Date Special occasion Why is it celebrated? 14th April Dr. B. R. Ambedkar was the first law minister of Ambedkar Jayanti independent India. 5th September Teacher’s Day S. Radhakrishnan was a President of India. He dreamed of excellent teachers in India. 2nd October Gandhi Jayanti M. K. Gandhi helped India become a free Children’s Day country. J. Nehru was the first Prime Minister of India. 14th November He believed children were very important for India. RELIGIOUS FESTIVALS Many festivals celebrate the harvest season. Crops are gathered from the fields at harvest time. Harvest festival Community Baisakhi people of Punjab Baisakhi people of Uttar Pradesh and many other states of India celebration people of Gujarat, Rajasthan and many other states of India Holi people of Kerala people of Tamil Nadu Navratri Onam Pongal The New Year’s days for different communities are also important festivals. Name of the festival Community Gudi Padwa people of Maharashtra What is History? 45 JSNR_BGM_1010022_Alpine-G3-FoundationMax-Social-FY_Text.pdf___51 / 72
Muharram Muslim community Ugadi people of Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Telangana Nowruz Parsi community Some festivals celebrate the end of a long religious period. Muslims fast during the month of Ramadan. Eid-ul-fitr celebrates the end of Ramadan. Christians during the period of Lent. At the end of Lent, Easter is celebrated. Events in the lives of gods and goddesses are also celebrated. For Hindus, Bonalu, Durga Puja and Ganesh Chaturthi celebrate gods’ visits to the Earth. Durga Puja and Dussehra are celebrated to mark the good winning over the evil. 25th December – Christmas – is an important celebration for Christians. It marks the birthday of Jesus Christ. These are very few Indian festivals. There are many, many more. Do you know of any other festivals of India? __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ Application You can belong to many communities at the same time. For example, you can be a Bengali Christian, a Bihari Muslim or a Sikh from Tamil Nadu. Many people move from one state to another. Your parents or grandparents might have been from a different state. You may feel like you belong to your old state as well as your new state. People who share the same interests form communities. They celebrate their own festivals. People who love reading can form one community. People who love football can form another community. Some people can belong to both these communities. 46 JSNR_BGM_1010022_Alpine-G3-FoundationMax-Social-FY_Text.pdf___52 / 72
Nowadays, people with similar interests even create communities on the internet. They share their ideas and experiences. Higher Order Thinking Skills (H.O.T.S.) Discuss the following with a partner. Make a booklet with their information and photographs. Use the following points: • language or languages he or she speaks • his or her family’s religion • state or region his or her ancestors belonged to • two hobbies • his or her favourite actor or actress Were there any similarities or differences between you and your classmate? Amazing Facts In a place called Lopburi in Thailand, there is a festival for monkeys. People leave fruits and treats on the road for monkeys to eat. Thousands of monkeys come into Lobpuri to eat these fruits. People believe these monkeys bring good luck. What is History? 47 JSNR_BGM_1010022_Alpine-G3-FoundationMax-Social-FY_Text.pdf___53 / 72
The Solar System I Will Learn 6.1 The Sun and the Planets Ⅴ What is the solar system? f How does the solar system fit into the universe? Why is the Earth a living planet? Ⅶ What is space exploration? H Solve riddles to identify heavenly bodies. 48 JSNR_BGM_1010022_Alpine-G3-FoundationMax-Social-FY_Text.pdf___54 / 72
Concept 6.1: The Sun and the Planets Think The children and Mrs. Irani are watching the night sky on their terrace. Mrs. Irani: Look at the bright stars tonight. All these stars are far off in space. Rashi: But what is ‘space’? Morad: Space is the place beyond the Earth, where all the stars and planets are. Meher: What is the difference between a star and a planet? Is the Earth a star or a planet? Q. What is the Earth? (A) a star (B) a planet Remembering Our solar system is made up of the Sun, eight planets and their satellites and other heavenly bodies. We live on a planet called the Earth. The Solar System 49 JSNR_BGM_1010022_Alpine-G3-FoundationMax-Social-FY_Text.pdf___55 / 72
planets A planet is a very big ball-shaped object found in space. Look at the picture and find the planets numbered as following: 1) Mercury 5) Jupiter 2) Venus 6) Saturn 3) Earth 7) Uranus 4) Mars 8) Neptune stars The planets continuously move around the Sun. The Sun is a star. A star is a burning, ball-shaped object in space. It shines with its own light. A star is very hot. We can feel the heat of the Sun on Earth. A star 50 JSNR_BGM_1010022_Alpine-G3-FoundationMax-Social-FY_Text.pdf___56 / 72
natural satellites A planet its natural satellite The Moon is a natural satellite of the Earth. A natural satellite is a ball-shaped object, which travels around a The Halley’s comet planet. Natural satellites do not have their own light. So, why does the Moon shine? Point a torch at a mirror. You will see a light. But this is not the mirror’s own light. The light from the torch is seen in the mirror. Natural satellites are like mirrors. They do not have their own light. They reflect the light of the Sun. Other heavenly bodies Natural objects like rocks in space are called asteroids and meteors. The rocks between Mars (4) and Jupiter (5) make up the Asteroid Belt. A comet is a small, burning object that passes through the solar system again and again. It burns in such a way that a tail forms behind it. A famous comet is the Halley’s Comet. It takes about 75 years to travel around the solar system and passes the Earth. It was last seen in 1986. It will pass close to the Earth again in 2061. Understanding OUR UNIVERSE You are a part of your class; your class is a part of your school and your school is a part of your city. Similarly, the Sun, the Earth and neighbouring planets are parts of larger groups of heavenly bodies. A collection of many planetary systems and clouds of gas and dust is called a galaxy. There are uncountable galaxies. The name of our galaxy is the Milky Way. All these galaxies are a part of the universe. The Solar System 51 JSNR_BGM_1010022_Alpine-G3-FoundationMax-Social-FY_Text.pdf___57 / 72
OUR LIVING WORLD The Earth is the only planet where living things are found. What makes it possible for living things to be on the Earth? The planets nearest to the Sun are very hot. Mercury is the hottest planet. As we go farther and farther away from the Sun, the planets become cooler. Neptune is the coldest planet in our solar system. Since the Earth is the third planet from the Sun, it receives the right amount of light and heat. There is also plenty of water on Earth. Water, air and heat are needed for living things to grow. This is why the Earth is called the ‘living planet’. Application For hundreds of years, people have wanted Yuri Gagarin Rakesh Sharma to explore space. Long ago, people could only look at the sky and try to study it. The first person to travel into space was Yuri Gagarin in 1961. Rakesh Sharma was the first Indian to travel to space. The Moon is the only heavenly body that people have travelled to. Machines sent into space help us learn about our neighbouring planets and heavenly bodies. For example, Mangalyaan was sent to study Mars in 2013 by India. It takes photographs of Mars and the space around it. Mangalyaan is famous as it was successful on the first try. Mangalyaan Space exploration is expensive and dangerous. So, all missions have to be very well-planned. 52 JSNR_BGM_1010022_Alpine-G3-FoundationMax-Social-FY_Text.pdf___58 / 72
Higher Order Thinking Skills (H.O.T.S.) 1) Solve these riddles: a) I am a ball-shaped natural object found in space. I shine with my own light. Who am I? Ans. ____________________________________________________________________________ b) I am called a shooting star. But, I am just a rock in space. Who am I? Ans. ____________________________________________________________________________ Amazing Facts The Earth has one moon. Did you know that Jupiter has at least 53 moons? Some scientists say that Jupiter has 67 moons! The Solar System 53 JSNR_BGM_1010022_Alpine-G3-FoundationMax-Social-FY_Text.pdf___59 / 72
Things We Make and Do I Will Learn 7.1 Our Occupations Ⅴ What is an ‘occupation’? f What are the different kinds of occupations? Ⅶ How are occupations changing? H Occupations which are not common anymore. JSNR_BGM_1010022_Alpine-G3-FoundationMax-Social-FY_Text.pdf___60 / 72
Concept 7.1: Our Occupations Think Rashi was not well. Her mother took her to the doctor. The doctor asked her to take medicines and eat green leafy vegetables. Now, they are on their way to buy medicines and vegetables. Rashi: Ma! Will I get better after I have the medicines? Mrs. Jain: Yes, Rashi. You will be fine. Rashi: But I don’t like medicines. They taste bitter. Mrs. Jain: You have to eat them, dear. Now let’s hurry up. Q. Who sells medicines that the doctor asks us to have? (A) teacher (B) chemist (C) police (D) greengrocer Mrs. Jain: Come, now we also need to go to the greengrocer. The doctor said you need to eat green leafy vegetables to become strong. Remembering Greengrocers, doctors, chemists are occupations people have. ‘Occupation’ means the job or work people do to earn money. They spend this money on buying things and paying bills. People choose occupations according to: • their interests • what they learn • their skills For example, some people are interested in sports and fitness. They may become sportspersons or join the police or army. Things We Make and Do 55 JSNR_BGM_1010022_Alpine-G3-FoundationMax-Social-FY_Text.pdf___61 / 72
When people work, they either do some action or make something. Example: a teacher does the work of teaching. A potter’s work is to make pots. Doctor Sweeper Teacher Policeman Greengrocer Driver Here are some occupations where people do some actions: Farmer Factory worker Miner Potter Fisherman Construction worker Here are some occupations where people make things: 56 JSNR_BGM_1010022_Alpine-G3-FoundationMax-Social-FY_Text.pdf___62 / 72
Understanding People Who Do People Who Make Their actions are the main part of their They help us by creating or making occupation. things. Example: sweepers sweep the streets Example: farmers grow crops we eat. to keep them clean. We can only see the actions they do. We can see, touch and feel the things they make. We can see the work they do every They may take days, weeks or even day. months to make things. Example: we can see a teacher Example: farmers take about 100 days teaching every day to grow onions. Examples: Examples: • teachers • farmers • doctors • potters • sweepers • factory workers • police • miners • nurses • carpenters SOME MORE OCCUPATIONS Monitors in your classroom make sure that everybody follows the rules. The police are the monitors of our country. The police must: • keep our neighbourhoods safe. • make sure that people follow rules. • catch people who try to harm others. When someone does something wrong, we can complain to the police. To do this, we must go to a police post or a police station. The police will help us record what happened. They will write down the complaint. Things We Make and Do 57 JSNR_BGM_1010022_Alpine-G3-FoundationMax-Social-FY_Text.pdf___63 / 72
Sweepers Sweepers keep our streets clean. They mostly work during the early mornings. This is when there is less traffic on the road. Sweepers work every day. They work in all kinds of weather. They work very hard. We can be respectful by throwing waste in dustbins wherever we are. Farmers Farmers grow different crops. Many farmers also rear cows, hens and goats. These animals provide us with many useful products. Factory workers Factory workers work in factories. They make different Food products we get things like cars, utensils, shoes, televisions and so on. They from animals learn how to use different types of tools and machines. Some other occupations Postal workers, nurses, painters, electricians, carpenters, mechanics and plumbers are some other occupations. Can you name some more? Remember: All occupations are important. We should A factory worker respect people of every occupation. Application CHANGES IN OCCUPATIONS OVER TIME New inventions: When new machines are invented, people who can make these machines work are required. This means that new occupations are created. Example: After the camera was invented, people started working A person as camerapersons and photographers. operating a camera 58 JSNR_BGM_1010022_Alpine-G3-FoundationMax-Social-FY_Text.pdf___64 / 72
How machines are effective: Sometimes, machines can do things quicker than humans and without mistakes. So, sometimes, a machine does the work instead of people. This means people have to leave that occupation. Example: Robots are now used to make cars. So, the people Robots making cars in with occupations related to making cars had to change a car-manufacturing their jobs. factory Changes in society: Sometimes, people change the way they live. Such changes result in new occupations. A babysitter Example: Earlier, women used to remain at home and look after children. Now, women have started working. Therefore, many people are working as babysitters. Easier way of doing things: Sometimes, the occupation remains the same. However, it is done differently. Note-counting Example: Earlier, cashiers working in banks used to count notes machine themselves. Now, banks have note-counting machines which cashiers use. Higher Order Thinking Skills (H.O.T.S.) 1) These days, some occupations are rarely practised. One such occupation is of ‘water seller’ or ‘bhisti’. Find out about occupations that are no longer as common, with the help of adults. Amazing Facts The first iron and steel factory in India was established in Jamshedpur by Jamshedji Tata in 1907. Today, it is one of the largest steel-making factories in the world. Things We Make and Do 59 JSNR_BGM_1010022_Alpine-G3-FoundationMax-Social-FY_Text.pdf___65 / 72
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