain it with an example. 2. X is a process of depositing a layer of any desired metal on another material by means of electricity. Element Y is used in the process X to give a shiny appearance to car parts as well as make them corrosion- and scratch-free. Process X is also used by goldsmiths to make cheap ornaments appear as gold. Cans made of element T is less reactive than element W hence used to store food and protect it from getting spoilt. Huge bridges are made from element W to provide strength; however it tends to rust and corrode faster. So, element Z is coated over element W, to protect it from rust and corrosion. Analyse the paragraph . Identify and write the name of W, X, Y, Z and T. 92

SELF-EVALUATION SHEET Marks: 15 Time: 30 Mins 1. Is it safe for an electrician to carry out 4. What is the process by which a layer of one electrical repairs outdoors during a heavy metal can be deposited on top of another downpour? Explain.  (2 Marks) metal? What is the process adopted for? What kind of metals are usually electroplated?  (3 Marks) 2. What happens when electrodes are immersed in water and a current is passed? Which electrode will wear out faster and why?  (3 Marks) 5. In a jewellery shop, electroplating is done to deposit gold on steel. Now the jewellery appears as gold. Is this a chemical change or a physical change? Give reason. (2 Marks) 3. What kind of effects can we see when an electric current is produced while flowing through a conducting solution? (3 Marks) 6. In some situations, even though the liquid is conducting, the bulb in the tester may not glow. Why? How do we test the conductivity in such cases?  (2 Marks) 93

15. Some Natural Phenomena Learning Outcomes • Explain the causes of an earthquake • Explain the structure of earth. At the end of this lesson, students will be able to: • Estimate the magnitude of an earthquake. • Explain the phenomena of lightning. • Suggest protective measure against earthquake. • Define charged objects. • Suggest measures to protect oneself from earth- • Explain different types of charges and their quake. interaction. • Define Eathing. • Suggest safety measures during lightning. • Suggest do's and don'ts during a thunderstorm • Define an earthquake.. Concept Map PhNeantoumraelna Types of charges Ligthing Earthquake and their interaction Key Points • An earthquake is a sudden shaking or trembling of the earth. • Some objects can be charged by rubbing with other objects. • Earthquake is caused by a disturbance deep inside the earth’s crust. • There are two kinds of charges — positive charge and negative charge. • It is not possible to predict the occurrence of an earthquake. • Like charges repel and unlike charges attract each other. • Earthquakes tend to occur at the boundaries of earth’s plates. These boundaries are known • The electrical charges produced by rubbing as fault zones. two materials together called static charges. • Destructive energy of an earthquake is • When charges move, they constitute an measured on the Richter scale. electric current. • The earthquake measuring 7 or more on • An electroscope may be used to detect Richter scale can cause severe damage to life whether a body is charged or not. and property. • The process of transfer of charge from a • We should take necessary precautions to charged object to the earth is called earthing. protect ourselves from earthquakes. • The process of electric discharge between Keywords – Positive charge, negative charge, clouds and the earth or between different lightning, thunder, lightning conductor, clouds causes lightning. earthquake, fault zones, Ritcher scale, seismograph • Lightning strike could destroy life and property. 94 • Lightning conductors can protect buildings from the effects of lightning.

15. Some Natural Phenomena Work Plan CONCEPT COVERAGE DETAILS PRACTICE SHEET Charges PS-1 Lightning • Types of charges PS-2 • Interaction of charges Earthquake • Electroscope PS-3 • Earthing • Phenomena of lightning PS-4 • Lightning Safety Self-evaluation Sheet • Do’s and don’ts doing a thunderstorm • Lightning conductors • Define an earthquake • Causes of an earthquake • Structure of earth • Movements of earth plates • Seismic or fault zones • Magnitude of an earthquake • Protection against earthquake Worksheet for \"Some Natural Phenomena\" Evaluation with self- check or peer check 95

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) 1. Fill in the blanks: a. When two charged glass rods, after being rubbed with silk cloths are brought towards each other, they ___________. b. When two oppositely charged bodies are bought together they_________. c. The process of transferring charge from a charged body to the Earth is called _______. d. Device used to test whether an object is carrying a charge or not is called __________. e. When a glass rod is rubbed with a silk cloth, ____________ flow from the glass rod to the silk cloth. f. The two kinds of charges are _______ and _________. 2. Why is Earthing provided in buildings? 3. An inflated balloon is rubbed with a woollen cloth and a ball pen refill is rubbed with polythene. When they are bought together, they attract each other. What does this indicate? 4. Sometime a crackling sound is heard while taking off sweater during winters. Explain. 5. What are charged objects? Give an example. 6. What is the convention used to define a particular charge acquired as positive and negative? 7. In an electroscope how does the charge from the charged object transfer to the foil strip? PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) I. Answer each of these question: 1. Explain the phenomena of lightning. 2. What are lightning conductors? 3. Explain the working of a lightning conductor. 4. Give any three safety measures to be followed during lightning and thunderstorm. 5. What causes separation of charges during a thunderstorm? 6. Why is it not safe to carry an umbrella during thunderstorm? PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) I. Answer each of these question: 1. What is an earthquake? 2. What causes an earthquake? 3. List the causes for tremors on the earth. 4. Define seismic zones. 5. What are the steps taken to protect yourself when you are outdoors, in the event of an earthquake? 6. Fill in the blanks: a. The power of an earthquake is expressed in terms of a magnitude on a scale called the _________. b. Destructive earthquakes have magnitudes higher than _____ on the Richter scale. c. The waves are recorded by an instrument called the ___________. d. The outermost layer of Earth is called ___________. 96

PRACTICE SHEET - 4 (PS-4) I. Choose the correct option: 9. A silk cloth is rubbed againsta glass rod. What happens? 1. A seismograph is used to measure the: a. Both glass road and the silk cloth acquire the a. Earth’s temperature positive charge. b. Volcano b. Both glass road and the silk cloth acquire the c. Earthquake negative charge. d. Nuclear explosion c. Glass rod acquires positive charge and silk cloth 2. An electroscope is used to find an object’s: acquires a negative charge. a. Location d. Glass rod acquires a negative charge and silk cloth b. Charge acquires positive charge. c. Magnetism 10. Pick the incorrect statement regarding d. Degree of hotness earthquakes. 3. Richter scale is used to measure: a. The weak zones are also known as seismic zones. a. Global warming b. It is not yet possible to predict when and where b. Floods the next earthquake might occur. c. Sound c. Destructive earthquakes have magnitudes higher d. Earthquake than 7 on the Richter scale. 4. Earthquakes can cause: d. Earthquake with magnitude of 3 on the Richter a. Lightning, floods, tsunamis scale cause destruction. b. Landslides, tsunamis, floods c. Landslides, floods, lightning II. Short Answer Questions: d. Floods and lightning 5. A crackling sound comes when we take off our 1. A charged body loses its charge it when we touch sweater because: it with our hands. Why? a. cold winter season b. Friction between the body and the sweater. 2. Which is more destructive and dangerous: c. Friction between the body and the cold air. an earthquake or a tsunami? Comment. Write d. Friction between sweater and the cold air. twoprecautions to take in the event of a 6. Like charges: tsunami. a. Always attract each other. b. Always repel each other. 3. What is earthing? Where is it applied? c. Can attract or repel each other depending on quantity of charge. III. Long Answer Questions: d. Neither attract not repel. 7. During lightning and thunderstorm, which one 1. How does lightning occur? should we not do? a. Staying in an open space is safe. 2. Three balloons are given. Balloon A and balloon b. Do not lie down in an open ground. B are charged. Balloon C is uncharged. Of the three c. If you are in an open area stay away from all trees, balloons, which balloons will attract, and which poles and other metal objects. would repel? Explain in detail. d. A house or a building is a safe place. 8. Electric current passes when: a. A copper wire is joined with the two objects. b. A Nylon string is joined with the two objects. c. A rubber is used to join the two objects. d. A cotton thread is used to join the two objects. 97

SELF-EVALUATION SHEET Marks: 15 Time: 30 Mins 1. State whether the given statements are true 3. List the measures that can be taken to protect or false:  (5 Marks) yourself when you are outdoors, in the event of an earthquake.  (3 Marks) a. Upper parts of the clouds are positively charged and lower parts of the clouds are negatively charged. b. Thunderstorms are usually accompanied by rainfall. c. Negative charge is acquired by the glass rod when it is rubbed with a piece of silk. d. Occurrence of an earthquake can be predicted precisely. e. Earthquakes cause tsunamis but tsunamisdo not cause earthquakes. 2. In the correct order, list the layers from the 4. With a neat figure explain the working of a outermost surface of the Earth to its centre. seismograph?  (5 Marks)  (2 Marks) 98

16. Light Learning Outcomes • Explain formation of multiple images. • Recall spectrum of white light-VIBGYOR. By the end of this chapter, you will be: • Describe the structure of the human eye. • State the laws of reflection for light. • Realize the ways to care for eyes. • Identify regular and diffused reflection. • Explain Braille system. • Explain the characteristics of image formed in a plane mirror. Concept Map LIGHT Laws of Types of Human reflection reflection eye Image formation Key Points violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow, orange and red. • Human eye has three layers- Sclera, choroid and • The image in a plane mirror is virtual, upright and is of same size as the object but laterally inverted. retina. It is a virtual image. • Retina is made up of rods and cone cells. • Retina acts as a screen where the image is formed. • When a beam of light strikes a smooth surface of a • Amount of light entering the eye is controlled by a plane mirror, regular reflection occurs. tiny opening called the pupil. • When a beam of light strikes a rough surface, the • Near sightedness and far sightedness occur when rays are reflected in different directions. This is known as diffuse or irregular reflections. focusing of the objects is not perfect. • Night blindness is caused due to Vitamin A • Two plane mirrors at an angle form multiple images due to regular reflections. deficiency. • Diabetes, cataract and glaucoma can cause • VIBGYOR is the spectrum of white light made up of blindness. 99

16. Light Work Plan CONCEPT COVERAGE COVERAGE DETAILS PRACTICE SHEET SIMULATION/ VIDEO • Luminous objects Laws of reflection 1 • Incident ray • What make things • Reflected ray Laws of reflection 2 visible • Angle of incidence • Angle of reflection PS-1 Differences between • Laws of reflection • Law of reflection Regular and Diffuse • Lateral inversion Reflection Regular and diffused • Irregular reflection Construction reflection • Regular reflection and working of Multiple images • Periscope PS-2 Kaleidoscope • Combination of mirrors Structure of Human • Kaleidoscope Eye Sunlight • Dispersion of sunlight PS-3 • Rainbow • Prism experiment • Structure and function of PS-4 -Cornea Human eye • Iris • Pupil • Retina • Making moving pictures • Defects in human eye • Care of eyes • Braille system Worksheet for “Light” PS-5 Self-evaluation Evaluation with self- Sheet check or Peer check* 100

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) I. Say True or False: 1. The angle of incidence is 30° and then angle of reflection is 45°. 2. The size of the pupil is controlled by the iris. 3. Number of images formed by a plane mirror placed at an angle to one another is the principle used in kaleidoscope. 4. Splitting of white light into its colours is known as spectrum. 5. The image formed by the plane mirror is a real image. II. Match the terms with the meanings and complete the magic box: Definitions Terms Answer 1. A ray of light which strikes a reflecting surface Dispersion 2. A ray of light which bounces back after striking a surface. Retina 3. The point at which incident ray strikes the reflecting surface Optic nerve 4. The phenomenon when the left side of the object appears on Diffuse reflection the right side in the image. 5. Splitting of white light into its constituent colours. Incident ray 6. Parallel rays reflected from a surface are not parallel. Cornea 7. Parallel rays reflected from a surface are parallel after reflection Lateral inversion 8. Transparent part at the front of the eye. Reflected ray 9. The screen of the eye. Regular reflection 10. T he nerve that arises in the eye. Point of incidence III. Magic Box: 12345 6 7 8 9 10 PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) I. Label the diagram of the human eye and state their functions: PART FUNCTION A. Ciliary muscle B. Iris C. Lens 101

PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) D. Cornea 9. We can see a non-luminous object when E. Retina light: F. Optic Nerve  a. Emitted by the object falls on the eye. b. Is reflected from the object towards our I. Choose the correct option: eye. c. Completely passes through the object. 1. A ray of light which strikes reflecting surface d. Gets completely absorbed by the object. is called: a. Incident ray 10. Light is falling on surface S1, S2, S3 as shown b. Normal in Fig. c. Reflected ray d. Emergent ray Surfaces on which the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection is/are 2. The angle of reflection is the angle between a. S1 only the: b. S2 and S3 a. Normal and incident ray c. S1 and S2 only b. Normal and reflected ray d. all the three surfaces c. Reflected ray and incident ray d. Normal and the striking surface. 11. A small hole P is made in a piece of cardboard. The hole is illuminated by a torch 3. Image of a plane mirror is: as shown in Fig. The pencil of light, coming a. Real, upright and smaller than the object out of the hole, falls on a mirror. b. Real, inverted and same size as that of the object. At which point, should the eye be placed so c. Virtual, upright and same size as the object. that the hole can be seen? d. Inverted and larger than the object. a. A b. B 4. When a light ray strikes a cotton cloth, the c. C individual reflected rays: d. D a. Remain as a concentrated bundle of rays. b. Forms an image 12. Two mirrors A and B are placed at right c. Scatter in different directions. angles to each other as shown in Fig. d. Gets absorbed. 5. Ciliary muscles help the eyes in changing the: a. Size of the pupil b. Shape of the pupil c. Shape of the lens d. Size of the retina. 6. Colour vision is due to: a. Rod cells b. Cone cells c. Blind spot d. Pupil 7. Message from the eye is carried to the brain by: a. Auditory nerve b. Abducens nerve c. Vagus nerve d. Optic nerve 8. Part of the eye which controls the light entering is called: a. Iris b. Lens c. Cornea d. Retina 102

PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) A ray of light incident on mirror A at an angle of 25° falls on mirror B after reflection. The angle of reflection for the ray, reflected from mirror B would be. a. 25° b. 65° c. 50° d. 115° 13. Which of the following statements is correct regarding rods and cones in the human eye? a. Cones are sensitive to dim light. b. Cones are sensitive to bright light. c. Rods are sensitive to bright light. d. Rods can sense colour. 14. In the figure of the human eye, the cornea is represented by the letter. a. A b. B c. C d. D 103

5PRACTICE SHEET - 4 (PS-4) I. Answer The Following: 1. Name the part of the eye which gives colour to the eyes. 2. Boojho while waving his hand very fast in front of his eyes, observes that his fingers appear blurred. What could be the reason for it? 3. How many times is a ray of light, reflected by two plane mirrors placed parallel and facing each other? 4. What happens to light when it gets dispersed? Give an example. 5. Explain the process which enables us to perceive motion in a cartoon film. 6. How is the phenomenon of reflection used in making a kaleidoscope? What are the applications of a kaleidoscope? 7. Fig. shows the word REST written in two ways in front of a mirror. Show how the word would appear in the mirror. 104

PRACTICE SHEET - 5 (PS-5) 8. I. Choose the correct option: 1. A pyramid shaped piece of glass that breaks a. 0ᵒ white light into a spectrum is called a: a. Plane mirror b. 45ᵒ b. Spherical mirror c. Convex lens c. 90ᵒ d. Prism 2. A normal human eye can comfortably read at a d. 100ᵒ distance of: a. 20 cm 9. Raju’s eye colour is bluish while Rohan’s is b. 22 cm c. 25 cm brown. Which part of the eye is responsible for d. 30 cm 3. Multiple reflections cannot be observed by a: this? a. Kaleidoscope b. One plane mirror a. Sclera c. Periscope d. Two plane mirror b. Retina 4. If the angle between the incident and reflected ray is 80ᵒ, what will be the angle of reflection? c. Iris a. 80ᵒ b. 70ᵒ d. Cornea c. 50ᵒ d. 10ᵒ 10. The word is written as 5. Images appearing as blur to a person’s visionis on the vehicle. This is for: due to: a. Total internal reflection a. Night blindness b. Dispersion of Light b. Myopia c. Scattering of Light c. Hypermetropia d. Lateral Inversion d. Cataract 6. The phenomenon by which the incident light II. Short Answer Questions: falling on a surface is sent back into the same 1. What is the relation between angle of medium is known as ________. incidence and angle of reflection? a. Polarization Explain using equation. b. Reflection 2. Where do you find irregular reflection in daily c. Refraction life? Give some examples. d. Absorption 3. Draw a diagram to show a) Regular reflection 7. The image formed by a plane mirror is always b) Irregular reflection _______. a. real and erect III. Long Answer Question: b. virtual and erect 1. Draw and explain with a neat labelled c. real and inverted diagram, the Human eye. d. virtual and inverted 105

5PRACTICE SHEET - 5 (PS-5) 2. a) Define virtual image. How do we get an image in a mirror? b) Where do you find the reflected ray in the following cases? S. No Angle of Angle of incidence Reflection 1. 60ᵒ 2. 30ᵒ 3. 0ᵒ 106

SELF EVALUATION SHEET Marks: 15 Time: 30 Mins I. Label the parts of the human eye. State the 3. There is a mistake in each of the following functions of parts 3 and 6: (5 Marks) diagram. Make the necessary corrections and draw them. II. Answer the following: (10 Marks) 4. Why does the eye perceive an object as 1. State the laws of reflection. moving? 2. Mention any two characteristics of an image 5. How should you take care of your eye? Give formed by a plane mirror. The image is four points of eye care. virtual. 107

17. Stars and the Solar System Learning Outcomes • Explain different constellations • Explain solar system. By the end of this chapter, you will be: • Explain use of artificial satellites. • Explain the surface of moon and phases of moon. • Explain the birth and death of a star Concept Map STARS AND THE SOLAR SYSTEM MOON Stars Constellations Solar System Phases of Surface of Sun Planets Comets Asteroids Artificial Meteors Moon Moon satellites Time Frame: 1 Month This unit is a project unit. Students are given the project, a month before with rubrics and topics for students’ group clearly stated. Students present their projects on the fixed date. Teachers have to draw a schedule to see the progress of the project and give appropriate feed back to the students’ groups. Students are given the choice of their presentation format. Rubrics for power point, report writing and model making are enclosed. Teachers and students can collaboratively add up rubrics for different types of project presentation, depending on the need and can modify the existing one to suit their needs. Only project will be evaluated. So the lesson will not have work sheets and unit test. Presentation time: 5 classes 108

17. Stars and the Solar System Work Plan Task Description: (Teacher may explain specific assignment in this space.) Criteria weight Exemplary Accomplished Developing Beginning Topic 432 1 Yes Yes, but No, but No Organization 10%  Directly relevant  Somewhat  Remotely related  Totally unrelated Quality of relevant  Poorly organized; Information Grammar,  Good  Organized; points  Some no logical Usage, organization; are somewhat organization; progression; Mechanics, points are jumpy; sense of points jump beginning and Spelling 10% logically ordered; beginning and around; ending are vague Interest Level sharp sense of ending beginning and beginning and ending are  Unable to find Neatness end unclear specific details Timeliness  Supporting  Some details are  Details are  Numerous errors details specific to non-supporting somewhat distract from 25% subject to the subject sketchy. Do not understanding support topic  No errors  Only one or two  More than two errors errors 25%  Vocabulary  Vocabulary  Vocabulary is  Basic vocabulary; is varied; is varied; unimaginative; needs descriptive 10% supporting supporting details lack words details vivid details useful “color”  Typed; clean;  Legible writing,  Legible writing,  Illegible writing; neatly bound in well-formed some ill-formed loose pages a report cover; characters; clean letters, print too 10% illustrations and neatly bound small or too large; provided in a report cover papers stapled together 10%  Report on time  Report one class  Report two class  Report more than period late periods late one week late Assignment Score ______________ + Beyonder/Bonus ______________ = Final Score ________ 109

17. Stars and the Solar System  Solar System Model Project You are learning about the solar system and models. In order to show what you have learned, I would like you to create your own solar system model to display in the classroom or hall. There are no limits to the project; you can use anything you like! This will be a project grade, so make sure to do your best. I encourage you to be creative and show what you have learned. There are some basic rules for your project: • You must have the Sun and all 8 planets! (You may include Pluto if you wish. But remember, it is considered a dwarf planet!) • The Sun needs to be the biggest object. Try to keep the planets in proportion with one another. In other words, Earth should not be larger than Jupiter. • All objects must be labelled correctly and can be easily read. • The planets should be colored correctly (If you are not sure of the color, you can find it through a simple online search). • You may use anything you like to do the project. A coat hanger, a box, dowel rods, Styrofoam balls, food (non-perishable), whatever you would like! A poster is acceptable, but I would rather a 3-D display. (Bonus points may be given for the use of recycled materials.) • If you would like to hang your model in the hallway at school, please plan accordingly by making it possible to hang it with the help of a hook. • Please make sure your Solar system is no bigger than 60 cubic cm (24 cubic inches). • You may work solo or you may work with another student in 6th grade science classes on this project. The choice is yours. • PLEASE DO NOT PURCHASE SOLAR SYSTEM KITS! Creativity is a big part of this project. (Plus, the kits are expensive!) A rubric is on the back to help you identify what an “A” project should look like. The rubric must be turned in with your project. Do your best, because the whole school might get to see it! If you need supplies or help with the project, be sure to ask me! I will help in whatever way I can. Don’t count on me having the supplies, you need & don’t wait until the last minute. 110

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) I. Choose the correct option: 10. The same side of the moon always faces the 1. Pick the group that does not belong as a Earth, because: celestial body. a. Satellite, Moon, Comet a. Moon’s rotation and Earth’s revolution are same. b. Comet, Stars, Moon b. Moon has no atmosphere and no gravity. c. Sun, Moon, Satellite c. Moon rotate around earth in 15 days. d. Sun, Moon, Earth d. Moon rotate its own axis in 365 days 2. Which celestial body does not have its own II. Short Answer Questions: light? 1. Which is the hottest planet: Mercury, Earth or a. Earth b. Sun Venus? Why? c. Moon 2. What are comets? Write about the superstitions d. Stars 3. Large distances between Earth and related to it? Are these beliefs true? celestial bodies in space are expressed in: 3. Given below are the jumbled names of a. Kilometers b. Meters the planets of the Solar System and their c. Light years nicknames. Write them in ascending order from d. Decibels the closest to the farthest from the sun. Match 4. Stars in the sky appear to move from: their nicknames. a. North to south Venus, Jupiter, Mercury, Earth, Mars, Saturn b. South to north Smallest planet, Ringed planet, Red planet, c. East to west Largest planet, Hottest planet, Blue planet d. West to east III. Long Answer Questions: 5. ‘Saptarishi’ is a constellation that has 1. Write in detail about satellites, its types, and its many names, except: applications. a. Big Dipper 2. What special conditions on Earth, makes it the b. Hunter most suitable for human beings from other c. Great Bear planets? d. Ursa major 6. ‘Morning star’ or ‘evening star’ is the name given to: a. The planet Jupiter b. Pole Star c. The star Sirius d. The planet Venus 7. The next Halley’s comet will be observed in the year 2061. In which year was it last seen? a. 2002-2003 b. 1975- 1976 c. 1985-1986 d. 2016-2017 8. The Sun is located at: a. At the center of Universe b. At the center of milky way c. At the center of solar system d. Very close to Earth than all other planets. 9. The ‘Blue planet’ is: a. Mars, as it resembles Earth. b. Saturn, as it has a blue ring. c. Earth, as it appears blue. d. Mercury, as it is near to the sun. 111

18. Pollution of Air and Water Learning Outcomes At the end of this lesson, students will be able to: • Explain various measures taken by the • Explain the importance of plant and animal government to conserve plants and animals. resources. • List out endemic species of various places. • List causes of deforestation. • List out various endangered species. • Explain various implications of deforestation on • Explain the importance of recycling. environment. Concept Map Pollution of air and water Air pollution Water pollution Key Points Measure to prevent pollution • By volume, air consists of about 78% nitrogen layer protects us from ultraviolet rays of the and about 21% oxygen. Carbon dioxide, argon, Sun. methane, ozone and water vapour are present • Acid rain corrodes the marble, especially in very small quantities. marble monuments. This phenomenon is called marble cancer. • When air is contaminated by unwanted • A part of radiation of the Sun that falls on the substances which have a harmful effect on Earth is absorbed by it and a part is reflected both the living and non-living, it is known as back into space. A part of the reflected air pollution. radiation is trapped by the atmosphere. This trapping of radiations of the Earth's • The substances which contaminate the air are atmosphere causes warming of the Earth, known as air pollutants. which is known as greenhouse effect. • Agricultural chemicals such a fertilizers, • The sources of air pollutants are factories, pesticides and weedicides dissolve in water power plants, automobile exhausts and in the crop fields. From there they are washed burning of firewood and dung cakes. to water bodies such as pond, lake etc. These substances act as nutrients for algae and • Vehicles produce pollutants such as carbon growth of algae enhances. monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, • Water contaminated with sewage may contain oxides of sulphur and smoke. viruses, bacteria, fungi, eggs of worms and parasites which cause diseases like cholera, • Smog is a thick fog-like layer in the typhoid and jaundice. atmosphere, especially during winters, made up of fog and smoke. • CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons) used in refrigerators, air conditioners and aerosol sprays cause depletion of ozone layer. Ozone 112

18. Pollution of Air and Water • Water which is purified and suitable for drinking is known as potable water. • By adding chlorine tablets to water for purification is a common chemical process. We should not use more chlorine tablets than specified. • Water is a precious natural resource. We should conserve it. Keywords – pollution, atmosphere, marble cancer, acid rain, smog. Work Plan COVERAGE DETAILS PRACTICE SHEET • Composition of air PS-1 CONCEPT • Atmosphere PS-2 Pollution of air • Causes of air pollution PS-3 • Global warming Pollution of water • Acid rain Self-evaluation Sheet • Ozone layer depletion • Causes of water pollution • Effects of water pollution • Water purification Worksheet for \"Stars and the Solar System\" Evaluation with self- check or peer check 113

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) I. Answer each of these questions: 1. Explain the distribution of gases in the air. 2. Define air pollution. 3. Give examples of natural pollutants. 4. What is smog? 5. What are the health implications of smog? 6. In what way is CFC harmful to the environment? 7. Explain the greenhouse effect. 8. State the initiative taken by Delhi to mitigate air pollution. 9. Write few form of alternative energy. 10. The Gangotri glacier in the Himalayas has started melting. Justify the statement. PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) I. Answer each of these questions: 1. What are water pollutants? Give examples. 2. How does agriculture cause water pollution? 3. What is potable water? 4. What is chlorination? 5. What precautions should be taken during the chlorination process? 6. How does industries impact the soil? 7. What was the aim of Ganga action plan? 8. Kanpur is one of the most populated towns in U.P. Give reasons to support this statement. 9. Why do excessive algae grow in river? 10. How does excessive algal growth impact the aquatic life? 114

PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) I. Choose the correct option: 7. Which type of pollution causes typhoid? 1. ‘Marble Cancer’ is caused due to: a. CFC’s a. Air b. Acid rain b. Land c. Ozone c. Water d. Ultraviolet rays d. Thermal 2. This gas makes up most of the atmosphere. 8. Potable water is: a. Oxygen a. Used to wash utensils b. Carbon dioxide b. Obtained from oceans c. Nitrogen c. Obtained from a river d. Argon d. Pure and fit for drinking 3. ‘Ganga Action Plan’ was launched to: 9. Which is not a source of air pollution? a. Increase the length of Ganga river a. Automobile exhaust b. Construct dams on Ganga River b. Power plant c. Reduce the pollution level in the river. c. Burning of wood d. All the above. d. Windmill 4. Which among the following is not a major 10. CNG stands for: pollutant? a. Controlled Nitrogen gas a. Carbon dioxide b. Concentrated nitrogen gas b. Carbon monoxide c. Compressed Natural gas c. Oxygen d. Compressed Neutral gas d. Methane II. Short Answer Questions: 5. A chemical commonly used to purify water is: 1. Why do some ponds look green when seen from a a. Fluorine distance? Explain. b. Iodine 2. Define acid rain. Name two gases that are c. Sodium responsible for acid rain. d. Chlorine 3. Write a short note on greenhouse effect. 6. Which among the following is not a greenhouse III. Long Answer Questions: gas? 1. Suggest measures to reduce water pollution. a. Carbon dioxide 2.“Say no to chemical crackers.”What do b. Methane you understand by this campaign? What c. Water vapour are the hazardous effects of crackers on the d. Oxygen environment? 115

SELF-EVALUATION SHEET Marks: 15 Time: 30 Mins I. Choose the most appropriate alternative for 2. How is marble cancer caused?  (5 marks) each of these statements:  (4 marks) 3. How is global warming caused?  (3 marks) 1. Highest percentage of air consists of: a. Oxygen b. Carbon dioxide c. Nitrogen d. Argon 2. Air pollution causes: a. Global warming b. Respiratory problems c. Smog d. All of these 3. _____ is a Green House gas. a. Nitrogen b. Oxygen c. Argon d. Carbon dioxide 4. CNG is a a. Polluted fuel b. Clean fuel c. Harmful fuel d. None II. Answer each of these questions: 1. How is water purified for drinking purpose?  (3 marks) 116

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