(v) Eutrophication causes (A) Increased nutrients and decreased oxygen (B) Decreased nutrients and increased oxygen (C)Only increased nutrients (D)Only decreased oxygen (vi) Melt down of nuclear reactor at Tchernobyl in Russia occured in . (A) 1982 (B) 1983 (C) 1985 (D) 1986 (vii) The reason for biggest nuclear power disaster was . (A) Radioactive wastes (B) Melt down (C)Both A and B (D)None of the above (viii) Which gas is released by dead and decaying organic matter in water? (A) Methane (B) Sulphur dioxide (C)Nitrous oxide (D)Carbon monoxide (ix) The gas that smells like ‘rotten eggs’ is . (A) Hydrogen peroxide (B) Hydrogen sulphide (C)Carbon dioxide (D)Carbon monoxide AS4-Information skills and projects 23. Choose the correct answer. (x) A person had minamata disease which he got from drinking contaminated water. Name the possible cause for the disease from your information on pollutants. (A) Lead (B) Tin (C) Mercury (D)Methyl isocyanate CHAPTER 10. NOT FOR BREATHING - NOT FOR DRINKING 49
SESSION 1 11. WHY DO WE FALL ILL? INTRODUCTION, HEALTH AND DISEASE 1.1 Mind Map SESSION 1. INTRODUCTION, HEALTH AND DISEASE 50
1.2 Terminology i. Disease –is an abnormal condition of a part, organ or system of an organism resulting from various causes, such as infection, inflammation, environmental factors or genetic defect and characterized by an identifiable group of signs, symptoms or both. ii. Acute disease –is a disease or disorder that lasts a short time, comes on rapidly, and is accompanied by distinct symptoms. iii. Chronic disease –is a long–lasting condition that can be controlled but not cured. iv. Symptoms – a physical or mental feature which is regarded as indicating a condition of disease, particularly such a feature that is apparent to the patient. v. Penicillin –is a group of antibiotics, derived from fungi Penicillium. 1.3 Key Concepts i. Health is a state of being fit enough to function physically, mentally and socially with optimum efficiency. ii. The health of all the organisms will depend on their surroundings or environment. iii. We need food for health and this food will have to be earned by doing work. Opportu- nity to do work has to be available. Good economic conditions and jobs are therefore needed for individual health. iv. Disease literally means being uncomfortable. Diseases are classified as acute or chronic disease depending on the duration. v. The disease which last for a very short period of time is called acute disease. Common cold last only for few days. vi. The disease which lasts for a long time, even life time are called as chronic disease. An example is the infection causing elephantiasis. vii. Causes of a disease may be through uncleaned drinking water, lack of nourishment anddue to many other reasons. 1.4 Conceptual Understanding Q1. Why acute diseases become chronic diseases? [Refer to TB page 190 Q3] A. i. Some diseases last for only short periods of time. These are called acute diseases. The common cold lasts only for a few days. However, there are some ailments that SESSION 1. INTRODUCTION, HEALTH AND DISEASE 51
last for a long time, even as much as a life time and are called chronic diseases, e.g. elephantiasis. ii. Sometimes an acute disease becomes a chronic disease when: a. The diseases have been neglected due to economical or financial status of the person. b. People are unaware of the disease as there may not be any visible symptoms duringacute phase. c. Immune system is suppressed. 1.5 Application to Daily Life, Concern to Bio Diversity Q1. How many times did you fall ill in the last one year? What were the illnesses? [Refer to TB page 190 Q8] (a) Think of one change you could make in your habits in order to avoid any one/ most of the above illnesses. (b) Think of one change you would make in your surroundings in order to avoid any or most of the diseases. A. Students’ activity. Hint: a) Change in habit: I can implement healthy eating habit and avoid junk food. b) Change in the surrounding: I can maintain strict personal hygiene around me and also in my surroundings. Q2. Conduct a survey in your neighbourhood to find out what the three most common dis- eases are. Suggest three steps that could be taken by your local authorities to bring down the incidence of these diseases. [Refer to TB page 190 Q9] A. Students’ activity. Hint: Most common diseases may be: Common cold and fever, Dengue, Diarrhoea. Suggested preventive measures are: i. Maintaining cleanliness in the surrounding that includes putting garbage in dust- bins only, cleaning of area outside home regularly and avoiding water to stagnate. ii. Spraying of mosquito repellents on a regular basis. iii. Educating people on cure and symptoms of diseases. SESSION 1. INTRODUCTION, HEALTH AND DISEASE 52
SESSION 2 INFECTIOUS DISEASES AND NON-INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2.1 Mind Map SESSION 2. INFECTIOUS DISEASES AND NON-INFECTIOUS DISEASES 53
2.2 Terminology i. Air–transmitted disease – is any disease that is caused by pathogens and transmitted through the air. ii. Infectious disease –is caused by a biological agent such as by a virus, bacterium or parasite. iii. Non infectious diseases –are those diseases that are not caused by a pathogen and cannot be shared from one person to another. iv. Manifestation –is the act of demonstrating. v. Inflammation –is a localized physical condition in which part of the body becomes reddened, swollen, hot, and often painful, especially as a reaction to injury or infection. 2.3 Key Concepts i. Diseases may be due to infections or non–infectious cause. ii. Diseases where microbes are the immediate causes are called infectious diseases. Some of the infectious agents which cause diseases are bacteria, fungi, viruses, pro- tozoans etc. iii. Few example of infectious disease are common cold, influenza, dengue fever, AIDS etc. iv. Diseases which are not caused by infectious agents and are mostly caused internally are called non–infectious diseases. Cancer, high blood pressure are some examples. v. Microbes which cause diseases spread through air, water, physical contract or vec- tors. vi. AIDS virus is transmitted through sexual contact, through blood transfusions, from an infected mother to her baby during pregnancy or through breast feeding. vii. An active immune system recruits many cells to the affected tissue to kill off the dis- ease–causing microbes, this process is called inflammation. 2.4 Conceptual Understanding Q1. A doctor/ nurse/ health worker is exposed to more sick people than others in the com- SESSION 2. INFECTIOUS DISEASES AND NON-INFECTIOUS DISEASES 54
munity. Find out how she/ he avoids getting sick herself/ himself. [Refer to TB page 190 Q1] A. i. In general, doctors, nurses and other health workers are exposed to more sick people than others. Among the sick people the level of infection may be very high and at the same time, their sufferings have to be considered. ii. When they are visiting sick people, they themselves have to take some precau- tions; otherwise, they may get infected with some communicable diseases. iii. The important precautions are: a. They must use masks around their nose and mouth. b. They should use sanitizer to clean their hands before visiting other patients and before leaving for home from the hospital/clinic. c. They should be careful while handling syringes, blood samples etc. of the infected patients. Q2. Differentiate between infectious and non–infectious diseases. [Refer to TB page 190 Q2] A. Infectious Diseases Non–Infectious Diseases i. They are spread from i. They are not spread from one one individual to individual to another. another. ii. They are mostly ii. They are mostly genetically caused by microbes. inherited. In some cases, they may be caused by microbes too. iii. Eg : Common cold, iii. Eg: Cancer, Polio, Heart AIDS, Cholera, Typhoid diseases etc. etc. 2.5 Communication Through Drawing and Model Making Q1. Draw the figures of the leishmania and trypanosoma. [Refer to TB page 190 Q4] SESSION 2. INFECTIOUS DISEASES AND NON-INFECTIOUS DISEASES 55
A. Leishmania Trypanosoma 2.6 Appreciation and Aesthetic Sense, Values Q1. Prepare a questionnaire to collect information from your local health worker about spreading of diseases. [Refer to TB page 190 Q7] A. In every village a health worker is appointed to look after the communicable diseases in that area and to take measures needed to prevent them. You can ask them questions. Few questions have been provided as sample. i. How are communicable diseases spread? ii. Can we get infection by touching the effected person? iii. Are communicable diseases curable? iv. How can we prevent the spread of communicable diseases? SESSION 2. INFECTIOUS DISEASES AND NON-INFECTIOUS DISEASES 56
SESSION 3 PRINCIPLES OF TREATMENT 3.1 Mind Map 3.2 Terminology i. Immunization –is the process by which an individual’s immune system becomes for- tified against an agent (known as the immunogen). ii. Vector–borne infections –are illnesses caused by pathogens and parasites in human populations. iii. Diphtheria –is an infection caused by the bacterium Corynebacterium diphtheriae. iv. Vaccination – is the administration of a vaccine to the body, to develop immunity to a pathogen. SESSION 3. PRINCIPLES OF TREATMENT 57
3.3 Key Concepts i. The category to which a disease–causing organism belongs decides the type of treat- ment. ii. Prevention of disease is more desirable than its successful treatment. iii. Infectious disease can be prevented by public health hygiene measures that reduce exposure to infectious agents. iv. There are two ways to prevent the disease. One is general and one is specific. The general ways are preventing exposure to infectious microbes. v. The specific way to prevent disease is by getting vaccinated against it. vi. Effective prevention of infectious diseases in the community requires that everyone should have access to public hygiene and immunization. 3.4 Appreciation and Aesthetic Sense, Values Q1. Ramu was affected with smallpox. What advise you give to Ramu for not spreading the disease? [Refer to TB page 190 Q5] A. i. Since smallpox is a contagious disease, he must stop going to work/ school. ii. He should not come in contact with other people who have not had smallpox be- fore. iii. He should avoid using common items such as towels, combs, plates, etc. iv. He should take proper rest and nutritious food along with medication. Q2. How do you appreciate the role of vaccines in preventing disease? [Refer to TB page 190 Q6] A. i. Establishing acquired immunity through artificial methods against a specific dis- ease is called vaccination. ii. During this process live and attenuated or dead organisms are introduced into the human blood as antigens. iii. Antibodies that are formed in the blood not only eliminate the already existing antigens but also identify and immobilize the real pathogenic organisms, next time whenever they make a entry into the blood stream. iv. Thus they prevent the body from hazardous effects of pathogenic organisms. The person is well protected against that specified disease as long as the antibodies exist in the blood. Thus vaccination has a significant role in human existence. SESSION 3. PRINCIPLES OF TREATMENT 58
—— CCE Based Practice Questions —— AS1-Conceptual Understanding [ ] Very Short Answer Type Questions 1. State true or false. [Refer to Session 11.1 ] (i) Social equality and harmony are necessary for individual health. (ii) Good health for a musician may mean having enough breathing capacity in his/her lungs to control the notes from his/her flute. [] (iii) Musculoskeletal system is only made up of muscles. [] (iv) Public cleanliness is very important for individual health. [ ] (v) All diseases have only single causes. [] 2. Answer the following questions in one sentence. [Refer to Session 11.1 ] (vi) List few symptoms which indicate that a person is suffering from a disease. 3. Fill in the blanks. and are [Refer to Session 11.1 ] 59 (vii) needed for individual health. CHAPTER 11. WHY DO WE FALL ILL?
(viii) literally means being uncomfortable. (ix) Body signs and symptoms will give more definite indications of the presence of (x) is a state of physical, mental and social well–being. (xi) Tuberculosis is an example for disease. 4. Answer the following questions in one sentence. [Refer to Session 11.2 ] (xii) Give two example of diseases caused by viruses. (xiii) What do you mean by infectious disease? Short Answer Type Questions 5. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) [(Session 11.1)] Define good health. State few conditions that are essential for good health. CHAPTER 11. WHY DO WE FALL ILL? 60
6. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) [(Session 11.2)] How does an antibiotic destroy a bacterium? Long Answer Type Questions 7. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) [(Session 11.1)] Differentiate between acute and chronic disease. CHAPTER 11. WHY DO WE FALL ILL? 61
AS2-Asking questions and making hypothesis Short Answer Type Questions 8. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) [(Session 11.3)] You want to know more about the prevention of diseases. Prepare a list of question to ask your teacher. AS3-Experimentation and field investigation Short Answer Type Questions 9. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) [(Session 11.3)] Ramu lives in a slum area where the spread of dengue is epidemic.Investigate any such area in your neighbourhood and find out the preventive measurestaken by Municipal Corporation to control the spread of diseases. CHAPTER 11. WHY DO WE FALL ILL? 62
Long Answer Type Questions 10. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) [(Session 11.1)] Devise an experiment of solid waste management generated in your locality? AS4-Information skills and projects Long Answer Type Questions 11. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) [(Session 11.3)] Visit a nearby health care centre and collect information on immuni- sation techniques in relation with prevention of diseases. CHAPTER 11. WHY DO WE FALL ILL? 63
AS5-Communication through drawing and model making Very Short Answer Type Questions 12. Answer the following questions in one sentence. [Refer to Session 11.2 ] (i) Identify the below given organism. Long Answer Type Questions 13. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) [(Session 11.2)] Diseases transmit through various modes. Sketch to show the com- mon methods of transmission of disease through from one person to other. CHAPTER 11. WHY DO WE FALL ILL? 64
AS6-Appreciation and aesthetic sense, Values Very Short Answer Type Questions 14. Answer the following questions in one sentence. [Refer to Session 11.3 ] (i) Under polio eradication programme, vaccines are given to the children of age upto 5 years. Why should vaccines be given at such young age? Short Answer Type Questions 15. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) [(Session 11.3)] Your friend Sujatha is scared of vaccination for rabies virus, and ar- gues that she would go for it only if a dog bites her accidentally. As a friend, explain toher that “Prevention is better than cure”. CHAPTER 11. WHY DO WE FALL ILL? 65
AS7-Application to daily life, concern to bio diversity Long Answer Type Questions 16. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) [(Session 11.1)] Many people in rural communities are unaware of acute and chronic diseases. Conduct a seminar for them and list out these diseases, their causes and preventive measures, thereby creating awareness among them. (ii) [(Session 11.1)] List few measures to prevent diseases. 66 CHAPTER 11. WHY DO WE FALL ILL?
Objective Questions (B) Contaminated water AS1-Conceptual Understanding (D)Boiled water 17. Choose the correct answer. (i) We should drink (A) Polluted water (C)Sea water (ii) Changes in organ functions leads to (B) Happiness (A) Disease (D)None of the above (C)Both A & B (iii) Which of the following are symptoms? (B) Loose motion (A) Pus (D)All of the above (C) Cough (iv) For preventing mosquito bite, we should (A) Use mosquito nets (B) Wash hands before sleeping (C)Leave water stagnated (D)All of the above CHAPTER 11. WHY DO WE FALL ILL? 67
(v) People should treat the disease (A) Immediately after the appearance of the first symptom (B) Before becoming chronic (C)After becoming chronic (D)All of the above (vi) Who discovered the bacteria Helicobacter pylori? (A) Leeuwenhoek (B) Louis Pasteur (C)Robin Warren (D)Alexander Fleming (vii) Sleeping sickness is caused by (B) Roundworm (A) SARS virus (D) Leishmania (C) Trypanosoma (viii) Trypanosoma, that causes sleeping sickness is a (A) Bacteria (B) Virus (C) Worm (D) Protozoan (ix) Penicillin is an antibiotic that (A) blocks the formation of bacterial cell wall (B) blocks the formation of viral cell wall (C)do not show any effect on human cells (D)Both A & C (x) The concept of immunisation was provided by (A) Leeuwenhoek (B) Robert Brown (C)Edward Jenner (D)Robin Warren CHAPTER 11. WHY DO WE FALL ILL? 68
(xi) Elephantiasis disease can have (A) short–term effect on our health (B) no effect on our health (C)long–term effect on our health (D)sometimes bad effect on our health (xii) BCG vaccine is used to develop immunity against which disease? (A) Jaundice (B) Polio (C)Swine flu (D) Tuberculosis (xiii) An organism which carries pathogens is termed as (A) host (B) vector (C) parasite (D) predator (xiv) The diseases which last for only a very short period of time are called (A) Acute diseases (B) Chronic diseases (C)Epidemic diseases (D)Communicable diseases AS4-Information skills and projects 18. Choose the correct answer. (xv) Sort out a pair communicable disease from the below given diseases. Typhoid, Scurvey, Rickets, Cancer, Measels (A) Typhoid and Measels (B) Scurvy and Typhoid (C)Rickets and Measels (D)Cancer and Typhoid CHAPTER 11. WHY DO WE FALL ILL? 69
PROJECT BASED QUESTIONS —— Project Based Questions —— (i) Rekha delivered a healthy baby girl, but hesitates and is skeptical for any immuniza- tion or vaccines for the baby. She argues with the doctor, that why should she go for vaccines, when her baby is fine. As a friend suggest her, the importance of immu- nization. Explain her, the immunization schedule that is being given in the maternity / children’s hospital. Prepare/collect the chart for the same. (ii) Bhavesh can drive a two wheeler as well as a car. But he is unaware about the “PUC certificate”. Help him to understand what it is and its importance. Make a bulletin for PUC. Also answer the following questions: Where should I get my vehicle pollution level checked? When does a vehicle require a PUC Certificate? What should I do if I see any vehicle polluting? What is the penalty for not having the pollution certificate? (iii) National Air Quality Monitoring Programme (NAMP) is a unit under Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB): Collect information about it and write a project report on it. (iv) Places such as Nalgonda, Prakasham, Khammam and Nellore are affected by flu- orosis. Write a report explaining the plight of the disease sufferers, and the related symptoms. Can we prevent or overcome it? Suggest some ways to overcome/prevent it. Project Based Questions 70
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