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Many twiners were growing over the trees, and some of them were hanging from the tree branches. They were thick and strong that I could easily swing on them. There were many plants with beautiful flowers and twiners with thick poisonous fruits colourful fruits. The guide told us that some of them were stems harmful. Then we reached a stream which flowed through the forest. The water was clean and clear. I could see the stream bed below the water. Down the stream, far away from us, there was a group of elephants. elephants near the forest stream stream Then, I found a group of bats on a tree. They were sleeping, hanging upside down from the tree branches. Suddenly, a kingfisher flew down, grabbed a fish from the stream and flew away. On the bats on the tree kingfisher woodpecker on a other side of the stream, a woodpecker catching a fish tree was pecking on the dried up branch of a tall tree. Far ahead of us, I found some shelters. I wondered, who lived there. The guide told us that they were the shelters of the people who lived in the forest. They eat the fruits, seeds and roots of forest plants and the flesh of wild animals. They used the water from the stream. They spoke a different language. The guide told us that we should leave the forest before it became dark. Many dangerous animals came out during the night. So we started our journey back. On the way back, mother collected some forest soil in a paper bag. She said it would help the growth of the potted tomato plants she grew in our terrace garden.” Application You read about the living things that Samarth found in the forest. Forests are home to many humans, animals and plants. They live there helping each other. What will happen to them, if we cut down trees and clear the forest? If we cut down forests, they will lose their home. Many animals will die and disappear from the Earth. Are the forests helpful only to them? Are they useful to us too? Forests as Shelter 17 NR_BGM_9789386663504 MAPLE G05 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 2_Text.pdf 101 1/7/2019 3:17:28 PM

We get honey, some fruits, gums, wood and so on from forests. Forests help to absorb the rainwater into the soil. The dead leaves of trees cover the soil. The roots of plants form a network and hold the soil. So, the soil does not get washed away during rains. Moreover, they make the soil sponge-like. A sponge absorbs the water that falls on it. In the same way, forest soil absorbs and retains the water. You read that Samarth’s mother carried some forest soil to increase the growth of tomato plants. How does the forest soil increase plant growth? Forest soil is covered with layers of dead remains of plant and animal material. The tiny microbes which live in the soil help these materials to decay and mix with the soil. When these materials decay, many nutrients are released into the soil. These nutrients help the growth of plants. You know that plants absorb carbon dioxide and give out oxygen. Forests have many trees. They all absorb a lot of carbon dioxide from the air and give out oxygen. This makes the air cool and fresh. Amazing Facts Some forests are found near the seashores. They are Sundarbans called mangrove forests. Sundarbans is a mangrove forest. It is the largest mangrove forest in the world. It is located on the coast of West Bengal. Higher Order Thinking Skills (H.O.T.S.) Look at the aerial view of the Amazon rainforest. It the Amazon rainforest, Brazil appears like looks like a green carpet, doesn’t it? Forests form a a green carpet green cover over the land. Almost three out of ten parts of the land on the Earth is covered with forests. This forest cover of the Earth helps to control the carbon dioxide levels in the air. When the forest cover is reduced, the carbon dioxide in the air increases. This increase in the levels of carbon dioxide may make the air around the Earth warm. So, it is important to protect the forest cover of the Earth. 18 1/7/2019 3:17:28 PM NR_BGM_9789386663504 MAPLE G05 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 2_Text.pdf 102

Inside the Lab – B Make sure you do these activities only with the help of a teacher or an adult. Activity B1: Seed Germination We have learnt that seeds need moisture, air and the right amount of warmth to germinate and grow. Let us do a seed germination activity to find out whether the seeds need all these to germinate or not. You will need: bean seeds (15 – 20 per bowl), five clean and empty beakers (one for each condition), paper towels, water to wet the towels, masking tape to label the beakers You need to: 1) keep the seeds in the following conditions: How Where beaker 1 Place the seeds on a wet paper towel. in air and light beaker 2 Place dry seeds. in air and light beaker 3 Pour water in the beaker. Put seeds in the water. in air and light beaker 4 Place the seeds on a wet paper towel. in a dark place beaker 5 Place the seeds on a wet paper towel. in a refrigerator beaker 1 beaker 2 beaker 3 beaker 4 beaker 5 in air and light dark place refrigerator NR_BGM_9789386663504 MAPLE G05 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 2_Text.pdf 103 19 1/7/2019 3:17:28 PM

2) make predictions about what will happen. Note them down in your observation sheet. 3) have a look at the beakers 7 to 10 days later. Note down your results in the observation table given below. The seeds of which beaker germinate? Which do not? Note: • T he seeds in the water will need to have their water changed regularly, so that mould growth does not take over. • Check once a day that the paper towel is wet. Observation table: Experiment Conditions Prediction Actual Result Actual Result number after ____ days after ____ days Activity B2: Food Web Let us create a food web using animal picture cards. You will need: • scissors • gum • chart papers • pictures of different plants or plant parts like grass, vegetables, fruits, cereals, pulses and so on 20 1/7/2019 3:17:28 PM NR_BGM_9789386663504 MAPLE G05 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 2_Text.pdf 104

• pictures of animals (Example: earthworm, grasshopper, rabbit, deer, elephant, wolf, lion, tiger, eagle, frog, fish, snake, hen, crow, crane, duck, squirrel, cow, cat, dog, mouse, human being) You need to: 1) use scissors to cut the chart paper into equal sized pieces. (Take your teacher’s help while cutting.) 2) paste the pictures of animals on the chart paper pieces to make picture cards. Your game cards are ready. 3) find out how many different combinations of food chains you can form using them. For example, grass, grasshopper, frog, snake and eagle will form one chain, while plant, rabbit, wolf will be another chain and so on. 4) involve your friends too. 5) try to join the food chains to make a food web. Inside the Lab – B 21 NR_BGM_9789386663504 MAPLE G05 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 2_Text.pdf 105 1/7/2019 3:17:28 PM

EVS−II (Social Studies) Contents Class 5 4 Early Human Beings������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 1 5 Ancient Civilizations����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 6 6 Some Powerful Dynasties of India����������������������������������������������������������������� 11 7 The Mughal Empire����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 16 NR_BGM_9789386663504 MAPLE G05 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 2_Text.pdf 106 1/7/2019 3:17:28 PM

Lesson Early Human Beings 4 Let Us Learn About R early human beings. U changes in early human beings. A how agriculture and tools changed the lives of early human beings. h comparing modern and ancient clothing. Think Rashi, Morad and Meher visit a museum. They look at the different An early human exhibits. Meher notices an exhibit labelled ‘An Early Human Being’. He is surprised that it looks more like a monkey. Meher: Morad, look! How can this monkey be a human being! How silly! Morad: It is not a monkey, but an ape. Once upon a time, human beings looked and behaved just like apes. After thousands of years, some of those apes changed into what we are today. Rashi: Then, how did we become so different from apes? Q. Which animal did early human beings look like? (A)  fish (B)  lizard (C) ape (D) bird NR_BGM_9789386663504 MAPLE G05 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 2_Text.pdf 107 1 1/7/2019 3:17:28 PM

Remembering Human beings did not always look and act like they do now. A very long time ago, human beings looked and behaved like apes. They lived in forests and near rivers. They collected nuts, fruits, berries, eggs and hunted animals for food. Many also caught fish from the rivers and ate them. So, they are called hunter-gatherers. How did they dig earth and cut fruit and meat? Stone Tools Early humans used different shapes and sizes of stones as tools. A tool is an object that is made for a specific function. Example: A pencil is made for writing. Type of stone tool Use large and heavy stones kill animals for food, protect themselves from animals small, sharp stones cut fruit and skins of animals long and flat stones dig earth sharp stones, called scrapers clean the skins of animals The Life of Early Human Beings Early human beings lived in groups. They used leaves and animal skins to cover themselves. They used the parts of the animals that they hunted in different ways. Some stone tools used by early humans Parts of the animals Their uses A handle tied to a stone tool bone tools weapons meat jewellery skin food clothes 2 1/7/2019 3:17:28 PM NR_BGM_9789386663504 MAPLE G05 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 2_Text.pdf 108

Early humans lived in caves. Caves protected them from animals, rain, wind and cold. They also stored food in caves. When there was no food left in one area, they moved to a new place. When humans found food to eat, they ate it raw. They did not know how to cook. A cave Understanding How did early human beings change?  Millions of In the beginning, early human beings looked like apes. As time went by, their faces and bodies changed. They stopped living in trees like apes and began living on the ground. They stopped walking on four legs. They started walking on two legs with their backs straight. They also started using their hands to do other things. Using and learning to make Fire Early humans saw that lightning made trees catch fire and burn. All the animals were afraid of fire. Early humans picked up burning branches to protect themselves from dangerous animals. At times, meat and roots fell into the fire. Early humans tasted this food. They found that it tasted better than raw food. This is how early human beings learnt to cook. But, they had to wait for lightning to burn a tree to get fire. To make tools, early humans banged stones against each other. Sometimes, while making tools, they observed sparks, which made the grass catch fire. In this way, early human beings learnt to make their own fires. Human beings change over time Early Human Beings 3 NR_BGM_9789386663504 MAPLE G05 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 2_Text.pdf 109 1/7/2019 3:17:28 PM

Application Farming Early humans carefully observed nature. They threw seeds of fruit on the ground. Soon, they saw new plants growing from these seeds. They saw that seeds grew well in warm weather. They stored fruit for the cold weather. They wrapped fruit in the skins of animals to keep them fresh. They planted seeds, grew plants and began farming. Using Wheels Early humans travelled a lot. They did not have an easy way to move heavy things from one place to another. They observed rocks and logs rolling easily on land. This gave them the idea to roll heavy things on logs. This is how early humans started using wheels. Early humans also started making wheels from stone. Settling Down Human beings travelled in search of food. When they started farming, they started staying in one place. They started making simple huts with the stems of plants and long leaves. They also used animal skins and bones to make huts. An early human settlement Higher Order Thinking Skills (H.O.T.S.) 1) Look at the two pictures on the next page. The clothes shown are different from each other. Discuss the following. • the difference between them based on the material • one special feature of each item of clothing 4 1/7/2019 3:17:28 PM NR_BGM_9789386663504 MAPLE G05 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 2_Text.pdf 110

Picture A Picture B Amazing Facts Ötzi, also known as the Iceman, was an early human being. His body and belongings were preserved in ice for thousands of years. Ötzi is displayed in the South Tyrol Museum in Italy. New Words 1) exhibit – something that is displayed for people to see 2) ape – an animal that is like a monkey but does not have a tail 3) weapon – a tool used to hunt animals 4) raw – uncooked; without cooking Early Human Beings 5 NR_BGM_9789386663504 MAPLE G05 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 2_Text.pdf 111 1/7/2019 3:17:28 PM

Lesson Ancient Civilizations 5 Let Us Learn About R meaning of civilization and life in ancient civilizations. U why ancient civilizations grew. A how climate is related to civilization. h features of ancient civilizations. Think Rashi, Meher and Morad are still at the museum. The next section has different exhibits. There are photographs of many buildings made of bricks. There are metal tools too. The human beings in this exhibit look different. Rashi: Morad, these people look like we do! Did not all early human beings look like apes? Meher: No! Remember, they changed? They started to look more like we do. Morad: That is correct. After thousands of years, An ancient civilization people started living in cities. Their cities were different from ours. They did not use the same language or machines. They did not dress like we do. But, they were the builders of the first ancient cities. QQ. What did human beings start to build? ( A)  zoos ( B)  museums (C) cities (D) bridges 6 1/7/2019 3:17:28 PM NR_BGM_9789386663504 MAPLE G05 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 2_Text.pdf 112

Remembering birth of Civilizations Civilizations began to appear about 10,000 years ago. A civilization is a group of human beings living together who have common rules, language and way of life. The very old civilizations are called ancient civilizations. All the ancient civilizations are found near rivers. A list of the ancient civilizations are given. Civilization River Mesopotamian Tigris and Euphrates Indus Valley Indus Egyptian Nile Chinese Yangtze life in ancient civilizations The people of these civilizations were a lot like us. They used languages. They made and did different things. Some people had farms and farm animals. Others made things from clay. Some people made tools from iron and other metals. There were special people to make rules. These people were usually the priests. The other people were mostly soldiers and builders. Let us find out what led to the growth of these civilizations. A map showing the ancient river valley civilizations 7 Ancient Civilizations 1/7/2019 3:17:28 PM NR_BGM_9789386663504 MAPLE G05 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 2_Text.pdf 113

Understanding GROWING CROPS Human beings needed to stay in one place to take care of their farms. They grew crops, collected and stored grains. This is called agriculture. They built strong houses so that they could stay in the same place for a long time. They needed water for their farms. So, they built houses near big rivers. DOMESTICATING ANIMALS People found that a few animals could be used to carry heavy loads and do other tasks. They gave these animals food and water to domesticate them. Some animals domesticated by early humans were the cow, sheep, goat, buffalo, horse, dog, cat, donkey, ox and bull. Humans allowed these animals to live close to them. They observed the young ones of these animals and soon began milking cows and goats. They also got wool and meat from animals such as sheep. TRADE A house from an ancient village Families of early human beings lived together. Sometimes, one family had little meat but a lot of grain. Another family had more meat and less grain. They exchanged meat and grain to get what they needed. Such exchange of resources is called trade. As people grew crops and domesticated animals, they built houses and settled in one place. People of different villages traded with each other. When people settled down in places of trade, more houses were built. This led to rise of cities. Some cities were close to each other. The people spoke the same language. They also followed the same rules. A number of cities where people shared a common way of life became a civilization. 8 1/7/2019 3:17:28 PM NR_BGM_9789386663504 MAPLE G05 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 2_Text.pdf 114

Application climate and civilizations Crops grow easily in places where there is warm sunlight. Rivers are used to get water for growing crops. Warm climate is also easy for humans to live in. All ancient civilizations started in the warm regions. Look at the map and answer the questions. 1) Were there any civilizations in the very cold areas? 2) Why do you think this happened? Mesopotamian Civilization Chinese Civilization Egyptian Civilization Indus Valley Civilization Favourable climate for growth of civilizations Higher Order Thinking Skills (H.O.T.S.) 1) Find out which ancient city had a place called the Great Bath. Name the civilization that it belonged to. Discuss three important features of this civilization. An ancient city 9 Ancient Civilizations 1/7/2019 3:17:29 PM NR_BGM_9789386663504 MAPLE G05 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 2_Text.pdf 115

Amazing Facts Cities in the Indus Valley Civilization traded with cities in the Mesopotamian Civilization. The distance between the two civilizations was about 4,000 kilometres. New Words 1) clay – a soft, muddy material used to make pots and other objects 2) priest – someone who performs religious duties and makes rules of 3) soldier worship 4) crop – a person who serves in the army 5) grains – the plants grown for getting grains and other food 6) domesticate – the seeds of some plants, such as rice, that we cook and eat 7) resource – train a wild animal to live and work with human beings – a place or thing that provides something useful 10 1/7/2019 3:17:29 PM NR_BGM_9789386663504 MAPLE G05 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 2_Text.pdf 116

Lesson Some Powerful Dynasties 6 of India Let Us Learn About R d efinitions of monarchy and dynasty. U when some Indian dynasties ruled. A the main features of Indian empires. h taking decisions like a king or a queen. Think Rashi and Meher invented a new game. Each one gets a turn to be the ruler. This time, Rashi is the ruler. Rashi: Meher, go and pluck a few flowers to put in my hair! Then, Rashi dressed arrange for a visit to the park. It is my order as queen that all up as a queen children must be allowed to stay awake past 8 p.m. They must come back home after playing by 6 p.m. Meher: Rashi, I am so tired of you acting like a queen all the time! I am not following your orders. Go order someone else. Rashi: I will punish you for disobeying me! Meher: Hahaha! Playing with you is a punishment, my queen. Tell me Rashi, were real kings and queens harsh like you? How can we know about them? Is India still ruled by them? QQ. Is India still ruled by kings and queens? (A) yes (B) no (C) maybe (D) do not know NR_BGM_9789386663504 MAPLE G05 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 2_Text.pdf 117 11 1/7/2019 3:17:29 PM

Remembering Throughout the history of India, there have been many different kinds of rulers and governments. Let us read about some ancient Indian kingdoms. KINGDOMS, MONARCHIES AND DYNASTIES A kingdom is a piece of land that is ruled by a king or a queen. A kingdom is often called a monarchy. This means that one person, usually a king or a queen, inherits their position by birth or marriage. They become the ruler or head of the state. When one after another, the rulers who rule over a kingdom belong to the same family, it is known as a dynasty. A group of kingdoms or countries ruled by a single person, a few people or a government is called an empire. Kingdoms are one of the earliest types of governments on Earth. There have been different kingdoms throughout history. Early kingdoms The world’s earliest kingdoms developed thousands of years ago when leaders began conquering and controlling cities and settlements. Rulers of early kingdoms provided protection to their subjects. In return, subjects paid taxes or served the king. Kingdoms also had the power to create and enforce laws. Understanding SOME INDIAN DYNASTIES India is known for its ancient kingdoms. These kingdoms were ruled by different dynasties at different times. The most powerful and well-known dynasties were the Mauryas, the Guptas and the Cholas. The Mughals also ruled over a large empire, though they came much later. Dynasty Period Some famous rulers Maurya 322 BC – 185 BC Chandragupta Maurya, Ashoka Chola 300 BC – 1279 AD Rajaraja Chola I, Rajendra Chola I Gupta 320 AD – 550 AD Chandragupta I, Samudragupta Mughal 1526 AD – 1858 AD Babur, Akbar 12 1/7/2019 3:17:29 PM NR_BGM_9789386663504 MAPLE G05 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 2_Text.pdf 118

WELL-KNOWN DYNASTIES OF INDIA The Mauryan dynasty (322 BC – 185 BC) The Mauryan dynasty had the largest empire of its time in India. It was A pillar constructed the first large united kingdom in India. Emperor Ashoka was a great by Ashoka warrior from this dynasty. He captured many kingdoms till the battle of Kalinga. After the battle of Kalinga, Ashoka chose to spread the message of peace. The Chola dynasty (300 BC – 1279 AD) Kallanai dam The Chola dynasty was one of the  Rajendra Chola I longest-ruling dynasties in India. The Kallanai dam in Tamil Nadu was originally built by the Chola kings. The dam still stands there today. Rajaraja Chola I and Rajendra Chola I were the greatest of the Chola kings. Rajendra Chola I is known to have crossed the sea and conquered islands such as the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Sri Lanka and so on. The Gupta dynasty (320 AD – 550 AD) Some Powerful Dynasties of India 13 NR_BGM_9789386663504 MAPLE G05 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 2_Text.pdf 119 1/7/2019 3:17:29 PM

The Gupta dynasty brought peace and prosperity Both sides of a coin from the time of to their kingdom. Many scientific and artistic Samudragupta's rule achievements were made during this time. So, it is called the Golden Age of India. The mathematician, Aryabhata, and the poet, Kalidasa, belonged to this period. The Gupta king, Samudragupta was known for building a large kingdom. He created a great army and a powerful navy. Application WHY DO WE STILL REMEMBER THESE KINGDOMS? Let us read about some important actions of the rulers of these dynasties. • Spreading knowledge: They invited visitors from other kingdoms to learn about other places. They supported great religious teachers. They built colleges where literature, mathematics, medicine and other subjects were taught. • Encouraging artists: Many great plays and poems were written. Books such as the Mahabharata were translated into other languages. They supported the creation of great works of art. Art and architecture in the ancient kingdoms Cholas • temples and • sculptures Guptas All the kings of Ashoka • m essages for these dynasties (Mauryas) his people were supporters of carved into stone art. They built many temples and monuments. Mughal • forts • palaces • gardens 14 1/7/2019 3:17:29 PM NR_BGM_9789386663504 MAPLE G05 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 2_Text.pdf 120

SPECIAL FEATURES OF THE KINGDOMS OF INDIA All these kingdoms had some special features. These kings had powerful armies. They protected the kingdoms from outsiders. The soldiers came from all parts of the kingdoms. The Mughal army was known for their soldiers on horseback. The kingdoms remained at peace with the help of laws and rules. People were also able to trade with each other. They were great supporters of art, culture and education. Higher Order Thinking Skills (H.O.T.S.) 1) If you were a king or queen, what would you do for your kingdom? What would you like to be known for? Discuss these questions in groups of three. Amazing Facts The British Empire was the largest empire in the world. It was under the rule of England, a country. More than one-fifth of world’s population lived in the empire. India was also a part of the British Empire. Millions of Indians died during the British rule. They made one of the richest countries extremely poor. New Words 1) inherit – receive from parents or the previous owner 2) conquer – take control of a place or people 3) enforce – m ake sure a law is followed 4) emperor – the ruler of a very large kingdom Some Powerful Dynasties of India 15 NR_BGM_9789386663504 MAPLE G05 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 2_Text.pdf 121 1/7/2019 3:17:29 PM

Lesson The Mughal Empire 7 Let Us Learn About R the Mughal dynasty. U s imilarities and differences between two Mughal emperors. A some features of two Indian empires. h the merits and the demerits of a dynasty. Think Rashi and Meher ask Morad about other kings and queens of India. Meher: Were there dynasties in India after the Chola dynasty? Morad: Yes, there were. Long after the Cholas, there were many important dynasties in various parts of India. Rashi: I have heard of Akbar and the Mughals. Morad: Yes! The Mughals were an important dynasty. QQ. Meher wants to know if there were dynasties in India (A)  before the Mughal dynasty. (B)  during the Mauryan dynasty. (C) after the Chola dynasty. (D) in 1900 AD. Remembering THE MUGHAL DYNASTY The Mughal dynasty ruled most of northern India from the early sixteenth century to the 16 NR_BGM_9789386663504 MAPLE G05 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 2_Text.pdf 122 1/7/2019 3:17:29 PM

mid-eighteenth century. The Mughal dynasty is notable for more than two centuries of rule over India. It had very able rulers. They were good at administration and supported trade and cultural activities. Babur Humayun Akbar In 1526, Babur, a king from Babur's son Humayun Humayun’s son Akbar Central Asia, came to India. became the next captured many kingdoms. He captured many small king in 1530. He lost He brought a large part of kingdoms to make a new control of the empire to northern and central India empire in southern Asia. Afghan rebels and Sher under his control. He was one This empire was called the Shah Suri. He regained of the most successful Mughal Empire. it back in 1555. Mughal emperors. Jahangir Shah Jahan Aurangzeb Akbar’s son Jahangir became the king Aurangzeb became the ruler in 1658. in 1605. Jahangir’s son Shah Jahan who He conquered the kingdoms in southern became the next ruler in 1628, had a passion India. Thereby, he brought the empire to for buildings. Taj Mahal in Agra and Jama its greatest size. After his death in 1707, the Masjid in Delhi were built during his rule. Mughal Empire lost most of its power. The Mughal Empire 17 NR_BGM_9789386663504 MAPLE G05 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 2_Text.pdf 123 1/7/2019 3:17:29 PM

Understanding Akbar and Aurangzeb Some Mughal emperors had great military talent. Others were important patrons of art and culture. However, the two most powerful of them were Akbar and Aurangzeb. But they were different in various ways. Let us learn about them in detail. How did they become emperors? Akbar became the emperor at the age of 13 after his father passed away. He inherited the throne peacefully. On the other hand, Aurangzeb became the emperor by imprisoning his father Shah Jahan and murdering his eldest brother. Similarities between them Both the Mughal emperors, Akbar and Aurangzeb, had great reputation as rulers of large areas. Both of them were brave, hard-working, energetic and had great military knowledge. Differences between them Akbar had equal regard for all religions. He believed in the unity of all religions. He appointed Hindus to responsible posts in his government. He succeeded in securing whole-hearted cooperation of all people. Aurangzeb imposed extra taxes on Hindus. This created differences between the Muslims and the Hindus. At the same time, Aurangzeb also appointed Hindus to official posts. Akbar maintained a grand court and loved luxuries. On the other hand, Aurangzeb was a simple man and avoided luxuries. Akbar was interested in various art forms such as painting, music, architecture, writing, poetry and so on. Aurangzeb was not such an important patron of painting and art. Who will you choose as your king, Akbar or Aurangzeb? Discuss with your partner and mention the reasons for your choice. Application How do you find the differences between empires? Any two empires can be compared based on some features. Let us see some features of the Mauryan Empire and the Mughal Empire. 18 1/7/2019 3:17:29 PM NR_BGM_9789386663504 MAPLE G05 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 2_Text.pdf 124

1) Time: The Mauryan Empire existed between 322 BC – 185 BC, whereas the Mughal Empire existed from 1526 AD to almost 1800s. 2) Size: The Mauryan Empire was larger than the Mughal Empire. 3) Religion: The Mauryan rulers were followers of Jainism and Buddhism, while the Mughals were followers of Islam. Emperors Akbar and Ashoka were in favour of all religions. 4) Culture: Huge Buddhist monasteries and pillars were built during the rule of Emperor Ashoka. During the Mughal Empire, many monuments such as Humayun's Tomb and Taj Mahal were made. Some of the Mughal emperors are also known for their interests in arts, literature and music. Is it necessary to compare life during different times of history? Why or why not? Discuss with your partner. Higher Order Thinking Skills (H.O.T.S.) 1) In a dynasty, a ruler's child becomes the next ruler. This means that, sometimes, a person who cannot be a good king or queen rules the kingdom. Greedy and cruel people can become rulers. Discuss three qualities of a good ruler with your partner. Do you think dynasties are good, or do you think they are bad? Why? Amazing Facts The national symbol of India with four lions standing back-to-back is the Lion Capital of the Ashoka Pillar at Sarnath. It is more than 2000 years old and is located at Sarnath near Varanasi in Uttar Pradesh. New Words 1) patron – someone who supports artists by giving them money 2) monastery – a building where a group of monks live and work The Mughal Empire 19 NR_BGM_9789386663504 MAPLE G05 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 2_Text.pdf 125 1/7/2019 3:17:29 PM

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