Exercise 6: Complete the paragraph by using the appropriate prepositions. One is done for you. (Hints: More than one preposition may be appropriate for some blanks.) Roxy walks to the grocery store that is _____________________________ her house. Since it is not far away, she does not carry her umbrella though it is cloudy. She reaches the store and puts everything that she needs _____________________________ a shopping cart. While returning, it starts to rain. The rain starts falling _____________________________ Roxy. She holds her shopping bag _____________________________ her head and runs home. She is delayed and reaches home _____________________________ seven o’clock because of the rain. Prepositions 47
W10 Writing Formal Writing Informal letter writing Exercise 1: Your friend Simran is very fond of wildlife and camping. So, when you came to know about the Ranthambore National Park camp for children, you couldn’t wait to attend it with her. Write a letter to Simran, asking her to join you at the camp. Hints: • Greet your friend. • Give the details of the camp: the last date for registration, exact location and so on. • W rite why you think she will enjoy it. • M ention why you look forward to her company at the camp. 48
Creative Writing Story writing Exercise 2: Your class went on its annual school outing. Write a story about an exciting adventure that you had on that day. Hints: • Where was your class going? • What was the unexpected, exciting adventure? • How did it end? • How did you feel about it? Writing 10 49
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R5 Reading Comprehension Passage 1 Read the passage and answer the questions given below. ‘It is a wonderful book, Mummy’, Barun replied happily. ‘I am reading about Rakesh Sharma right now.’ ‘So you are reading about the first Indian to go to space’, said his mother. She sat on the bed beside her son and asked him, ‘Have you read about Kalpana Chawla?’ Barun hadn’t. So, he started reading about Kalpana Chawla in the evening. Kalpana Chawla was born in 1962 in Karnal in the state of Haryana. Nicknamed ‘Montu’ by her family, she went to school at the age of three. Later, she studied Aeronautical Engineering at Punjab Engineering College, India. In 1982, Kalpana went to the USA to study at the University of Texas at Arlington. In 1988, she became a research scientist at the NASA Ames Research Centre in Sunnyvale, California. In November 1996, Kalpana joined the STS-87 mission aboard space shuttle Columbia. The shuttle flew in November–December 1997, during which Kalpana spoke with the then Prime Minister of India, Mr Inderjit K Gujral, from the orbit. On 16th January 2003, Kalpana went into space again. She was on board the space shuttle Columbia. After a successful flight, Columbia was lost with its crew during reentry into the Earth’s atmosphere on 1st February 2003. A hill on Mars and a star in deep space have been named after Kalpana. Her story shows the value of hard work and sincerity that is remembered even after one’s time. 1) Who was the first Indian to go to space? A ns. 51
2) Where was Kalpana Chawla born? Ans. 3) Fill in the blanks with the correct prepositions from the options given in brackets. a) Barun started reading about Kalpana Chawla _____________________ (on/in) the evening. b) She was _____________________ (under/among) a group of astronauts who travelled to outer space. c) The rocket flew _____________________ (over/with) the Earth. 4) Another word for ‘answered’ in the passage is . 5) Match the words with their correct meanings. Column A Column B a) space shuttle A) honesty b) crew B) spacecraft c) sincerity C) team Passage 2 Read the passage and answer the questions given below. Kite flying is one of the world’s oldest sports. In China, people used to fly different coloured kites to send different messages. No one knows for certain who invented kites. Some historians believe that the Egyptians were the first to fly kites. Ancient Egyptian carvings depict men flying objects attached to strings. Some believe that the Ancient Greeks invented kites, while some others believe that the Chinese made the first kites. Throughout the centuries, kites have been used for various purposes. Once, a Chinese emperor who had been imprisoned was saved by a kite. His followers flew a huge kite over the tower in which the emperor was imprisoned. 52
Recognising the kite, he took hold of the huge ropes hanging from the kite and flew away to freedom. Benjamin Franklin used a kite to prove that lightning is a form of electricity. He flew a kite in a thunderstorm and was almost killed when lightning travelled down the wet string and lit up his instruments. The kite was also responsible for the invention of aeroplanes. The Wright brothers flew many kinds of kites and studied their movements before making the first aeroplane. Also, the first aeroplane was a huge kite glider that was specially made to carry an engine and a person. 6) Which is one of the world’s oldest sports? Ans. 7) Who used a kite to prove that lightning is a form of electricity? Ans. 8) Write the past tense forms of the given words from the passage. a) fly – ___________________________ b) make – ___________________________ c) take – ___________________________ 9) The meaning of the word ‘ancient’ is . 10) Match the words with their correct meanings. Column A Column B a) invented A) a period of hundred years b) historian B) created for the first time c) century C) someone who studies and records history Reading Comprehension 5 53
11 Conjunctions You have learnt about coordinating conjunctions in Class 3. Read the given sentences. Circle the coordinating conjunctions and write which words, phrases or sentences they join. a) I am late, for it is raining. Ans. b) Maria went to the market, but she did not buy anything. Ans. c) Do you want to eat the bread with jam or butter? Ans. d) I don’t usually wake up at 6:00 a.m., nor do I sleep before 10.00 p.m. Ans. e) I will go home and finish my homework. Ans. f) They drove carefully, yet they had an accident. Ans. g) The weather is bad, so it is better to stay indoors. Ans. 54
Types of conjunctions There are three types of conjunctions. Conjunctions Coordinating Correlative Subordinating conjunctions conjunctions conjunctions Remember Y ou have learnt that conjunctions are words that join words or parts of sentences together. T he conjunctions you have learnt in Class 3 (‘for’, ‘and’, ‘nor’, ‘but’, ‘or’, ‘yet’ and ‘so’) are coordinating conjunctions. Let us learn about the second type of conjunction: correlative conjunctions. Correlative conjunctions Meher is hungry at night. Her mother asks her what she wants to eat. Meher says that she wants neither vegetables nor fruits to eat. She says she wants either a burger or fried chicken. She also wants sweets. Her mother tells her that having junk food and too many sweets is not good. They not only lead to high cholesterol but are also bad for Meher’s teeth. Conjunctions 55
Observe the word pairs ‘neither… nor’, ‘either… or’ and ‘not only… but also’ in the previous paragraph. These word pairs are called correlative conjunctions. Correlative conjunctions work in pairs to join phrases or words that carry equal importance within a sentence. Examples: vMegeehtearbwleasnntsonr efriuthites.r Here, the words ‘neither’ and ‘nor’ show that Meher gives equal importance to both vegetables and fruits. She does not want either of them. Shaebwuarcgnhetisrcoekerithfnrei.erd Here, Meher gives equal importance to both a burger and fried chicken by saying that she would like to eat either of the two. Here, Meher’s mother gives equal importance to both fobtroTuMhtheeaigyhrheneocra’thslsootoenleeblystathleed.raodl the reasons for avoiding junk food. Exercise 1: Fill in the blanks with the correct coordinating conjunctions from the box. One is done for you. for and yet so but or a) The room was messy, so we cleaned it. b) His two favourite sports are cricket __________________ kabaddi. c) The test is tomorrow, __________________ Rina is not studying. d) Which of the two ice creams do you want – chocolate __________________ vanilla? 56
e) He was happy, __________________ he had won the cycling race. f) Rajesh knows how to swim, __________________ his brother does not. Exercise 2: Underline the conjunctions in the given sentences. Then, sort them into the correct boxes. One is done for you. a) Birbal was witty and wise. b) I am tired, so I will rest for a while. c) The king was not only just but also humble. d) The journey wasn’t short nor easy. e) Either Ted or Shazia will bake the cake. f) He neither worked hard nor helped anybody. Coordinating conjunctions Correlative conjunctions a) Birbal was witty and wise. Exercise 3: Read the sentences and colour the correct correlative conjunctions to be used. One is done for you. a) He is __________ polite __________ kind. That is why I dislike him. neither – nor either – or not only – but also Conjunctions 57
b) This dish is __________ delicious __________ elegant. I like eating it. neither – nor either – or not only – but also c) __________ my mother __________ my father will come to pick me up. Only one of them will be able to make it. Not only – but also Neither – nor Either – or d) __________ Saira __________ Sohan will win the race, as they are the fastest runners. Neither – nor Either – or Not only – but also e) __________ the car __________ the auto is big enough. We need a bus. Neither – nor Either – or Not only – but also f) Neha __________ finished her work __________ helped her brother to complete his. Hence, they could both get their work done on time. either – or not only – but also neither – nor Exercise 4: Fill in the blanks with the correct correlative conjunctions. One is done for you. a) Travelling by plane is not only fast but also comfortable. It is very convenient. b) You could ___________________ write in your diary ___________________ on a piece of paper. You can write on any one of these. c) You should ___________________ eat junk food ___________________ drink dirty water if you want to remain in good health. d) _______________ Sohail _______________ Rajesh will be chosen for the play. We have one open spot. e) Renu is _________________ my sister ________________ my cousin. We are not related. f) My mother __________________ bought me a bicycle __________________ taught me how to ride it. I ride it to school every day. 58
Exercise 5: Complete the passage with the correct coordinating and correlative conjunctions. One is done for you. Suzy was sad. Neither her friends nor her mother remembered her birthday. She was shocked that nobody remembered! The year before, her mother had __________________________ baked a cake __________________________ gifted her a new bicycle. Her friends Heena __________________________ Rahul were always the first to wish her, but this year __________________________ Heena __________________________ Rahul even visited. This made her sad, and she started crying. As Suzy was lying on her bed and sulking, her mother suddenly entered her room. She had a brightly wrapped present and Suzy’s best friends with her. They had planned a surprise birthday party for Suzy! Suzy accepted the present and guessed that it could have a new video game __________________________ a badminton racquet. She was sure that the gift was one of these. She hugged her mother and friends. She was not sad __________________________ gloomy anymore. In fact, she was very happy and excited! Exercise 6: Observe the given pictures. Form sentences based on the pictures by using the conjunctions given next to them. One is done for you. a) + not only... but also thunder lightning Ans. b) + so hot sweating Ans. Conjunctions 59
c) + either... or dress skirt Ans. d) + neither... nor idlis dosa Ans. e) + yet ran fast came last Ans. f) + not only... but also take a bath brush Ans. 60
W11 Writing Formal Writing E-mail writing Exercise 1: Write an e-mail to your friends, inviting them to spend a day at an animal shelter. Hints: • W rite the e-mail addresses of the friends you want to invite. • Write an introductory sentence as the subject of your e-mail. • Write why you want to visit an animal shelter. • Mention which animals you will see at the shelter. • Explain how visiting the shelter will help all of you. • Greet and sign off as you have learnt earlier. 61
Creative Writing Diary entry Exercise 2: Write a diary entry about the preparations you have made for the Republic Day celebration in your society or building. Hints: • Write about the celebration and all the events that will take place on that day. • Write about your role in the celebration and what you are responsible for. • Describe how you have prepared for your role. 62
• Write about how you are feeling about your upcoming performance. Writing 11 63
12 Sentences Given below are some sentences. Sort them under the correct sentence types in the table given below. • 1 5th August is our Independence Day. • I can’t wait for the party! • M eet me at 8:00 p.m. sharp. • Where is my new bag? • My favourite colour is blue. • Speak softly! • Do you want tea or coffee? • Suddenly, the tiger jumped in front of our jeep! Declarative sentences Interrogative sentences Exclamatory sentences Imperative sentences 64
Let us revise the four different types of sentences. Types of sentences Declarative sentences: They make statements and end with a full stop (.). Example: We are going to watch a movie. Interrogative sentences: They ask questions and end with a question mark (?). Example: Will you come for a movie? Exclamatory sentences: They show excitement or a strong feeling. They end with an exclamation mark (!). Example: What an entertaining movie! Imperative sentences: They give commands or make requests. They end with a full stop (.) or an exclamation mark (!). Examples: • Karan, please drive me to the movie theatre. • Behave politely! Remember The four sentence types are as follows: a) Statements (.) – declarative sentences b) Questions (?) – interrogative sentences c) Exclamations (!) – exclamatory sentences d) Commands or requests (.) or (!) – imperative sentences Sentences 65
Note: When exclamatory sentences start Examples: with ‘what’ or ‘how’, there is a slight • How beautiful is the rain! change in the usual order of words in the sentence. • What a match! Exercise 1: Change and rewrite the given sentences according to the instructions given in brackets. One is done for you. a) Go fetch my bag. (Make it an interrogative sentence.) Ans. Can you fetch my bag? b) How lovely is that! (Make it a declarative sentence.) Ans. ______________________________________________________________________________ c) Will you come with me? (Make it an imperative sentence.) Ans. ______________________________________________________________________________ d) It is very sad. (Make it an exclamatory sentence.) Ans. ______________________________________________________________________________ e) The popcorn is hot. (Make it an interrogative sentence.) Ans. ______________________________________________________________________________ f) Does he not know him? (Make it a declarative sentence.) Ans. ______________________________________________________________________________ Positive and negative sentences + questions Read the following sentences. Each of these sentences is of a different kind. I read my This sentence is a statement. It is a positive sentence. a) nature book every day. Where are the This sentence is a question. b) students? 66
c) I am not T his sentence is also a statement. However, it has the feeling well. negative word ‘not’ in it. Therefore, it is a negative sentence. Why has he d) not completed T his sentence is a question with the word ‘not’. It is a negative question. his project? Remember You can convert a negative sentence into a positive sentence in two ways. Remove negative words like ‘no’, ‘not’, ‘does not’ and ‘do not’. The sentence will then have the opposite meaning. Example: ‘I do not have your book’ becomes ‘I have your book’. Remove the negative words like ‘no’, ‘not’, ‘does not’ and ‘do not’. Also, convert the verb to its opposite form so that the sentence means the same. Example: ‘You did not understand what I said’ becomes ‘You misunderstood what I said’. Exercise 2: Identify the types of sentences. One is done for you. Hint: positive sentence negative sentence positive question negative question a) Mrs Tendulkar does not play cricket. – negative sentence b) Did you not get your pen? – ____________________________ c) They are not cooking at home. – ____________________________ d) Was Seema not sleeping when you visited her? – ____________________________ e) Ravi will attend the exam tomorrow. – ____________________________ f) Did you see him at the park today? – ____________________________ Sentences 67
Transformation of sentences Meet Miss Yes, Miss No and Mr Why. They are good friends, but they also get into heated debates often. Miss No and Mr Why always oppose poor Miss Yes. Whenever Miss Yes says something, Miss No turns that statement into a negative, while Mr Why immediately changes it into a question. It’s so entertaining to see how they behave! Miss Yes says: Miss No says: Mr Why says: Rajit goes to the market in Rajit does not go to the Does Rajit go to the market the evening. market in the evening. in the evening? They go on a trip every They do not go on a trip Do they go on a trip every month. every month. month? Notice that Miss Yes, Miss No and Mr Why were playing the game using the simple present tense. Let us revisit the rules. simple present (positive) • subject + base verb (‘-s’/‘-es’) + object simple present (negative) simple present (question) • Use does not with ‘he’, ‘she’, ‘it’ and singular subjects. • Use do not with 'I', 'we', 'you', 'they' and plural subjects. • Use base verbs without ‘-s’/‘-es’. • Begin questions with 'do'/'does'. Use do with 'I', 'we', 'you' and plural subjects and does with 'he', 'she', 'it' and singular subjects. • Use base verbs without ‘-s’/‘-es’. 68
Here, Miss Yes, Miss No and Mr Why are talking about what they did at their school function. I participated in the I did not participate in the Did I participate in the western dance. western dance. western dance? Observe that the three were talking about the past. Here are the rules to follow for sentences in the simple past tense. simple past (positive) • subject + past tense form of verb + object simple past (negative) • subject + did not + base verb + object simple past (question) • did + subject + base verb form + object Now, Miss Yes, Miss No and Mr Why are debating inside a zoo about what a few animals are doing there. Can you fill in the blanks? The lion is sleeping. The lion is not sleeping. Is the lion sleeping? The monkeys are ___________________________ ___________________________ making a lot of noise. ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ Sentences 69
The three friends were talking in the present continuous tense in the previous conversation. Let us read the rules that they followed. present continuous (positive) • s ubject + ‘is’/‘are’/‘am’ + ‘-ing’ form of verb + object present continuous • subject + ‘is’/’are’/’am’ + not + ‘-ing’ form of verb (negative) + object present continuous (question) • ‘Is’/‘Are’/‘Am’ + subject + ‘-ing’ form of verb + object After coming back home, the three talked about the zoo again. As usual, Miss No disagreed with Miss Yes, while Mr Why was doubtful and kept asking questions. You know them well enough by now, don’t you? Can you guess their responses? The peacocks were The peacocks were not Were the peacocks dancing. dancing. dancing? I was enjoying myself. __________________________ __________________________ __________________________ __________________________ __________________________ __________________________ The sentences above show actions that were happening in the past before something else happened. Let us revisit how to form different sentences in the past continuous tense. past continuous (positive) • subject + ‘was’/‘were’ + ‘-ing’ form of verb + past continuous (negative) object past continuous (question) • s ubject + ‘was’/‘were’ + not + ‘-ing’ form of verb + object • ‘Was’/‘Were’ + subject + ‘-ing’ form of verb + object 70
Exercise 3: Convert the given positive sentences and questions into negative sentences and questions. One is done for you. a) I want to buy diyas for Diwali. Ans. I do not want to buy diyas for Diwali. b) Do you know the answer to this question? Ans. ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ c) Rohit helped the blind lady. Ans. ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ d) Mala was singing sweetly in the morning. Ans. ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ e) Did she visit her cousin last week? Ans. ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ f) Rohan and Ali are swimming in the sea. Ans. ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ Exercise 4: Convert the negative sentences and questions into positive sentences and questions without changing their meanings. One is done for you. a) You are not recognisable. Ans. You are unrecognisable. b) Do you not want to continue your education? Ans. Sentences 71
c) She does not respect her elders. Ans. d) She was not able to complete her homework. Ans. e) Does Ravi not behave these days? Ans. f) This sofa is not comfortable to sit on. Ans. Exercise 5: Convert the sentences according to the instructions given in brackets. One is done for you. a) My friend cannot reach the shelf. (Change it into a positive sentence.) Ans. My friend can reach the shelf. b) The police could not catch the thief. (Change it into a question.) Ans. c) I understand what he says. (Change it into a negative sentence.) Ans. d) Were you doing your homework? (Change it into a negative sentence.) Ans. 72
e) This class is not ending. (Change it into a positive sentence.) Ans. f) She went to the drawing class. (Change it into a question.) Ans. Exercise 6: Complete the sentences according to the instructions. Add the correct punctuation mark when you complete each sentence. One is done for you. a) Elephants are not small. (Make a negative sentence in the simple present tense.) b) Does Samarth (Make a positive question in the simple present tense.) c) Sonia (Make a positive sentence in the past continuous tense.) d) Litty (Make a positive sentence in the simple past tense.) e) The students (Make a negative sentence in the present continuous tense.) f) Were your neighbours (Make a negative question in the past continuous tense.) Sentences 73
W12 Writing Formal Writing Editing exercise Exercise 1: Akshay wrote a letter to the editor of a newspaper. However, there were many errors in it. There were errors related to spelling, punctuation, grammar, formatting and sentence formation. Can you spot at least ten errors and rewrite the letter? Dear Editor, 1 Kasturba Gandhi Road Parel 17th March 2018 I have been reading your magazine ‘Child Zone’ four the past three ears. I realy enjoys reading the magazine. I like to read articles on famous writers and the new books available in the market. I was wondering if you could add a section on book rewiews. I thinks your readers will be intrested in such views ritten by childs who have read the books, I hope U will like my idea and also gave me an opportunity to write something in your wonderfull magazine, Your’s sincerely akshay paul 74
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Creative Writing Autobiography writing An autobiography is an account written in the first person. It is the story of a person’s life. It can also be an imaginary object’s life story. Here are the autobiographies of a few famous people. Helen Keller Anne Frank MK Gandhi 76
Exercise 2: Given below is an autobiography of a dog. Use appropriate words, phrases or sentences to complete it. I am a pet dog. I live with __________________________________________________________. She _________________________________________________________________. She takes me _______________________________________________________ and _______________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________. She gives me ______________________________________________________________________ to eat. Last week, an exciting thing happened. In the middle of the night, a thief tried to open the window and ___________________________________________________________________. ___________________________________________________________________________________. I barked and ______________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________. This scared him away and __________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________. _______________________________________________________________________ hugged me tightly, and everyone _____________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________. I love ____________ ______________________________________________________________ very much, and I am happy to live with _________________________________________________________________. Writing 12 77
R6 Reading Comprehension Passage 1 Read the passage and answer the questions given below. Spit keeps our mouths moist and softens our food when we chew. Without spit in our mouths, we would have a hard time talking and swallowing. But for some animals, spit works better after it has left the mouth. Some animals are experts at surviving because they are expert spitters. Llamas are animals that like their personal space. A llama that feels threatened or annoyed will spit slimy gobs at you to get you to leave it alone. Sometimes, llamas even spit on each other to steal food! Llama spit includes food from the llama’s stomach, and it can be quite smelly. When a llama spits on another animal, the animal usually loses its appetite and walks away, leaving its food behind. The archer-fish is a very skilled spitter. It aims and spits jets of water at insects and other small creatures to knock them into the water. Then, it gulps them down quickly. Spitting cobras are also known for their expert aim. These snakes spray venom from their fangs to protect themselves. Scientists believe that these snakes actually aim for the eyes! When the cobra’s venom gets into the eyes of an animal, the venom causes terrible pain and even blindness. This gives the snake plenty of time to get away. 1) How does spit help human beings? Ans. 2) How do spitting cobras protect themselves? Ans. 78
3) Write the present continuous tense form of each of the given words. a) walk – b) believe – c) spit – 4) The meaning of ‘appetite’ is . 5) Match the words with their correct meanings. Column A Column B a) moist A) continuing to live b) surviving B) poison c) venom C) slightly wet Passage 2 Read the passage and answer the questions given below. Survival can become a difficult task for animals in the wild – especially if you are smaller or slower than your predators. How do these animals save themselves? They adapt themselves in numerous ways to survive. Owls, for example, have brown feathers that help them look like the trees around them during the daytime and stay concealed. Some animals have the ability to change the colour of their skin to match their environment. Chameleons are often described as the ‘quick-change artists’ of the animal kingdom, but rabbits are a great example as well. Their fur changes colour depending on the season. Some insects, instead of blending in with their environment, appear entirely different. This deters animals from attacking them. The praying mantis and Phylliidae are some of the most remarkable leaf mimics. Some moths and butterflies have patterns on their Reading Comprehension 6 79
wings that make them look scary and help chase away their predators. These are some of the ways in which animals survive in the wild. 6) How are chameleons described? Ans. 7) Why do butterflies look scary to their predators? Ans. 8) Join the sentences using the conjunctions given in brackets. a) Survival is difficult for slower animals. Survival is difficult for smaller animals. (and) Ans. b) A nimals blend in with their environment. Animals appear entirely different. (either... or) Ans. c) S urvival is difficult for slower animals. They save themselves through camouflage. (so) Ans. 9) The word from the passage that means ‘to change the way one looks to seem the same as one’s surroundings’ is . 10) Match the words with their correct meanings. Column A Column B a) concealed A) copy the way someone looks, speaks or moves b) mimic B) discourages someone from doing something c) deters C) hidden from sight 80
13 Apostrophe Contractions The words ‘to contract’ mean ‘to make smaller’. A contraction is made by combining two words to make a single word. This makes it easier to speak these words. Contractions are short forms of words. We make a contraction using the apostrophe. It is a punctuation mark that is made above the letters in a word. Observe the small mark inside the circle given below. It's Here, by using the apostrophe, we have made a contraction of the words ‘it is’. In contractions, there is no space between two words. Let us read some rules to understand how the apostrophe can be used to make contractions. Contractions with ‘is’, ‘am’ and ‘are’ Examples: a) The ‘i’ in ‘is’ is replaced by the apostrophe. a) That’s a good story. b) The ‘a’ in ‘are’ is replaced by the apostrophe. b) We’re in Class 4. c) The ‘a’ in ‘am’ is replaced by the apostrophe. c) I’m tired. she is = she’s he is = he’s why is = why’s how is = how’s that is = that’s they are = they’re you are = you're we are = we’re I am = I'm 81
Contractions with ‘will’, ‘has’, ‘have’ and ‘had’ Examples: a) It’ll be a good match. a) The ‘wi’ in ‘will’ is replaced by the apostrophe. b) He’d gone to school. b) The ‘ha’ in ‘has’, ‘have’ and ‘had’ is replaced by the apostrophe. I will = I’ll she will = she’ll he will = he’ll it will = it’ll you will = they’ll he has = he’s we have = you’ll they will = they’d we’ve they had = Contractions with ‘not’ Examples: a) The ‘o’ in ‘not’ is replaced by the apostrophe, a) She couldn’t go today. except for ‘will not’ and ‘cannot’. b) You won’t be able to see it. is not = isn’t are not = aren’t has not = hasn’t have not = haven’t was not = wasn’t will not = won’t were not = weren’t do not = don’t does not = doesn’t did not = didn’t cannot = can’t could not = couldn’t Apostrophe for singular possession The apostrophe is also used to show belonging or possession (that something belongs to someone). We use the apostrophe with the letter ‘s’ to show possession. Examples: • This is Haris jacket. incorrect • This is Hari’s jacket. correct The apostrophe has been used to show that the jacket belongs to Hari. 82
There are two main rules for adding the apostrophe to show singular possession. Let’s understand them. Rule 1 : If the noun is singular, add the apostrophe + ‘s’. Example : the tail of a dog = the dog’s tail Rule 2 : If the noun is singular and ends in ‘-s’, still add the apostrophe + ‘s’. Example : the wheel of the bus = the bus’s wheel Look at the table below for more examples. singular nouns • My pen’s lid is missing. singular nouns ending in ‘-s’ • Tell me an elephant’s story. • That cactus’s leaves are thick and spiny. • This is my boss’s cabin. Apostrophe with possessive pronouns Sometimes, we may get confused between contractions and possessive pronouns. Remember that possessive pronouns do not need the apostrophe. Examples: Possessive pronouns Correct usage Incorrect usage Correct usage Incorrect usage yours your’s theirs their’s hers her’s mine mine’s its it’s ours ours’ or our’s Look at the table below to understand some common apostrophe mistakes. Expanded form could not couldn’t could n’t does not doesn’t does’nt cannot can’t cann’t they are they’re theyr’e Apostrophe 83
Difference between plurals, possessives and contractions Remember The plural form of a word shows that there is ‘more than one’ of something. Example: • The teachers came to school early. A possessive noun or pronoun says ‘who or what owns or has something’. Example: • The teacher’s pen is on the table. Contractions are words made by combining two words and leaving out one or more letters. The apostrophe takes the place of the removed letters. Example: • They’ve come to visit us. Exercise 1: Write the contractions of the words given below. One is done for you. a) we are we’re b) could not c) I had d) they have e) she is f) did not Exercise 2: Read the given sentences and replace the underlined words with contractions. One is done for you. a) He has seen you in class today. Ans. He’s seen you in class today. b) There is no milk in the refrigerator. Ans. 84
c) It is raining today. Ans. d) I was not home last night. Ans. e) The store will not open early. Ans. f) You should not cheat. Ans. Exercise 3: Rewrite each sentence by adding the apostrophe to show ownership or contractions wherever required. One is done for you. a) How did Ramus bicycle break? Ans. How did Ramu’s bicycle break? b) I want to borrow Sheilas book. Ans. c) The classs answers confused the teacher. Ans. Apostrophe 85
d) My sisters scarf didnt blow away in the wind. Ans. e) The childrens toys broke as theyd not been careful. Ans. f) That dogs collar is colourful. Ans. Exercise 4: Rewrite the sentences by correcting the usage of the apostrophe. One is done for you. (Hints: The apostrophe may not be needed in a few places.) a) Jess’ phone fell on the floor. Ans. Jess’s phone fell on the floor. b) Youv’e not seen my dress yet. Ans. c) That scooter is their’s. Ans. d) The cats’ tail moved from side to side as it was happy. Ans. e) They couldv’e come today. Ans. 86
f) Texa’ss population is not very high. Ans. Exercise 5: Fill in the blanks with the correct words from the options given in brackets. One is done for you. Faiza wanted to go camping. She’d read an article about a wildlife camp (She’d/Sh’ed) in Kanha and was very excited to join it. ___________________________________ friend (Faizas/Faiza’s) Avni was also interested in ____________________________________. So, she wanted to go (animals/animal’s) along as well. Apostrophe 87
____________________________________ made all their preparations and were ready (Theyd/They’d) to leave. Their camp ____________________________________ met them at the railway (leader’s/leaders) station. They showed the two girls the way to their bus. The _____________________________ (buses/bus’s) seats were very comfortable. Exercise 6: Fill in the blanks with the correct words from the options given in brackets. One is done for you. I have a big family. I live with my parents and grandfather. My (parent’s/parents) _______________________________________ brother and his son also live with us. I have a (father’s/fathers) brother as well. _______________________________________ a happy family. (Wer’e/We’re) 88
_______________________________________ been making a family tree on a chart. (I’ve/Iv’e) All my _______________________________________ also made trees of their families. My (friends/friend’s) teacher heard about this activity and said that ______________________________________ (its/it’s) interesting! Apostrophe 89
W13 Writing Formal Writing Explanatory paragraph writing Exercise 1: Hasib is camping overnight in the jungle with his father. Write a paragraph, explaining how he can spend the night safely in the jungle. Use the hints given below to write your paragraph. Hints: • What are the things that he should carry? • What are the things that he should do? • What are the things that he should not do? 90
Creative Writing Dialogue writing Exercise 2: Write a dialogue between two friends who are discussing their favourite modes of transport. Use the hints given below to help you write. Hints: • Make sure that the friends greet each other. • T hey can start talking about one of their travel experiences and the mode of transport they used. • The friends can mention each of their favourite modes of transport and why they prefer them. • They can talk about modes of transport that are more environment-friendly than others. Writing 13 91
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