202110203-APEX-STUDENT-WORKBOOK-BIOLOGY-G09-PART1

2.2 Terminology i. Epithelial tissue – is made up of closely packed cells arranged in one or more layers which line the cavities and surfaces of blood vessels and organs throughout the body. ii. Connective tissue – is the biological tissue that supports, connects, or separates dif- ferent types of tissues and organs in the body. iii. Areolar tissue –is a type of connective tissue which joins other tissues and also help in repair of the tissues in case of injury. Tissue around blood vessels and nerves is of this type. iv. Fibroblasts –are the cells of the areolar tissue which helps in packing and to help keep the organs in place. v. Adipose tissue –is fat–storing tissue found below the skin and between the internal organs. vi. Insulator –is a material such as glass or porcelain with negligible electrical or thermal conductivity. Storage of fat globules in adipose tissue makes it act as an insulator. vii. Bone marrow – is the soft, fatty tissue present in the central hollow portion of the bones which produces blood cells. viii. Osteocytes –are cells present in the bone marrow which secrete salts like calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate which make the bone. ix. Bone cartilage – is a flexible connective tissue in animals, including the joints between bones, the rib cage, the ear, the nose and the trachea. It is not as hard and rigid as bone, but it is stiffer and less flexible than muscle. x. Ligament – is the connective tissue made up of fibres that connects two bones at the joints and holds them in position. xi. Tendon –is the connective tissue made up of fibres which joins the muscles to the bone. xii. Collagen –is the elastic protein of which the ligament fibres are made. 2.3 Key Concepts i. Types of epithelial tissues are –squamous epithelium, cuboidal epithelium, columnar epithelium. ii. The epithelial tissue which is extremely thin, flat and form a delicate lining is called squamous epithelial tissue. It is found in oesophagus, lining of mouth, lining of blood vessels and lung alveoli. iii. The epithelial cells in skin are arranged in the form of layers. This is called as stratified squamous epithelium. iv. Cuboidal epithelial cells form the lining of organs or tubules or other parts and provide mainly mechanical support. SESSION 2. EPITHELIAL AND CONNECTIVE TISSUE 49

v. Columnar epithelium are present where absorption and secretion occurs. vi. Connective tissue helps in; Binding the other tissues and organs together, Transport of materials from one tissue to another, Body defence, body repair and storage of fat. vii. Areolar tissue is a type of connective tissue which joins different tissues. viii. Fibroblasts are major type of cells in areolar tissue which helps in packing and keeping the organs in place. ix. Fat storing adipose tissue is found below the skin and between the internal organs which acts as a insulator. x. Bone is a type of connective tissue that forms the framework that supports the body. xi. Cartilage is softer than the bone and is found in the joints of bones, tips of ribs, nose, external ear and trachea. xii. Ligaments connects bones at the joints and hold them in position. They are made up of collagen. xiii. Collagen are fibers made up of highly elastic protein which is elastic in nature. xiv. Tendon is a type of connective tissue which is made up of collagen joins the muscle to the bone. 2.4 Conceptual Understanding Q1. Name the following: [Refer to TB page 37 Q4] A. (A) Tissue that forms inner lining of our mouth — Squamous epithelium (B) Tissue that connects muscle to bones in humans — Tendon (C) Tissue that transports food in animals— Blood (D) Tissue that stores fat in our body — Adipose tissue (E) Connective tissue present in brain – Meninges Q2. Identify the type of tissue in the following: [Refer to TB page 37 Q5] A. (A) Skin — Epithelial tissue (B) Bone — Connective tissue (C) Internal lining of kidney tubule — Epithelial tissue (D) Linings of the organs — Epithelial tissue SESSION 2. EPITHELIAL AND CONNECTIVE TISSUE 50

SESSION 3 BLOOD, MUSCULAR TISSUE AND NERVOUS TISSUE 3.1 Mind Map 3.2 Terminology i. Blood –is a fluid connective tissue which flows in closed tubes in our body as a red stream. ii. Erythrocytes –are one of the types of cells present in blood which are also called red blood cells. They are red in colour due to the presence of haemoglobin which helps in the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the body. iii. Granulocytes –are a type of white blood cells which attack and destroy the microor- ganisms which enter the blood. They include Neutrophils, Basophils and Eosinophils. iv. Agranulocytes –are a type of white blood cells which include monocytes and lym- SESSION 3. BLOOD, MUSCULAR TISSUE AND NERVOUS TISSUE 51

phocytes. They attack, engulf and destroy the foreign materials entering in the blood and act like scavengers. v. Universal recipients –are human beings with AB+ blood group, as they can receive blood from any other blood groups. vi. Universal donors –are human beings with O–blood group, as they can donate blood to any other blood group. vii. Antiserum –is a blood serum containing antibodies against specific antigens, injected to treat or protect against specific diseases. viii. Agglutination –refers to clumping of red blood cells. It is used for blood typing in which a small sample of blood is mixed with antiserum anti–A or anti–B and presence or absence of agglutination is observed to determine the blood type. ix. Muscle tissue – is a soft tissue composed of cells that have the special ability to shorten or contract in order to produce movement of the body parts. x. Contractile proteins –are special proteins present in muscles which contract and relax to cause movement. xi. Voluntary muscles –are those muscles whose movement is normally controlled by an individual’s will. They mainly compose of skeletal muscles. xii. Involuntary muscles – are those that contract due to unconscious impulses sent by the body. Muscles of heart, stomach and intestine are examples of involuntary mus- cles. xiii. Nerve tissue –is composed of nerve cells highly specialised for rapidly transmitting the stimulus from one place to another within the body. xiv. Cyton –is the main body of the nerve cell with large nucleus and cytoplasm. xv. Nissal’s granules –are the granular structures present in the cytoplasm of the cyton. xvi. Dendrites –are sharp and branched projections arising out from the nerve cell body or cyton. xvii. Axon –is the projection of the cell body or cyton which is longer than all remaining projections. xviii. Myeline sheath –is an insulating layer formed around nerves which allows electrical impulses to transmit quickly and efficiently along the nerve cells. xix. Ranvier nodes –are the unmyelinated spaces or nodes present at regular intervals on the myeline sheath. 3.3 Key Concepts i. Blood is a type of connective tissue which forms the frame work that supports the body. ii. A chief component in blood is water, which is stored in plasma. Beside water, it also has several nutrients such as glucose, amino acids, proteins, vitamins and hormones etc. SESSION 3. BLOOD, MUSCULAR TISSUE AND NERVOUS TISSUE 52

iii. Cells present in blood are corpuscles. Three types of cells are RBC, WBC and Platelets. iv. Red blood cells/erythrocytes are red in colour because of the protein called haemoglobin. v. White blood cells do not have haemoglobin, hence they are colourless and called leucocytes. WBC is of two type granulocytes and agranulocytes. vi. Granulocytes is of three types – Neutrophils, Basophils and Eosinophils. These cells attack and destroy the microorganisms that enter the blood. vii. Agranulocytes are of two types – Lymphocytes and Monocytes. viii. Human beings have four major blood groups – A, B, AB and O. AB group human can receive the blood from any other group hence they are called Universal Recipients. O group people can donate blood to any other group hence they are called Universal Donor. ix. Muscular tissue consists of elongated cells called muscle fibres which causes move- ments in our body. x. Contractile proteins present in muscles causes contraction and relaxation of muscles, thereby bringing about movement. xi. Based on their structure, location and function, muscles are of three types –Striated, non–striated and cardiac muscles. xii. Nervous tissue is made of neurons that receive and conduct impulses to different parts within a body. xiii. A nerve cell is made up of three main parts – Cyton, Axon and Dendrites which connect to nearby cells forming a web–like network that extends throughout the body. 3.4 Conceptual Understanding Q1. What is the specific function of the cardiac muscles? [Refer to TB page 37 Q2] A. i. Cardiac muscles are the muscles present in the heart. ii. Although they show striations, they are involuntary in function. iii. The main function of cardiac muscles is to help the heart in pumping of blood. iv. The contractile proteins present in muscle cells cause contraction and relaxation which brings about movement. SESSION 3. BLOOD, MUSCULAR TISSUE AND NERVOUS TISSUE 53

Q2. Differentiate between striated, non–striated and cardiac muscles on the basis of their structure and site/location in the body. [Refer to TB page 37 Q3] A. SN Striated muscles Non–striated Cardiac muscles muscles 1. These are These are These are voluntary muscles, involuntary involuntary also called muscles. muscles. skeletal muscles. 2. These muscles Striations or Resemble striated show alternate bonds are muscles. light or dark bonds absent. or striations. 3. Cells are long, The cells are long Cells are long cylindrical, with pointed cells branched and un–branched and and uninucleate. have nuclei. multinucleate. 4. They are present They are present They are in limbs. in iris of the eye, present in the bronchi of heart and help lungs, blood in pumping vessels etc. blood. Q3. Blood group of Koushik is O+ve and Pranivi is B–ve. To whom can they donate blood and why? A. i. O is universal donor, i.e. it can donate blood to all blood groups. AB is universal acceptor, i.e. it can accept blood from all blood groups. ii. But, Rh factor also needs to be taken into consideration. People with Rh–can donate blood to both Rh–and Rh+, but Rh+ people can donate only to Rh+ people. iii. Therefore, Koushik with blood group O+ can donate to the people with blood groups: O+, AB+, A+ and B+. iv. And, Pranivi with blood group B–can donate blood to people with blood groups: B–, B+, AB–and AB+. SESSION 3. BLOOD, MUSCULAR TISSUE AND NERVOUS TISSUE 54

Q4. Why is blood called a connective tissue? [Refer to TB page 37 Q7] A. i. Connective tissues connect different organs and muscles. ii. Blood is different from other connective tissues but it provides connection be- tween all tissues and organs by transporting useful materials to all parts of the body. iii. It also transports waste products. iv. Moreover, it has the same origin as other connective tissues and originates from mesodermal cells. 3.5 Asking Questions and Making Hypothesis Q1. If the platelets are not present in the blood, what happens? [Refer to TB page 37 Q8] A. i. Blood platelets are a group of blood cells which are disc–like projections. ii. They accumulate at the site of wound in case of injury. iii. Accumulation of platelets seals the wound and produces a clot. iv. Formation of blood clot prevents further blood loss by sealing the wound in the blood vessel. v. If no platelets are present in blood, flow of blood will not stop and would lead to enormous blood loss in case of injury. 3.6 Experimentation and Field Investigation Q1. Write the procedure to identify your blood group with the help of a kit. [Refer to TB page 37 Q10] A. Using a kit, blood group can be identified using the following procedure: i. Take one porcelain plate, clean and dry it. The plate must be very clean so that it does not interfere with the reaction. ii. With a wax pencil, draw three lines on the plate to divide the surface into three parts and then draw three circles, one in each part as shown below. SESSION 3. BLOOD, MUSCULAR TISSUE AND NERVOUS TISSUE 55

iii. Place one drop of the corresponding antiserum near the edge but within each circles as shown in figure below. iv. Clean the fingertip with an alcohol in a cotton ball and let it dry. Press the bottom of the fingertip with the thumb of the same hand and quickly prick the fingertip with the help of a needle. v. Quickly, let one drop of blood get into each circle but not touching the anti–sera. vi. After putting three drops of blood, gently press on the wound with cotton ball. Remember to properly dispose of the used needle. SESSION 3. BLOOD, MUSCULAR TISSUE AND NERVOUS TISSUE 56

vii. Use a toothpick to mix the blood and antiserum and stir gently. Do it for each of the circles using a fresh toothpick every time. The wax pencil circles will the help to keep the samples isolated. viii. Watch to see if any of the samples show agglutination. The agglutination will appear as the grainy clumps of red blood cells suspended in a clear solution. Rh is slower to agglutinate, so do not give up too soon. 3.7 Information Skills and Projects Q1. Collect the old blood reports of your friends/relatives and prepare a project report on the contents of the blood. [Refer to TB page 37 Q11] A. Students’ Activity 3.8 Communication Through Drawing and Model Making Q1. Show the difference between the three types of muscle fibres with diagrams. [Refer to TB page 37 Q9] A. SESSION 3. BLOOD, MUSCULAR TISSUE AND NERVOUS TISSUE 57

SESSION 3. BLOOD, MUSCULAR TISSUE AND NERVOUS TISSUE 58

S.No. Striated Non–striated Cardiac 1. muscles muscles muscles These are These are voluntary These are involuntary muscles. involuntary muscles. muscles. 2. These muscles Striations or Resemble show alternate bonds are striated light or dark absent. muscles. bonds or striation. 3. Cells are long, The cells are Cells are long cylindrical, long with pointed branched and un–branched cells and having have nuclei. and having a single nucleus. many nuclei in the body. 4. They are They are present They are present in limbs. in alimentary present in canal and blood heart. vessels. Q2. Draw a neatly labelled diagram of a neuron. [Refer to TB page 37 Q12] A. SESSION 3. BLOOD, MUSCULAR TISSUE AND NERVOUS TISSUE 59

3.9 Appreciation and Aesthetic Sense, Values Q1. Ramu felt weak. His father took him to the hospital. The doctor advised blood test. The report says that he does not have the required levels of haemoglobin. What are the ill effects? [Refer to TB page 37 Q13] A. i. Haemoglobin is the pigment present in RBCs in blood. It is responsible for the redness of blood. ii. It binds to oxygen and transports it from the lungs to all the tissues in the body. iii. If a person has low levels of haemoglobin, he/she is termed as anaemic. iv. Low levels of haemoglobin leads to fatigue, and problems in neurological develop- ment and concentration in children. 3.10 Application to Daily Life, Concern to Bio Diversity Q1. If you touch at elbow, you get a shock like feeling. Why? [Refer to TB page 37 Q6] A. i. A superficial nerve called ulnar nerve runs through our elbow. ii. There is no muscle cushioning in the elbows. iii. Thus, when we get hurt at our elbow, the nerve gets hurt, the stimulus is sent to brain and other parts in fraction of seconds and we get a shock–like feeling. iv. The nerves have an action potential of 0.08 volts, thus we get a shock–like feeling. Q2. How is blood test useful in diagnosing a disease? Explain with daily life situations. [Refer to TB page 37 Q14] A. Student’s Activity Hints: Students may refer to the following links i. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Blood test ii. www.merckmanuals.com . . . Symptoms and Diagnosis of Blood Disorders iii. www.netdoctor.co.uk/procedures/ exam inations/a1158/ blood – tests / SESSION 3. BLOOD, MUSCULAR TISSUE AND NERVOUS TISSUE 60

—— CCE Based Practice Questions —— AS1-Conceptual Understanding Very Short Answer Type Questions 1. Answer the following questions in one sentence. [Refer to Session 3.2 ] (i) Define the term ‘epithelium’. (ii) What is areolar tissue? (iii) Name the salts which make up the bones? (iv) What forms the lining of the kidney tubules? (v) What kind of tissue is skin? (vi) What is cartilage? (vii) What kind of cells are the scales of fish? (viii) Which tissue connects the bones at the joints? 2. Answer the following questions in one sentence. [Refer to Session 3.3 ] (ix) ”As Sita’s blood group is O+, she should be administered O+ blood group” said Ravi. However, Sowmya argued saying she can be given AB group as well. Whose state- ment is correct? (x) Which cells are called the ‘scavengers of body’? (xi) Sumanth met with a small accident, but the blood oozing out from his wound is not stopping. What might be the reason? (xii) What is the dead WBC that comes out of wound called? (xiii) Which cells are responsible for the sitimulus and response in the body? CHAPTER 3. ANIMAL TISSUES 61

(xiv) Which type of cells present in the blood prevent blood loss? 3. Fill in the blanks. [Refer to Session 3.3 ] (xv) O+ patient can receive blood from and group. (xvi) prevents clotting of blood in blood vessels. (xvii) Smooth muscles are also called as . (xviii) is absent in cockroach so its blood is white in colour. (xix) Muscles of legs and hands are muscles. 4. Answer the following questions in one sentence. [Refer to Session 3.1 ] (xx) Do tissues help the organs to carry out their functions? Short Answer Type Questions 5. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) [(Session 3.2)] What are osteocytes in bone? Where are they present? (ii) [(Session 3.2)] What are the functions of connective tissue? 6. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) [(Session 3.3)] Which blood group is a universal donor and which is a universal recip- ient? (ii) [(Session 3.3)] Classify leucocytes. Long Answer Type Questions 7. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) [(Session 3.2)] Identify the type of tissue in the following and write about them. i. Kidney tubules ii. Bones connected at joints CHAPTER 3. ANIMAL TISSUES 62

8. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) [(Session 3.3)] What is the function of muscular tissue? What are voluntary and invol- untary muscles. Explain in detail about them. 9. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) [(Session 3.1)] What are the four major types of tissues in animals? Do you see a similarity in the structure and function of a tissue? Explain. AS2-Asking questions and making hypothesis Short Answer Type Questions 10. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) [(Session 3.3)] Our body shivers when exposed to cold. Give reason. (ii) [(Session 3.3)] What happens if there are no platelets in our blood? AS3-Experimentation and field investigation Short Answer Type Questions 11. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) [(Session 3.3)] Rina has performed an experiment for finding blood groups. She has got the following results. Help her to determine the blood groups based on her observations. Sample Anti –A Anti –B Type 1 Yes No 2 No Yes 3 Yes Yes 4 No No Long Answer Type Questions 12. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) [(Session 3.3)] Write the aim, apparatus, procedure and precautions to determine blood group in humans. 13. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) [(Session 3.1)] Write a procedure to identify the type of tissue in the collected sample. CHAPTER 3. ANIMAL TISSUES 63

AS4-Information skills and projects Long Answer Type Questions 14. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) [(Session 3.2)] How do you support the statement that bone is a connective tissue? Collect information on this. 15. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) [(Session 3.3)] Find out how nerve cell passes the information. AS5-Communication through drawing and model making Long Answer Type Questions 16. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) [(Session 3.2)] Draw a neat labelled diagram of adipose tissue. Write a short note on adipose tissue. 17. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) [(Session 3.3)] On what basis we can draw a conclusion that the below image is AB blood group? CHAPTER 3. ANIMAL TISSUES 64

AS6-Appreciation and aesthetic sense, Values Short Answer Type Questions 18. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) [(Session 3.3)] How do you appreciate Karl Landsteiner for blood group discovery? Long Answer Type Questions 19. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) [(Session 3.2)] Connective tissue binds tissues and organs. Write about the impor- tance of the different connective tissues to our body. 20. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) [(Session 3.3)] How do you appreciate the role of nervous system in responding to different stimuli in the environment? AS7-Application to daily life, concern to bio diversity Short Answer Type Questions 21. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) [(Session 3.2)] If you touch your inner side of the cheek, you feel it soft. Which tissue is it? (ii) [(Session 3.2)] How does melanin help us from UV rays? Objective Questions AS1-Conceptual Understanding 22. Choose the correct answer. (i) A normal adult has litres of blood. (A) 5 (B) 10 (C) 2 (D) 8 (ii) A needle should be used while performing activity/experiment. (A) decorated (B) fertile (C) sterile (D) motile CHAPTER 3. ANIMAL TISSUES 65

(iii) In which organ is ‘squamous epithelium’ found? (A) Oesophagus (B) Lining of mouth and blood vessels (C)Lung alveoli (D)All of the above (iv) When we hit our elbow suddenly, we tend to feel a shock. Which cells are respon- sible for this feeling? (A) Osteocytes (B) Nephrons (C) Neurons (D) Erythrocytes (v) Pick the odd one out. (B) Dendrites (A) Cyton (D)Cell wall (C) Axon (vi) Presence of these muscles make us to move our hand. (A) Involuntary (B) Smooth (C) Voluntary (D)None of the above (vii) This tissue is present in the lining of blood vessels. (A) Epithelial tissue (B) Meristematic tissue (C)Muscular tissue (D)Connective tissue (viii) Bones belong to this type of tissues. (A) Epithelial tissue (B) Connective tissue (C)Muscular tissue (D)Nervous tissue (ix) These blood cells possess haemoglobin in them. (A) White blood cells (B) Platelets (C)Red blood cells (D)Blood plasma (x) These muscles are responsible for pumping of blood in the heart. (A) Cardiac muscles (B) Pulmonary muscles CHAPTER 3. ANIMAL TISSUES 66

(C)Striated muscles (D) Non–striated muscles (xi) Which of these blood cells are not granulocytes? (A) Monocytes (B) Neutrophils (C) Basophils (D) Eosinophils (xii) Fat globules are stored in which of these connective tissues? (A) Areolar Tissue (B) Adipose tissue (C) Bone (D) Cartilage (xiii) Which of these connective tissue joins muscle to the bone? (A) Cartilage (B) Ligament (C) Tendon (D)Both (B) and (C) (xiv) Nissal’s granules are present in the of a nerve cell. (A) nucleus of cyton (B) cytoplasm of cyton (C) axon (D) dendrites (xv) Smooth muscles or involuntary muscles are not present in which of these? (A) Iris of the eye (B) Bronchi of lungs (C) Uterus (D)Inner limbs (xvi) Ranvier nodes present in the myeline sheath is found on of the nerve cell. (A) cyton (B) axon (C) dendrites (D)none of these CHAPTER 3. ANIMAL TISSUES 67

4. PLASMA MEMBRANE SESSION 1 INTRODUCTION AND FUNCTIONS OF PLASMA MEMBRANE 1.1 Mind Map 1.2 Terminology i. Plasma membrane – is the outermost, delicate, elastic and membranous covering of the cell that separates its contents from the external environment. ii. Solute –is a substance dissolved in another substance. It is usually the component of a solution present in lesser amount. iii. Saturated solution –is the solution in which no more solute can be further added. iv. Permeability –refers to allowing certain substances to pass through. SESSION 1. INTRODUCTION AND FUNCTIONS OF PLASMA MEMBRANE 68

1.3 Key Concepts i. Plasma membrane is the outermost, extremely delicate, elastic and membranous cov- ering of the cell that separates its contents from the external environment. It is a living flexible membrane. ii. Plasma membrane is selective permeable in nature as it allows entry and exist of particular substance preventing passage to other substances. iii. It performs the various functions – Provides definite shape, protects internal contents, endocytosis, acts as recognition centers and point of attachment etc. 1.4 Conceptual Understanding Q1. The structure which control the entry and exit of the materials into the cells is [Refer to TB page 47 Q1] a) Cell Wall b) Cell membrane c) None of them d) Both A. (b) Cell membrane SESSION 1. INTRODUCTION AND FUNCTIONS OF PLASMA MEMBRANE 69

SESSION 2 OSMOSIS AND DIFFUSION 2.1 Mind Map 2.2 Terminology i. Osmosis – is the spontaneous net movement of solvent molecules through a semi–per- meable membrane in the direction that tends to equalize the solute concentrations on the two sides. ii. Exosmosis –refers to expulsion of water from inside to outside the cell. iii. Endosmosis – refers to entry of water inside the cell from outside. iv. Semi permeability –refers to membrane permeability only for solvents but solutes are prevented from passing through. v. Selectively permeable – refers to membrane permeability for solvent and some se- lected solutes. vi. Endocytosis –is the flexibility of the plasma membrane that enables the cell to engulf food and other foreign particles from its external environment such as in Amoeba. SESSION 2. OSMOSIS AND DIFFUSION 70

vii. Plasmodesmata – are small channels important in cellular communication that di- rectly connect the cytoplasm of neighboring plant cells to each other, allowing certain molecules to pass directly from one cell to another. viii. Diffusion – is the net movement of molecules or atoms from a region of high con- centration to a region of low concentration until all the molecules become evenly dis- persed. 2.3 Key Concepts i. Osmosis is the movement of solute from a less concentrated solution to high concen- trated solution through a semi permeable membrane. Osmosis occurs only in living cells. ii. Exosmosis is the process in which water molecules leave the cell and come out in the surrounding medium. iii. Endosmosis is the process in which water molecules enter the cell from the surround- ing medium. iv. Diffusion is a process through which some materials when kept in medium like air and water spread equally throughout. v. Graham’s law of diffusion states that a more soluble substance in a medium diffuses faster than a less soluble substance. 2.4 Conceptual Understanding Q1. Fill in the blanks. [Refer to TB page 47 Q2] A. (a) The smell of flowers reaches us through the process of diffusion. (b) The MIC gas of Bhopal tragedy spread throughout the city through the process of diffusion. (c) Water enters into the potato osmometer due to a process called endosmosis. (d) The fresh grape wrinkles, if kept in salt water because of exosmosis. SESSION 2. OSMOSIS AND DIFFUSION 71

Q2. What do you mean by permeability of membrane? Explain with suitable example. [Refer to TB page 47 Q3] A. i. The property of the plasma membrane of allowing only certain substances to pass through is called permeability of membrane. ii. It allows passage of water and certain minerals dissolved in water, but does not allow certain other substances to pass through it. iii. This can be explained with the help of an example as given below: iv. Set up a filtering apparatus as shown in the figure. v. Prepare a solution of wheat or rice in water, add a drop of tincture or iodine solution in it and then pour the whole solution through the funnel containing filter paper into the beaker as shown in the above setup. vi. We will observe that the powder remains in the filter paper and water passes through the filter paper and gets collected in the beaker. vii. The tincture or iodine dissolved in water was also able to pass through the filter paper. viii. In this experiment, the filter paper functions as a semipermeable membrane. Q3. If the dried vegetables are kept in water they become fresh. What is the reason? [Refer to TB page 47 Q4] A. i. The water content of the cells of dried vegetables is very low. ii. When kept in water, there will be movement of water inside the cells of the dried vegetables from low solute concentration to high solute concentration present in- SESSION 2. OSMOSIS AND DIFFUSION 72

side the cells through the process of endosmosis. iii. As water enters the cells of the dried vegetables, they regain their structure and shape and appear fresh. Q4. Name the process by which we get fresh water from sea water. [Refer to TB page 48 Q5] A. Fresh water from sea water is obtained by the process of Reverse osmosis. 2.5 Asking Questions and Making Hypothesis Q1. What will happen to a marine fish if it is kept in a fresh water aquarium? Support your answer with reasons. [Refer to TB page 47 Q6] A. i. Marine water fishes are adapted to live in high salt concentration. ii. The salt concentration in cells of these fishes is high like the surrounding high salt marine medium. iii. If these fishes are kept in fresh water, as the concentration of salts in the fresh water around them is low, water moves from the surroundings with low solute co- centration into their cells with high concentration of salt by endosmosis. iv. This may cause their cells to burst and may lead to death of the fish. Q2. Why do doctors administer saline and not distilled water? [Refer to TB page 48 Q7] A. i. Distilled water is a hypotonic solution with low solute concentration. ii. If it is administered to patients, the cells will take in water due to endosmosis, swell and burst. Q3. What will happen if 50% glucose solution is injected intravenously? [Refer to TB page 48 Q8] A. i. 50% glucose solution is a hypertonic solution. ii. If injected intravenously, water moves out from the cells due to exosmosis and the solute concentration inside the cell is lowered resulting in plasmolysis of the cell. iii. The protoplasm of the cell will shrink. SESSION 2. OSMOSIS AND DIFFUSION 73

Q4. What will happen if cells do not have the ability of permeability of membrane? Explain. [Refer to TB page 48 Q9] A. i. Cells carry out different functions in a plant for which they require different sub- stances. ii. The plasma membrane allows entry or exit of specific components required by the plants only. iii. If the cells’ ability of permeability is lost, it will not be able to transport substances across the membrane. iv. The substances required by the plant for various life processes will not reach the plant cells and excretory and other waste products will not be sent out, and ulti- mately the cell may rupture and die. 2.6 Information Skills and Projects Q1. Discuss with your friends and write the list of incidences where diffusion occurs. [Refer to TB page 48 Q11] A. Students’ Activity. Some examples are; diffusion of tea in hot water, smoke from a lit cigrette spreading in in air etc. 2.7 Communication Through Drawing and Model Making Q1. Draw a flowchart to show different stages while doing experiments with eggs. [Refer to TB page 48 Q12] A. Students’ Activity 2.8 Appreciation and Aesthetic Sense, Values Q1. You have purchased a coconut in the market. By shaking it you found that there was less water in it. How can you increase the amount of water in the coconut without making a hole to the coconut? [Refer to TB page 48 Q13] A. i. Osmosis is the movement of water or solvent from region of low concentration of solute to region of high solute concentration. ii. By following the same principle, the amount of water in the coconut can be in- creased. SESSION 2. OSMOSIS AND DIFFUSION 74

iii. Keeping the coconut in water with less concentration when compared to the co- conut water, will help us in increasing the amount of water in the coconut. 2.9 Application to Daily Life, Concern to Bio Diversity Q1. How diffusion is useful in everyday life? [Refer to TB page 48 Q14] A. i. Diffusion is the movement of molecules from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration, down the concentration gradient. ii. It tends to spread a substance equally throughout a medium like air or water. iii. It is very useful in our day–to–day life. iv. Air fresheners, agarbathi, mosquito repellents, perfumes etc work on the principle of diffusion. Q2. Give examples of three daily life activities in which osmosis is involved. [Refer to TB page 48 Q15] A. i. Osmosis is the movement of water (solvent) molecules from a region of low con- centration to the a region of higher concentration through a selectively permeable membrane. ii. Activities in which osmosis is involved in our daily life are as follows: • Purification of water through RO purifers employ the process of osmosis. • Keeping dried vegetables in water to make them feel fresh. • It helps in dialysis of kidneys. Q3. What are your observations in experiments to know about diffusion. [Refer to TB page 48 Q10] A. i. In all experiments on diffusion, we observed that the movement of molecules of a substance occurs from a region with high concentration to a region with low concentration. ii. After complete diffusion of a substance, there is equal distribution of the substance in the medium. SESSION 2. OSMOSIS AND DIFFUSION 75

iii. Diffusion tends to equalise the concentration throughout the medium. iv. In the experiments conducted, we observed diffusion of scent, coffee powder, potassium permanganate crystal in water and also copper sulphate crystal in wa- ter. Q4. Write the list of incidence where diffusion occurs? A. (Sample Answer) Examples of diffusion include: i. The dispersion of tea in hot water and smoke from a lit cigarette spreading in the air. ii. Carbon dioxide bubbles diffusing from an opened bottle of soda cause the soda to become flat as it loses its carbonation. —— CCE Based Practice Questions —— AS1-Conceptual Understanding Very Short Answer Type Questions 1. Fill in the blanks. [Refer to Session 4.1 ] (i) allows only certain substances to pass through it. (ii) is not permeable to all the substances equally. (iii) Plasma membrane provides shape to the cell, acts as a mechanical barrier and is permeable. (iv) The flexibility of the membrane which enables the cell to engulf food iscalled . CHAPTER 4. PLASMA MEMBRANE 76

(v) The outer layer of kishmish water to pass through it. (vi) Amoeba acquires food by process. (vii) In a sugar solution, sugar concentration is 10% and 90% is water. So, sugarhere is called as . 2. Answer the following questions in one sentence. [Refer to Session 4.2 ] (viii) What is isotonic solution? (ix) Why does the skin of our fingers shrink when we wash utensils for long time? (x) Name the two scientists who discovered the process of desalination. 3. Fill in the blanks. [Refer to Session 4.2 ] (xi) Water is absorbed by the roots by a process known as . (xii) Exchange of respiratory gases in human’s cells occurs due to . (xiii) Opening and closing of stomata is due to . (xiv) Useful materials are absorbed by our body along with water through a processcalled . (xv) Amoeba respires through . Short Answer Type Questions 4. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) [(Session 4.1)] Fill in table with ‘yes’ or ‘no’ answers: CHAPTER 4. PLASMA MEMBRANE 77

Substance Should go into the Should go out of Oxygen cell cell Glucose Carbon dioxide Fats (ii) [(Session 4.1)] How do you show that the membrane of kishmish permits water? (iii) [(Session 4.1)] What is plasma membrane? Give any two functions. 5. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) [(Session 4.2)] Define exosmosis and endosmosis. Long Answer Type Questions 6. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) [(Session 4.1)] Egg placed in salt water shrinks, but the eggs placed in tap water swell. Do you agree? Give reasons to support the statement. 7. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) [(Session 4.2)] What are the functions of the plasma membrane? (ii) [(Session 4.2)] Differentiate between diffusion and osmosis. AS2-Asking questions and making hypothesis Short Answer Type Questions 8. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) [(Session 4.1)] Akash said, “Eggs and potatoes are only used to prepare semi perme- able membrane.” You have doubts regarding this. What questions would you ask to clarity? (ii) [(Session 4.1)] A vegetable vendor covers vegetables with a sack cloth. Why does he do so? Give reasons. CHAPTER 4. PLASMA MEMBRANE 78

AS3-Experimentation and field investigation Short Answer Type Questions 9. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) [(Session 4.1)] Write the steps to prepare saturated sugar or salt solution in cold wa- ter. 10. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) [(Session 4.2)] Rahul wants to carry out an experiment on osmosis. State any two conditions which he should maintain for the process of osmosis to take place. (ii) [(Session 4.2)] Write a procedure to observe the diffusion of potassium permanganate in water. Long Answer Type Questions 11. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) [(Session 4.1)] Devise an experiment to show osmosis using a potato. AS4-Information skills and projects Long Answer Type Questions 12. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) [(Session 4.2)] Collect the information on the movement of carbon dioxide and water in and out of the cell. AS6-Appreciation and aesthetic sense, Values Long Answer Type Questions 13. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) [(Session 4.1)] Plasma membrane is semi–permeable. How do you appreciate this property of plasma membrane to living organisms? 14. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) [(Session 4.2)] How do you appreciate the role of Thomas Graham in understanding the process of diffusion? Why is diffusion important? CHAPTER 4. PLASMA MEMBRANE 79

AS7-Application to daily life, concern to bio diversity Long Answer Type Questions 15. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) [(Session 4.2)] What is the importance of osmosis to living organisms? Objective Questions AS1-Conceptual Understanding 16. Choose the correct answer. (i) Structure of the cell which controls entry and exit of the materials into the cell is: (A) Cell wall (B) Cell membrane (C) Both (D)None of the above (ii) The process through which the fragrance of a flower reaches us is . (A) osmosis (B) spraying (C) precipitation (D) diffusion (iii) Smell of perfume spreads by process (A) diffusion (B) osmosis (C) hypotonic (D) de–salination (iv) Distilled water is not suitable for drinking, because it is a solution. (A) diffusion (B) osmosis (C) hypotonic (D) de–salination (v) Which among the following solutions is a concentrated solution? (A) 50% w/v salt solution (B) 20% w/v salt solution (C)45% w/v salt solution (D)All are equally concentrated. (vi) The phenomenon through which water enters into the roots is . (A) plasmolysis (B) diffusion CHAPTER 4. PLASMA MEMBRANE 80

(C) de–salination (D) osmosis (vii) We use CO2 as fire extinguisher. The process in which the fire extinguisher spreads is . (A) Diffusion (B) Osmosis (C) Hypotonic (D) De–salination (viii) Salt is removed from sea water by a process called (A) Diffusion (B) Osmosis (C) Hypotonic (D) De–salination (ix) Which of the following should enter into cell? (A) Oxygen (B) Carbon dioxide (C) Toxins (D)Both (B) and (C) (x) This process cannot take place in dead cells. (A) Diffusion (B) Osmosis (C) Plasmolysis (D) De–salination (xi) Allowing only certain materials to pass through is called (A) Osmosis (B) Permeability (C) Specialization (D)Cell continuity (xii) In Greek ‘Osmos’ means (B) Pushing (A) Travelling (D) Entering (C) Pulling (xiii) Plasma membrane is: (A) Dead membrane (B) Living rigid membrane (C)Dead and elastic membrane (D)Living flexible membrane (xiv) The process in which water molecules enter the cell is (A) Endosmosis (B) Reverse osmosis (C) Diffusion (D) Exosmosis CHAPTER 4. PLASMA MEMBRANE 81

(xv) The structure which controls the entry and exit of the materials through the cell is (A) Cytoplasm (B) Cell membrane (C) Protoplasm (D)Cell wall (xvi) Which statement is false regarding the importance of osmosis. (A) Water does not move between the cells through osmosis. (B) In our body waste materials are filtered from the blood. (C)It helps in opening and closing of stomata. (D)It brings about movement of water and minerals in certain plants. (xvii) The scientist who removed salt from sea water by using a semi–permeable mem- brane by a process called desalination is (A) Freddie Mercury (B) David Bowie (C) Both (D)None of the above (xviii) What happens when dried fruits are soaked in water? (A) No changes (B) Dry fruits shrink (C)Dry fruits gets swollen (D)None of the above (xix) Which statement is true regarding the nature of plasma membrane? (A) It allows all the materials to pass through it. (B) It does not give shape to semi–fluid contents of the cell. (C)It will not allow ceratin materials to pass through it. (D)It determines only the entry of the substances. (xx) Saturated solution means (A) A solution in which no more solute can be dissolved in the solvent. (B) A solution in which only minimal amount of solute is added in the solvent. (C)A solution in which you can add more solute to the solvent. (D)None of the above CHAPTER 4. PLASMA MEMBRANE 82

5. DIVERSITY IN LIVING ORGANISMS SESSION 1 DIVERSITY AND VARIATION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS 1.1 Mind Map 1.2 Terminology i. Diversity –is the condition of having or being composed of differing elements or vari- eties. ii. Variation –refers to the presence of differences between organisms of the same species. iii. Venation – The fine lines present on the leaf are called leaf veins and the pattern of veins in the blade of a leaf is termed as venation. The veins consist of vascular tissues which are important for the transport of food and water. iv. External characters of plants –comprise of seeds, roots, leaves, flowers, pollen, stems and vascular bundles. v. External characters of animals –Height, weight, wing, beak, feather, claw, tail, fur, trunk, tusk, shell, horn, body segmentation etc are some of the external characters of animals. SESSION 1. DIVERSITY AND VARIATION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS 83

1.3 Key Concepts i. Diversity is the hallmark of nature. ii. The plants with seeds having a single seed leaf are called monocotyledonous or monocots. The plants with seeds having two seed leaves are called dicotyledonous or dicots. iii. The presence of difference between organisms of the same species is called variation. iv. Scientists study variations in living organisms by grouping them into different groups based on their similarities and differences. v. Variation between different species is always greater than the variations within a species 1.4 Conceptual Understanding Q1. Variations in organisms lead to diversity in living organisms? State reasons. [Refer to TB page 71 Q1] A. • Living organisms exhibit a great range of diversity due to variations in their struc- ture and function. • All living organisms are grouped based on the diversity and variations present in nature. • Genetic variations lead to the formation of new species, resulting in diversity in living organisms. • Variations may also be induced as a result of adaptation(s) during evolution. • The organisms exhibit diversity in their : i. Body structure ii. Different food habits etc. iii. Habitat iv. Protection from predators v. Mode of reproduction and survival • Considering these and many more factors, living organisms show a large number of variations. SESSION 1. DIVERSITY AND VARIATION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS 84

• This makes living organisms a diverse entity to study. • Living organisms are, thus, classified into several groups on the basis of their similarities and differences, which makes it easier to study them. Q2. How do monocots differ from dicots?( [Refer to TB page 71 Q4] A. S.No. Monocots Dicots 1. Monocots have single Dicots have two cotyledon. cotyledons. 2. They have fibrous root They have tap root system. system. 3. They have parallel They have reticulate venation on the leaves. venation on the leaves. 4. Stems are unbranched. Stems are branched. 1.5 Information Skills and Projects Q1. One day Kavita soaked seeds of green gram, wheat, maize, peas and tamarind. After they became tender, she tried to split the seeds. Name which would split, which would not and identify them according to their characters. [Refer to TB page 71 Q9] A. S.No Name of Split into Monocot Dicot (D) the seed half (Y)/ (M) does not split (N) 1 Green Y – D grams 2 Wheat N M – 3 Maize N M – 4 Peas Y – D 5 Tamarind Y – D SESSION 1. DIVERSITY AND VARIATION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS 85

SESSION 2 NEED AND HISTORY OF CLASSIFICATION 2.1 Mind Map 2.2 Terminology i. Classification –refers to the arrangement of animals and plants in taxonomic groups according to their observed similarities. ii. Evolution – is change in the heritable traits of biological populations over successive generations. iii. Kingdom –is the highest category in the traditional Linnaean system of classifica- tion at which organisms are distinguished on the basis of cellular organization and methods of nutrition. iv. Phylum –In this level which is immediately below kingdom level, organisms are grouped together on the basis of similarities in basic body plan or organization. v. Class –is a taxonomic unit after phylum into which orders are grouped. SESSION 2. NEED AND HISTORY OF CLASSIFICATION 86

vi. Order –is a taxonomic group after class into which families are grouped. vii. Family –is a taxonomic group after order into which genera are grouped. viii. Genus – is a taxonomic rank in biological classification comprising of a group of re- lated animals or plants that includes different species. ix. Species –is the subdivision of a genus composed of related individuals that resemble one another, are able to breed among themselves, but are not able to breed with members of another species. 2.3 Key Concepts i. All the living things are identified and categorized on the basis of their structure and function. ii. Classification is the systematic study of organisms present in nature with respect to their evolution. iii. Evolution is the process of acquiring change. iv. Charles Darwin wrote about evolution in his book, “Origin of Species” in 1859. v. In India, Charaka and Sushruta classified plants on the basis of their medicinal impor- tance. vi. Parasara in his book “Vrukshayurveda” documented the classification of land plants, mainly dealing with the structure of [U+FB02]owers. vii. In 1758, Carolus Linnaeus proposed a two–kingdom system – Animalia and Plantae. viii. Linnaeus named every organism with a scientific name consisting of genus and species. ix. Whittaker proposed a five–kingdom system of classification in 1969 which includes Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia. 2.4 Conceptual Understanding Q1. What was the basis of early classification?( [Refer to TB page 71 Q2] A. i. Early classification of different living organisms was given by the scientist Carl von Linnaeus in 1758. ii. He classified all organisms into two kingdoms –Animalia and Plantae. SESSION 2. NEED AND HISTORY OF CLASSIFICATION 87

iii. He was the first taxonomist to define a hierarchy of classification and gave each organism two names denoting genus and species. iv. The various heirarchial ranks were defined by Linnaeus on the basis of similarities and differences studied by him in the groups of organisms. Q2. What are the advantages of classifying organisms? ( [Refer to TB page 71 Q3] A. Classifying organisms have various advantages: i. It makes the study of a wide variety of organisms easy and convenient. ii. It helps in specific identification of organisms. iii. It helps to understand the relation and interdependence between various groups of organisms. iv. The study of a few organisms that represent each distinct group helps us to inte- grate the idea of life as a whole. v. It provides information about organisms, which occur in specific geographical re- gions only. vi. It indicates the evolutionary relationship between organisms by establishing the gradually increasing complexity of form and structure. vii. It makes our study more focussed and helps us to handle huge populations of organisms. viii. It helps to make comparison between two organisms much easier. 2.5 Asking Questions and Making Hypothesis Q1. What is the need for classification? What questions will you ask? [Refer to TB page 71 Q8] A. Classification of organisms is nothing but grouping them on the basis of certain char- acters which vary over populations. There is a need for classification as it gives better knowledge and understanding of organisms that are studied. i. What is the need to classify organisms? ii. Does it give any idea about the evolution of organisms? iii. On what basis are they classified and what is it’s benefit? iv. Does it help us to handle huge population of organisms? v. Do we get any idea about the relationships and interdependence between organ- isms? SESSION 2. NEED AND HISTORY OF CLASSIFICATION 88

2.6 Appreciation and Aesthetic Sense, Values Q1. How can you appreciate the effort of scientists in classifying a wide range of organisms? [Refer to TB page 72 Q13] A. The appreciation for the efforts of scientists in classifying various organisms is endless. i. Estimated to be around 8 to 450 millions, scientists have discovered and named over only 1.7 million different organisms till date. Since Aristotle’s time, scientists have attempted to identify and classify these organisms. ii. The science of classification is known as taxonomy. iii. The taxonomic organization of species is hierarchical. Each species belongs to a genus; each genus belongs to a family, and so on through order, class, phylum, and kingdom. iv. Associations within the hierarchy reflect evolutionary relationships, which are de- duced typically from morphological and physiological similarities between species. v. Species in the same genus are more closely related and more alike than species that are in different genera and within the same family. vi. Carl von Linnaeus, an 18th–century Swedish botanist, devised the system of bino- mial nomenclature used for naming species. vii. Linnaeus, Haeckel, Chatton, Copeland, Whittaker, Woese et.al, and Cava- lier–Smith were the scientists who classified the organisms till date. viii. Mostly Whittaker’s five kingdom system has been accepted and widely used. SESSION 2. NEED AND HISTORY OF CLASSIFICATION 89

SESSION 3 HIERARCHY OF CLASSIFICATION AND NOMENCLATURE 3.1 Mind Map SESSION 3. HIERARCHY OF CLASSIFICATION AND NOMENCLATURE 90

3.2 Terminology i. Nomenclature –means naming of organisms with a distinctive scientific name. ii. Monera –includes unicellular organisms with a prokaryotic cell organization (having no nuclear membrane), such as bacteria. iii. Protista – are unicellular or multicellular eukaryotic organisms with a well defined nucleus that cannot be classified as a plant, animal, or fungus. iv. Fungi –are multicellular or unicellular eukaryotic organisms like yeasts, mushrooms and moulds which usually reproduce by means of spores. v. Plantae – includes all land plants such as mosses, ferns, conifers, gymnosperms, SESSION 3. HIERARCHY OF CLASSIFICATION AND NOMENCLATURE 91

flowering plants and green algae. vi. Phanerogams –are plants that produce flowers and seeds. vii. Cryptogams –are plants that do not bear flowers and seeds. viii. Bryophyta –are non–flowering and non–seed bearing plants with false roots and leaves. ix. Pteridophyta – are non–flowering and non–seed bearing plants with true roots and leaves. x. Gymnosperms –are flowering plants like Pine with naked seeds not enclosed within fruits. xi. Angiosperms –are flowering plants like Mango having their seeds enclosed within fruits. xii. Porifera –are non–motile organisms attached to a solid support which possess holes all over their body. xiii. Coelenterata – are radially symmetrical, diploblastic aquatic animals including jelly- fishes, corals, and sea anemones with diffused nervous system and having a tube–or cup–shaped body. xiv. Platyhelminthes –comprise of organisms which are bilaterally symmeterical, triploblas- tic and have dorsoventrally flattened bodies like in planaria, tapeworm etc. There is some degree of tissue formation but true body coelome is absent. xv. Nematoda –comprise of organisms which are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic and cylindrical bodies like Round worms. Tissues and a pseudo–coelome are present. xvi. Annelida –are organisms which are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic, having a true coelome and true organs like earthworms and leeches. They have extensive organ differentiation with body segmented from head to tail. xvii. Mollusca –have bilaterally symmetrical body with reduced coelome and little segmen- tation. They have open circulatory system, kidney–like organs for excretion and foot for movement as in Snails and Mussels. xviii. Arthropoda –comprise of animals which are bilaterally symmetrical, segmented and possess jointed legs like crab, cockroach etc. They have an open circulatory system and the coelomic cavity is filled with blood. xix. Echinodermata –are exclusively free–living marine animals which are spiny–skinned like star–fish. They are triploblastic and possess a coelomic cavity. xx. Protochordata –are marine animals like Amphioxus which are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic, with a true coelome and a new feature called notochord. xxi. Chordata – are animals possessing a notochord, a hollow dorsal nerve cord, paired gill pouches, triploblastic and a coelomate body. xxii. Vertebrata –forms the majority of phylum chordata with animals having a true ver- tebral column and internal skeleton. They are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic, coelomic, segmented with highly differentiated tissues and organs. SESSION 3. HIERARCHY OF CLASSIFICATION AND NOMENCLATURE 92

3.3 Key Concepts i. Broadly, a species includes all organisms that are similar enough to interbreed and perpetuate or even individually reproduce. ii. For classification of organisms, the five–kingdom system given by Whittaker is most widely used. These include –Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. iii. Major group of organisms grouped under Monera are Archaebacteria, eubacteria and cyanobacteria. iv. Protista are unicellular organism which gets energy and nutrients by eating other or- ganism. Few examples are Paramecium, amoeba etc. v. Fungi are the group of organisms which derive nutrients by absorbing/ digesting the surface they live on through roots like structure and also reproduce through spores. Examples are yeast, mushrooms etc. vi. On the basis of increasing complexity of body design, Plantae and Animalia are further divided into various sub–divisions. vii. Plantae is broadly divided into cryptogams and phanerogams. Cryptogams are di- vided into Bryophyta and Pteridophyta, and Phanerogams are classified into Gym- nosperms and Angiosperms. Angiospermous plants are further divided into Monocots and Dicot plants. viii. Animalia include eukaryotic, multicellular and heterotrophic organisms which are mo- bile and lack cell wall. ix. Major groups of Animalia include –Porifera, Coelenterata, Platyhelminthes, Nema- toda, Annelida, Arthropoda, Mollusca, Echinodermata, Protochordata and Chordata (which includes vertebrates). x. Naming of organisms with a distinctive scientific name is called Nomenclature. It provides a uniform way of identification of the vast diversity of life around us. xi. Carolus Linnaeus introduced Binomial nomenclature by which an organism is named by two words –a generic name and a specific name. 3.4 Conceptual Understanding Q1. Write some common characters of Pisces, Reptilia and Aves. [Refer to TB page 71 Q7] A. Pisces, Reptilia and Aves are all classes in the Phylum Chordata and Kingdom Animalia. The common features among the three classes are: SESSION 3. HIERARCHY OF CLASSIFICATION AND NOMENCLATURE 93

i. They all possess a notochord which is wholly or partially replaced by vertebral column in adults. ii. Most of them (except some snakes) lay eggs as a method of reproduction, i.e., they are oviparous animals. iii. Heart is on the ventral side. iv. They have dorsal nerve cord. Q2. Name the kingdom to which these organisms belong to according to Whittaker. [Refer to TB page 71 Q5] A. i. Paramecium belongs to Protista ii. Fish belongs to Animalia (Vertebrata) iii. Mushrooms belong to Fungi iv. Bacteria belongs to Monera Q3. Explain how animals in vertebrata are classified into further subgroups. [Refer toTB page 72 Q 12] A. i. The animals grouped under vertebrata have a true vertebral column and an inter- nal skeleton. ii. All vertebrates are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic, coelomic and segmented with complex differentiation of tissues and organs. iii. These are animals with notochord where notochord is replaced by vertebral col- umn in adults. iv. On the basis of some differences in their characteristic features, vertebrates are further classified into – • Pisces –are cold–blooded, egg–laying animals possessing tail and fins, gills for respiration under water, and a 2–chambered heart. • Amphibia – young ones live in water, adults live on land, first animal to live on both water and land, are egg–laying, skin is smooth and slimy, hibernate during summer and aestivate during summer, heart is 3–chambered. SESSION 3. HIERARCHY OF CLASSIFICATION AND NOMENCLATURE 94

• Reptilia –are cold–blooded, egg–laying animals, have dry skin with scales and mostly possess a 3–chambered heart except crocodile with a 4–chambered heart. • Aves –are warm–blooded, egg–laying animals, has feathers, 2 wings, claws and a 4–chambered heart. • Mammalia –give birth to fully formed young–ones, feed their babies with milk, skin is covered by fur/hair and breathe air. Q4. Which phylum do I belong to? [Refer to TB page 72 Q6] A. (a) My body is made up of pores. I live in water. I do not have backbone also. A : Porifera (b) l am an insect. I have jointed legs. A : Arthropoda (c) I am a marine living animal with spiny skin. My body is radially symmetrical. A : Echinodermata 3.5 Information Skills and Projects Q1. Platypus or Echidna is a group that forms a link between reptiles and mammals. Think, discuss and write about some characteristic features that these would have. [Refer to TB page 72 Q10] A. Platypus or Echidna are egg laying mammals. It is thought that they form a link between reptiles and mammals because they possess the features which are peculiar to both reptiles and mammals. i. Like reptiles, they lay eggs. ii. They have mammary glands and nurse their young ones. iii. They are warm blooded animals. iv. Platypus genome possesses both mammalian and reptilian genes associated with egg fertilisation. 3.6 Communication Through Drawing and Model Making Q1. Make a flow chart of invertebrates in the kingdom animalia, based on their characteristic features. [Refer to TB page 72 Q11] SESSION 3. HIERARCHY OF CLASSIFICATION AND NOMENCLATURE 95

A. 3.7 Application to Daily Life, Concern to Bio Diversity Q1. Sujatha says that bat is not a bird but a mammal. How can you support Sujatha’s statement?( [Refer to TB page 72 Q14] A. Long time ago, bats were mistaken to be birds without feathers due to their ability to fly. But bats are the only mammals that can fly. The features that differentiate bats as mammals are: (a) They have mammary glands and nurse their babies. (b) They are warm blooded. (c) They have fur. (d) They have sebaceous glands. SESSION 3. HIERARCHY OF CLASSIFICATION AND NOMENCLATURE 96

—— CCE Based Practice Questions —— AS1-Conceptual Understanding Very Short Answer Type Questions 1. Answer the following questions in one sentence. [Refer to Session 5.1 ] (i) Define variation. (ii) Define monocotyledon. (iii) Discuss the method to test the cotyledon nature of maize. (iv) Define dicots. (v) What differences can you find in the similar looking neem plants? (vi) Did you find any two insects having all same characters? (vii) What type of venation does dicot plants have? 2. Fill in the blanks. [Refer to Session 5.1 ] (viii) In nature no two organisms are . is a character which is unique to a single (ix) individual in a group. (x) among the organisms leads to evolution and growth of diversity. CHAPTER 5. DIVERSITY IN LIVING ORGANISMS 97

3. Match the following. Column B [(Session 5.2)] a. 4 kingdoms classification Column A b. 2 empires classification c. 5 kingdoms classification i. Carl Von Linnaeus d. 2 kingdoms classification ii. Haeckel e. 3 kingdoms classification iii. Chatton iv. Copeland v. Whittaker 4. Fill in the blanks. [Refer to Session 5.2 ] (xi) makes our study more focused and helps us to handle huge populations of organisms. (xii) Origin of species was written by in . (xiii) Full form of LUCA is . (xiv) All organisms are identified and categorised on the basis of their . 5. State true or false. [ ] [Refer to Session 5.3 ] [ ] [ ] (xv) Annelid animals are bilateral, symmetrical and diploblastic. (xvi) Bats are called flying mammals. (xvii) Reptiles are cold blooded animals. CHAPTER 5. DIVERSITY IN LIVING ORGANISMS 98