SOCIAL STUDIES 5TEXTBOOK 1 Name: ___________________________________ Section: ________________ Roll No.: _________ School: __________________________________
Preface ClassKlap partners with schools, supporting them with learning materials and processes that are all crafted to work together as an interconnected system to drive learning. Our books strive to ensure inclusiveness in terms of gender and diversity in representation, catering to the heterogeneous Indian classroom. ClassKlap presents the Traveller series, designed specifically to meet the requirements of the new curriculum released in November 2016 by the Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations (CISCE). Guiding principles: The 2016 CISCE curriculum states the following as a few of its guiding principles for Social Studies teaching: Connecting learning to life in the outside world Integrating Social Studies with other subjects across the curriculum and arts Using meaningful contexts to develop interpersonal and life skills Making assessment for learning an integral part of the teaching-learning process Ensuring active participation of children by using a variety of activities and tasks Each of these principles resonates with the spirit in which the ClassKlap textbooks, workbooks and teacher companion books have been designed. The ClassKlap team of pedagogy experts has carried out an intensive mapping exercise to create a framework based on the CISCE curriculum document. Key features of ClassKlap Traveller series: CISCE framework Develops the knowledge and skills necessary for informed and thoughtful participation in society Introduces children to timelines and historical maps in order to help them develop timeline, map and globe skills Helps in developing observation, reporting, analysis and critical-thinking skills Promotes awareness and personal responsibility through dialogue and enquiry about the world around them Engages students through an interactive, age-appropriate, visually enhanced infographics and activity-based content All in all, the Traveller Social Studies books aim to generate greater engagement and enhance social, cultural and analytical skills for the intuitive and harmonious growth of an individual in an interconnected and interdependent global community. – The Authors
Textbook Features • Use of simple, age-appropriate language I Will Learn • Activity-based approach to learning • Use of infographics and pictures to explain C ontains the list of learning objectives to be concepts and terms covered in the lesson • Focus on subject-related vocabulary building I Think Introduces the concept ? In-text Question or subtopic in a manner as to arouse curiosity and Gauges the understanding interest among students level of the student by testing both skills and Pin-Up-Note knowledge through oral discussions Highlights the key points or definitions A Be Amazed Connect the Dots Aims to establish better real-life connect with the Fosters interdisciplinary concept by presenting thinking by connecting fascinating facts and trivia other subjects to an aspect of the concept A Note to Parent Engages parents in out-of-classroom learning of their child to conduct activities to reinforce the learnt concepts
Contents 1 The Story of Early Humans���������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 Infographic 1 - The Story of Early Humans����������������������������������������������������������� 8 Art Education - 1����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������10 2 Ideas for a Better Life��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 11 3 Locating Places on the Earth��������������������������������������������������������������������������� 19 4 Climatic Zones of the Earth������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 25 5 Climate and Vegetation in India�������������������������������������������������������������������� 33 6 India and Her Neighbours������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 40
Hi, I am Rashi Jain. I live with Hi, I am Meher Irani. I live with my my parents. I have many parents and older brother, Morad. aunts, uncles and cousins Rashi and I do not go to the whom I love to visit. My best same school. Yet, we share what friend is Meher Irani. We live in the same housing society we learn with each other. We and have many adventures love spending time with Morad. He shows Rashi and me many together. interesting things. Join us on this exciting journey... 1Lesson The Story of Early Humans I Will Learn About • the stages of human evolution. • sources that show how humans evolved. • the features of the Stone Age, the Bronze Age and the Iron Age. 1
I Think Rashi, Morad and Meher visit a museum. They look Q. at the different exhibits. Meher notices an exhibit labelled ‘An Early Human Being’. He is surprised that it Which animal did early looks more like an ape. human beings look like? Meher M orad, look! How can this creature be a (A) fish human being? How silly! (B) lizard (C) ape Morad It’s not silly, little brother. Once upon a time, (D) bird human beings looked and behaved just like apes. Over thousands of years, they changed into what we are today. Rashi T hen, how did we become so different from apes? Human beings did not always look and act like they do now. A very long time ago, human beings looked and behaved like apes. They lived in forests and near rivers. They collected nuts, fruits, berries, eggs and hunted animals for food. Many also caught fish from the rivers and ate them. So, they are called hunter-gatherers. An early human The life of early human beings Early human beings lived in groups. They used leaves and animal skins to cover themselves. They used parts of the animals that were hunted in different ways. Parts of animals Their uses bones • tools meat • weapons skin • jewellery • food • clothes Early humans lived in caves. Caves protected them Life of early human beings from the animals, rain, wind and cold. They also stored food in caves. When there was no food left in an area, they moved to a new place. As they did not know how to cook, they ate raw food. 2
Stages of evolution of human beings Anthropologists and biologists believe that our ancestors and apes are closely related. Many people believe that human evolution began in Africa. Australopithecus: This is the first known stage of An early human in a cave evolution. These early humans had both human and ape-like traits. They walked on two legs like humans, but they had small brains like apes. They probably used stones to hunt small animals. Homo habilis: This is considered to be the next stage of evolution. The brain of Homo habilis is considered to be bigger than the Australopithecus’s brain. Homo habilis had a slightly bent backbone, but they used their hands very skilfully. Homo erectus: Homo erectus were the first humans who walked upright. They had a more developed brain and lived in groups. They appear to be the first species to use fire for different purposes such as cooking and keeping wild animals away. Neanderthal: Homo neanderthalensis are popularly called Neanderthals as their remains were first found in Neandertal, Germany. They were physically stronger and bigger than the Homo erectus. They used to hunt small and moderately large animals using weapons such as spears. They knew how to make fire and ate roasted meat. Changes in humans occur Homo sapiens: Homo sapiens refer to the intelligent to adapt to environmental man. They used to make advanced tools from stones. changes. These changes They could speak and communicate. They had a few are then passed on to the artistic skills as well. following generations. This process is called human The fully evolved human beings that we see in evolution. today’s world are called Homo sapiens sapiens. Evolution of human beings — notice how the backbone straightens as the early human learns to walk upright. The Story of Early Humans 3
Sources of evidence of human evolution Scientists have discovered a wealth of evidence ? Can you tell which proving human evolution. Different types of evidence stage of evolution have helped to determine the early forms of the we belong to? human body and human behaviour. Evidence regarding the form of the human body Human fossils (skeletons, bones and teeth) have enabled researchers to study the changes that occurred in brain and body size, backbone, walking style and diet. Evidence regarding human behaviour Thousands of stone tools, figurines, clothes and paintings Fossil of a human have helped to determine the similarities and differences among the behaviour of different species. The Three Ages The long period of early human history is divided into What are the three periods of the ?three ages. They are the Stone Age, the Bronze Age and the Iron Age. The ages are named after the most widely Stone Age? used material or metal to make tools in that period. Stone Age Stone Age is the period when early human beings used tools and weapons made of stones. The Stone Age is divided into three periods. They are as follows. 1) Palaeolithic Period 2) Mesolithic Period Stone Age tools 3) Neolithic Period Bronze Age The Chalcolithic Period is when humans started using Bronze Age tools copper along with stone for making tools. It marked the beginning of the Bronze Age. During this age, early humans learnt how to make tools of bronze. Iron Age The Iron Age marks the beginning of the use of iron in tools. Sometimes, copper and bronze were also used along with iron. Many artefacts made of iron have been discovered in different parts of the world. Iron Age tools 4
Weapons made of iron were stronger than those made of stone, copper or bronze. In wars, people with iron weapons easily defeated people who did not have iron weapons. The use of iron also helped early humans to make better farming tools such as sickles, ploughs and axes. Cities developed during the Iron Age and humans started living a more settled life. So, civilizations began to grow on a larger scale. The following picture shows the stages of early human history. The Three Ages of Humans Stone Age: Bronze Age: Iron Age Neolithic Period Chalcolithic Period IRON LION’S HEAD gold hat Stone Age: STONE AXE Palaeolithic Period Stone Age: Mesolithic Period STONE WHEEL STONE SPEAR Features of the Stone Age, Chalcolithic Period and Iron Age A study of the four periods will show that the early humans improved their tools, found different sources of food and invented new ways of making their lives easier. Read the following table to know more about these periods. The Story of Early Humans 5
Features of the Three Ages Stone Age: Palaeolithic period Stone Age: Mesolithic period palaeo = old meso = middle lithic = stone lithic = stone chipped stone, wooden new forms of weapons, light stone chipped tools tools, not sharpened hunted animals for food hunted, caught fish • used fire and rough • made pots and used bows stone tools • started to live in a place for a part of • moved from place to the year place Stone Age: Neolithic period Bronze Age: Chalcolithic period neo = new chalco = copper lithic = stone lithic = stone polished stone copper, along with tools made sharper stone, was used to by chiselling make tools hunted, grew crops, domesticated hunted, grew crops, animals domesticated animals • farmed and made tools by polishing • used metals such as copper and gold stones • stayed in one place; started to travel • stayed in one place to find sources of metals. Iron Age iron was the most used metal used iron to make tools, sickles and ploughs improved in farming, made stronger weapons, made coins from various • increased trade and built more metals settlements Be Amaze • developed civilizations A d Human beings used to live in caves. A cave is a large hole-like space that is formed on the side of a mountain or hill. Human beings painted pictures on the walls of the caves that they lived in. The oldest cave painting is thousands of years old. 6
Connect the Dots English Fun Humans developed language a very long time ago. Some of the old languages are rarely spoken today. The English language came into use only about 1500 years ago. Science Fun Ask your family members the names of any two tools that they use in the kitchen. Can you guess which of these would have been used by early human beings too? _________________________________________________________________________________ New Words 1) evolution – the process in which living things change over time 2) ape – a large animal like a monkey which does not have a tail 3) anthropologist – a person who studies about humans in the past and present 4) biologist – a person who studies the life of humans, animals and plants 5) evidence – proof of something 6) fossil – the remains of a prehistoric plant or animal 7) age – a very long period of time spanning thousands of years 8) bronze – metal made by mixing copper with other metals such as tin 9) artefact – an old tool or weapon that is historically important 10) chiselling – make a shape using a sharp or pointed stone 11) domesticate – keep an animal as a pet or on a farm A Note to Parent Help your child to make a chart of the different stages in human evolution along with the postures they had, the tools they used, the food they ate and the clothes they wore. Encourage your child to find their pictures on the internet and draw them on the chart. The Story of Early Humans 7
Infographic 1 The Story of • small brain • a bigger brain • bent back • slightly bent back • used stones to hunt
Early Humans • walked upright • bigger and stronger • intelligent man • lived in groups • used weapons • spoke a language • used fire • ate roasted meat • artistic skills
Art Education - 1 Using Lines The thickness of lines in a drawing can make it come alive. Even early human beings used different types of lines to make their pictures look like they were moving. Look at the drawings of ancient humans given below. To create a picture, use different kinds of lines. Change the pressure with which you draw. Try drawing with a sharp and a blunt pencil. See how you can get thin and thick lines. Use different kinds of lines to copy the pictures given below. Use a sheet of paper to practise these types of lines and draw these pictures. 10
LESSON 1 Ideas for a Better Life 2Lesson I Will Learn About • the stages of evolution in modes and systems of transportation and communication. • the developmental process of human life on earth. I Think Rashi is at Meher’s house. Meher’s older brother, Q. Morad, has just returned from a long trip to Kolkata. Morad I have brought back so many interesting How did people usually things from Kolkata — pictures, books, recipes travel 200 years ago? and so many stories! I finished seeing all the (A) in cars famous places in two days. But my curiosity (B) in animal-drawn led me to explore little lanes and alleyways. carriages I found so many wonderful things there! Rashi Oh! Do you want to go back to Kolkata? (C) in planes Morad Yes! While I was there, I enjoyed a ride on a (D) in buses horse-drawn carriage with my grandfather near Victoria Memorial. Grandfather told me that 200 years ago, cars were rarely in use. Humans mostly travelled by animal-drawn carriages. Rashi That is so cool! 11
Evolution of transport The system of moving goods and people from one The system of moving place to another is known as transport. We use land, goods and people from water and air to travel from one place to another. one place to another is Let us take a look at the evolution of transport on known as transport. land, in air and on water. Transport on land The first form of transport on land was walking. As humans domesticated animals, they started using them as transport and to travel on land. The wheel The invention of the wheel about 5000 years Stone to tyre — the evolution ago, brought about a tremendous change in of the wheel the way people moved around. Carts fitted with wheels were pulled by animals such as bullocks and horses. This made travel easier. The steam engine and the train The train developed out of the steam engine that James Watt improved in the 1760s. Trains were used to transport raw materials. The first major railway system was built in the nineteenth century. Railways soon spread throughout the world. Before the invention of cars and planes, trains were an important way of transporting goods and people over long distances on land. Nowadays, trains work on electricity and not on steam. Steam engine Diesel engines are also used. In large cities such as London, Paris and New York, underground trains are a very popular means of public transport. Our national capital, New Delhi, also has a metro train network. Cars Animal-drawn vehicles were not very fast. This led people to develop vehicles that could be powered by something other than animals, like an engine. The electric-powered cars became very popular in the First electrical car mid-nineteenth century, but they could not travel more than 32 kilometres in an hour. Their demand declined with the discovery of petroleum reserves and the invention of petrol cars. The first petrol cars were invented in the nineteenth century. 12
Today, cars can travel hundreds of kilometres in a short time. Many of the more expensive cars include computer screens, televisions and even fridges. However, no matter how luxurious or simple, cars have become one of the most important ways to travel. Today, we use cars, trucks, trains, buses, motorbikes and bicycles for transportation. A luxury car made in 1938 A luxury car made in 2000 Transport in air Ancient stories tell us about people’s desire to fly like a bird. The first attempts to fly were made by attaching big wings to a person’s arms and trying to flap them like a bird. This did not work. People began to realise that a machine was needed to enable them to fly. It was only in 1783 that the first human flight was recorded. That was in a hot-air balloon. Invention of the aeroplane The first successful flight by an aeroplane was Flight of an early aircraft recorded in 1903. The designers of this craft were the Wright brothers, Orville and Wilbur Wright. Most of the aircrafts were made of wood and canvas. Later, people started to build them out of aluminium. Aeroplanes could fly faster and farther. Modern forms of transport In the 1930s, the jet engine was invented in both England and Germany. Jet engines are still in use today. It did not take too long for people to want to fly even higher than planes could. They wanted to travel to outer space. In 1961, Russia, formerly known as the USSR, sent the first manned spacecraft into space. It was called Vostok 1. In 1961, Yuri Yuri Gagarin Gagarin became the first person to go up into space. ? Who were the first people to land on Then, in 1969, two astronauts, Neil Armstrong and Edwin the moon? Aldrin, became the first people to set foot on the Moon. Ideas for a Better Life 13
Transport on water Ships and boats are as old as the desire to travel over and A steamship across water. Boats are smaller than ships. The first kinds of boats were probably made by hollowing out tree trunks. Then, people attached sails to their boats. For many centuries, sailboats were the main means of travelling on sea. At first, sea travel mainly involved fishing or travelling among islands within the same island group. As people began to explore the sea further, their sailing boats became bigger. In the nineteenth century, steamships were invented. These ships used steam engines instead of sails. The engine would drive a water wheel, which would move the ship forward. Coal and wood were used to make steam in big boilers. Today, ships use petroleum engines. There are ships like submarines, which use nuclear power. Reaching distant places Humans have always travelled to various places, sometimes due to need and at other times due to the thirst for exploring new things. When humans were hunter-gatherers, they had to move to a new place when there was no food left in an area. Gradually, as civilizations developed and trade and commerce progressed, humans moved out in search of new lands. In ancient times, it was only possible to travel across Asia, Africa and Europe by land. As people from Europe wanted new ways to reach places in Asia the search for new sea routes started. Early explorers Vasco da Gama was the first European to reach India by sea. Vasco da Gama Similarly, Ferdinand Magellan was the first person who went around the entire world by ship. Alexandrine Tinne was the first European woman who tried to cross the Sahara Desert. She explored the path followed by the River Nile in Africa for the first time. Trade and voyages Trade is an important reason for travel. Trade relations existed between early civilizations in India and Mesopotamia (modern Iraq). The Portuguese, the Dutch, the French and the English came to India for trade during the modern period. Countries all over the world still trade with each other. With the Alexandrine Tinne development of transport, trade has also expanded. Countries import what they do not have in great quantities or cannot produce. They export materials that they have in plenty. 14
Sea route Land route Land and sea routes used by traders and explorers Evolution of various systems of communication Along with changes in modes of transport, the ways in which Cave paintings we communicate with one another have also changed. Communication is the method of sharing information through speaking, writing or any other medium such as gestures and pictures. We now communicate through letters, mobile phones and e-mails. Let us find out how we have been communicating since ancient times. Early humans used signs, gestures and signals to express themselves. However, they were able to communicate only with the people near them. To reach out to more people, they used cave paintings and markings on rocks. Over time, people thought of different ways to communicate with Pigeon carrying each other. To communicate across long distances, some groups a message used smoke signals or made loud sounds using drums. Earlier, many empires used pigeons and human messengers on foot and horseback to send and receive messages. This created the earliest post houses in ancient Persia, Rome and Greece. Paper and printing press Earlier, humans used to write on clay and stone tablets, A man working on a wood and animal skin. Paper was invented in China around handwritten book the second century. People then started writing down all important information, paving the way for the world’s first Ideas for a Better Life 15
books. All the books were handwritten. Around the year 1440, Johannes Gutenberg invented the printing press. This allowed books to be produced in large numbers. The telegraph and the telephone In the nineteenth century, the telegraph was invented. This enabled people to send messages using electricity. Later, the telephone was invented by Alexander Graham Bell. With the telephone, humans spoke over long distances for the first time. The modern postal system was developed for people An old electrical to send letters or parcels to each other. The letters were telegraph transported by trucks, trains or ships and delivered by postal workers. Radio and television In the early twentieth century, messages were sent for the first time using the radio. An engineer named John L Baird invented the television around 1926. Televisions showed pictures with sound. Quickly, televisions became a popular way to learn more about the world. It also became an important form of entertainment. Modern-day communication The ways of communication have changed due to further development of technology. 1) Satellites: The first satellite named Sputnik 1 was sent to space in the middle of the twentieth century. Now, there are many communication satellites that allow radio, television and telephone transmissions to be sent to anywhere in the world. 2) Internet: The internet is a worldwide web of connections. Satellites sending and We can use the internet through phones and computers. receiving signals We can now send e-mails, upload pictures, make video calls, book tickets as well as shop with a few clicks. 3) C omputers, laptops and mobile phones: They have made communication easier with people all over the world. Effects of communication With these inventions, communication became easier and faster. Many books and newspapers were published because of the printing press. So, more people came to know of events happening around them. This led to more sharing of ideas. Telephones enabled people to have conversations with each other over long distances. Radio and television made it possible to deliver news, information and entertainment to a large number of people at the same time. 16
The developmental process of human life on the Earth Once upon a time, humans lived in caves, used stone tools and wore clothes of animal skin. They used smoke from fire and cave paintings to communicate. With the advances in means of communication and transport, life has changed a lot over time. The world has become a much more comfortable place for humans. Today they live in apartments, wear clothes and fancy shoes, drive cars and use Facebook, WhatsApp and so on to communicate. They travel in aeroplanes rather than ships. They eat different types of food. They study in modern schools with tablets and computers. The advances in communication and transport seem How has human to make our world a smaller place as it is faster to travel life changed over ?and communicate. How do you think the life of humans the years? will change over the next 100 years? What will your role be in that? Be Amaze d A A Spanish explorer named Christopher Columbus discovered America. On 12 October 1492, he spotted a piece of land. It was a small island in the Bahamas. Ideas for a Better Life 17
Connect the Dots Maths Fun People without sight cannot read the same printed books that others can read. To help them, a Braille script was invented in 1824. How old is this script? A person without sight reading a Braille script Science Fun Maglev trains in China are one of the fastest modes of transportation on land. They are operated using magnets. New Words 1) submarine – a ship that can also travel under water 2) gesture 3) satellite – m oving a body part to tell something 4) script – a human-made object revolving around the Earth to send and receive information – written characters of a language A Note to Parent Discuss with your child the various means of communication and transport that you used as a child. You can discuss how you feel about the changes. 18
3Lesson Locating Places on the Earth I Will Learn About • locating different places on a map with the help of latitudes and longitudes. • weather, seasons and climate. • the reasons for climatic changes. I Think Rashi Meher, can you guess what a cartographer Q. Meher does? Can you guess what a cartographer studies? I do not know! Rashi A cartographer makes maps. They study all (A) the stars and planets the details of the land such as rivers, roads, buildings, gardens and so on to create an (B) the details of the accurate map of that place. They also visit land many new and unexplored places to collect information. (C) the various types of food Meher Wow! Now, I want to be a cartographer too! (D) the rain and snow The huge size of the Earth makes it difficult to locate places. To make this task easier, a set of imaginary lines is used. These lines criss-cross each other at different points and form a grid. The points on the grid are fixed. A grid makes it easier to locate places on a map. 19
Latitudes and Longitudes The North Pole and the South Pole are at the top and bottom of the Earth respectively. The axis of the Earth passes through these poles. Based on these points, we can draw imaginary horizontal and vertical lines around the Earth. They are called latitudes and longitudes respectively. They are measured in degrees. For example, 1° N means one degree towards the north of the Equator. Latitudes Latitudes are imaginary horizontal lines around the Earth which run from east to west. Here are some facts about latitudes. • L atitudes are parallel to each other. Latitudes Equator • L atitudes become smaller as we move towards the poles. • T he most important and longest latitude is the Equator (0°). The Equator is the imaginary line that divides the Earth into two horizontal halves –– the northern and the southern hemispheres. • S ome important latitudes are the Tropic of Cancer (23.5° N), the Tropic of Capricorn (23.5° S), the Arctic Circle (66.5° N) and the Antarctic Circle (66.5° S). • L atitudes are also used to study different climatic zones. Some important latitudes and longitudes of the Earth Longitudes Longitudes are imaginary vertical lines that connect the North Pole to the South Pole. Here are some facts about longitudes. • The most important longitude is the Prime Meridian. It is the 0° longitude. The Prime Meridian and the 180° meridian divide the Earth into the eastern and the western hemispheres. 20
• All other longitudes are numbered between 0° to 180° east (E) or west (W) of the Prime Meridian. Example: 1° E or 179° W • On the opposite side of the Prime Meridian, Longitudes Prime Meridian at 180° longitude, lies another imaginary line called the International Date Line. It is used to calculate the dates around the world. • Longitudes are also used to study different time zones. Finding out the location of a place Every place on the Earth is located on a latitude and a longitude. Coordinates of a place tell us which latitude and longitude meet there. They can be used to locate any place on the Earth. Even the place where you are at now has an exact coordinate! Look at the given map. Which continent is at 20º S and Latitudes and longitudes on a world map 40º W? Check for the latitude at 20º S. Check for the longitude at 40º W. You can see that both of them criss-cross at the continent of South America. You can locate different places on the Earth with the help of latitudes and longitudes. For example, 27.1750° N 78.0422° E are the coordinates of the Taj Mahal in Agra, India. If you look for these coordinates on a map from the internet or in an atlas, you can locate the Taj Mahal. Weather Location of the Taj Mahal You may have noticed that schools provide on a map from the internet holidays when it is very hot or when there is too much rain. This happens due to changing seasons and weather. Between December and February, we feel very cold. However, we might feel very cold one day and a little less cold another day. Similarly, it might be less windy one day and very windy the next day. This change in the day-to-day conditions such as temperature, humidity, wind and so on at a place is called weather. Thus, weather is a condition of the atmosphere at a particular place, at a particular time. It is expressed through temperature, cloud cover, fog conditions, wind and humidity. Locating Places on the Earth 21
Seasons The weather is cold between December and February in Weather is a condition the northern hemisphere. However, between March and of the atmosphere at May, the temperature starts to increase in the northern a particular place, at hemisphere, and we feel hot. There is rainy and pleasant a particular time. weather across different months as well. The periods of the year, marked by regular changes in the climate, are known as seasons. In India, there are three main seasons — summer, monsoon and winter. Spring and autumn happen in some parts of India. What causes seasons? ? What causes You have learnt that there are two movements of the seasons? Earth — rotation and revolution. The revolution of the Earth around the Sun causes seasons. The Earth is tilted on its axis. So, while revolving around the Sun, one part of the Earth is tilted towards the Sun. The part of the Earth, which is more tilted towards the Sun, receives the vertical rays of the Sun. This part receives more heat and more hours of sunlight and thus, experiences summer. However, the other part of the Earth is tilted away from the Sun. It receives less heat and fewer hours of sunlight. This part experiences winter. Sometimes, while revolving, parts of the Earth do not receive the vertical rays of the Sun at a particular time. This is the time when those parts experience either spring or autumn. Climate We know that the Earth’s revolution causes seasons. However, during a particular season, the climate does not remain the same everywhere. Climate is the average weather of a location, recorded over a long period. Differences between weather and climate Weather Climate Weather is a condition of the Climate is the average weather of a atmosphere at a particular place, at a location, recorded over a long period. particular time. It is an average of past weather conditions. It is reported as a forecast. An example of the weather forecast as A map of the climatic zones of the world seen on the screen of a computer or a phone 22
Factors affecting the climate of a place Which imaginary lines Climate varies from place to place. For example, ? help us to find the during the winter season in India, it is very cold in the exact coordinates of northern mountains. But it is pleasant in the coastal a place? plains. This is because many factors affect the climate of a place. There are six factors that affect the climate of a place. They are as follows. • D istance from the Equator: If a place is close to the Equator, the vertical rays of the Sun fall directly over it. The heat spreads over a smaller area. However, if a place is farther away from the Equator, the rays of the Sun slant and spread more. Therefore, places located closer to the Equator are hotter than places located away from the Equator. • H eight above sea level: The How distance from the Equator affects climate higher you go, the cooler it gets. So, places located above sea level are cooler than places located at sea level. For example, Shimla is cooler than Mumbai. • D istance from the sea: Places located close to the sea have a more moderate climate than those places located far away from the sea as they experience sea breezes. Example: Goa is neither too hot nor too cold throughout the year as it is a coastal area. Jaipur, on the other hand, has extreme climate as it is far away from the sea. • Wind and humidity: Wind and humidity also affect the climate of a place. For example, hot winds blowing from the Thar Desert make the climate of Delhi hot during summer. Coastal regions are humid because of the evaporation of water from the seas and oceans. So, the air in these regions has more moisture. This makes coastal regions humid. • Relief features: The type of landforms surrounding a place can affect the climatic conditions of that place. For example, the rain-bearing winds enter the Thar Desert from the west. There are no hills, mountains or natural barriers to stop them and thus, the Thar Desert receives very little or no rain. • O cean currents: An ocean current is a large body of water in an ocean moving from one place to another. Ocean currents are responsible for moving warm water to the poles and cold water to the Equator. Cold currents which flow over a region make that region cooler while warm currents make it hotter. Locating Places on the Earth 23
Be Amazed A The highest temperature recorded in Antarctica was 17.5° C, on 24 March 2015. On the other hand, the highest recorded temperature on the Earth is 56.7° C at Death Valley, California, USA on 10 July 1913. Connect the Dots English Fun Do you know what the tropics are named after? The Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn are named after the astrological signs, Cancer and Capricorn. Astrological signs are also called zodiac signs. Write down your zodiac sign in the space below. _____________________________________________________________ Maths Fun Prayagraj (earlier known as Allahabad) is located near the 82° E longitude. New Delhi is located near the 77° E longitude. How many degrees are there between them? Which of the two places is closer to the Prime Meridian? ________________________________________________________________________________ New Words 1) hemisphere – half of the Earth 2) climatic zone – area with similar climatic conditions 3) time zone – an area of the Earth that has the same time A Note to Parent You can help your child to learn the use of GPS-based maps available on smartphones. These maps use the latitudes and longitudes of places. You can ask your child to note down the coordinates of the places that you go to by using smartphone applications. 24
4Lesson Climatic Zones of the Earth I Will Learn About • the concept of climatic zones. • the major climatic zones of the Earth. • the features of the Torrid, Temperate and Frigid Zones. I Think Meher Morad, what are you doing with these maps Q. Morad and magazines? Do you think that it will I am making a list of all the places that I want to visit. be cold in New Zealand during December? Meher Which are the places that you want to visit? (A) yes Morad I want to travel to Greenland, Kenya and (B) no ummm... Athens! But right now, I want to go (C) maybe to New Zealand. Meher New Zealand will be much colder than (D) do not know Pune, right? After all, it is December. 25
Climatic zones of the Earth The Earth is the only planet that supports life. This is because of the heat and light it receives from the Sun. We know that the heat produced by the Sun’s rays and the temperature vary from one place to another. The regions around the Equator are the hottest, and the regions around the North and the South Poles are the coldest. Based on the amount of heat received from the Sun and the rainfall received annually, the Earth has been divided into three climatic zones — the Torrid Zone, the Temperate Zone and the Frigid Zone. North Frigid Zone Climatic zones on the Earth are North Temperate divided based Zone on the heat received from Torrid Zone the Sun and the rainfall received South Temperate annually. Zone South Frigid Zone Climatic zones of the Earth Life in the Torrid Zone Most of the Torrid Zone usually receives plenty of sunlight and rain. So, the tropical forests in this zone are densely filled with trees. These trees vary in height. So, we get to see layers starting from the forest floor to the top in such forests. Countries such as Venezuela, Ethiopia and Sri Lanka fall in the Torrid Zone. Arctic Circle Climate in the (66.5˚N) Torrid Zone Tropic of Cancer • ‘torrid’ means ‘very hot’. (23.5˚N) Equator (0˚) • The climate is usually hot Tropic of Capricorn (23.5˚S) and humid. Antarctic Circle • There are no distinct (66.5˚S) changes in the Regions in the Torrid Zone temperature and seasons throughout the year. Winters are mild or cool. • This zone receives the vertical rays of the Sun. • Heavy rainfall is common. 26
The world’s largest desert, Sahara is found in the Torrid Zone. Tropical grasslands are also found in parts of eastern Africa and the southern part of the Sahara Desert. The Torrid Zone is also home to many plants and animals. Vegetation Many dense forests grow in the Torrid Zone. These forests are home to a variety of trees such as rubber, bamboo, mahogany, sal and so on. The trees that grow in the forests in the Torrid Zone have the following features. • They are tall. • They have broad leaves. • They do not completely shed their leaves during any time of the year. Rubber trees Mahogany tree Wildlife Numerous animals are found in the Torrid Zone. The birds are very colourful such as toucans and macaws. Animals such as elephant, sloth and poison dart frog are also found here. Toucan Poison dart frog Life in the Temperate Zone The Temperate Zone receives plenty of sunlight. Most of the population of the Earth lives in the Temperate Zone as the climate is favourable. The North Temperate Zone Climatic Zones of the Earth 27
experiences extremely cold climate. The plants and animals found here are different because the climate is milder than the other zones. Some of the countries in the north temperate zone are the United States of America, Spain, Turkey and China. Arctic Circle Climate in the (66.5˚N) Temperate Zone Tropic of Cancer • ‘Temperate’ means (23.5˚N) Equator (0˚) ‘moderate’ or ‘mild’. Tropic of Capricorn (23.5˚S) • There are four Antarctic Circle seasons — summer, (66.5˚S) autumn, winter and spring. Regions in the Temperate Zone • The changes between seasons are distinct but not extreme. • T his zone experiences slightly slanting rays of the Sun. Therefore, the climate is neither too hot nor too cold. • Moderate rainfall is seen. Vegetation There are usually two types of vegetation in the Temperate zone — grasslands and forests. Some deserts such as the Gobi Desert in Asia and the Atacama Desert in South America are found in the Temperate Zone. Grasslands: In the North and South Temperate zones, there are large areas that are covered by grass. These Grasslands areas are called the grasslands. These grasslands are known as the Prairies in North America and the Velds in South Africa. The climate of the grasslands is dry. Not many trees are found here. So, when winds blow, the dry grass rubs against each other and catches fire. The fire destroys trees. But this grass has special roots that do not get destroyed by the fire. This allows the grass to grow back. Forests: Forests in the Temperate zone are of two kinds — deciduous and coniferous. In the previous grade, you have read how deciduous forests have trees that shed their leaves in winter and regrow them in spring. Some examples are maple, walnut, oak and so on. On the other hand, coniferous forests have conical Why is the grass able evergreen trees with needle-like leaves. They hold their seeds in cones. Some examples are fir, pine, ? to grow back after a cedar and so on. fire in the Temperate Zone? 28
Maple trees Oak tree Wildlife In the North Temperate Zone, animals such as the grizzly Bobcat bear, elk, bobcat, black bear and so on are found. In the South Temperate Zone, animals such as the llama, anteater and so on are found. During winters, some animals such as monarch butterflies migrate to warmer regions. Animals such as black bears hibernate. Life in the Frigid Zone The Frigid Zone is mostly covered with snow and ice throughout the year. The North Frigid Zone has very less population. It is mostly limited to the coastal regions. In the South Frigid Zone, although there is no population, there are a few scientific camps. Greenland, parts of Canada, Russia, Antarctica and so on fall under the Frigid Zone. Arctic Circle Climate in the (66.5˚N) Frigid Zone Tropic of Cancer • ‘Frigid’ means ‘cold’. (23.5˚N) Equator (0˚) • There are two seasons — winter Tropic of Capricorn (23.5˚S) and summer. Antarctic Circle • Winters last for eight to nine (66.5˚S) months. Summers last for three Regions in the Frigid Zone to four months. • T he rays of the Sun that reach here spread over a wide area. So, this zone receives very little sunlight and heat. • The climate is extremely cold for most of the year. Mildly cold climate is seen during summers. Vegetation Name one tree and Very few species of plants inhabit the North Frigid ? one animal that Zone. During summers, moss, lichen and some stunted can be found in the plants grow here. Temperate Zone. Climatic Zones of the Earth 29
Wildlife Animals living in the Frigid Zone also migrate and hibernate to survive. Polar bear, Arctic fox, seal and reindeer are some of the animals found in this zone. Birds such as Arctic tern and snowy owl are also found here. Animals in the South Frigid zone have to go to the sea for food. These include penguins and seals. Lichen Reindeer Seal Snowy owl Effects of the climatic zones on human life The differences in the climatic zones affect people and their lifestyles. Let us read more about it. Clothes People living in different climatic zones wear different Different types of clothes types of clothes. The people living in the Torrid zone wear more cotton clothes because the climate is hot and humid. Cotton allows the heat to escape easily. The people living in the Temperate zone wear cotton clothes during summer and woollen clothes during winter. In the Frigid Zone, people wear very warm woollen clothes that cover most of the body because of the extreme climate. Shelter The climatic zones also affect the kinds of shelter that people live in. The people living in the Torrid zone where there is heavy rainfall make sure that their houses have 30
slanting roofs. Such roofs allow the rainwater to flow off easily. Many people who live in evergreen forests live in stilt houses because this region receives heavy rainfall. Some people in the Frigid zone build special houses called Stilt houses igloos. Although they are built using snow, they are very warm inside. Climate of India A large part of India lies in the Torrid zone. Some parts of it lie in the Temperate Zone. Therefore, India experiences different types of climatic conditions. Different landforms such as mountains, plains, coasts and so on affect India’s climate as well. Due to the differences in the rainfall and temperature in the two climatic zones found in India, there are different plants and animals in each zone. Climate in different parts of India The Himalayan ranges in India are always covered with snow as they are extremely high above sea level. The Thar Desert has a dry and hot climate. This is because the region has very few water bodies and receives very little rainfall. dThe coastal areas are closer to the Equator than New Delhi. But they are cooler than New Delhi because they receive sea breeze. Be Amaze A Many scientists believe that the Earth will enter another ice age in a few thousand years. During an ice age, large parts of the Earth are covered by ice. Climatic Zones of the Earth 31
Connect the Dots English Fun What are the adjectives that you can use to describe the climate of the Torrid Zone and the Frigid Zone? Think beyond the usual adjectives such as hot, wet, humid, cold and frozen. (You are allowed to use a combination of two words.) ________________________________________________________________________________ Science Fun The Emperor Penguin, found in the Frigid zone, is a unique bird. After laying its eggs, the female goes into the sea to hunt for food. It is the male who takes care of the eggs before the baby penguins hatch from it and even for some time after. New Words 1) tropical – related to the tropics, the area between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn 2) layer – a thing or a material that lies over or covers another thing or material 3) grassland – a large area of land covered with grass 4) vegetation – the plants found in a particular region 5) migrate – move from one place to another due to changes in weather 6) hibernate – sleep through a season to survive 7) inhabit – live in a place 8) stunted – not growing or developing as usual 9) stilt house – a house built on stilts — wooden or steel bars that support a house A Note to Parent Help your child to find out about the effects of global warming. You can read articles and watch videos together. You can get started here: https://bit.ly/2rvoiZz 32
5Lesson Climate and Vegetation in India I Will Learn About • the climate in different physical divisions of India. • the various types of vegetation found in India. • the importance of forests and the need to conserve them. I Think Rashi sees a picture of a different-looking goat. She Q. wants to tell Meher about it. Why do the goats found Rashi M eher! Look at this picture of a goat. in Ladakh look different from the ones found in Meher That is not a goat! It looks like a sheep. Pune? Maybe Morad will know more about this goat. (A) The climate is different in Ladakh Morad This is a mountain goat. It is found in Ladakh. and Pune. I saw plenty of them while I was travelling in the Himalayas. (B) Ladakh is not an important place. Rashi It looks so different from the goats that we see in Pune! (C) P une is closer to Mumbai, a big city. (D) There is no water in Ladakh. 33
You have read about the different physical divisions of India. You have also read about the factors that affect the climate of a place. Each physical division of India has a different climate. Look at the map given below. In the desert region, It is very cold in the climate is very the Himalayan hot during the day regions. and quite cold Snowfall is during the night. common during winters. In the plateau In the Northern region, the climate plain, the is semi-dry and climate is very warm. In a few cold during places, it is humid winters and hot too. during summers. In some places, Climate in different physical divisions of India it is humid too. In the Coastal Plains, the climate is hot and humid throughout the year. The climate of India is varied. It is very cold in northern India and very hot in western India. Eastern India experiences very heavy rainfall, while central India receives less rainfall. In general, India has a hot and wet tropical climate. Reasons for India’s varied climate There are many reasons for India’s varied climate. Some of the important reasons are the following. Factor Effect Latitude The Himalayan mountains The Sun’s rays fall almost directly over India between April and August. Distance from the sea The Himalayan mountains stop the monsoon winds and keep them within the country. Altitude The places close to the sea (such as Goa, Odisha and so on) have less temperature. The places far away from the sea (such as Delhi) have more temperature. The places in the mountains are very cold. 34
India Climatic Zones Map Ladakh Mountainous Subtropical Wet and Dry JAMMU Tropical Wet and Dry AND Tropical Wet Arid KASHMIR Semi-Arid HIMACHAL PRADESH PUNJAB Chandigarh UTTARAKHAND HARYANA ARUPNRAADCEHSAHL New Delhi UTTAR PRADESH SIKKIM ASSAM NAGALAND BIHAR RAJASTHAN MEGHALAYA MANIPUR MADHYA JHARKHAND TRIPURA MIZORAM PRADESH GUJARAT WEST BENGAL CHHATTISGARH Daman & Diu ODISHA Dadra & MAHARASHTRA Nagar Haveli TELANGANA GOA ANDAMAN and NICOBAR ISLANDS (INDIA)ANDHRA PRADESH KERALA LAKS(HINADDIAW)EEP KARNATAKA Puducherry TAMIL NADU Climatic map of India Rice fields after it rains India experiences summer from March to May. During summer, the temperature all over the country is more hot and humid than any other time of the year. The Indian monsoons occur from June to September which is also called the rainy season. The south-west monsoon winds from the Bay of Bengal carry rain-bearing clouds to India. Indian farmers depend on the monsoons for a good harvest. Climate and Vegetation in India 35
From December to February, the northern hemisphere of Snowfall in Sikkim the Earth faces away from the Sun. Hence, temperatures all over India are lower when compared to summer. Northern and north-eastern India experience severe winters with temperatures dropping to below freezing point. A few places such as Jammu and Kashmir, Arunachal Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh and Sikkim also experience snowfall. Vegetation in India A forest is a place covered by many trees and plants. ? What are the Forests grow naturally, that is, on their own. They take factors affecting the thousands of years to grow. The vegetation in India is climate of a place? different in different regions because of the varied climate of India. Natural vegetation includes trees and plants that grow in All the trees and any region naturally with little or no human help. Forests plants usually found are an example of natural vegetation. Let us look at the in an area make up different types of forests found in India. the vegetation of that region. Evergreen forests Evergreen forests are found in the hot and wet An evergreen forest regions of India. The Western Ghats, hills of north-eastern India and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands get plenty of sunshine and rain. Therefore, evergreen forests are found in these areas. Trees in evergreen forests never shed all their leaves and always look green. Hence, they are called evergreen forests. Example: rosewood and eucalyptus Deciduous forests These forests grow in the Southern Plateau region of India. They are also found along the foothills of the Himalayas. Trees such as sal, bamboo and teak grow in these forests. Trees in such forests experience extreme climatic changes. Summers are very hot and dry. Since these trees have broad flat leaves that capture a lot of sunlight and require plenty of water, they shed all their leaves in summer. A deciduous forest in summer 36
Thorny and scrub forests Thorny and scrub forests of babul and keekar are found in hot and dry regions of India. Example: The deserts of Rajasthan and Gujarat, parts of Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra. The Sun’s rays are very strong in these regions. There is very less rainfall. So, the trees and plants here get very little water. Hence, they have the following features. • leaves which have become thorns to make sure An arid scrub forest that they do not lose water • long roots that search for underground water Coniferous forests Coniferous trees such as chir and fir grow in the Tall and pointed trees of Himalayas and Nilgiri mountains. They are also called coniferous forests mountainous forests as they grow in mountainous regions. These regions are extremely cold. In the Himalayas, it snows. When snow falls, it gathers everywhere. If it remains on the tree branches, the weight can break them. So, these trees have the following features. • The trees are pointed and narrow at the top and wider at the bottom. This prevents snow from remaining on the branches. • The fruits of these trees are like cones. The snow slides off them. This prevents any rotting of the fruits. • The leaves are like needles. So, snow does not gather on them. Tidal forests A tidal forest Tidal forests are found in regions that have a combination of both fresh water and salt water. They are made up of mostly mangroves. The Sundarbans in West Bengal is the largest mangrove forest in the world. The roots of these trees grow upwards to come out of the water. They do this to get air, which is necessary for them to survive. Importance of forests Let us learn about the importance of forests. ? Why are the leaves of coniferous forests • Forests are called the ‘lungs of the planet’ as different from they take in carbon dioxide and give us plenty of other leaves? oxygen to breathe. Climate and Vegetation in India 37
• F orests provide shelter to animals, birds and several tribes. • Forests have a lot of medicinal plants that can be used to cure many diseases. • Forests help in reducing or maintaining temperatures. • Forests help to produce more rain and prevent soil erosion. • Forests provide firewood, materials used for building and food. Different uses of forests Forests provide livelihood to Forests are home to a lot of many groups of people. animal and bird species. Forests provide us with firewood Forests give us cinchona tree. Its bark is and material for furniture. used to make quinine to treat malaria. Conservation of forests • C ontrolling forest fires: Forest fires can be either natural A forest fire or artificial. These are very dangerous and harmful as a forest can burn for days. It is very difficult to put out forest fires. In India, systems to handle forest fires are not as good as other countries. The government is looking for better ways to control them. • U sing alternative resources: People are now finding ways to use using materials that are not from the forests. Metal furniture has replaced wooden furniture in many schools and hospitals. • P rotecting reserved forests: With the help of many international committees, certain forests are now called reserved forests. This means that no human can enter these forests and trees cannot be cut down there. 38
Be Amaze d A Mawsynram in Meghalaya is the wettest place on the Earth. It receives an average of 467 inches of rain every year. Connect the Dots English Fun Many words in English come from other languages. The word ‘deciduous’ comes from a Latin word that means ‘fall down’. Science Fun In Meghalaya, there are famous tree-root bridges. These bridges are made up of live tree roots, supported by stones and are in hanging positions. New Words 1) altitude – the height of a place from sea level 2) Latin – a very old language A Note to Parent Building a forest is not easy to do, but we can all contribute our bit. Help your child to look for naturally occurring trees in the region that you live in. Encourage your child to plant a sapling and look after it. Support your child in reusing and recycling paper. Climate and Vegetation in India 39
6 INneidgihabaonudrsHerNepalAfghanistanLesson Bangladesh Pakistan India Bhutan I Will Learn About Sri Lanka Myanmar • the location of India on a world map. • the neighbouring countries of India. • the size of India as compared to her neighbouring countries. China I Think The Irani family is visiting the Wagah Border at Amritsar, Q. India. They are looking at the border that divides India and Pakistan. What is an international border? Meher How can Pakistan be on the other side of the border? (A) a line that divides countries Mr Irani T his is because India shares an international border with Pakistan. (B) a line that divides states Meher What is an international border? (C) a line that divides Morad It is a line that separates a country from its mountains neighbouring country. A country with more than one neighbouring country has different (D) a line that divides international borders. rivers 40
If you take the Earth and open it flat, it will look like the picture below. All the blue parts in the picture represent the oceans and seas of the world and the other coloured parts represent the continents. Continents of the world The Earth has seven continents. A continent is a vast continuous land mass usually made up of many countries. Some continents are separated by oceans or smaller water bodies. others are separated by mountains. A country is similar to a continent in many ways. While a continent is large and made up of many countries, a country is smaller and made up of many states. Our country, India, belongs to the largest continent in the world, Asia. India’s location in the world Position of India in Asia A map is a two-dimensional drawing of an entire area or a part of an area on a flat surface as seen from above. If you open an atlas, you will find maps of the world, continents and countries. Maps also tell us the direction in which a country lies. Let us learn how to find the ? Can you name the directions of a place to help us know the location of continent that India India in the world. is a part of? Compass and cardinal directions In the previous grade, you have learnt about compass and directions. There are four cardinal directions — north, south, east and west. They help us to know directions and India and Her Neighbours 41
locations of places. To locate places more accurately, we used primary intercardinal directions as well. They are north-east, north-west, south-east and south-west. India is situated to the south of Asia. It is surrounded by water in the south, east and west and by other countries in the north. To be even more specific about India’s location, we can use latitudes and longitudes. Latitudes are imaginary horizontal lines Cardinal and that run around the Earth from east to west. Longitudes are intercardinal directions imaginary vertical lines that run around the Earth from north to south. These lines criss-cross each other A map is a two-dimensional to form a grid. The extent of India in terms of latitude drawing of an entire area or (mainland) and longitude is 8°4′ N to 37°6′ N and a part of an area on a flat 68°7′ E to 97°25′ E respectively. surface as seen from above. Neighbouring countries of India Just like you have neighbours who live around you, India also has neighbouring countries to the north, south, east and west. They are as follows. • Afghanistan • Pakistan • China • Nepal • Bhutan • Bangladesh • Myanmar • Sri Lanka India and her neighbouring countries 42
If we want to find out where a neighbouring country of India is located, we can use cardinal and intercardinal directions to look for that country’s location. Complete the following table. Write the direction in which the neighbouring countries of India are located. Country Location as compared to India Afghanistan north-west of India Pakistan north of India China east of India Nepal south of India Bhutan Bangladesh Myanmar Sri Lanka India is separated from her neighbours by international borders. The international borders of India are the third-longest in the world. Russia has the longest international borders, followed by China. How do you think the international borders between two countries look? If you have travelled to another state by road or by railways, you must have seen signboards saying, ‘Welcome to…’ or ‘Thank you for visiting…’ A sign welcoming Similarly, at the international borders between India people into Goa and many of her neighbouring countries, there are signs saying ‘Welcome to…’ or ‘Indian territory ends’. India also shares extreme climates and different geographical features with her neighbours. Let us look at the list given below. Neighbouring Countries Common Geographical Features India and Pakistan mountains and deserts India and Sri Lanka ocean forests India and Bangladesh mountains India and Nepal glacier and mountains India and China India and Her Neighbours 43
Different international borders of India India-Myanmar border India-Nepal border India-Bhutan border India-Pakistan border India-Bangladesh border India-China border India has a large and well-maintained military to protect her borders and the security of the citizens. The armed forces look after the borders and make sure that India and her citizens are safe. Size of India India is the seventh-largest country in the world. It measures 3214 kilometres from north to south. The length from west to east is 2933 kilometres. In Asia, it is the third-largest country. Among its neighbours, India is the second-largest country after China. Given below are the neighbouring countries of India from the largest to the smallest in terms of size. neighbouring countries of India ? Which is the third-largest country in Asia? CHINA PAKISTAN MYANMAR AFGHANISTAN BANGLADESH NEPAL SRI BHUTAN LANKA 44
Be Amazed A China has the most number of neighbours touching its borders. The 14 countries touching its borders are India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Russia, North Korea, Vietnam, Laos, Myanmar, Bhutan and Nepal. Connect the Dots Maths Fun There are 195 countries in the world. India is the seventh-largest country in the world. Can you find out how many countries are smaller than India? ___________________________________________________________________________ Science Fun The Earth is a magnet that can communicate with other magnets. A compass also has a magnet. That is how a compass can tell us the direction. New Words 1) border – a line that separates a country from its neighbouring country 2) atlas 3) cardinal – a book of maps 4) military – main – armed forces that protect the country A Note to Parent You can encourage your child to learn the stories of how the borders of India and her neighbouring countries have been created. India and Her Neighbours 45
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