9789386663344 MAPLE G04 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 1

Application Let us now see a few real-life examples involving multiplication of 3-digit numbers. Example 9: There are 345 students in each class. Pooja’s 3 4 5 × school has 12 such classes. How many 0 0 students are there in her school? 0 1 3 4 5 1 2 S olution: Number of students in each class = 345 0 0 6 8 0 Number of such classes in Pooja’s school = 12 4 1 11 4 0 Total number of students = 345 × 12 = 4140 Therefore, there are 4140 students in Pooja’s school. Example 10: 42 people were sitting in a row of a stadium to enjoy a cricket match. How Solution: many people would be there in all if there were 35 such rows? Number of people sitting in one row = 42 42 × Number of rows = 35 10 3 1 26 5 Total number of people in 35 rows = 42 × 35 = 1470 2 1 40 0 Therefore, there are 1470 people in the stadium. Train My B7 rain 0 Higher Order Thinking Skills (H.O.T.S.) We know how to multiply numbers using lattice algorithm. Let us see if we can analyse and solve the following. Example 11: Find the missing numbers. 2 3? × 23___ × 4___= 9954 0 1 n2 8 4 08 2 0 0 1 94 6 ? 4 954 Multiplication 51 NR_BGM_9789386663344 MAPLE G04 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 1_Text.pdf 101 1/7/2019 2:44:56 PM

Solution: We can see that the box in the top right corner has the number 28. It is the product of 4 and ?. That is, 4 × ? = 28 4 × 7 = 28 So, 7 is the first unknown number. Similarly, the box in the bottom left corner has 04. It is the product of 2 and?. That is, 2 × ? = 04 2 × 2 = 04 So, the second unknown number is 2. So, the required numbers are 7 and 2 so that 237 × 42 = 9954. Concept 5.3: Mental Maths Techniques: Multiplication Think Jasleen’s rose garden has rose plants planted in 7 rows. There are 8 plants in each row. Jasleen wanted to find out the total number of rose plants in her garden. How can she find that mentally? Recall To learn how to complete multiplication facts by adding partial products mentally, we must memorise tables from 1 to 5 and 10. For example, we know that 6 × 5 = 30. As 6 = 4 + 2, we have (4 + 2) × 5 = (4 × 5) + (2 × 5) = 20 + 10 = 30. & Remembering and Understanding While multiplying two numbers mentally, we split the larger number into two parts. Let us now understand how to complete multiplication facts by adding the products mentally. Example 12: Find the answer by adding the products. 8×9 52 1/7/2019 2:44:56 PM NR_BGM_9789386663344 MAPLE G04 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 1_Text.pdf 102

Solution: Steps Solved Solve this , 8×9 7×6 Step 1: Check by how much is the larger number more than 5. The larger number is 9, The larger number is and from 5, we count 6, 7, 8 and 9. So, 9 is 4 more and from 5, we count than 5. and . So, is more than 5. Step 2: Write the number as the 5 + 4 = 9 + = sum of 5 and the other number. Step 3: Multiply the numbers of 5 × 8 = 40 and 5× = the sum by the smaller number. 4 × 8 = 32 and Use memorised tables of 1 to 5 and 10 to solve mentally. × = Step 4: Add both the products 40 + 32 = 72 + = . from step 3 to get the final Therefore, 8 × 9 = 72. Therefore, 7 × 6 = answer. Example 13: Find the answer by adding the products: 14 × 6 Solution: Steps Solved Solve this 14 × 6 12 × 8 Step 1: Check by how much is The larger number is 14, The larger number is ____, the larger number more than 10. and from 10, we count and from 10 we count 11, 12, 13 and 14. So, 14 is and . So is 4 more than 10. more than 10. Step 2: Write the larger number 10 + 4 = 14 + = as the sum of 10 and the other number. Multiplication 53 NR_BGM_9789386663344 MAPLE G04 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 1_Text.pdf 103 1/7/2019 2:44:56 PM

Steps Solved Solve this 14 × 6 12 × 8 Step 3: Multiply the sum in the previous step by the smaller 10 × 6 = 60 and 10 × = number given, using memorised 4 × 6 = 24 and = tables of 1 to 5 and 10. × Step 4: Add both the products 60 + 24 = 84 + = . from step 3 mentally to get the Therefore, 14 × 6 = 84. Therefore, 12 × 8 = final answer. Application We have learnt some easy ways of completing multiplication facts by adding the products mentally. Let us now see some examples where we apply this concept. Example 14: Rohit works for 8 hours in a day. He works 6 days in a week. For how many hours does he work in a week? Solution: Number of hours Rohit works in a day = 8 Number of days he works in a week = 6 Total number of hours Rohit works in a week = 8 × 6 The larger number is 8, and it is 3 more than 5. As 8 = 5 + 3, 8 × 6 = (5 × 6) + (3 × 6) = 30 +18 = 48. Therefore, Rohit works for 48 hours in a week. Example 15: Jaya’s father bought 7 boxes of mangoes, with 12 mangoes in each box. How many mangoes did Jaya’s father buy in all? Solution: Number of boxes of mangoes Jaya's father bought = 7 Number of mangoes in each box = 12 Total number of mangoes = 12 × 7 The larger number is 12, and it is 2 more than 10. 54 1/7/2019 2:44:56 PM NR_BGM_9789386663344 MAPLE G04 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 1_Text.pdf 104

So, 12 = 10 + 2. Hence, 12 × 7 = (10 × 7) + (2 × 7) = 70 + 14 = 84. Therefore, Jaya’s father bought 84 mangoes in all. Higher Order Thinking Skills (H.O.T.S.) Let us now see some more examples where we multiply larger numbers mentally. Example 16: Find the answer by adding the products: 17 × 7 Solution: Steps Solved Solve this , 17 × 7 19 × 9 Step 1: Check by how much is the larger number more The larger number is 17, The larger number is than 10. and from 10 we count 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16 and from 10 we count and 17. So, 17 is 7 more than10. ,,,, , , , , and . So, is more than 10. Step 2: Take the number Number from step 1 is 7, Number from step 1 is , from step 1 and check by and from 5, we count 6 how much it is more than 5. and 7. and from 5, we count ,, and . So, is more So, 7 is 2 more than 5. than 5. Step 3: Write the three 10 + 5 + 2 = 17 + + = numbers whose sum is the larger number. 10 × 7 = 70 10 × = 5 × 7 = 35 5× = Step 4: Multiply each 2 × 7 = 14 = number of the sum in × the previous step by the smaller given number. Use memorised tables of 1 to 5 and 10 to solve mentally. Multiplication 55 NR_BGM_9789386663344 MAPLE G04 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 1_Text.pdf 105 1/7/2019 2:44:56 PM

Steps Solved Solve this 17 × 7 19 × 9 Step 5: Add all the three products from step 4 to get 70 + 35 + 14 = 119 + + = the final answer. Therefore, 17 × 7 = 119. Therefore, 19 × 9 =. Drill Time Concept 5.1: Multiply 3-digit and 4-digit Numbers 1) Multiply a 3-digit number by a 3-digit number. a) 247 × 567 b) 509 × 121 c) 892 × 469 d) 731 × 691 2) Multiply a 4-digit number by a 1-digit number. a) 6741 × 4 b) 3456 × 8 c) 9258 × 9 d) 5555 × 5 3) Word problems a) P ranav makes 253 cotton bags in a day. How many bags will he be able to make in the year 2017? [Hint: 2017 is not a leap year] b) Tanya bought sweaters as Christmas gifts for her 7 cousins. If one sweater costs ` 2734, then how much money in all did she spend for the gifts? Concept 5.2: Multiply Using Lattice Algorithm 4) Multiply a 2-digit number by a 2-digit number. a) 24 × 32 b) 56 × 15 c) 13 × 39 d) 67 × 51 5) Multiply a 3-digit number by a 2-digit number. a) 158 × 17 b) 451 × 39 c) 651 × 67 d) 721 × 41 6) Word problems a) A movie theatre sold 127 tickets for a movie. Cost of one ticket was ` 85. How much money did the theatre owner earn from that movie? b) There are 47 students in Class 3. Answer sheets were given to each student for Maths exam. If one answer sheet has 15 pages, then how many total sheets of paper were used for the exam? 56 1/7/2019 2:44:56 PM NR_BGM_9789386663344 MAPLE G04 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 1_Text.pdf 106

Concept 5.3: Mental Maths Techniques: Multiplication 7) Multiply the following: a) 9 × 7 b) 9 × 6 c) 11 × 7 d) 14 × 6 e) 13 × 8 8) Word problems a) There are 14 players in a football team. If 8 teams are participating in the district level football tournament, then how many pairs of boots are needed for them? b) Megha eats 8 chappatis daily. How many chappatis does she eat in a week? Multiplication 57 NR_BGM_9789386663344 MAPLE G04 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 1_Text.pdf 107 1/7/2019 2:44:56 PM

Chapter Time 6 Let Us Learn About • reading and writing time. • the 12-hour and the 24-hour clock formats. • converting 12-hour clock to 24-hour clock format and vice versa. • the terms ‘duration’, ‘end time’ and ‘start time’. • problems involving estimation of time. Concept 6.1: Duration of Events Think Jasleen was going to school. When she started from home, the time shown by the clock was . Jasleen was easily able to read it as 8 o’clock. When she reached the school, the time shown by the school clock was Jasleen’s found it difficult to read the time from the clock. Can you tell what time it is? Recall There are 24 hours in a day. In a clock, the hour hand shows hours and completes one turn in 12 hours. 58 1/7/2019 2:44:56 PM NR_BGM_9789386663344 MAPLE G04 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 1_Text.pdf 108

The minute hand shows minutes and takes one turn in one hour. We have learnt to read time to the nearest hour and minutes when the minute hand is on any one of the numbers on the clock. Let us recall the concept by writing the time for the clocks shown below: Read the time shown by the clocks given: a) b) c) d) & Remembering and Understanding Observe this clock. The long hand is called the minute hand. The short hand is called the hour hand. It has numbers from 1 to 12 on its face. Between 12 and 1, there are four lines. Between 1 and 2, there are four lines. They divide the space between two consecutive numbers into five equal parts. Each division between these consecutive numbers indicates a minute. Thus, these sixty divisions together make 60 minutes or 1 hour. Example 1: Let us read the time shown by these clocks. One is done for you. a) b) c) Time 59 NR_BGM_9789386663344 MAPLE G04 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 1_Text.pdf 109 1/7/2019 2:44:56 PM

a) The hour hand has b) T he hour hand has c) T he hour hand has crossed 10. crossed ____________. crossed ____________. The minute hand is on the The minute hand is on the The minute hand is on the third division after 2. So, the minutes is (2 × 5 + 3) = __________. ___________. 13 minutes. So, the minutes is ________. So, the minutes is ________. Therefore, the time shown is 10:13. The time is ________. The time is ________. We have learnt to read and write time in the 12-hour clock format. Now, let us learn to read time in the 24-hour clock format. In 12-hour clock format: • The hour hand of the clock goes around the clock face (dial) twice in 24 hours. • To identify morning or evening, we write a.m. or p.m. along with the time. In 24-hour clock format: • The time is expressed as a 4-digit number (hhmm) followed by ‘h’ to denote hours. 12-hour clock time 24-hour clock time Read as 4:20 a.m. 0420 h Four twenty hours 11:40 a.m. 1140 h Eleven forty hours 5:30 p.m. 1730 h Seventeen thirty hours 7:35 p.m. 1935 h Nineteen thirty-five hours • Here, the first two digits from the left tell us the hours and the next two digits tell us the minutes. • We do not write a.m. or p.m. • 12 o’clock at midnight is written as 0000 h. • 12 o’clock in the afternoon is written as 1200 h. The time before noon is written in the 12-hour format but without a.m. For example, 5:30 a.m. is written as 0530 hours. • The time post noon is written by adding 12 to the number of hours. • When the number of hours is more than 12, then the time indicates post noon. For example, 1730 h, 1815 h, 2210 h and so on. • When the hour hand is at 12 and the minutes are more than 00, the time is past noon and we write p.m. along with the number. For example, 1220 h = 12:20 p.m. (Here, we do not subtract 12 from hours.) 60 NR_BGM_9789386663344 MAPLE G04 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 1_Text.pdf 110 1/7/2019 2:44:57 PM

To convert the time in 24-hour clock to12-hour clock format, we subtract 12 from the number of hours and write p.m. after the difference. To convert time from 12-hour clock into 24-hour clock for the time after 12 noon, we add 12 to the number of hours and omit writing p.m. Do you know? • Railways/Airlines/Armed forces use the 24-hour clock to record time. • The 24-hour clock is used in digital watches. Example 2: Convert the given time to 12-hour clock format. a) 1320 h b) 0550 h c) 0915 h d) 2105 h e) 1800 h f) 1945 h g) 2355 h h) 0030 h Solution: The 12-hour clock format are given below. a) (13 – 12):20 = 1:20 p.m. b) 5:50 a.m. c) 9:15 a.m. d) (21 – 12): 05 = 9:05 p.m. e) (18 – 12):00 = 6 p.m. f) (19 – 12): 45 = 7:45 p.m. g) (23 – 12):55 = 11:55 p.m. h) (00 + 12):30 = 12:30 a.m. We have learnt how to read and show time, exact to minutes and hours. Let us now consider an example that involves finding the length of time between two given times. Example 3: The clocks given show the start time and end time of a Maths class in a school. How long was the Maths class? Solution: The start time is 9:00 and the end time is 9:45. So, the time between is the length of the Maths class = 9:45 – 9:00 = 45 minutes Time 61 NR_BGM_9789386663344 MAPLE G04 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 1_Text.pdf 111 1/7/2019 2:44:57 PM

The time between two given times is called the length of time or time duration or time interval. It is given by the difference of end time and start time. Application Let us see a real-life example involving duration of time. Example 4: Neha went to the airport to see off her uncle. There she saw the departure time for Flight 142 to Hyderabad as 1102 h. What was the time of departure of the flight in the 12-hour clock time? Solution: Time of departure of the flight = 1102 h 1102 h is in hhmm form. Since 11 < 12, the given time is a.m. Therefore, the given time in 12-hour clock is 11: 02 a.m. Higher Order Thinking Skills (H.O.T.S.) Let us now see a few more real-life examples involving the duration of time. Example 5: Anil took a flight from Delhi at 10:10 p.m. and reached Hyderabad in 2 hours 5 minutes. At what time did the flight reach Hyderabad? Solution: Start time of the flight = 10:10 p.m. Duration of travel = 2 hours 5 minutes End time = Start time + Duration = 10:10 p.m. + 2 hours 5 minutes = 12:15 a.m. (After 12 midnight, time is taken as a.m.) Therefore, Anil’s flight reached Hyderabad at 12:15 a.m. Example 6: A movie began at 5:35 p.m. Lucky switched on the TV at 6:23 p.m. For how much time did Lucky miss the movie? Solution: Start time of the movie = 5:35 p.m. Time at which Lucky switched on the TV = 6:23 p.m. 5:35 pm to 6 p.m. = 25 minutes 6 pm to 6:23 p.m. = 23 minutes 62 1/7/2019 2:44:57 PM NR_BGM_9789386663344 MAPLE G04 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 1_Text.pdf 112

The time for which Lucky missed the movie = (25 + 23) = 48 minutes Therefore, Lucky missed the movie for 48 min. Example 7: When Shruti was having her breakfast, the clock showed 7:45. Express the time in the 12-hour and 24-hour clock formats? Solution: The time when Shruti was having her breakfast = 7:45 This time in the 12 hour clock time is 7:45 a.m. In the 24-hour clock time, it is 0745 h. Concept 6.2: Estimate Time Think Jasleen’s father was trying to book flight tickets from Mangalore to Dubai. He asked Jasleen to see the flight timings. He wanted her to find the time it would take for him to reach Dubai. Do you know how to find that? Recall The time from midnight 12 to midday 12 is 12 hours. The time from midday 12 to midnight 12 is 12 hours. Observe this timeline. 12 12 Mid Mid night night 12 hours Mid 12 hours Morning day Afternoon / Evening The time after midnight is written with a.m. after it. The time after midday is written with p.m. after it. So, 4 o’clock in the morning is 4 a.m., and 4 o’clock in the evening is 4 p.m. We can show the time in the morning or evening on a clock face. We know how to find the length of the time between two given times. Time 63 NR_BGM_9789386663344 MAPLE G04 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 1_Text.pdf 113 1/7/2019 2:44:57 PM

Now, let us compare the different units of time. • A minute is a shorter period of time than an hour. • An hour is shorter than a day. A day is shorter than a week. • A week is shorter than a month. • A month is shorter than a year. Express the following in a.m. or p.m. a) 3:30 in the morning b) 11:45 before noon c) 12:15 at midnight d) 5 in the evening & Remembering and Understanding We have learnt how to find the duration of time with the help of start time and end time. Duration = End time – Start time End time = Start time + Duration Start time = End time – Duration Let us understand this through a few examples. Example 8: If an event starts at 1:15 p.m. and it takes 2 hours to get over, then by what time will the event end? Solution: The start time of the event = 1:15 p.m. Duration of the event = 2 hours End time of the event = Start Time + Duration = 1:15 p.m. + 2 hours = 3:15 p.m. Therefore, the end time of the event is 3:15 p.m. Example 9: If a dance class ends at 9:20 a.m. and has taken 1 hour 15 minutes to complete, when did it begin? Solution: The end time of the dance class = 9:20 a.m. Duration of the class = 1 hour 15 minutes Start time of the class = End Time – Duration = 9:20 a.m. – 1 hour 15 minutes = 8:05 a.m. Therefore, the dance class began at 8:05 a.m. 64 NR_BGM_9789386663344 MAPLE G04 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 1_Text.pdf 114 1/7/2019 2:44:57 PM

Example 10: Ravi’s swimming class is for a duration of 1 h 50 min. If the class begins at 10:15 a.m., at what time does it end? Solution: Duration of Ravi’s swimming class = 1 h 15 min The start time of the class = 10:15 a.m. The end time of the class = 10:15 a.m. + 1 h 15 min = (10 + 1) h + (15 + 15) min = 11 h 30 min Therefore, Ravi’s swimming class ends at 11:30 a.m. Example 11: On the Sports day of a school, the indoor games competition begins at 11:40 a.m. If the competition goes on for 2 hours, at what time will it end? Solution: Start time of indoor games competition = 11:40 a.m. Duration of competition = 2 hours End time = Start time + Duration = 11:40 a.m. + 2 h = 1:40 p.m. Example 12: Our school’s annual day begins at 5:30 p.m. and would end after 5 h 12 min. At what time will it end? Express the end time in the 24-hour clock format. Solution: Start time of our annual day = 5:30 p.m. Duration of the celebration = 5 h 12 min End time = Start time + Duration = 5:30 p.m. + 5 h 12 min = 10:42 p.m. Therefore, the annual day ended at 10:42 p.m. In 24-hour clock time, it is (10 + 12) 42 h = 2242 h. Application Let us see a few real-life examples involving the estimation of time. Example 13: Radha participated in a drawing competition which was scheduled for one hour starting at 9 a.m. If Radha completes her drawing 15 minutes before the end time, at what time does she complete her drawing? Time 65 NR_BGM_9789386663344 MAPLE G04 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 1_Text.pdf 115 1/7/2019 2:44:57 PM

Solution: Drawing competition was for 1 hour, starting at 9 a.m. So, the competition was scheduled to end at 10 a.m. Radha completed her drawing 15 minutes before the end time. That is, she took (60 – 15) minutes that is 45 minutes for the drawing. 45 minutes from 9 a.m. is 9:45 a.m. Therefore, the time at which Radha completed her drawing was 9:45 a.m. Example 14: Leela goes for the music class at 4:48 p.m. and comes back at 6:45 p.m. How much time does she spend in the class? Solution: Start time of Leela’s music class is 4:48 p.m. End time of Leela’s music class is 6:45 p.m. 4:48 p.m. _1_2__m__in__u_te__s_ 5 p.m. ___1_h_o__u_r__ 6 p.m. 4__5_m__in__u_t_e_s 6:45 p.m. Time spent by Leela in the class = 1 hour + 45 minutes + 12 minutes = 1 hour 57 minutes Therefore, Leela spent 1 hour 57 minutes in the class. Higher Order Thinking Skills (H.O.T.S.) Let us consider another example that involves estimating time. Example 15: On 12th February, Raju saw the calendar and circled 21st March as his father’s birthday. He wanted to buy a gift for his father. How many days are left for him to buy the gift? Solution: Since it is not mentioned as a leap year, we assume the number of days in February to be 28. Days in February = 28 – 11 = 17 Days in March = 21 Total number of days = 17 + 21 = 38 Therefore, there are 38 days from 12th February to 21st March for Raju to buy a gift for his father. 66 1/7/2019 2:44:57 PM NR_BGM_9789386663344 MAPLE G04 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 1_Text.pdf 116

Drill Time Concept 6.1: Duration of Events 1) Find the duration of time (in 24-hour clock) from the given start time and end time. a) Start Time = 12:00 and End Time = 02:15 b) Start Time = 15:00 and End Time = 19:00 c) Start Time = 3:15 and End Time = 7:20 d) Start Time = 7:20 and End Time = 10:41 e) Start Time = 5:56 and End Time = 7:57 2) Read the times on the clocks and write them in the 12-hour and 24-hour formats. a) b) Evening Afternoon c) d) Morning Afternoon Time 67 NR_BGM_9789386663344 MAPLE G04 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 1_Text.pdf 117 1/7/2019 2:44:57 PM

e) f) Evening Night 3) Word problems a) K arthik started his running race at 8:20 a.m. and finished it at 8:45 a.m. For how long did he run? b) Shirish was eating his dinner when it was 10:36 in the clock. What is the time in 12-hour and 24-hour clock formats? Concept 6.2: Estimate Time 4) Word problems a) If Sohail’s magic show begins at 5:56 p.m. and lasts for 2 hours, at what time does his show end? b) Sunny’s karate class lasted for 4 hours. If it ended at 8:20 p.m., when did it begin? 68 1/7/2019 2:44:57 PM NR_BGM_9789386663344 MAPLE G04 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 1_Text.pdf 118

EVS−I (Science) Textbook Features Let Us Learn About Think Contains the list of learning objectives to Introduces the concept/subtopic and be achieved in the lesson arouses curiosity among students Understanding Remembering Explains the aspects in detail that form Introduces new concepts to build on the basis of the concept the prerequisite knowledge/skills required Includes elements to ensure that students to understand and apply the objective are engaged throughout of the topic Application Amazing Facts Connects the concept to real-life Fascinating facts and trivia related to situations by enabling students to apply the concept what has been learnt through the practice questions Higher Order Thinking Skills (H.O.T.S.) Encourages students to extend the concept learnt to advanced application scenarios Inside the Lab Provides for hands-on experience with creating, designing and implementing something innovative and useful NR_BGM_9789386663344 MAPLE G04 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 1_Text.pdf 119 1/7/2019 2:44:57 PM

EVS−I (Science) Contents Class 4 1 Growing up with Family������������������������������������������������������������������������������������1 2 Digestive System������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������5 3 Excretory System�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������8 4 Diseases������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������11 5 Keeping Our Neighbourhood Clean�������������������������������������������������������������16 Inside the Lab – A��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������20 Activity A1: Digestive System Activity A2: Disease Prevention Charades 6 Water Storage and Quality�����������������������������������������������������������������������������22 7 Importance of Soil��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������28 8 Roots and Flowers��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������31 NR_BGM_9789386663344 MAPLE G04 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 1_Text.pdf 120 1/7/2019 2:44:57 PM

Lesson Growing up with Family 1 Let Us Learn About R y oung ones of animals and human babies. u taking care of babies. a adopting babies and animals into the family. h the roles of family members in caring for a baby. Think A stray dog in Reena’s neighbourhood gave birth to seven puppies. Reena and all her friends liked the cute puppies. Each of them decided to take a puppy home and take care of it. Have you or your friends ever done this? Remembering Do you like to play with kittens, chicks or puppies? They are the young ones of different animals. Where do you think they come from? Some animals lay eggs, and the young ones hatch out of them. The hen, fish, frog, snake and lizard are a few animals that lay eggs. Have you ever seen a bird coming out of its egg? NR_BGM_9789386663344 MAPLE G04 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 1_Text.pdf 121 1 1/7/2019 2:44:57 PM

a hen and its eggs a chick coming out of an egg a snake and its eggs Some animals give birth to their babies. It means that the babies come out from their mothers’ bodies. Animals like the cat, cow, dog, horse, elephant and lion give birth to babies. Humans also give birth to babies. a dog with puppies a lion with a cub a mother with a baby A human baby grows inside its mother’s body for nine months before being born. Puppies and kittens grow inside their mothers’ bodies for about two months. Calves grow inside mother cows for about nine months. Understanding Young ones of animals mostly depend on their mother for food. Animals that lay eggs collect food and feed their babies. Have you ever seen how a baby bird is fed by its mother? Animals that give birth to young ones feed the babies on their milk. You might have seen calves, kittens or puppies drinking milk from their mothers’ body. a cow feeding its calf a bird feeding its young ones a cat feeding its kittens 2 NR_BGM_9789386663344 MAPLE G04 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 1_Text.pdf 122 1/7/2019 2:44:57 PM

Like other baby animals, a human baby also depends on its parents taking care mother for food and protection. When a baby is born, the of a baby mother and father take care of their baby with the help of other family members. Babies need a lot of time and care an older brother spending time from their parents. Your parents have taken care of you since with a younger sibling you were a baby. Do you have a younger sibling? Do you like to spend some time with him or her? How do you take care of your sibling? Sometimes, if a mother spends more time with a baby to take care of it, an older child may feel left out. Do you know your mother and father were also born as small babies? Their parents too took care of them. Maybe, they went to school when they were small. They also had homework to do. They may have played with their friends and learnt new things. Their parents even scolded them for being naughty and doing something wrong! They may have fought with their siblings and cried. Ask your parents what they did when they were kids. babies grow up to become adults Application Sometimes, the young ones of animals lose their mother. Have you seen small puppies left alone without a mother to look after them? Sometimes some other animals may look after those young ones. Also, some people may bring them home and keep them as their pets. animals taking care of the young ones of other animals 3 Growing up with Family 1/7/2019 2:44:58 PM NR_BGM_9789386663344 MAPLE G04 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 1_Text.pdf 123

Similarly, some children also may lose their parents. The children who have lost both their parents are called orphans. Some parents may take up the responsibility of such babies or children. Some families bring home a child of other parents as their own child. They make them part of their own family. This is called adoption. The parents who adopt them are called adoptive parents. They love and take care of their new child as their own. After adoption, the adopted child lives with his or her new parents in his or her new home. Suppose you have adopted a puppy. What will you do to take care of it? How can you make sure that the puppy is well taken care of? Do you have any friends or relatives who have adopted young ones of any animals? Amazing Facts Did you know that the young ones of the cuckoo are taken care of by other birds? Cuckoos always lay their eggs in the nests of other birds. So, their young ones are fed and brought up by those birds. a bird feeding a cuckoo chick Higher Order Thinking Skills (H.O.T.S.) You have learnt about adoptive parents. Sometimes, people take up the responsibility of a child without adopting them. They are called foster parents. A foster parent may take up the responsibility of many children who were not born to them. Growing up with the care of parents and family is important for children. A child needs the care of all family members. Who takes care of you at home? Which family member spends more time with you? Generally, mothers spend more time to look after their babies. What are the things a father can do for a baby? Find out. 4 1/7/2019 2:44:58 PM NR_BGM_9789386663344 MAPLE G04 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 1_Text.pdf 124

Lesson Digestive System 2 Let Us Learn About R digestion and the digestive system. u the process of digestion. a the importance of the digestive system. h hunger and famine. Think Your mother tells you to chew your food before swallowing it. Do you know why? chewing food Remembering We do a lot of work throughout the day. We need energy to work. activities we do From where do we get this energy? This energy comes from the food we eat. Food contains proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals. Our body cannot absorb them directly. So, they are broken down into smaller parts. The process of breaking down food into smaller parts that can be absorbed into the bloodstream is called digestion. The organ system in our body that helps in breaking down the food is called the digestive system. When the food is broken down, we get energy to do many things. NR_BGM_9789386663344 MAPLE G04 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 1_Text.pdf 125 5 1/7/2019 2:44:58 PM

Look at the picture of the digestive system. The different parts of the digestive system are: Mouth: We put food in our mouth. Food pipe: It is a long tube Digestion starts here with the help that connects the mouth of the teeth and tongue. with the stomach. Liver: It is the largest and Stomach: It is a stretchy bag- heaviest organ in the like organ. When the stomach body. It is reddish brown. is empty, it is about the size of a tennis ball. After a big meal, Small intestine: It is a long, it expands almost the narrow tube. It is twenty- size of a football. two feet long. Large intestine: The large Anus: It is the opening intestine is also like a tube. It is at the end of the five feet long. It is called the digestive system. large intestine because it is wider than the small intestine. the human digestive system What happens to the food after we eat it? Let us find out. Understanding Digestion starts in the mouth. We chew the food with our teeth. We have different types of teeth to chew the food and break it into pieces. The sharp teeth in the front help us to bite and cut the food into smaller pieces. The back teeth are flat and help to grind the food into a paste. Saliva mixes with the food. Saliva is produced inside our mouth. It mixes digestion starts in mouth with the food and makes the food soft and wet. Teeth can now easily break down this wet food into smaller pieces. The tongue helps in mixing the food with the saliva. It also pushes the chewed food towards the food pipe. The food pipe moves the food from the back of our throat to our stomach. Stomach walls make squeezing and relaxing movements. These movements help to mix the food with the stomach juices. The stomach juices help to break down the food. From the stomach, the food goes into the small intestine. The liver produces bile juice. It helps in the digestion of food. stomach movement In the small intestine, the bile juice mixes with the food and breaks it down further. The walls of the small intestine absorb all the useful parts of the food. 6 NR_BGM_9789386663344 MAPLE G04 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 1_Text.pdf 126 1/7/2019 2:44:58 PM

Digestion of food gets completed in the small intestine. The remaining undigested material is pushed to the large intestine. When the food passes through the large intestine, water and some minerals get absorbed by the walls of the large intestine. Then it pushes the remaining waste matter into the anus. Anus pushes the undigested food waste out of the body. Application We get energy from the food we eat. So it is important to: • eat healthy food • take care of different organs of the digestive system What will happen if we do not eat food? If we do not eat food, the body will not get the nutrients and energy it needs to work. So, we will feel tired quickly. If we do not eat for very long periods of time, our body will become thin and weak. Due to the lack of nutrients, we may also become sick. What will happen, if our digestive system does not work? The food we eat will not get broken down. We will have indigestion. Indigestion may cause stomach pain, vomiting and so on. It is essential to take care of our mouth. It helps in digestion and tasting food. So, for a healthy digestive system, we must keep our mouth, tongue and teeth clean. Amazing Facts Do you know that the mouth produces about 1.7 litres of saliva every day? This amount is almost the same as that of a big bottle of Coca-Cola. Salivary glands in our mouth produce saliva. Higher Order Thinking Skills (H.O.T.S.) Why do we feel hungry after every few hours? Our body needs constant energy and nutrient supply to work. Once the food we eat gets digested and the nutrients are absorbed, we feel hungry. Hunger is the weakness caused by lack of food accompanied by a feeling to eat. It makes us tired. Have you ever felt hungry and did not get anything to eat for some time? Many people in the world do not get enough food to eat. They remain hungry. Imagine how difficult their life must be! Sometimes, in some places, there will be a widespread shortage of food. This shortage of food is called famine. During a famine, many people may die due to lack of food. Digestive System 7 NR_BGM_9789386663344 MAPLE G04 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 1_Text.pdf 127 1/7/2019 2:44:58 PM

Lesson Excretory System 3 Let Us Learn About R excretion and the excretory system. U the process of excretion. A the importance of the excretory system. H kidney stones. Think We drink a lot of water throughout the day. There is some water in the food we eat too. What happens to all this water we take in? Remembering We have learnt earlier that our body gets the energy to work from the food we eat and the liquids we drink. The blood in our body absorbs the useful parts from the food and liquids that we take in. The unused food and water become waste. Leftovers from food in the body form solid waste. Leftovers from water and other liquids we drink form liquid waste. Various processes taking place inside our body also produce waste. Removal of waste from the body is called excretion. We get rid of the waste from the air that we have taken in by breathing it out. We get rid of solid waste by pooping and liquid waste by peeing and sweating. 8 1/7/2019 2:44:58 PM NR_BGM_9789386663344 MAPLE G04 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 1_Text.pdf 128

We have learnt that the digestive system gets rid of most of the solid wastes from our body. The organ system which removes the liquid waste from our body is called the excretory system. Look at the diagram of the excretory system. It includes the following organs: 1) A pair of kidneys: They are two bean-shaped structures located near our stomach, one on each side of our backbone. They are about the size of our kidney fist. 2) A pair of ureters: They are pipe-like structures. One ureter ureter is attached to each kidney. bladder 3) Urinary bladder: It is a bag-like structure that expands as it fills with urine. It is balloon-shaped when filled. 4) Urethra: It is a pipe-like structure at the end of the bladder. urethra It opens outside the body. the human excretory system Understanding Now let us learn how different excretory organs help in excretion. As the blood travels throughout the body, it collects more and more waste. The kidneys work like a filter. When the blood enters the kidneys, they filter the blood which passes through them. It takes about 45 minutes for the kidney to purify (clean) all the blood in our body. Kidneys work throughout the day. Kidneys send all the waste to the bladder through the ureters in the form of urine (commonly known as pee). The urinary bladder stores this urine. When the bladder is almost half full, we feel like peeing. During peeing (urinating), the urine from the bladder is thrown out through the urethra. In this way, liquid waste is removed from the blood and thrown out of our body as urine. Organs like the skin and lungs are also involved in throwing out wastes. Let us see how this happens. 1) Excretion through the skin: Skin is the largest excretory organ in our body. The liquid waste from our body is thrown out in the form of sweat. It is made up of extra water and salts from our body. Sweat cools our body. sweating Excretory System 9 NR_BGM_9789386663344 MAPLE G04 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 1_Text.pdf 129 1/7/2019 2:44:58 PM

2) Excretion through lungs: We breathe in and out with the help of breathing our lungs. During breathing, the lungs absorb the oxygen from the air we breathe. At the same time, carbon dioxide is thrown out of the body from the lungs as a waste. Application The excretory system removes waste from the body. If it does not work properly, the liquid wastes collect inside the body. This may lead to swelling of the body, especially on the legs, hands and face. If our kidneys don’t work properly, the colour and smell of the urine may change. We may feel tired, or we may start vomiting. How do we take care of the excretory organs? Have you heard of any fruit or vegetable that helps to keep our kidneys healthy? Find out more about such food items which can improve the working of our excretory system. Our skin and lungs also perform excretion. We should take care of them too. We should bathe regularly to take care of our skin. We should keep it clean using soap and water. We must do breathing exercises to keep the lungs healthy. We must protect our lungs from dust and smoke by wearing a mask when we go outside. Amazing Facts Most humans pee about 3000 times in a year. On an average, we take 21 seconds to pee. That is about 18 hours a year! Higher Order Thinking Skills (H.O.T.S.) Have you heard about kidney stones? They are the solid pieces of salt or minerals formed inside the kidneys. They vary in size. When they are small in size, like a grain of salt or sugar, they do not cause any problem. They come out of the body along with the urine. But when they are of the size of a pea, they block the ureter. This causes pain. How do kidney stones develop in kidneys? Kidney stones are formed due to excess salts and minerals in the urine. This may happen if we do not drink enough water. So, we should drink plenty of water to avoid the formation of kidney stones. kidney stones 10 1/7/2019 2:44:58 PM NR_BGM_9789386663344 MAPLE G04 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 1_Text.pdf 130

Lesson Diseases 4 Let Us Learn About R diseases and prevention. u types of diseases. a the prevention of various types of diseases. h epidemics. Think Vinay’s father woke up one morning with his nose red. His eyes were swollen. The doctor gave him medicines. He became healthy in a week. What do you think had happened to Vinay’s father? Remembering A disease is an unhealthy thing happening to the body or mind. There are many diseases that affect humans. For example, common cold, chickenpox, malaria, asthma, diabetes and many more. When we are unwell, our body shows some external signs that something is wrong. The signs could be a headache, stomach pain, runny nose, fever, cough, shivering and vomiting. These signs are called symptoms. They help the doctor identify why we have ill health. This method of identifying a disease from its signs and symptoms is called a diagnosis. The best way to protect our body from diseases is to keep disease-causing germs away from our body. This is called the prevention of disease. 11 NR_BGM_9789386663344 MAPLE G04 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 1_Text.pdf 131 1/7/2019 2:44:58 PM

Understanding Some diseases can spread from one person to another. Some diseases do not spread from one person to another. Let us learn about them. DISEASES that spread DISEASES that do not spread Some diseases spread from one person Some diseases are not caused by germs. to another. These are caused by disease- These diseases do not spread from one causing germs. Germs are very tiny. They live person to another. Let us discuss some of the all around us; in the air, water, food and so causes of such diseases: on. They are not visible to the human eye. Most of the germs are not harmful, but some 1 The body needs nutrients like vitamins, cause diseases. Germs attack our body minerals and proteins. If the body does when it is weak. not get all these through the food we Germs spread in different ways. They can eat, we become ill. spread through touch, food, water and air. Based on the way they spread, diseases are Vitamins are of different types such as of different types: A, B, C, D, E and K. 1 Diseases that spread through the air Important minerals needed for our body are called airborne diseases. Germs are calcium, iron, phosphorus and so on. from unhealthy people spread through the air when they cough or sneeze. Disease caused Due to lack of When other people breathe in the same air, these germs may enter their night blindness vitamin A body through the mouth or nose. They can cause diseases such as common scurvy vitamin C cold, chickenpox and measles. beriberi, pellagra vitamin B 2 Diseases that spread through water are called waterborne diseases. Example: anaemia iron typhoid, dysentery and cholera goitre iodine 3 Some diseases spread through touch. Germs from diseased people may 2 Sometimes, our internal organ systems stick to things they touch and to do not work properly due to different clothes they wear. Touching those reasons. This can cause diseases. things, then touching your eyes, nose, Example: liver disease and heart failure mouth, or a cut on the body may allow germs to enter the body. 3 H armful substances in food, water and air can also cause diseases. 4 S ome diseases are spread by insects Example: allergies such as mosquitoes and houseflies. Example: malaria, dengue and 4 E xtreme hot or cold weather can also chikungunya cause some diseases or allergies. Example: heatstroke and frostbites 5 S ome diseases are passed on to children from their parents at the time of birth. Example: haemophilia 12 1/7/2019 2:44:58 PM NR_BGM_9789386663344 MAPLE G04 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 1_Text.pdf 132

Application Every time you come back from the playground, your mother asks you to wash your hands and legs. Why is this so important? There is a famous saying: “Prevention is better than washing hands with soap cure.” The best way to protect our body from diseases is to prevent the disease-causing germs from entering our body. The easiest way to do that is to keep our hands and legs clean by washing them with soap. Let us now learn some more ways to protect ourselves from diseases: PREVENTION OF DISEASES that spread There are different ways of preventing the diseases that spread from one person to another. 1) Prevention of airborne diseases • Use a handkerchief while sneezing or coughing. • Wear a mask in crowded places. • Do not spit here and there. • K eep the doors and windows of the house open during mornings and evenings. This allows sunlight to come into the house. Sunlight can kill disease-causing germs. • V accinations are preventive medicines. They protect us from wearing masks many airborne diseases. Example: tuberculosis and measles 2) Prevention of diseases that spread through touch • W ash both hands with soap and water before and after eating. This will prevent diseases spread through touch. • Wash both hands and legs with soap and water after using the toilet. This will prevent diseases spread through touch. water purifier polio vaccination Diseases 13 NR_BGM_9789386663344 MAPLE G04 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 1_Text.pdf 133 1/7/2019 2:44:58 PM

3) Prevention of waterborne diseases • A void having sherbet, cold water, ice, ice cream and so on from the roadside shops. • W e must drink clean water. Boiling water for 15–20 minutes kills most germs and makes it safe for drinking. These days we use water purifiers for purifying water. • Vaccination protects us from waterborne diseases. Example: polio, typhoid and hepatitis vaccines 4) Prevention of diseases spread by insects • M osquitoes spread many harmful diseases like malaria, dengue and so on. Wearing full-sleeved clothes and full pants may prevent mosquito bites. Applying a mosquito repellent cream or lotion when you go out to play is important. Sleeping under a mosquito net is also a way to prevent mosquito bites. Mosquitoes lay eggs in stagnant water. We must ensure that there is no stagnant water in and around our neighbourhood. • Houseflies cause diseases like typhoid and cholera. They carry germs from dirty places, dustbins and so on. They lay eggs in mosquito net moist, dark and dirty areas. So, we should keep our houses and surroundings clean and moisture free. Also, we should keep food items in closed vessels to prevent flies sitting on them. Have you seen a housefly rubbing its legs? Find out why it does so. PREVENTION OF DISEASES that do not spread healthy food To avoid diseases that do not spread, we should eat a balanced diet with all the nutrients in the required amounts. We should try to avoid eating junk food. We should eat freshly prepared food, milk and fruits. We should also exercise and play outdoor games. People who live in cities should wear special masks when they go outdoors to protect themselves from the dust and smoke in the air. Most importantly, we should stay relaxed and happy. Being worried about anything or being angry makes our body weak, which can make us sick easily. 14 1/7/2019 2:44:58 PM NR_BGM_9789386663344 MAPLE G04 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 1_Text.pdf 134

In spite of taking all the care, if we suffer from any disease, we should go to the doctor. The doctor diagnoses the disease and gives medicines to treat it. exercising a doctor checking a patient Amazing Facts We have a system inside our body which protects us against disease-causing germs. When germs enter our body, this system attacks and kill those germs. It is like an army of soldiers that protects us from our enemies! Higher Order Thinking Skills (H.O.T.S.) So far we have discussed the diseases that affect few people at a time. Sometimes, some diseases affect a lot of people at the same time. They spread very quickly and are very difficult to control. These diseases cause great loss of human life. Such diseases are called epidemics. Examples of epidemics are smallpox, plague, yellow fever, malaria, SARS, Ebola, Zika virus epidemics and so on. Did you know that a lot of people die worldwide due to malaria? Find out the symptoms of this disease. With the help of your teachers and parents, put up charts in your school and neighbourhood about the practices needed to prevent malaria. Diseases 15 NR_BGM_9789386663344 MAPLE G04 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 1_Text.pdf 135 1/7/2019 2:44:58 PM

Lesson Keeping Our Neighbourhood 5 Clean Let Us Learn About R the different types of wastes. U disposal of waste. A the 3Rs – reduce, reuse and recycle. H compost. Think On the way to her aunt’s place, Reena saw four garbage bins near a bus station. They were of different colours. She wondered why they were of different colours. Why were there four bins instead of one? Remembering Every day, we throw away the things which we don’t need anymore. Things that are no longer useful to us are called waste. What are the unwanted things you throw away at school? Waste at school may include paper, chalk pieces, pencil shavings and so on. It may also include leftover food, fruit peelings, chocolate wrappers and plastic covers. In the same way, waste is generated at different places. Wastes are of three types. 1 Solid wastes: They may be either wet or dry. Wet waste wet waste dry waste consists of kitchen waste such as vegetable and fruit peels and pieces, tea leaves, bones, fish scales, as well as cooked food. Dry waste consists of waste such as paper, plastic, metal, glass, rubber and so on. 16 1/7/2019 2:44:58 PM NR_BGM_9789386663344 MAPLE G04 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 1_Text.pdf 136

Some solid wastes rot when buried under the soil. This decay of waste happens with the help of air, water and tiny organisms. The waste becomes part of the soil. Example: cow dung, dry leaves, leftover food Some solid wastes do not decay when buried in the waste that decays waste that does soil. Example: plastic bottles and bags, glass pieces in the soil not decay in the soil 2 Liquid waste: Waste in the liquid 3 Gaseous waste: Waste in the form of gas form is known as liquid waste. is called gaseous waste. Example: smoke Example: wastewater from from vehicles and factories and many other houses and factories human activities liquid waste from households gaseous waste from factories, vehicles and firecrackers The waste generated in different places may differ. Waste from cities mainly includes paper, plastic bottles, glass pieces, kitchen waste and so on. Waste from villages mostly includes the waste from fields and farms. It can be in the form of animal waste such as cow dung, stalks of the harvested crops, dry leaves and so on. Understanding What happens if we litter our surroundings with garbage? Some waste will decay, and some will stink. Flies and worms will breed on the garbage. This may cause diseases to spread. Dry waste like broken pieces of glasses or nails can cause injury during handling. Waste materials are harmful and they also make our surrounding dirty. So, waste has to be disposed of carefully. The process of bins for waste disposal getting rid of the waste is called waste disposal. We must follow the following steps for easy waste disposal. 1) Sorting of waste material: We must sort waste into wet and dry waste. We must also sort waste based on their ability to decay in the soil. 2) Disposing of waste in different bins: We should dispose the sorted waste materials in separate bins. Bins of different colours and labels should be used. Do you know what happens to the waste after you sort it and dispose of in different coloured bins? Keeping Our Neighbourhood Clean 17 NR_BGM_9789386663344 MAPLE G04 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 1_Text.pdf 137 1/7/2019 2:44:58 PM

In some cities and villages, waste materials are collected from different places using garbage trucks. Trucks carry these waste materials to dumping yards. Some waste is burnt in big, oven- like machines. Some waste is buried in the soil, while other waste materials are reused to make some useful products. oven-like machine to burn waste materials In places where there is no garbage disposal system, people throw the waste in open fields. They may burn their household waste in their backyard. This makes the surroundings dirty unhygienic and polluted. Application Heaps of waste are collected every day in cities and villages. Getting rid of all this waste has become a difficult task. Burning waste and plastics causes air pollution. Burying plastic and other harmful waste in the soil will make the soil unfit for living things. This may also pollute the underground water. So, what can we do to manage our waste? Reduce, Reuse, Recycle (R3 or 3R's) The 3Rs is a method to manage waste correctly. Let us understand what the three R's mean. 1) Reduce: We should reduce or limit the use of things such as plastic bags that are harmful to the environment. 2) Reuse: We should reuse things as much as possible before replacing them. For example, we can donate some old clothes, toys or other items that are in good condition. The needy people can reuse them. 3) Recycle: Have you seen a person who collects old newspapers, bottles and boxes? What happens to this waste? We can make new useful things from such wastes. This is called recycling of the wastes. For example, old newspapers collected from houses are made into paper pulp. New items like paper cups and dishes are made from the pulp. Have you seen this sign anywhere? We use it to label materials which can be recycled. Sometimes a fourth R is added to the three basic ones, generally standing for either rethink or recover. Rethink means we should think of the impact of things we use, on the environment. Recover means we should practise creating new things from waste. We have seen how to manage the waste from the household. But we also recycle need to manage the waste from our body. 18 NR_BGM_9789386663344 MAPLE G04 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 1_Text.pdf 138 1/7/2019 2:44:58 PM

Some people defecate in the open. Do you think this is a good habit? What harm can it cause? Amazing Facts Paper is made from the wood of trees. If we recycle 1000 kg of paper, we can save around 17 trees from getting cut. Higher Order Thinking Skills (H.O.T.S.) We have seen that some wastes decay in the soil. Leaves and food form compost after few months of decaying. This compost provides nutrients for the plants and helps them grow. Let us learn how to form compost. 1) Dig a small pit in the backyard. A large-sized pot can also be used instead of a pit. 2) Put wet waste like fruit peels, vegetable waste, dry leaves and leftover food inside the pit. Chop larger pieces into small ones for easy decay. In villages, animal waste like cow dung is also added to compost pits. 3) Cover the waste with a layer of soil. 4) Spray some water to keep it wet. adding kitchen waste to compost pit 5) Keep adding layers of waste and soil for a month or so. 6) The lower layers will get changed into a black coloured compost. This compost is rich in nutrients that help in plant growth. It can be used in farms, fields or gardens to grow plants. compost Keeping Our Neighbourhood Clean 19 NR_BGM_9789386663344 MAPLE G04 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 1_Text.pdf 139 1/7/2019 2:44:58 PM

Inside the Lab - A Inside the Lab – A Make sure you do these activities only with the help of a teacher or an adult. Activity A1: Digestive System You will need: cardboard, brown paper, tubing or piping of six different sizes (refer to the picture), markers, stickers, adhesive materials (glue or tape), empty soft drink can, a plastic bottle (as shown in the picture), empty tetra pack juice carton, empty toothpaste tube You need to: liver mouth food pipe 1) paste the brown paper on the cardboard using glue or tape. 2) cut off the bottom half of the toothpaste tube. 3) stick the toothpaste tube (as mouth), the stomach plastic bottle (as liver), soft drink can (as the stomach) and juice tetra pack carton on the cardboard using glue or tape, as shown in the picture. 4) use rubber pipes of different sizes for the tubular organs such as the food pipe and large small intestine intestines. Also, cut one small piece of intestine rubber pipe to represent the anus. Once cut out, arrange them in proper order and position. Now, stick these pipes to the board using glue or tape. anus 5) label the organs in the digestive system using markers and stickers: mouth, food pipe, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver and anus. 20 1/7/2019 2:44:58 PM NR_BGM_9789386663344 MAPLE G04 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 1_Text.pdf 140

Activity A2: Disease Prevention Charades You will need: chart paper, marker, paper box, mark sheet to mark the scores and a pair of scissors. You need to: 1) divide the class into two teams – team A and team B. 2) let both the teams make disease prevention cards. 3) cut out small cards from the chart paper. 4) write various methods of prevention to keep us away from diseases. 5) put the cards inside the paper box and shuffle. 6) ask one student from team B to pick a card. The child should then act out the method of prevention mentioned in the card without using any words. For enacting one card, give a time limit of 2 minutes. 7) ask the other students from team B to guess what method of prevention is being enacted. 8) ask team A to check the time taken and write the scores on the mark sheet. 9) reverse the role. Now, team A will enact and team B will record the time. Inside the Lab – A 21 NR_BGM_9789386663344 MAPLE G04 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 1_Text.pdf 141 1/7/2019 2:44:58 PM

Lesson Water Storage and Quality 6 Let Us Learn About R water storage – now and then. U water purification methods. A water pollution. H the effects of water pollution. Think Amit’s class teacher told the students that the class would be visiting the nearby dam the next day. She also said that the entire city got its drinking water from the dam’s reservoir. From where does the dam get the water in its reservoir? a dam and its reservoir Remembering We have learnt that rain is the main source of water. But, the rainy season in India lasts for three to four months. And we need water throughout the year. So, we need to store it for later use. How do we do that? Let us learn about the storage of water in detail. OLD WATER STORAGE SYSTEMS Several methods were used to store water in the earlier times. 22 1/7/2019 2:44:58 PM NR_BGM_9789386663344 MAPLE G04 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 1_Text.pdf 142

1) Wells: People dug wells to store stepwell draw well groundwater (rainwater which seeps into the ground). The wells were of different types. Where the wells were shallow, people could draw water with a pot held in hand. Some were deep and needed steps or a bucket with a rope to draw water. Wells are both the source of water and the storage system. 2) Water tanks in the forts: Water tanks were dug to store water. 3) River bunds: Bunds were built across water tank in a fort bund across a river the rivers to store river water. NEW WATER STORAGE SYSTEMS 1) Dams: Dams are the most important water storage systems used in recent times, as well as in the days gone by. Dams are walls or barriers built across the Bhakra Nangal dam Nagarjunasagar dam rivers. These barriers create a large artificial lake. The lake stores huge quantities of water. The large artificial lake formed by a dam is called a reservoir. India has many large dams like the Bhakra Nangal, Nagarjunasagar, Sardar Sarovar and so on. 2) Borewells: Borewells are dug to draw out groundwater using pumps. They are deeper and narrower than the wells. 3) Water tanks: A water tank is a container for storing water. It is made of bricks, plastic or metal. water tanks 23 Water Storage and Quality NR_BGM_9789386663344 MAPLE G04 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 1_Text.pdf 143 1/7/2019 2:44:58 PM

The water stored in some of these storage systems may not be clean enough to use for drinking or bathing directly. The water we use for drinking must be clean and safe. It should be free of dirt and germs. It should be free of any smell. Water that is safe to drink or to use for food preparation, without the risk of health problems is known as potable water. Understanding Even though rainwater is pure, while coming from the clouds to the Earth it gets dirty. Dust from the air gets mixed in the rainwater. While flowing over the ground, mud and other unhealthy things also get mixed with it. So, the water from different storages might contain dirt, soil and germs. How do we get clean drinking water? The water from different storages is purified. Water purification means removing all unwanted and unhealthy substances from the water to make it clean and safe for our use. The water from different water sources is taken to water purification centres through huge pipes. Water is purified there. This water is stored in big water tanks at a height or under the ground. Then, from these tanks, water is supplied to every household. water tank source of water water purification centre houses 1/7/2019 2:44:58 PM water supply to homes after purification 24 NR_BGM_9789386663344 MAPLE G04 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 1_Text.pdf 144

This is the way to purify water in large amounts. How can we remove the impurities from water at home? Let us see different ways to purify water in small quantities. 1) When we keep muddy water to stand for some time, the mud and sand get settled at the bottom. Once the sand and mud settle at the bottom, we can pour the clear water into another vessel. This water is not fit for drinking. water sand and mud sand and mud clear water separating clean water from sand and mud 2) When we slowly pass water through a sieve or mesh called a filter, the sand and mud get stuck in the sieve. The water is still not safe for drinking. A thin cloth, clay, layers of sand, gravel and charcoal are some types of filters. different types of filters The above two ways remove the impurities from water. But they do not make the water fit for drinking. Even filters cannot remove the tiny impurities. Some methods to make water fit for drinking are: 1) Boiling water for 10 –15 minutes kills harmful germs in the water. It is the safest method of purification. Water Storage and Quality 25 NR_BGM_9789386663344 MAPLE G04 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 1_Text.pdf 145 1/7/2019 2:44:58 PM

2) For a larger quantity of water, boiling is not possible. So a chemical alum called chlorine is added to the water to kill the germs. It is used to prevent the spread of waterborne diseases such as cholera, dysentery and typhoid. A chemical called alum is also used to purify water. Swirling some alum in water for some time and then filtering the water makes the water pure. Water purifiers we use today, can filter as well as purify the water and make it fit for drinking. Application You have learnt that the water in water bodies contains impurities. Do the water bodies contain only mud and sand? What are the other things which may get mixed with the water in the water bodies? Water bodies may become dirty because of the addition of the wastewater from households, factories and so on. This wastewater may contain many harmful substances. The addition of harmful substances to the water is called water pollution. The main causes of water pollution are as follows: water from a factory let out in the river 1) Waste from the factories is let out in the nearby rivers and lakes, causing pollution of water. 2) A lot of chemicals are used to grow plants on the farms. Some of them are used to increase the plant growth. Some are used to kill harmful insects. All these chemicals mix with the soil and then get into the underground water. This causes pollution of underground water. 3) In villages and small towns, domestic practices also pollute chemical sprayed in a farm water bodies. For example, washing clothes, cleaning utensils and bathing animals in the water bodies. This leaves the water body polluted with soap, dirt and waste. 4) Open defecation also bathing animals in a river contaminates our water sources. washing clothes in the river 26 NR_BGM_9789386663344 MAPLE G04 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 1_Text.pdf 146 1/7/2019 2:44:58 PM

W e learnt about water pollution and its several causes. Can you list out some of the remedies to prevent the sources of water from getting polluted? Amazing Facts The concept of building dams is as old as early human civilization. The Kallanai Dam, also known as the Grand Anicut, is the fourth oldest dam in the world. It still serves the people of Tamil Nadu, India. The dam was built by King Karikala Chola. Kallanai dam in Tamil Nadu Higher Order Thinking Skills (H.O.T.S.) Using polluted water can have several harmful effects. They are as follows: 1) Waterborne diseases like cholera, dysentery and typhoid are caused by harmful germs present in the water. 2) Poisonous chemicals in water may cause damage to our internal organs. 3) Poisonous chemicals in water may also lead to the death of water (aquatic) plants and animals. 4) Soaps, detergents and some chemicals used in farms to grow plants can increase the growth of aquatic plants. These plants spread very fast and cover the water surface. The water does not get enough oxygen leading to the death of fishes and other water animals. dead fish floating in polluted water a fish that is dead due to the water covered with plants growth of algae Water Storage and Quality 27 NR_BGM_9789386663344 MAPLE G04 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 1_Text.pdf 147 1/7/2019 2:44:58 PM

Lesson Importance of Soil 7 Let Us Learn About R soil and the living things within the soil. u the importance of soil. a taking care of soil. h the difference between soil and sand. Think Salim was planting a flowering plant in his garden. He found some earthworms in the garden soil. He was afraid that they would harm his plant. What do you think? Are they harmful or helpful? Remembering The soil is loose material that lies on top of the land. It has rocks, minerals, water and air. Soil also has living things and dead things in it. Living and dead things are called organic matter. When the plant and animal matter in the soil rot (decay), a dark layer of humus is formed on the soil. Humus makes the soil nutrient rich. The soil is important for life on the Earth. Soil holds water and nutrients. So, it is the right place for plants to grow. Soil supports the roots and enables plants to stand above the ground to get light from the Sun. soil 28 NR_BGM_9789386663344 MAPLE G04 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 1_Text.pdf 148 1/7/2019 2:44:58 PM

This helps the plants to grow as they get water, nutrients and light. Soil rich in minerals and nutrients is called fertile soil. It helps in the growth of plants. Many animals dig into the soil and make the soil their home. • Large animals such as rabbits use the soil to make dens for sleeping and giving birth to young ones. • S mall animals like ants and earthworms live den earthworms most of their lives in the soil. Earthworms are important for improving the soil. This is because the holes they make allow air into the soil. The holes also let water go through. • Microorganisms like the fungi and bacteria also live in the soil. microorganisms in soil They eat the dead plants and animals. This broken down material becomes food for plants (nutrients). Understanding Soil plays an important role in supporting life on the Earth. There are many uses of soil. Let us discuss a few. 1)  Agriculture: Soil is used to grow crops. It has nutrients needed for cultivation. 2) W ater storage: When there is rain, soil absorbs water. This water goes into a deeper layer of soil and is used by plants and trees to grow. This water is also available as ground water for drinking and cultivation. 3) H ome for living things: The soil provides shelter for insects, growing crops in the soil reptiles, birds and animals. It is necessary for even other activities like nesting, hatching of eggs and so on. 4) Building material: Soil is used for the construction of houses, buildings, roads and so on. Soil is also used for making pots, decorative articles, toys, idols and so on. a hut with a mud wall roof tiles bricks making pots Importance of Soil 29 NR_BGM_9789386663344 MAPLE G04 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 1_Text.pdf 149 1/7/2019 2:44:58 PM

Application What happens to the soil when it rains heavily or winds blow strongly? The soil is swept away. This washing or blowing away of the top layer of the soil due to strong winds and rain is called soil erosion. Some human activities like cutting of trees, farming, grazing of animals soil erosion and so on, also result in soil erosion. How can we prevent soil erosion? 1) The roots of plants hold the soil tightly together. So, by planting more and more plants, we can reduce soil erosion. Grass can also be grown to hold the soil. 2) Bunds can be built across the farms to prevent rainwater from washing away the soil. bunds across the farm Dumping of waste affects the quality of the soil. Using chemicals to grow crops also affects the quality of the soil. The addition of harmful wastes to the soil is called soil pollution. It makes the soil unfit for growing plants. It can have various ill-effects on plants, animals and human beings too. How can we prevent soil pollution? waste dumped on soil 1) We should use products which can be broken down easily by the microbes in the soil. For example, paper breaks down easily in soil but plastic does not. So, we should use paper bags and not plastic bags. 2) Use of harmful chemicals in farming activities should be avoided. 3) Before throwing the waste from industries and houses, it should be treated to prevent soil pollution. Can you think of some other measures to prevent soil pollution? Can you thinAkmoaf szoinmge Foathcetrsmeasures to prevent soil pollution? A small spoonful of soil may contain 5000–7000 types of bacteria. Higher Order Thinking Skills (H.O.T.S.) sand soil Have you ever observed the sand on sea shores or river beds? How is it different from the soil we find in farms and fields? 30 NR_BGM_9789386663344 MAPLE G04 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 1_Text.pdf 150 1/7/2019 2:44:58 PM