202110224-TRIUMPH-STUDENT-WORKBOOK-SCIENCE-G07-PART2

iv. Moisture – Moisture refers to the presence of a liquid, especially water, often in trace amounts. v. Percolation – Water passing down through the soil particles is called percolation. 2.3 Key Concepts i. Soil contains minerals. ii. Most of the minerals found in the soil are salts of sodium, calcium, magnesium and also contains potassium chloride along with sulphates and carbonates. iii. Highly acidic soil retards plant growth by affecting the efficiency with which the plants absorb nutrients from the soil. iv. Sandy soil: Large sized particles are more. v. Clayey soil: Proportion of fine particles is more. vi. Loam: Large and fine particles present in equal quantity. vii. The process of water passing down through these soil particles is called ‘percolation’. viii. Water holding capacity of soil depends on soil type. 2.4 Conceptual Understanding Q1. Give reasons for low percolation rate of clayey soil as compared to sandy soil. [Refer to TB page 148 Q3] A. i. The proportion of fine particles is higher in clayey soil when compared to sandy soil. In sandy soil, the proportion of larger particles are higher. ii. The particles in clayey soil are closely packed whereas in sandy soil, there is space between the particles. iii. Water cannot pass through clayey soil as there are less air spaces between parti- cles. But in sandy soil, as there is comparatively larger distance between particles, water can percolate through it. iv. Clayey soil an hold good amount of water when compared to sandy soil. Q2. Which of the following statements is/ are correct? Correct the wrong ones. [Refer to TB page 148 Q9](i), (iii)) 1. Soil forms from sand. SESSION 2. SOIL FROM DIFFERENT PLACES IS DIFFERENT 49

2. Clay soil can’t hold water for a long time. A. Statement 1 is wrong because soil is formed from rock particles and humus. Statement 2 is wrong because clay soil can hold water for a long time because the particles are closely packed and there is less air space in between for water. 2.5 Experimentation and Field Investigation Q1. Collect soil from your school ground. Try to make a ring with that soil. Write down your observations. What type of soil is it? [Refer to TB page 149 Q10] A. Activity: i. I have collected about 1 kg of soil from my school ground. ii. I have taken about half of it, removed all pebbles, rocks or roots of grass from it. iii. Now, I have added water drop by drop and kneaded the soil. iv. I have added enough water so that I can make a ball of the size of a lemon fruit with it. v. On a flat surface I rolled this into the shape of a cylinder. vi. I shaped it as a ring (just like the shape of a bangle) from this cylinder. vii. I could form a complete ring but it was cracked at some points. viii. So, I inferred that the soil in my school ground is light clay. Q2. Take a boiling tube. Put two spoonfuls of soil in it. Heat the boiling tube on a spirit lamp and cover it. [Refer to TB page 149 Q11] (a) Do this experiment and write your findings. (b) Do you find any moisture in the soil? (c) How can you say that? A. My findings after the experiments: (a) I have compared the heated soil with the soil which has not been heated. I found that the heated soil is a little dry than the other sample. (b) So I concluded that some moisture is retained in the soil. (c) I could say that because I observed some water vapour coming out of the boiling tube.I could observe this, by keeping a glass tumbler above the boiling tube and noted the formation of water drops on the outer surface of glass tumbler. SESSION 2. SOIL FROM DIFFERENT PLACES IS DIFFERENT 50

Q3. If a farmer wants to improve water holding capacity of his sandy soil field, what will you suggest to him? [Refer to TB page 148 Q6] A. If a farmer wants to improve the water holding capacity of his sandy soil field he has to take the following steps: i. The farmer has to apply natural manures such as cattle dung, green hemp etc. which can retain water drops and do not allow quick percolation through sand par- ticles. ii. He has to dig soak pits located at 10 m distance all within boundaries of his sandy field. iii. These soak pits hold the rain water and prevent percolation through sand particles. iv. Though it is a laborious and long process, the farmer can remove the sand and replace it with loam or clayey soil during his crop holiday time. 2.6 Appreciation and Aesthetic Sense, Values Q1. Write a dialogue between seed and soil, and perform a small play using your own script. [Refer to TB page 149 Q14] A. Students’ activity. Hint: Student may provide suitable title to the play such as “My journey out of soil” highlighting the importance of soil in seed germination. SESSION 2. SOIL FROM DIFFERENT PLACES IS DIFFERENT 51

SESSION 3 HORIZONS OF SOIL 3.1 Mind Map 3.2 Terminology i. Soil profile – The soil profile is defined as a vertical section of the soil from the ground surface downwards to where the soil meets the underlying rock. ii. Horizons – Soil is made up of distinct horizontal layers, these layers are called hori- zons. iii. Humus – Humus is dark, organic material that forms in the soil when plant and animal matter decays. 3.3 Key Concepts i. Soil is made up of different horizontal layers. These layers are called horizons. ii. They range from rich organic layers (humus, top soil) to underlying rocky layers (bedrock, sub soil). SESSION 3. HORIZONS OF SOIL 52

iii. Different horizons of soil are: O horizon, A horizon, E horizon, B horizon, C horizon, R horizon. iv. Soil profile is a section through different layers of soil. v. Different types of soil are present in different parts of the state. 3.4 Conceptual Understanding Q1. Why is top soil more useful to us? [Refer to TB page 148 Q4] A. i. Top soil is formed of fine rock particles and organic matter called humus. ii. As the soil is highly rich in nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and carbon, it is suitable for growing various sorts of crops. iii. The yield of the crop is also very high as the soil is more fertile. iv. As the particles of the top soil are spaced not so far apart, it can retain water. So top soil is more useful to us. Q2. Do you think rotting vegetation and animal remains are important for the soil? In what way? [Refer to TB page 148 Q7] A. i. Rotting vegetation and animal remains are important for the soil, as they increase the organic matter (humus) content. ii. The rotting vegetation contains the macro nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in addition to the natural nutrients, carbon and oxygen. iii. The animal remains such as excreta contain mainly carbon and nitrogen which are essential for the growth of plants. iv. The bones of animals are compounds of phosphorus and calcium which increase the yield of crop plants. Q3. Which of the following statements is / are correct? Correct the wrong ones. [Refer to TB page 148 Q9](iv)) 1. Upper layers of soil are made of rocks. A. Statement 1 is wrong because upper layers of soil are made of organic matter called humus. SESSION 3. HORIZONS OF SOIL 53

3.5 Appreciation and Aesthetic Sense, Values Q1. “If you sow a seed in the soil, it will give birth to a tiny plant which grows bigger and bigger. It is a wonder of soil”, Swetha said. How would you express your appreciation of soil like Swetha? [Refer to TB page 149 Q13] A. i. Plants require several factors for the growth. Soil is one of the main components for the growth of the plants. Soil is also habitat for many living organisms, like bacteria, fungi, protozoan and earthworms as it contains large amounts of nutrients which help in the growth ii. In the soil profile, Horizon – A, also known as Topsoil is best suited for the plant growth. As we know that availability of nutrients and water in soil helps to determine the productivity of soil. Top soil is it is rich in humus minerals along with water iii. Soil provides a base which the roots hold on to as a plant grows bigger. It also provides plants with water and the nutrients they need to be healthy. In turn, some plants become healthy food for us. iv. Nutrients in the soil also help plants grow strong. Some nutrients that plants need are nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and sulfur. v. It is important for soil to be loose and not packed down. If the soil in a field is packed down (also known as being compacted), farmers plow it up before they plant their seeds. vi. Healthy soil is extremely vital to plants. In addition to essential nutrients found in soil (from organic matter and micro–organisms), soil provides an anchor for plant roots and helps support the plants. SESSION 3. HORIZONS OF SOIL 54

SESSION 4 SOIL, CROPS AND CONSERVATION 4.1 Mind Map 4.2 Terminology i. Soil erosion – The top layer of soil is worn away due to factors such as water, wind and tillage of farmland. ii. Crop rotation – The practice of growing different crops in succession on the same land chiefly to preserve the productive capacity of the soil. iii. Soil fertility – This refers to the ability of the soil to supply essential plant nutrients and water in adequate amounts and proportions for plant growth. iv. Conservation of soil – Soil conservation is the prevention of soil from erosion. 4.3 Key Concepts i. Soil erosion: Carrying away of soil by rains. SESSION 4. SOIL, CROPS AND CONSERVATION 55

ii. Crop rotation: Change of crops year by year. iii. Soil fertility: The minerals present in the soil. iv. Crops commonly grown in any area depend on many factors. v. Along with seasonal rainfall, fertility of soil also influences crop production. vi. The plant roots hold soil firmly and prevent soil erosion during heavy rains. vii. Continuous cultivation of same agriculture crops reduces soil fertility. viii. Rotation of crops retains soil fertility and productivity. 4.4 Conceptual Understanding Q1. Which type of soil is suitable for growing cotton? [Refer to TB page 148 Q2] A. Cotton is grown in sandy loam soil. It is also grown in black cotton soil. Q2. Roots of grasses hold soil particles. This conserves the . [Refer to TB page 148 Q8] A. Roots of grasses hold soil particles. This conserves the soil and fertility of soil. Q3. Which of the following statements is / are correct? Correct the wrong ones. [Refer to TB page 148 Q9](ii)) 1. Crop rotation protects soil fertility. A. Statement 1 is correct. 4.5 Asking Questions and Making Hypothesis Q1. If you have a chance to talk with a soil scientist, what questions would you like to ask him about soil? [Refer to TB page 149 Q15] A. If given a chance to talk with a soil scientist, I would like to ask the following questions about the soil: • How can we find out the suitable crops that can be grown on a particular soil? • Is it a wise thing to grow cash crops like tobacco for a long time setting aside food crops like paddy, wheat, jowar etc.? SESSION 4. SOIL, CROPS AND CONSERVATION 56

• What steps are to be taken to convert the waste lands to yield good crops? • There are vast deserts in the world, can we make them fertile and grow crops instead of leaving them barren? • How can people like you (scientists) offer your services for a better life of farmers who are now committing suicides in our state due to meagre income they are getting by believing the land? 4.6 Information Skills and Projects Q1. What types of soils are there in your village? Make a list of crops grown on these soils. [Refer to TB page 148 Q5] A. Students’ activity. Sample answer: In our village there are three types of soils existing: S.No. Type of soil Crops grown 1. Loamy soil Paddy, Cereals, sugar cane 2. Black soil Cotton, vegetables etc 3. Sandy soil Palm trees and ground nut SESSION 4. SOIL, CROPS AND CONSERVATION 57

—— CCE Based Practice Questions —— AS1-Conceptual Understanding Very Short Answer Type Questions 1. Match the following: Column B [(Session 15.4)] a. Sugarcane and cotton Column A i. Mahaboobnagar district ii. Prakasham district b. Mirchi and cotton iii. Kurnool district c. Groundnut and castor iv. Krishna district d. Jowar, bengal gram and paddy v. Nalgonda district e. Flowers and aquaculture 2. Fill in the blanks. [Refer to Session 15.4 ] (i) Nalgonda district contains soil.. (ii) Sandy soil is found in district. (iii) Bengal gram, paddy and jowar are grown in district. (iv) Black soil is found in district. (v) soil is found in Mahaboobnagar district. 3. State true or false. [Refer to Session 15.1 ] (vi) Soil is useful only for plants. [] CHAPTER 15. SOIL: OUR LIFE 58

(vii) Humus is nothing but rock particles. [] (viii) Cotton dress is indirectly related to soil. [] (ix) We depend on soil for construction. [] (x) Soil is the second layer of earth’s crust. [] 4. Answer the following questions in one sentence. [Refer to Session 15.1 ] (xi) What is soil? (xii) How is soil formed? (xiii) What are the things that are dependent on soil? CHAPTER 15. SOIL: OUR LIFE 59

(xiv) During which civilization was pottery used as an occupation? (xv) Which soil is used for pottery? 5. Match the following. Column B [(Session 15.2)] a. Clay soil Column A i. Larger sized particles ii. Less number of fine particles b. Heavy loam iii. More number of fine particles c. Loam iv. Large particles is more than fine parti- d. Light clay cles v. Large and fine particles in equal pro- e. Sandy soil portions 6. Answer the following questions in one sentence. [Refer to Session 15.2 ] (xvi) What do you mean by percolation? CHAPTER 15. SOIL: OUR LIFE 60

(xvii) How does acidic soil retard plant growth? (xviii) What are the different minerals found in soil? (xix) Which soil cannot retain water for a long time? (xx) What is the relation between water holding capacity and percolation of soil? CHAPTER 15. SOIL: OUR LIFE 61

(xxi) Is soil water acidic or basic? (xxii) What type of soil retards the growth of a plant? CHAPTER 15. SOIL: OUR LIFE 62

7. Match the following. Column B [(Session 15.3)] a. Made up of sand and silt Column A b. This layer is also called top soil c. Also called as regolith i. R Horizon d. It contains clay and mineral deposits e. The un–weathered rock layer ii. B Horizon iii. A Horizon iv. C horizon v. E horizon 8. Answer the following questions in one sentence. [Refer to Session 15.3 ] (xxiii) Which horizon is the topmost horizon? 9. Fill in the blanks. [Refer to Session 15.3 ] (xxiv) Decomposed organic matter is called . (xxv) Seeds germinate in horizon. (xxvi) Horizon is made of mostly sand and silt. (xxvii) Layer present between B and R horizon is horizon. CHAPTER 15. SOIL: OUR LIFE 63

(xxviii)The arrangement of the different layers of soil is called the . Short Answer Type Questions 10. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) [(Session 15.4)] Why is cotton, sugarcane and paddy grown in krishna district? 11. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) [(Session 15.3)] Which soil is the topmost soil? Long Answer Type Questions 64 CHAPTER 15. SOIL: OUR LIFE

12. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) [(Session 15.4)] What is soil erosion? How is soil conserved? 13. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) [(Session 15.1)] Write a short note on soil. CHAPTER 15. SOIL: OUR LIFE 65

14. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) [(Session 15.3)] Write a short note on eluviation and regolith layer. AS2-Asking questions and making hypothesis Short Answer Type Questions 15. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) [(Session 15.4)] Paddy cannot be grown in sandy soil, Do you agree? Give reasons. CHAPTER 15. SOIL: OUR LIFE 66

(ii) [(Session 15.4)] Raju wanted to know, why a farmer changes the crop every time periodically in their field. What questions should Raju ask to understand this? (iii) [(Session 15.4)] What is the relation between crops and soil? CHAPTER 15. SOIL: OUR LIFE 67

AS3-Experimentation and field investigation Long Answer Type Questions 16. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) [(Session 15.2)] Deduce an experiment to determine the moisture content of the soil. AS4-Information skills and projects Long Answer Type Questions 17. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) [(Session 15.4)] Collect information about different types of soil and fill the empty spaces in the table given below: CHAPTER 15. SOIL: OUR LIFE 68

Sl. Type of soil Properties No. AS5-Communication through drawing and model making 69 Long Answer Type Questions 18. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) [(Session 15.3)] Draw diagram showing different horizons of soil. CHAPTER 15. SOIL: OUR LIFE

AS6-Appreciation and aesthetic sense, Values 70 Long Answer Type Questions 19. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) [(Session 15.2)] Suggest some ways of conservation of soil. CHAPTER 15. SOIL: OUR LIFE

20. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) [(Session 15.3)] Express your feelings on what would happen if all the soil present on the earth get washed away by rain? CHAPTER 15. SOIL: OUR LIFE 71

AS7-Application to daily life, concern to bio diversity Long Answer Type Questions 21. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) [(Session 15.1)] List out the importance of different types of soil. CHAPTER 15. SOIL: OUR LIFE 72

Objective Questions AS1-Conceptual Understanding 22. Choose the correct answer. (i) is also called as regolith. (A) O Horizon (B) A Horizon (C)B Horizon (D)C Horizon (ii) In which zone of the soil does seed germination and root growth takes place? (A) O Horizon (B) A Horizon (C)E Horizon (D)R Horizon (iii) Leaching layer is called (A) O Horizon (B) A Horizon (C)B Horizon (D)E Horizon (iv) B Horizon is also called as (A) Top soil (B) Sub soil (C) Regolith (D) Bedrock (v) What is humus? (A) Decomposed organic matter (B) Decomposed inorganic matter (C)Organic matter (D)Inorganic matter (vi) Percolation means: (A) Water trickling down the tree from leaves to branches (B) Water passing down through the soil particles CHAPTER 15. SOIL: OUR LIFE 73

(C)Water passing down the rocks in hills (D) None (vii) A paddy crop grows best in a field that has soil with: (A) High percolation rate (B) Low percolation rate (C)Moderate percolation rate (D)No percolation (viii) What do you call the process when top soil is carried away by wind, air or water? (A) Soil degradation (B) Soil pollution (C)Soil erosion (D)Soil conservation (ix) Cotton grows well in: (A) Loamy soil (B) Clayey soil (C)Black soil (D) None (x) One method of soil conservation: (A) Crop rotation (B) Deforestation (C)Retention of soil moisture (D)All of the above CHAPTER 15. SOIL: OUR LIFE 74

SESSION 1 16. FOREST: OUR LIFE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Terminology i. Forest – A large area covered chiefly with trees and undergrowth. ii. Orchard – A piece of enclosed land planted with fruit trees. iii. Climbers – Climbers are the plants which climb up trees and other tall objects. 1.2 Key Concepts i. Forest: An area with a high density of trees. ii. Orchard: Land for growing fruit or nut trees. iii. Usually only one kind of tree is grown in an orchard. iv. Forest is the source of different things and materials that we use in our daily life. v. A forest is a good habitat for many plants and animals. vi. Only 19.3% of the geographical area of our country is covered by forests. SESSION 1. INTRODUCTION 75

SESSION 2 WHAT ARE FORESTS? 2.1 Mind Map 2.2 Terminology i. Medicinal plants – A medicinal plant is a plant that has similar properties as conven- tional pharmaceutical drugs that humans have used throughout history to either cure or lessen symptoms of an illness. ii. Carbon–dioxide – A colourless, odourless gas produced by burning carbon and or- ganic compounds and by respiration. iii. Soil erosion – Soil erosion is the washing or blowing away (by water or wind) of the top layer of soil. SESSION 2. WHAT ARE FORESTS? 76

iv. Shrubs – A woody plant which is smaller than a tree and has several main stems arising at or near the ground. v. Timber – Trees that are grown in order to produce wood. 2.3 Key Concepts i. A forest is a community of trees, shrubs and other plants. ii. Forests are renewable natural resources. iii. Forests help in: bringing rain; preventing soil erosion; keeping the surroundings cool; providing wood for building houses and to make furniture; giving the pulp necessary to make paper etc. iv. They are the homes of medicinal plants and also give us valuable products such as soapnuts, gums and resins. v. We get honey from forests. vi. Forests are the habitat of many wild animals such as tigers, elephants, cheetahs, foxes, wolves, bears, rabbits and many more animals. vii. Forests take up large amounts of carbon dioxide and some other harmful particles and gases and keep the air clean. They serve as lungs of our earth. viii. Forests decorate the world. ix. People living in forests depend on its products for their livelihood. 2.4 Conceptual Understanding Q1. How do we depend on forests? (TB–[Refer to TB page 156 Q3]/14) A. We depend on forests to gain several things: 1. Forests take up large amounts of carbon dioxide and other harmful particles and gases and keep the air clean. They serve as lungs of the earth. 2. Forests are renewable natural resources, which play an important role in the mainte- nance of ecological balance. 3. They are an important source of timber, fire wood, cane, resins, lac, oils, fruits, nuts, honey, fodder etc. 4. The forests also have wild strains of the cultivable crops and medicinal plants. 5. Forests help in controlling soil erosion. 6. They help in causing rain. 7. They keep the surroundings cool. 8. Forests are natural habitats of wild animals. SESSION 2. WHAT ARE FORESTS? 77

Q2. How can you say that forests are lungs of our earth? [Refer to TB page 156 Q4] A. i. Forest are called lungs of our earth. This is because plants in the forest release oxygen through the process of photosynthesis and help in providing oxygen to animals for respiration. ii. Plants consume carbon–dioxide released by the animals. In this way, plants help in maintaining a balance of oxygen and carbon–dioxide in the atmosphere. iii. By absorbing excess carbon–dioxide, the forest also minimise green house effect. iv. They keep the air clean. Q3. This is not a forest product: [Refer to TB page 156 Q7] (A) Soap nut (B) Plywood (C) Match stick (D) Kerosene A. (D) Kerosene 2.5 Communication Through Drawing and Model Making Q1. Collect the pictures of forest products and stick them in your scrapbook. [Refer to TB page 156 Q9] A. Students’ activity. 2.6 Application to Daily Life, Concern to Bio Diversity Q1. List the things that we use in our daily life which are made from wood. [Refer to TB page 156 Q5] A. The things that we use in our daily life which are made from wood are: i. House hold fittings such as doors, windows, cupboards, attics etc. ii. Furniture like chairs, tables, beds, dressing tables etc. iii. Trees are used to make lumber and ply wood sheets. iv. The chips and sawdust are made into wood pulp for paper and other products. v. The bark is used for landscaping, and to generate electricity for paper and lumber mills. SESSION 2. WHAT ARE FORESTS? 78

SESSION 3 DIVERSITY IN FORESTS 3.1 Terminology i. Deforestation – Deforestation is the clearing of trees, transforming a forest into cleared land. ii. Mining – Mining is the extraction of valuable minerals or other geological materials from the earth. iii. Forest fires – A forest fire is an uncontrolled fire occurring in nature. iv. Tribe – A tribe is a distinct people, dependent on their land for their livelihood, who are largely self–sufficient, and not integrated into the national society. 3.2 Key Concepts i. In forests we can see many different types of trees. ii. Excessive cutting down of trees causes deforestation. iii. Large parts of forests are cleared due to forest fires. iv. Mining industries led by multinational companies are a major threat to forests through- out the globe. v. Besides animals and plants, forests are home to people as well. vi. Many different types of trees are found in forests of Andhra Pradesh such as, teak, sal, neem, tamarind, amla etc. 3.3 Conceptual Understanding Q1. How can you say forest is a habitat for people? [Refer to TB page 156 Q1] A. i. Besides animals and trees, forests have been a home to people. ii. In various forest areas of Andhra Pradesh we find people still living there and earning their livelihood by selling forest products. iii. They usually live at places in the forest where water is available. SESSION 3. DIVERSITY IN FORESTS 79

iv. The Chenchu tribe that live in Nallamala forests in Kurnool and Prakasam Districts the Koya, Konda Reddy and Kondakapu tribes found in Manyam (forests in Kham- mam, Visakhapatnam and Srikakulam Districts) and Nayaks who take refuge in forests in Adilabad district are tribal people who still live in forests. Q2. What variations do we see in forest types? [Refer to TB page 156 Q2] A. Different types of forests are found in our country. They are (a) Deciduous forests (b) Evergreen forests (c) Thorny forests (d) Tidal forests and (e) Temperate Alpine forests. • Deciduous forests shed all of their leaves in winter. • Evergreen forests have very dense undergrowth. • Thorny forests are found in desert areas. • Tidal forests have mangrove trees which have breathing roots. • Alpines have a variety of species. Q3. Charita said, “Forest is a good habitat”. How can you support her? [Refer to TB page 156 Q13] A. • A forest is a community of trees, shrubs, herbs, and other plants and organisms. • They make a good habitat for wild life. • Forests keep the surroundings cool and several useful plants grow. • The wild animals live in their natural habitat and provide ecological balance. • Tribal people live a simple life in forests and earn their livelihood from it. • So Charita is justified in saying, “Forest is a good habitat”. 3.4 Application to Daily Life, Concern to Bio Diversity Q1. Write a note on livelihood of forest tribes of our state. [Refer to TB page 156 Q10] A. Livelihood of forest tribes of our state: SESSION 3. DIVERSITY IN FORESTS 80

• Most of the forest tribes of our state clear the forests and grow crops such as jowar, maize and millets. • Others collect honey, medicinal plants, soapnuts, tamarind, addaku etc. and sell them in weekly markets conducted in nearby villages and buy rice, salt and other condiments. • The women of forest tribes weave baskets with thin bamboo strips, make toys with the light wood available in forests and sell them. • Some of the men belonging to forest tribes come to towns and earn money by soothsaying. SESSION 3. DIVERSITY IN FORESTS 81

SESSION 4 CONSERVATION OF FORESTS 4.1 Mind Map 4.2 Terminology i. Conservation –The action of protecting something. ii. Plantation – A plantation is a large piece of land (or water) usually in a tropical or semitropical area where one crop is specifically planted for widespread commercial sale. SESSION 4. CONSERVATION OF FORESTS 82

iii. Bunds – Bunds are among the most common techniques used in agriculture to collect surface run–off, increase water infiltration and prevent soil erosion. iv. Deforestation – Deforestation is the removal of a forest or stand of trees where the land is thereafter converted to a non–forest use. 4.3 Key Concepts i. Conservation of forests is important to save our environment. ii. If we take due care of plants growing around us, we may not be adding a forest, but we would be adding greenery to our surroundings, which is essential for our existence. iii. Steps can be taken to conserve soil moisture by making bunds along the edges of plantation areas, digging trenches etc. iv. In the state of Andhra Pradesh efforts have been made by communities along with Government officials to grow trees in areas allotted near villages/towns as social forestry, that is, peoples’ own efforts to revive forests, which are well known as “Karthik Vanam”. 4.4 Conceptual Understanding Q1. What is deforestation? How can it be stopped? [Refer to TB page 156 Q6] A. i. Deforestation : Cutting down and clearing of trees in forests is called deforestation. ii. We can prevent deforestation by educating the people not to cut down trees for firewood or for building their houses and other purposes. iii. The government should distribute cultivable land free of cost to tribal people be- cause tribal people clear parts of forests to grow crops. iv. Social forestry will help overcome deforestation. v. Movements like “Chipko” should be adopted to prevent people of towns and cities who might clear forests for house sites or to convert forests into industrial areas. vi. “Vanamahotsavas” are to be celebrated and several saplings are to be planted in school gardens, barren lands etc. vii. Reforestation should be practised. SESSION 4. CONSERVATION OF FORESTS 83

Q2. We can see animals not only in the forests but also in the zoo. Write some similarities and differences between the conditions in which animals are found in the zoo and in the forests. [Refer to TB page 156 Q12] A. Similarities: 1. Except the ferocious animals such as tigers, lions etc, all other wild animals are left in the zoo to move freely as they do in a forest. 2. Generally a pack or flock of these wild animals is kept in a zoo as animals of the same species move together. 3. Mating of male and female animals is facilitated at the right season so as to develop the breed so that the species do not become extinct. Differences: 1. In the zoo the animals are fed sumptuously and are provided with drinking water without the need for them to search for water sources or food as they do in a forest. 2. The animals kept in a zoo are treated by vets of the department and medical help is given to diseased animals. 3. Quarantine is strictly adopted in case of an animal which is suffering from a conta- gious disease. 4. The animals are provided a small amount of area in the zoo to enable them to move which is less compared to a forest. 5.˙ Animals kept in a zoo are protected from hunters and poachers. 4.5 Information Skills and Projects Q1. Find out about the state of forests in India and write a brief report on it. [Refer to TB page 156 Q16] A. i. When India became independent, the percentage extent of India’s geographical area was covered up to 27% by forests. ii. Now it has been reduced to 19%. iii. Forests are being destroyed indiscriminately to convert them into cultivable lands and industrial centers. iv. The average rainfall in India is diminishing due to deforestation. v. Wildlife is at stake and some of the rare species are extinct now. SESSION 4. CONSERVATION OF FORESTS 84

Remedial measures: i. Reforestation should be taken up by forest department as well as by voluntary organizations. ii. ”Vanamahotsavas” are to be celebrated in every nook and corners of our state. iii. “Chipko” movement is to be adopted whenever people plan on cutting down trees. iv. “Clean and Green” should be our motto and we should plant saplings in waste lands. 4.6 Communication Through Drawing and Model Making Q1. Draw or collect pictures of forests. Discuss with your friends. Write about fate of forests in your state and what steps you would take to conserve them. [Refer to TB page 156 Q15] A. Students’ activity. 4.7 Appreciation and Aesthetic Sense, Values Q1. Collect some songs/ stories/ poems about conservation of trees. [Refer to TB page 156 Q11] A. Students’ activity. Sample Answer Our best friends are trees, As they give us shade for free In the shade we all can play flutes, And eat lots of yummy fruits. They give fodder for cattle, Enough for them, so they cannot battle. Birds rest on their boughs, And under the shades rest the cows. SESSION 4. CONSERVATION OF FORESTS 85

The fresh air goes to men, Very necessary gas, called oxygen. They give wood for woodcutter to sell, Andthe flower gives us a pleasant smell. But in spite of -of so many things given by trees,We still cut trees. Don’t cut trees! Save trees! Plant trees! 4.8 Application to Daily Life, Concern to Bio Diversity Q1. If you want to develop social forestry in your village which type of plants would you like to grow? Why? [Refer to TB page 156 Q8] A. If we want to develop social forestry in our village, we would like to grow the following plants. 1) Bamboo, 2) Karaka, 3) Rosewood, 4) Nallamadi, 5) Tamarind, 6) Usiri (gooseberry), 7) Jafra, 8) Eucalyptus 9) Babul 10) Subabul etc. i. To meet the growing demand for timber, fuel wood, fodder, etc., thereby reducing pressure on traditional forest areas. ii. To provide shade for the agricultural crops; as wind shelters; soil conservation or to use wasteland. iii. Improve the environment for protecting agriculture from adverse climatic factors. iv. Increase the supply of wood fuel for domestic use, small timber for rural housing, fodder for livestock, and minor forest produce for local industries. v. Increase the natural beauty of the landscape; create recreational forests for the benefit of rural and urban population, to raise the standard of living and quality of life of the rural and the urban people. Q2. Plant a tree on your birthday or during any celebration in the family. [Refer to TB page 156 Q17] A. Students’ activity. SESSION 4. CONSERVATION OF FORESTS 86

—— CCE Based Practice Questions —— AS1-Conceptual Understanding Very Short Answer Type Questions 1. State true or false. [Refer to Session 16.2 ] (i) Forests are replaced by plantations. [] (ii) 50% of geographical area of our country is covered by forests. [ ] (iii) If a single plant or tree is affected by a disease, the whole forest is destroyed. ] [ (iv) Forests take up large amount of carbon dioxide and harmful particles. ] [ (v) Forests control soil erosion. [] 2. Answer the following questions in one sentence. [Refer to Session 16.2 ] (vi) Why did forests vanish? (vii) What is lost when forests are cut down? CHAPTER 16. FOREST: OUR LIFE 87

(viii) What type of a resource are the forests? (ix) What serves as the lungs of our earth? (x) What do forests contain? Short Answer Type Questions 3. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) [(Session 16.3)] Why do people destroy forests? CHAPTER 16. FOREST: OUR LIFE 88

Long Answer Type Questions 4. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) [(Session 16.3)] Write a short note on Chenchus. 5. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) [(Session 16.2)] What are the advantages of forests? CHAPTER 16. FOREST: OUR LIFE 89

AS2-Asking questions and making hypothesis Short Answer Type Questions 6. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) [(Session 16.3)] Write possible consequences of what happens if people are forced to leave forests? AS3-Experimentation and field investigation Long Answer Type Questions 7. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) [(Session 16.3)] Your friend visited a forest. On the basis of your discussion over her forest visit, list the various products obtained from forests which are used in our daily life. CHAPTER 16. FOREST: OUR LIFE 90

AS4-Information skills and projects Long Answer Type Questions 8. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) [(Session 16.4)] Collect information about the different types of plants and animals found in your state. CHAPTER 16. FOREST: OUR LIFE 91

AS5-Communication through drawing and model making Long Answer Type Questions 9. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) [(Session 16.2)] Draw a picture of dense forests showing different trees and organ- isms. CHAPTER 16. FOREST: OUR LIFE 92

AS6-Appreciation and aesthetic sense, Values Long Answer Type Questions 10. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) [(Session 16.2)] Forests are important resources for animals. Appreciate its impor- tance? 11. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) [(Session 16.4)] Conservation of forests is important for mankind make a poster which will motivate your classmates. CHAPTER 16. FOREST: OUR LIFE 93

AS7-Application to daily life, concern to bio diversity Long Answer Type Questions 12. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) [(Session 16.2)] What is the role of forest during the process of respiration in animals? CHAPTER 16. FOREST: OUR LIFE 94

Objective Questions AS1-Conceptual Understanding 13. Choose the correct answer. (i) Animals found in the forests of Bhadradri Dist. are (A) elephants. (B) tigers and sloth bears. (C) pythons and deer. (D) panthers and deer. (ii) Adilabad district has (B) tigers and sloth bears. (A) elephants and tigers. (D) panthers and deer. (C) pythons and monkeys. (iii) Amla, Neem and Bamboo are found in the (A) Bhoopalpally dist. (B) Bhadradri dist. (C) Mahabubnagar dist. (D) Adilabad dist. (iv) Addaku trees are found in (B) Kurnool dist. (A) Adilabad dist. (D)Chittoor dist. (C)Mahboobnagar dist. (v) Forests of hot and humid areas are known as (A) Rainforests (B) Equatorial (C) Alpine (D)None of the above (vi) An area with a high density of trees: (A) Forest (B) Orchard (C) Garden (D) Lawn (vii) Land for growing fruit or nut trees . CHAPTER 16. FOREST: OUR LIFE 95

(A) Garden (B) Nursery (C) Orchard (D) Plantation (viii) of the geographical area of our country is covered by forests. (A) 20% (B) 15% (C) 19.3% (D) 21.2% (ix) Forests are called as of the earth. (A) Heart (B) Lungs (C) Eyes (D) None (x) Choose the incorrect statement: (A) Forests helps in preventing soil erosion (B) Forests serves as a habitat for wildlife (C)Forests helps in rainfall (D)Forests cause an increase in temperature (xi) Forests are natural resources. (A) exhaustible (B) renewable (C) non–renewable (D) none (xii) Wild animals enter villages near forests . (A) In search of food (B) In search of habitat (C)In search of water (D)All of the above (xiii) Cutting down of trees is called as (A) afforestation (B) conservation (C) deforestation (D) plantation CHAPTER 16. FOREST: OUR LIFE 96

(xiv) A large piece of land where one crop is specifically planted for widespread com- mercial sale: (A) Forest (B) Orchard (C) Plantation (D) Farm (xv) Name of the tribe living in the hills of Ananthagiri forest alongside the Srungavara- pukota: (A) Chenchu (B) Bunds (C) Koya (D) None CHAPTER 16. FOREST: OUR LIFE 97

17. CHANGES AROUND US SESSION 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Terminology i. Periodical changes – The changes which repeat after some period of time are known as periodical changes. ii. Periodical events – The events which repeat at regular intervals of time are called Periodical Events. 1.2 Key Concepts i. We notice several changes that occur around us. ii. Some of them are temporary, some of them are permanent. iii. Some of the changes take place very quickly and some slowly. iv. Some changes repeat after some period of time. Such changes are known as periodic changes. v. The events which repeat at regular intervals of time are called periodic events. SESSION 1. INTRODUCTION 98