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Mountain soil Alluvial Laterite soil soil hilly and Northern areas where mountainous Plains there is areas heavy rainfall spices and rice and tea and apple wheat coffee Sandy, desert or Red soil Black soil arid soil western southwestern northwestern desert and eastern part of the India Deccan Plateau gram and groundnut cotton and millet sugarcane Natural Resources: 95 Forests and Soil Merged file_G4_Social studies_08022017.indb 95 2/11/2017 5:24:36 PM

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I Understand We now know the different types of soil. Let us see how soil affects plant and animal life. Living beings depend, directly or indirectly, on soil. Plant material and Some animals get Plants feed many animals. insects feed many their food from the birds and animals. meat of other animals. Plants grow naturally on soil. People plant crops in the soil. Microorganisms and insects live in and on the soil. For human beings it is important since it forms the basis of agriculture Natural Resources: 97 Forests and Soil Merged file_G4_Social studies_08022017.indb 97 2/11/2017 5:24:42 PM

SoIL eRoSIoN We learned how important soil is for plant and animal life. So, we need to protect our soil from soil erosion. Soil erosion is the washing or blowing away(by water or wind) of the soil on the surface of the Earth. How can we preserve and protect soil? 1) Plant more trees. This is especially helpful in places where the soil is exposed to wind and flowing water. Planting trees creates a speed-breaker in the path of winds blowing fast across flat lands. These plants and trees can stop the wind from blowing the soil away. 2) Planted trees and plants keep soil in place when water flows swiftly. The soil gets caught up in the roots of the bushes, rather than being washed away. Train My Brain 1) How many kinds of soil are there in India? 2) Mention two kinds of soil found in India. I Apply Why should we preserve and protect soil? • Uncountable microorganisms of different types live in the soil. Each microorganism helps plants and other living things in its own special way. • The soil is a place where gases like carbon dioxide are stored. If soil is eroded, these gases enter the air. Some of them can be harmful to other living things. Some gases need to remain in the soil to help plants grow well. • Soil is an important natural resource, especially for farmers. When soil is carried away, it affects crops. Crops do not grow well in areas were top soil is lost. • It can take 100 years to form one inch of soil. This means that once soil is eroded, it cannot be replaced quickly. • Healthy soil can keep the environment clean and healthy. 98 Merged file_G4_Social studies_08022017.indb 98 2/11/2017 5:24:42 PM

I Explore (H.O.T.S.) 1) Make a mind map to show: • the things people get directly from the soil • occupations which depend on soil Be amazed There are about 7,000,000,000 people on the entire Earth. In any handful of soil, there can be up to 50,000,000,000 microorganisms. This means that there can be more microorganisms in one handful of soil than people on Earth! Connect the Dots english Fun Many words in English come from other languages. The word 'deciduous' comes from a Latin word which means 'to fall down'. Maths Fun Arun has 44 apple trees. He got 209 apples from each tree last year. How many apples did Arun get? Natural Resources: 99 Forests and Soil Merged file_G4_Social studies_08022017.indb 99 2/11/2017 5:24:47 PM

A Note to Parent You can show your child this video about Jadav “Molai” Payeng – https://goo.gl/ lVBNgk. He is called the 'Forest Man of Inda'. He who planted a forest in a barren part of Assam. There are many such individuals all over the world. You can encourage your child to find out about ordinary people who have contributed towards environmental work. New words 1) UNESCO – United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation 2) prevent – to stop something from happening 3) foothills – the smaller hills found near tall mountains 4) raw material – the resources used to make something 5) exposed – left open 6) spices – the things we use to add different flavours to food 7) Latin – a language that was spoken in many parts of the world. It is not spoken by many people anymore. 100 Merged file_G4_Social studies_08022017.indb 100 2/11/2017 5:24:47 PM

Some Famous LESSON 11 Kingdoms of India I Will Learn 11.1: Where are the Kings and Queens? The Mughal Empire Ⅴ Define monarchy and dynasty; learn about BC and AD; list important Indian dynasties f Describe the Mughal dynasty Ⅶ Modern Maharanis, Rajas and Nawabs of India H Discuss the merits and demerits of a dynasty 11.2: Some Other Important Kingdoms of India Ⅴ Main rulers and extent of the Mauryan, Gupta and Chola empires f Reasons why these kingdoms are still remembered Ⅶ Main features of the Indian empires H Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of having a monarchy Merged file_G4_Social studies_08022017.indb 101 2/11/2017 5:24:51 PM

Concept 11.1: Where are the Kings and Queens? The Mughal Empire I Think Rashi: Meher, go and pluck flowers to put in my hair! Then, arrange for a visit to the park. It is my order as queen that all children be allowed to stay awake past 8 p.m. And boys must come back home after playing at the same time as girls do. Meher: Rashi, I’m so tired of you acting like a queen all the time! I am not following any of your orders. Go tell someone else. Rashi: I will punish you for disobeying me! Meher: Hahaha! Playing with you is punishment enough, my queen. Tell me Rashi, were real kings and queens harsh like you? Do they still exist in India? Where are they? Let’s learn about the earliest kings and queens who ruled India and its various parts. When did India have its first kings and queens? Do they still exist? Q. India is still ruled by kings and queens. (A) yes (B) no 102 Merged file_G4_Social studies_08022017.indb 102 2/11/2017 5:24:56 PM

I Remember Throughout history, there have been many different kinds of rulers and governments. Let us read about monarchies. MONARCHIES AND DYNASTIES A kingdom is a place ruled by a king or queen. The government in such a kingdom is called a monarchy. Sometimes, the children Sometimes many rulers – one and grandchildren of the first ruler rule after his after the other – are from the or her death. Then, we say that it is the rule of same family. This family rules a dynasty. the kingdom for generations. This is called a dynasty. There have been many ruling dynasties in India. To learn about them, we must first learn about the measurement of years in history. Look at the timeline. MEASURING TIME IN HISTORY towards 5000 BC towards AD 2017 300 BC 200 BC 100 BC 1 BC AD 1AD 100AD 200AD 300 The timeline is divided into two parts. The letters on the timeline change from ‘BC’ to ‘AD’. The event that is used to mark this change is the birth of Jesus Christ. So, years are calculated by whether they came before or after the birth of Jesus Christ. Old New term Full form term Full form BC Before Christ BCE Before Common Era AD Anno Domini CE Common Era (‘the year of the Lord’in Latin) Some Famous 103 Kingdoms of India Merged file_G4_Social studies_08022017.indb 103 2/11/2017 5:24:59 PM

When counting years on the BC-side of the line, older years have greater numbers. More recent events have smaller numbers. The years are counted in descending order as the years in BC reach the Common Era or AD. Read the story of the woman called Rivka. The Story of rivka She was born in 200 BC. She turned 30 She turned 90 She turned one year old in years old in years old in 199 BC. 170 BC. 110 BC. See how the year becomes smaller as Rivka becomes older. This is not the same on the AD-side of the line. Here, older years have smaller numbers. More recent years have larger numbers. The years are counted in ascending order. Read the story of King Akbar. 104 Merged file_G4_Social studies_08022017.indb 104 2/11/2017 5:25:10 PM

SOME INDIAN DYNASTIES Name of Region Period the dynasty Maurya most of the Indian peninsula 322 BC – 185 BC Chola Sri Lanka, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal and Bihar 300 BC – AD 1279 Gupta Bihar and Uttar Pradesh AD 320 – AD 550 Mughal most of the Indian sub-continent AD 1526 – AD 1858 I Understand THE MUGHAL DYNASTY Babur Humayun Akbar In 1526, Babur, a king from Babur's son, Humayun’s son, Akbar Central Asia, came to Humayun, was captured many more India. He captured many the next king. kingdoms. He brought a small kingdoms to make a large part of present-day new kingdom in Asia. This India under his control. kingdom was called the He was one of the Mughal kingdom. most successful Mughal emperors. Some Famous 105 Kingdoms of India Merged file_G4_Social studies_08022017.indb 105 2/11/2017 5:25:17 PM

Jahangir Shah Jahan Aurangzeb Akbar’s son, Jahangir, and then, his son, Aurangzeb was the last Shah Jahan, were the next two rulers of the great emperor of the Mughal empire. Shah Jahan built the Taj mighty Mughal dynasty. Mahal. After Aurangzeb died, the Mughal Empire lost most of its power. Train My Brain 1) When did the Mughals rule? 2) Who was Shah Jahan's son? I Apply In India, rulers who built empires and ruled cities do not have the power to rule anymore. Here are a few pictures of contemporary princes and princesses of India. Do you recognize any of them? Maharaja of Mysore Nawab of Pataudi Princess of Udaipur 106 Merged file_G4_Social studies_08022017.indb 106 2/11/2017 5:25:25 PM

I Explore (H.O.T.S.) 1) In a dynasty, a ruler's child becomes the next ruler. This means that, sometimes, a person who cannot be a good king or queen rules the kingdom. Greedy and cruel people can become rulers. Discuss three qualities of a good ruler with your partner. Do you think dynasties are good, or do you think they are bad? Why? Be Amazed Today, we use shampoo to wash our hair. Did you know, shampoo was originally introduced by the Mughals in 1762? At that time, it was called ‘champo’. It was called ‘shampoo’ only after 1800. Concept 11.2: Some Other Important Kingdoms of India I Think Rashi and Meher ask Morad about other kings and queens of India. Meher: Were there dynasties before the Mughal rulers too? Morad: Yes, there were. Long before the Mughals, there were many important dynasties in various parts of India. Rashi: I have heard of Ashoka and Chandragupta Maurya. Morad: Yes! They were parts of an important dynasty. Q. Meher wants to know if there were dynasties in India: (A) before the Mughal (B) at the same time as the dynasty Mughal dynasty (C) after the Mughal dynasty (D) in AD 1900 Some Famous 107 Kingdoms of India Merged file_G4_Social studies_08022017.indb 107 2/11/2017 5:25:30 PM

I Remember India is known for its ancient kingdoms. These kingdoms were ruled by different dynasties at different times. The most powerful and well-known dynasties were the Mauryas, the Guptas and the Cholas. WELL-KNOWN DYNASTIES OF INDIA The Mauryan dynasty (322 BC – 185 BC) Mauryan dynasty 322 185 BC BC BC AD 325 275 225 175 125 75 AD AD BC BC BC BC BC BC 25 75 The Mauryan dynasty was the largest empire of its time. It was the first, large, united kingdom in India. King Ashoka was a great warrior and emperor from this dynasty. He captured many kingdoms till the battle of Kalinga. After the battle of Kalinga, Ashoka chose to spread the message of peace. A pillar constructed by Ashoka The Chola dynasty (300 BC – AD 1279) AD Chola dynasty 1250 BC AD 300 200 100 AD AD AD AD AD AD AD AD AD AD AD AD AD 200 BC BC BC BC 100 200 300 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 The Chola dynasty was one of the longest-ruling dynasties in India. The Kallanai dam in Tamil Nadu was originally built by the Chola kings. A dam still stands in the same place today. Rajendra Chola was the best- known Chola king. He is known to have crossed the sea and conquered islands Rajendra Kallanai dam Chola 108 Merged file_G4_Social studies_08022017.indb 108 2/11/2017 5:25:34 PM

like the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Sri Lanka and so on. The Gupta dynasty (AD 320 – AD 550) Gupta dynasty AD 550 BC AD 270 AD AD AD AD AD AD AD BC 270 320 370 420 470 520 570 The Gupta dynasty brought peace and prosperity to their kingdom. Many scientific and artistic achievements were made during this time. So, it was called the Golden Age of India. The mathematician, Aryabhata, and the poet, Kalidasa, belonged to this period. The Gupta king, Samudra Gupta, was known for building a Both sides of a coin from the time of large kingdom. He created a great Samudra Gupta's rule army and a powerful navy. I Understand WHY DO WE STILL REMEMBER THESE KINGDOMS? Let us read about some important actions of the rulers of these dynasties. • They were responsible for the spread of knowledge: They invited visitors from other kingdoms to learn about other places. They supported great religious teachers. They built colleges where literature, mathematics, medicine and other subjects were taught. • They helped artists of all kinds: Many great plays and poems were written. Books like the Mahabharata were translated into other languages. They supported the creation of great works of art. Now, let us look at some important creations of these dynasties. Some Famous 109 Kingdoms of India Merged file_G4_Social studies_08022017.indb 109 2/11/2017 5:25:36 PM

Cholas •temples and Guptas •sculptures All the kings of these dynasties •messages were for his people supporters of Ashoka carved into artists. They (Mauryas) stone built many temples and monuments. •forts •palaces Mughal •gardens Train My Brain 1) Which was the largest empire of its time? 2) Name one thing that helps us remember the Mughal dynasty. I Apply All these kingdoms had some important special features. SPECIAL FEATURES OF THE KINGDOMS OF INDIA These kings had powerful armies. They protected the kingdoms from different outsiders. The soldiers came from all parts of the kingdoms. The Mughal army was known for soldiers on horseback. The kingdoms remained safe with the help of laws and rules. People were also able to trade with each other. 110 Merged file_G4_Social studies_08022017.indb 110 2/11/2017 5:25:42 PM

I Explore (H.O.T.S.) 1) If you were the king or queen, what would you do for your kingdom? What would d you like to be known for? Discuss these questions in groups of three. Be Amazed The national symbol of India with four lions standing back to back is the Ashoka Pillar. It is more than 2000 years old and is located at Sarnath near Varanasi in Uttar Pradesh. Connect the Dots English Fun Sometimes, people become very famous and are given titles. These titles may have meanings. For example, the title Birbal was given to Mahesh Das Bhatt by Akbar. Birbal means 'strong mind'. The title became so popular that today most people know him as Birbal. Do you know of any titles given to people? Maths Fun The Chola dynasty ruled from 300 BC to AD 1279. Find out how long they ruled. Some Famous 111 Kingdoms of India Merged file_G4_Social studies_08022017.indb 111 2/11/2017 5:25:47 PM

A Note to Parent You can take your child to explore heritage sites. When you take him or her to your local museum to see coins from ancient India, encourage him or her to read up about the exhibits they see. New words 1) recent – which has just happened 2) sub-continent – the part of Asia to the south of the Himalayan mountains 3) emperor – the ruler of a very large kingdom 4) empire – a very large kingdom 5) contemporary – belonging to the present 112 Merged file_G4_Social studies_08022017.indb 112 2/11/2017 5:25:47 PM

Laws, Rights and LESSON 12 Duties The Constitution of India I Will Learn 12.1: The Indian Constitution Ⅴ Define ‘constitution’and 'national symbols' f Fundamental rights and duties Ⅶ The people who wrote the Indian Constitution H Rules in games and sports Merged file_G4_Social studies_08022017.indb 113 2/11/2017 5:25:49 PM

Concept 12.1: The Indian Constitution I Think Rashi and Meher decide that both of them would make the rules of their games together. But Rashi has some questions about making rules. So she asks her aunt, Priya, who is a professor. Rashi: Priya Aunty, tell me something, we have learnt that in earlier times the kings would make laws and rules for the people. Who does that now? Priya: The Indian Constitution lays down all the rules and laws about how India should be governed. Dr. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Bhimrao Ambedkar and his team wrote it after working on it for around three years. Q. Is the Indian Constitution a written document? (A) yes (B) no I Remember Just as our parents and teachers make rules for us, the government too makes rules for the country. These rules need to be followed by everyone living in the country, including the government itself. THE CONSTITUTION A constitution is a document that contains a set of rules for the government and the citizens. The constitution of India is the supreme law of India. The Indian Constitution is the longest, written constitution in the world. It is written in both Hindi and English. 114 Merged file_G4_Social studies_08022017.indb 114 2/11/2017 5:25:53 PM

What does a constitution tell us? • rights and duties of the citizens • the way the government should work • roles to be played by the courts and the police How was the constitution written? Our constitution was written by Dr. B. R. Ambedkar and a team of 300 very educated leaders of India. They took about three years to write the constitution. The constitution came into force on 26 January, 1950. This is the day our country became a republic. th So, we celebrate Republic Day on 26 January every year. th NATIONAL SYMBOLS On 24 January 1950, just two days before India became th a republic, the Constituent Assembly adopted 'Jana National symbols gana mana' as the national anthem of India. The national are symbols that anthem is one of our national symbols. represent India. National animal National bird National river National flower (tiger) (peacock) (Ganga) (lotus) ` jn gx mn National song National anthem Currency symbol Laws, Rights and Duties 115 Merged file_G4_Social studies_08022017.indb 115 2/11/2017 5:26:00 PM

I Understand Let us understand more about the Indian Constitution. PREAMBLE The Constitution of India begins by setting out its goals and aims. This is called the ‘Preamble’. The Preamble says what we want our country to stand for. Example: The Preamble says that everybody is equal. People are free The Preamble to express their thoughts and follow any religion they want. Fundamental Rights... FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS ...to The Indian Constitution guarantees ...to CONSTITUTIONAL REMEDY some basic rights. Some of these are: FREEDOM OF RELIGION Right to equality ...to ...to FREEDOM EQUALITY We are all equal, whatever our religion, gender or place of birth is. CULTURAL AND Right to freedom EDUCATIONAL ...against RIGHTS EXPLOITATION We are free to share our ideas and thoughts with anyone. We can also live anywhere in the country and practise any occupation. Right to freedom of religion We are free to follow any religion. Also, the government will not favour any religion. Freedom of religion 116 Merged file_G4_Social studies_08022017.indb 116 2/11/2017 5:26:03 PM

Right to education All children up to 14 years of age have a right to receive free and compulsory education. Right to information We have a right to find out about the way any government Right to education office works. FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES While the Constitution guarantees our basic rights, it also expects us to perform certain tasks or duties. Some of these are: 1) Follow the Constitution and respect it. 2) Protect public property and never damage it. 3) Protect and improve our forests, lakes, rivers and wildlife. 4) Preserve our heritage such as museums and monuments. Fundamental duties Laws, Rights and Duties 117 Merged file_G4_Social studies_08022017.indb 117 2/11/2017 5:26:06 PM

Train My Brain 1) Name one national symbol of India. 2) Name any one duty of all Indians. I Apply About 300 people created the Indian Constitution. They discussed and debated every point before deciding anything. This is why it took more than two years to complete writing the constitution. 15 members were women. No women had been a part of writing a constitution in any other country before this. The group of people who wrote the A meeting of the members who were writing the constitution were from different communities in Constitution India. This made sure that the constitution was fair to all communities. I Explore (H.O.T.S.) 1) Choose a game you like. Discuss with your friends the rules that need to be followed while playing the game. What do you think will happen if the rules are not followed? Be Amazed Did you know that the UK does not have a written document called the constitution? They instead have an unwritten one which is a sum of all their laws and principles. 118 Merged file_G4_Social studies_08022017.indb 118 2/11/2017 5:26:07 PM

Connect the Dots English Fun Use the word CONSTITUTION to make as many new words as you can. You can repeat letters while forming a word. Maths Fun How many years has India been a republic? Calculate and find out. A Note to Parent You can help your child learn more about the constitution from this website: http:// mocomi.com/constitution-of-india/ Your child would benefit from keeping abreast of interesting news related to the law and the process of making laws. New Words 1) comes into force – to start following something 2) republic – a country where people choose their government Laws, Rights and Duties 119 Merged file_G4_Social studies_08022017.indb 119 2/11/2017 5:26:09 PM

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