202110204-APEX-STUDENT-WORKBOOK-BIOLOGY-G09-PART2

Biology Workbook_9_P_2.pdf 1 18-10-2019 14:06:42 Name: ___________________________________ Section: ________________ Roll No.: _________ School: __________________________________

Table of Contents 1 26 8 CHALLENGES IN IMPROVING AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS 47 9 ADAPTATIONS IN DIFFERENT ECOSYSTEMS 73 10 SOIL POLLUTION 99 11 BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES 100 PROJECT BASED QUESTIONS ADDENDUM: ADDITIONAL AS-BASED PRACTICE QUESTIONS TABLE OF CONTENTS

8. CHALLENGES IN IMPROVING AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS SESSION 1 INTRODUCTION AND HOW TO INCREASE THE FOOD PRODUCTION 1.1 Mind Map 1.2 Terminology i. Fertilizers –A fertilizer is any material of natural or synthetic origin that is applied to soils or to plant tissues to supply one or more plant nutrients essential to the growth of plants. ii. Irrigation –Irrigation is the artificial application of water to the land or soil. iii. Nutrient –Nutrients are components in foods that an organism uses to survive and grow. iv. Kharif crops –Kharif crops or monsoon crops are domesticated plants cultivated and harvested during the rainy season in the South Asia, which lasts between April and October depending on the area. v. Rabi crops –Rabi crops are agricultural crops sown in winter and harvested in the spring in the South Asia. 1.3 Key Concepts i. With the increase in the population, there is a need to increase the food production. SESSION 1. INTRODUCTION AND HOW TO INCREASE THE FOOD PRODU... 1

ii. Food production can be increased by increasing the area of cultivated land, increasing production in the already existing land, developing high yielding varieties etc. iii. Water is very important for any crop to grow. iv. Crops should be well irrigated as plants cannot absorb nutrients directly from the soil and have to be absorbed only when dissolved in water. 1.4 Conceptual Understanding Q1. Suggest some ways in which our country could increase the production of rice to meet at least global limits? (Ref [Refer to TB page 123 Q1] A. Increasing the food production in proportion to the increasing population is always a big challenge for our country. We must ensure that the production of crops is to be increased. Some of the ways in which our country can increase the production of rice to meet at least global limits. They are: i. The kind of seeds that are going to be planted, have to be the best to ensure increased production and developing high yielding varieties. ii. The properties of the soil to be studied, so that the crop which is suitable to be grown in that soil can be selected. iii. Proper usage of manure, fertilizers and irrigation. iv. Controlling insect attacks and growth of weeds. v. We should observe the climatic conditions and select which crop is suitable to grow in that region. vi. Increasing the area of cultivated land and increase production in existing land. vii. Alternating crops and growing mixed crops. viii. Cultivating short term crops like rabi crops. SESSION 1. INTRODUCTION AND HOW TO INCREASE THE FOOD PRODU... 2

SESSION 2 IMPROVING HIGH YIELDING VARIETIES 2.1 Mind Map 2.2 Terminology i. Stomata –A tiny opening or pore on the leaf of plants, which helps in exchange of gases. ii. Carbohydrate –A carbohydrate is a biological molecule consisting of carbon (C), hy- drogen (H) and oxygen (O) atoms, usually with hydrogen: oxygen atom ratio of 2:1 (as in water). iii. Transpiration – Transpiration is the process by which moisture is carried through plants from roots to small pores on the underside of leaves, where it changes to vapor and is released to the atmosphere. iv. Pesticides – Pesticides are the toxic substances released intentionally into our envi- ronment to kill living things. 2.3 Key Concepts i. Paddy, wheat and sugarcane requires more water to grow and give maximum yield. Millets, pulses, maize, sesame etc. require less water and can be grown in water drought areas also. ii. Watershed is a process to improve groundwater levels. SESSION 2. IMPROVING HIGH YIELDING VARIETIES 3

2.4 Conceptual Understanding Q1. What are the adverse effects of using high yielding varieties of seeds? [Refer to TB page 123 Q4] A. In recent times, biotechnologists have developed high yielding varieties of different plants by using hybridization and genetic engineering methods. High yielding varieties may have many adverse effects. i. The nutritional value of the crop may be disturbed. ii. The crop may use more water resources than required. iii. Traditional and local varieties become extinct. iv. These mono cultural practices lead to increased and uncontrollable pests. To get rid of them, farmers have to spray pesticides which are a threat to the ecosystem. Q2. What are the essential measures that a farmer needs to take before sowing the seeds of a crop? [Refer to TB page 123 Q5] A. 1. The seeds that are to be sown should be selected carefully in order get a good yield. Seeds can be medicated with fungicides before sowing. 2. If a good quality of seed is sown, the yield of the crop also will be more. 3. Before sowing, separation of good quality seeds is very important. Seeds can be soaked in water before sowing. 4. The seeds are to be sown at uniform distances and are covered with soil, so that they may not be found by the birds and be eaten. Q3. Suppose you had a farm in a drought stricken area of your state. What crops would you grow and how? [Refer to TB page 123 Q6] A. 1. Millets, sesame, sunflower, pulses and maize are some of the crops that require less water and also drought resistant. These can be grown in drought stricken areas. 2. The farmer can follow drip irrigation. Drip irrigation is a good practice to prevent water wastage. In drip irrigation, water is supplied through small pipes. These pipes have small holes through which water passes drop by drop near the root. SESSION 2. IMPROVING HIGH YIELDING VARIETIES 4

2.5 Application to Daily Life, Concern to Bio Diversity Q1. Venkatapuram village is in drought prone area. Somaiah wants to cultivate sugarcane in his fields. Is it beneficial or not? What questions would you want to ask him? [Refer to TB page 124 Q17] A. 1. Cultivation of sugarcane is suitable in places which have rich water resources. 2. So, it is not beneficial for him to cultivate sugarcane in drought prone areas like Venkatapuram where Somaiah lives. 3. If he cultivates such crops water should be provided with the help of wells and bore wells. Most of the farmers of our state cultivate crops like paddy, sugarcane irrespective of proper availability of water, only because of supporting price and marketing facility. 4. So, farmers have to invest more on irrigation of water, electricity bills, pesticides and fertilizers. 5. We can ask him questions like – i. How would you give water to crop as there is less water in this area? ii. If you use water from bore wells, the electricity charges will be more. Would you be able to pay them? iii. Why don’t you prefer to cultivate crops like pulses, which are suitable to the area? iv. How can you manage if there are power cuts? SESSION 2. IMPROVING HIGH YIELDING VARIETIES 5

SESSION 3 CROP PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT 3.1 Mind Map 3.2 Terminology i. Crop rotation –Crop rotation is one of the oldest and most effective cultural control strategies. It means the planned order of specific crops planted on the same field. ii. Mixed crop –Mixed cropping is growing of, two or more crops simultaneously on the same piece of land. iii. Root nodule – Root nodules occur on the roots of plants that associate with symbiotic nitrogen–fixing bacteria. iv. Panchagavya – This is a natural manure. The main ingredients of panchagavya are milk, curd, ghee, dung and urine of cow. v. Vermicompost – Vermicompost is the product or process of composting using vari- ous worms, usually earthworms to create a heterogeneous mixture of decomposing vegetable or food waste. vi. Organic farming –Organic farming is a form of agriculture that relies on techniques such as crop rotation, green manure, compost, and biological pest control. 3.3 Key Concepts i. Macro–nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium along with micro–nutrients like manganese, boron, iron etc. are necessary for a plant to grow. ii. Fertility of the soil is also maintained with crop rotation. iii. Root nodules of leguminous plants have Rhizobium bacteria which can fix atmo- SESSION 3. CROP PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT 6

spheric nitrogen. iv. Organic manure is produced by decaying plant and animal waste. v. Manure got by ploughing back the grown crops into the soil is called green manure. vi. Soil testing can be done to understand the nutrients that are present in the soil and those that are deficient. vii. Vermicompost is good organic manure got by cultivating earthworms. viii. Crop rotation is the process in which farmers cultivate different crops in different sea- sons in a same agricultural field. ix. Panchagavya is an organic manure in which milk, curd, ghee, dung and urine of cow are the key ingredients. x. Use of chemical fertilizers mainly cause water and soil pollution, but also decrease soil fertility. xi. To maintain soil productivity, organic farming came into existence. 3.4 Conceptual Understanding Q1. How are bio fertilizers more beneficial as compared to chemical fertilizers? [Refer to TB page 123 Q2] A. Micro organisms which are useful in synthesizing nutrients required for the fertility of the soil are grown to replenish the nutrients in the soil. These are called microbial cultures or bio fertilizers. They synthesize nutrients from environment and soil. They are always more beneficial when compared to chemical fertilizers. i. They do not cause water or air pollution. ii. They do not cause diseases in the people who use them. iii. They do not harm any insects. iv. They do not disturb the food chain. v. They are eco friendly fertilizers. Q2. Find out the adverse effects of chemical fertilizers needed for growing the high yielding varieties of crops? [Refer to TB page 123 Q3](a)) A. The nutrient content in the soil is replenished by adding fertilizers. The adverse effects of using chemical fertilizers are: SESSION 3. CROP PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT 7

i. If chemical fertilizers are used more than required, the components stay in the soil, making the soil highly acidic. ii. As they are highly acidic they harm insects which may be useful. iii. They may mix with rain water, reach water resources and they may also harm the aquatic plants. Q3. Can high yielding varieties be grown without chemical fertilizers as well? How? [Refer to TB page 123 Q3](b)) A. High yielding varieties can also be grown without using chemical fertilizers as well. i. Fertilizers are added to replenish the nutrients in the soil. This can be done by crop rotation. ii. Addition of natural manure which is prepared by dumping organic wastes like left- over food, vegetable and fruit peels etc. in a compost pit and allowing it to decom- pose. iii. Vermicompost can be used as it is a very good manure. iv. Bio fertilizers can be used to improve soil fertility. v. Green manure can be used. 3.5 Asking Questions and Making Hypothesis Q1. Ramaiah has soil testing done in his field. The percentages of nutrients are 34–20–45. Is it suitable for cultivating sugarcane crop? Which crops can be cultivated without using artificial fertilisers in Ramaiah’s field? [Refer to TB page 124 Q9] A. 1. The percentage of nutrients in the field is not sufficient to grow sugarcane crop. Sugar cane requires 90–17–202. 2. He can grow corn crop with the percentage of nutrients that was given in the soil testing without the usage of artificial fertilisers. 3.6 Information Skills and Projects Q1. What basis would you adopt to explain to a farmer using chemical fertilizers to switch over to organic fertilizers? [Refer to TB page 124 Q11] A. Advantages of organic fertilizers i. Adds natural nutrients to soil. SESSION 3. CROP PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT 8

ii. Increases soil organic matter. iii. Improves soil structure. iv. Improves water holding capacity. v. Reduces soil crusting problems, reduces erosion from wind and water. vi. Organic fertilizers are made from materials derived from living things. vii. They are prepared naturally. viii. They are cheap. ix. Do not pollute the soil and water. By explaining all these factors we can ask the farmer to switch to organic fertilizers. 3.7 Communication Through Drawing and Model Making Q1. Draw a block diagram of water resources in your village. (Pg.124; Q no 13) A. Students activity (Hints: A block diagram is a diagram of a system in which the principal parts or functionsare represented by blocks connected by lines that show the relationships of the blocks.You have to consider all the water resources like river, lake, pond etc. in your village andrepresent in the block diagram) 3.8 Appreciation and Aesthetic Sense, Values Q1. Organic manure is helpful to biodiversity. How do you support this statement? [Refer to TB page 124 Q15] A. i. Organic farming is a boon to bio diversity. ii. In organic farming farmers use bio fertilizers, instead of using chemical fertilizers and synthetic pyrythroids, to get a higher yield. iii. By using chemical fertilizers, high yield can be obtained for only 20 to 30 years. After that soil becomes reluctant to plant growth. These chemicals damage soil fertility. If the soil condition is proper, then only the soil responds to fertilizers. iv. To maintain soil productivity organic farming came into existence. Bio fertilizers are useful to maintain soil health and productivity. v. Biofertlizers synthesize nutrients from environment and soil. These are also called farmer (eco) friendly fertilizers. SESSION 3. CROP PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT 9

SESSION 4 CROP PROTECTION MANAGEMENT 4.1 Mind Map 4.2 Terminology i. Weed – Unwanted plants growing in the field along with the crop. ii. Weedicides –a chemical weedkiller. iii. Insecticides –a substance used for killing insects. iv. Immunity –Immunity is the balanced state of having adequate biological defences to fight infection, disease. v. Predatory Insects –Beneficial insects which are used to control pest insects. vi. Pest controlling –Pest control refers to the regulation or management of pest. 4.3 Key Concepts i. Crops must be protected from weeds, pests, insects and birds for a better yield. ii. Weedicides, pesticides, herbicides and insecticides are being used to get rid of the weeds and pests. iii. Natural pest controlling methods can be used to avoid the adverse effects of the pes- ticides and insecticides. iv. Farmers should be aware of quality and innovative practices in agriculture to get a better yield. SESSION 4. CROP PROTECTION MANAGEMENT 10

4.4 Conceptual Understanding Q1. What measures will you take to save your field from a seasonal outburst of insects? [Referto TB page 124 Q7] A. 1. Generally insecticides, fungicides and other chemicals are used to control insects. 2. Natural pest controlling methods are also used. Some insects control the harmful insects and they are called friendly insects. 3. Spiders, Dragon fly, Mirids, Lady bird, beetle etc. are the insects that eat larvae of Jasids, Thrips and stem borers. 4. Some fungi (like Tricoderma species) and bacteria (like Bacilus thuringiensis) are capable of destroying pests like stem borers, tobacco etc. 5. Some mixed crops also control some pest and diseases like after paddy, cultivating black gram, groundnut etc. prevents Tungro disease on paddy. 4.5 Asking Questions and Making Hypothesis Q1. A farmer had been using a particular insecticide for a long time. What consequences will it have on (a) Insect Population, (b) Soil Ecosystem? [Refer to TB page 124 Q8] A. (a) Insect Population: 1. Use of insecticides will have a very bad effect on the insect population. Moreover prolonged use of a particular insecticide would lead to immunity in that insect. 2. There are also insects that are useful for plants. Insecticides may kill those too and pollination may become difficult. 3. We can use some other methods that do not give rise to these problems. For example, we can make use of the natural food chains to control pests. 4.There are many insects that eat other insects. They are called predatory insects. We can make use of these insects. There are also birds that eat insects. We can use these birds to get rid of insects. SESSION 4. CROP PROTECTION MANAGEMENT 11

(b) Soil ecosystem: 1. When we use insecticides, pesticides or herbicides to destroy weeds, a large per- centage of these chemicals remain in the soil. 2. From the soil, these chemicals find their way into air and water sources. 3. The soil in that area would become less fertile and would be deprived of the required nutrients. 4.6 Experimentation and Field Investigation Q1. Observe the fields in your surroundings and collect the information from farmers about the process to remove weeds. [Refer to TB page 124 Q10] A. i. Weeds are unwanted plants in the cultivated field, for example xanthium, parthe- nium etc. They compete for food, space and light. Weeds take up nutrients and reduce the growth of the crop. Therefore, removal of weeds from cultivated land during early stages of crop growth is essential for a good harvest. ii. Farmers adopt many ways to remove weeds and control their growth. iii. Tilling before sowing of crops helps in uprooting and killing of weeds, which may then dry up and get mixed with the soil. iv. The manual removal includes physical removal of weeds by uprooting or cutting them close to the ground, from time to time. This is done with the help of Khurpi. v. A seed drill is also used to uproot weeds. vi. Weeds are also controlled by using certain chemicals called Weedicides like 2, 4–D. These are sprayed in the fields to kill weeds. vii. Intercropping and crop rotation also help in weed control. 4.7 Information Skills and Projects Q1. Make a list of the major weeds in your area. Find out the weeds which are grown in different crops. [Refer to TB page 124 Q12] A. List of the major weeds – SESSION 4. CROP PROTECTION MANAGEMENT 12

i.Ranunculus sceleratus ii. Malvella leprosa iii. Barbarea orthoceras iv. Allium vineale v. Taraxacum vi. Glechoma hederacea vii. Tropaeolum Crops affected by weeds – i. Allium vineale –Tomatoes, peppers ii. Taraxacum –Various grains, tomato plants iii. Glechoma hederacea –Tomatoes, peppers, cucumbers, cauli•ower iv. Tropaeolum–Most vegetables, cabbage, broccoli, cucurbits, cucumbers, melons, peppers 4.8 Appreciation and Aesthetic Sense, Values Q1. What threats to nature do chemical fertilizers, pesticides, insecticides and herbicides pose? [Refer to TB page 123 Q14] A. The threats caused by artificial fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides and insecticides are immense. i. A large percentage of these substances remain in the soil and through soil they find their way into the water sources, thus polluting water. ii. Spraying these chemicals causes the death of the insects which are a part of the foodchain and thus may disturb the entire food web. iii. The insects which cause pollination are also killed. Q2. Spraying high dose of pesticides is hazardous to bio diversity and crop yields. How can you support this statement? [Refer to TB page 124 Q16] A. Spraying high dosage of pesticides will have a very bad effect on the insect population. It is also considered a hazard to biodiversity and crop yield. The hazardous effects are as follows: SESSION 4. CROP PROTECTION MANAGEMENT 13

i. Insect population becomes less and so there may be a disturbance to the food chain in that ecosystem. ii. Insects that are useful for plants are also being killed and pollination may become difficult. iii. Pesticides mixed with water during irrigation cause water pollution. iv. When this water enter into the ground it causes soil pollution. v. Also the animals in the water are killed when the polluted water is redirected to any water source. 4.9 Application to Daily Life, Concern to Bio Diversity Q1. Natural pest controlling methods are useful to bio diversity. Comment on it. [Refer to TB page 124 Q18] A. i. Natural pest controlling methods are useful to bio diversity as they do not harm any species on the planet. ii. Insects are used to kill the pests and harmful insects. This does not disturb any food chain in the ecosystem. iii. Some insects control the harmful insects and they are called friendly insects. iv. E.g. Spiders, dragon fly, Krisopa, mirids, lady bird beetle, etc., are the insects that eat worms like jasids, trips, and stem borers. Trycoderma bacterium lives in the eggs of stem borer, tobacco caterpillar, gram caterpillar and destroy these pests at the egg stage. SESSION 4. CROP PROTECTION MANAGEMENT 14

—— CCE Based Practice Questions —— AS1-Conceptual Understanding Very Short Answer Type Questions 1. Answer the following questions in one sentence. [Refer to Session 8.4 ] (i) Write the names of any two weeds in paddy fields. (ii) Name one insect which can be appreciated for its participation in pollination. (iii) In what way are insects helpful to plants? (iv) For what can mixed crops be appreciated? (v) Name any bacteria that destroys pests. (vi) What can be appreciated in helping to get rid of weeds and pests in crop fields? (vii) Give an example of a predatory insect. (viii) From which organisms do we need to protect our crops? (ix) Which districts of Andhra Pradesh are using pesticides and insecticides in large quan- tities? (x) List some measures which can be appreciated for speeding up the process of attract- ing insects. 2. Fill in the blanks. [Refer to Session 8.4 ] (xi) The diseases caused by insects and microorganisms affect . (xii) Overusage of pesticides leads to and and is hazardous to bio–diversity. (xiii) are chemicals that are used to kill insects. CHAPTER 8. CHALLENGES IN IMPROVING AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS 15

(xiv) If we cultivate black gram or groundnut after paddy, we can prevent disease on paddy. (xv) We can make use of natural food chains to control . (xvi) Use of herbicides and can cause soil pollution. (xvii) People who spray insecticides and pesticides can have a chance of getting . (xviii) Natural pest controlling methods can be used to avoid the adverse effects of the and . 3. State true or false. [Refer to Session 8.3 ] (xix) We cannot use panchagavya as food for hens and fish. [] (xx) Bio–fertilizers are called eco–friendly fertilizers. [] (xxi) Watershed is a process to improve groundwater levels. [] (xxii) Usage of chemical fertilizers by the farmer can be appreciated when he has a choice between chemical fertilizer and bio–fertilizer. [] (xxiii) Vermicompost is good organic manure obtained with the help of earthworms. ] [ 4. Answer the following questions in one sentence. [Refer to Session 8.3 ] (xxiv) Name any one crop which is suitable for growing as a mixed crop in fruit growing fields like lemon. CHAPTER 8. CHALLENGES IN IMPROVING AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS 16

(xxv) Name any one leguminous plant. (xxvi) Give an example where blue–green algae culture is used. (xxvii) List the five ingredients of Panchagavya. (xxviii)What do you mean by N, P, and K written on chemical fertilizer. 5. Fill in the blanks. [Refer to Session 8.3 ] (xxix) If more than one crop is cultivated in the same field then it is called . (xxx) Manure produced from decomposed plant and animal products has more material. (xxxi) Animal excreta, compost, deep litter are the examples of manure. (xxxii) Because of humus, the natural manure,and water holding capacity of soil is . (xxxiii)Natural organic manure is generally divided into manure and manure. 6. State true or false. [Refer to Session 8.2 ] (xxxiv)Plants utilise all the water that they absorb through their roots. [ ] ] (xxxv) Most of the water absorbed by plants evaporates from the leaves. ] [ (xxxvi)When the weather is hot, stomata begin to close. [ CHAPTER 8. CHALLENGES IN IMPROVING AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS 17

(xxxvii)Legumes utilise more amount of nutrients from the soil. [] (xxxviii) Nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium are called micronutrients. [ ] 7. Fill in the blanks. [Refer to Session 8.2 ] (i) Starch is a . (ii) grams of water reacts with grams of carbon dioxide to form 180 grams of carbohydrate. (iii) Plants use only percent of the water they absorb to form carbohydrates. (iv) irrigation is a good practice in agriculture to prevent water wastage. (v) is the process in which one crop is followed by another crop on an agricultural field. Short Answer Type Questions 8. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) [(Session 8.4)] Why is it necessary to remove weeds from our fields? (ii) [(Session 8.4)] How do weedicides pollute water? 9. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) [(Session 8.3)] Why should we use organic manure? (ii) [(Session 8.3)] Why do farmers sometimes plough back the crop grown into the soil? (iii) [(Session 8.3)] In what way is vermicompost better than chemical fertilizers? (iv) [(Session 8.3)] How has the usage of fertilisers improved crop production? CHAPTER 8. CHALLENGES IN IMPROVING AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS 18

10. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) [(Session 8.2)] Which type of irrigation is preferred in dry land agriculture? Why? (ii) [(Session 8.2)] What do you mean by crop rotation? Give some examples of combi- nations used for crop rotation. Long Answer Type Questions 11. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) [(Session 8.3)] What is a mixed crop? What are its uses? 12. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) [(Session 8.2)] What are the three types of methods to get high yield? Explain. AS2-Asking questions and making hypothesis Short Answer Type Questions 13. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) [(Session 8.4)] What questions will you ask your teacher about natural pest control through insects? 14. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) [(Session 8.3)] If you were a farmer, what questions would you like to ask an Agricul- ture Officer of Soil Testing Centre when he comes to your field? Long Answer Type Questions 15. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) [(Session 8.3)] Kishore is a farmer in Karimnagar district. He found out about the local Bhusara Pariksha Kendra, but had some questions in mind. What questions do you think he had? AS3-Experimentation and field investigation Long Answer Type Questions 16. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. CHAPTER 8. CHALLENGES IN IMPROVING AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS 19

(i) [(Session 8.2)] Visit some fields in a village close to where you stay. Find out what the main water sources for agriculture in those village are. AS4-Information skills and projects Long Answer Type Questions 17. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) [(Session 8.4)] Write the names of some commonly grown crops in your district and give the names of weeds that grow along with them. AS5-Communication through drawing and model making Long Answer Type Questions 18. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) [(Session 8.4)] Identify the below given image. Write a note on it. CHAPTER 8. CHALLENGES IN IMPROVING AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS 20

19. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) [(Session 8.3)] What are the plants in the picture below? What is the use of it? AS6-Appreciation and aesthetic sense, Values Long Answer Type Questions 20. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) [(Session 8.3)] Appreciate the existence of organic farming in relation to the use of chemical fertilizers. 21. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) [(Session 8.2)] What are the functions of a soil testing centre? AS7-Application to daily life, concern to bio diversity Short Answer Type Questions 22. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) [(Session 8.2)] Should we cultivate crops like paddy and sugarcane under wells and bore wells? Why? CHAPTER 8. CHALLENGES IN IMPROVING AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS 21

(ii) [(Session 8.2)] Sundariah has been cultivating paddy from past three years in the same field. But the yield of paddy was decreasing every year. When he consulted the Kissan help centre, officials said that his field got depleted with nutrients, especially nitrogen. He is so poor that he cannot afford to buy fertilizers. Suggest a method to Sundariah by which he can improve his field fertility as well as get produce crops. Explain why he should use that method. Objective Questions AS1-Conceptual Understanding 23. Choose the correct answer. (i) With the increase in the population, there is a need to increase the (A) land production (B) food production (C)air production (D)none of the above (ii) Which of the following crops requires more quantity of water? (A) Paddy (B) Cloves (C) Maize (D) Cotton (iii) Food production can be increased by (A) increasing the area of cultivated land (B) increasing production in the already existing land (C)developing high yielding varieties (D)all of the above (iv) We should mix urea and fertilizers with so that plants can absorb these nutri- ents. (A) alcohol (B) formic acid (C) water (D)acetic acid CHAPTER 8. CHALLENGES IN IMPROVING AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS 22

(v) Water is very important for any crop to (A) be harvested (B) grow (C)both A and B (D)none of the above (vi) Which of the following is a correct combination for crop rotation? (A) Paddy –Groundnut (B) Tobacco –Chilli (C)Red gram –Maize (D)All of the above (vii) Plants cannot absorb nutrients directly from soil, so they have to be (A) sprayed on leaves (B) sprinkled on roots (C)dissolved in water and irrigated (D)Both B and C (viii) Agriculture casing officers advise to cultivate in less water areas. (A) Aruthadi pantalu (B) dry land crops (C) paddy (D)both A and B (ix) Why should we study the properties of soil? (A) To know whether we can grow our desired crop or not (B) To select the crop which is suitable in that soil (C)Both A and B (D)None of the above (x) Which of the following crops should be grown in a field after the cultivation of cereals? (A) Solanaceae (B) Legumes (C) Gymnosperms (D)Both A and C CHAPTER 8. CHALLENGES IN IMPROVING AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS 23

(xi) Xanthium and Parthenium are examples of (A) weeds (B) pesticides (C) fungicides (D) pathogens (xii) Nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium are examples of (A) fertilizers (B) micronutrients (C) macronutrients (D)none of the above (xiii) Which one of the following nutrients is not available in fertilizers? (A) Phosphorous (B) Calcium (C) Potassium (D) Nitrogen (xiv) Which one of the following is raised as food for livestock? (A) Millet (B) Sorghum (C) Legumes (D) Sugarcane (xv) The way of incorporating desirable characters into crop varieties is by (A) hybridization (B) crop rotation (C)inter cropping (D)multiple cropping (xvi) The percentage of nitrogen in urea is (A) 36% (B) 46% (C) 56% (D) 44% (xvii) Insecticides are chemicals used to kill (A) microorganisms (B) weeds (C) insects (D) fungi CHAPTER 8. CHALLENGES IN IMPROVING AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS 24

(xviii) Which of the following is an example of nitrogen fixing bacteria? (A) Rhizobium (B) Bacillus (C) Mycorrhiza (D) Pencillium (xix) Identify the friendly insect(s) among the following. (A) Spider, dragonfly (B) Crispi, myriads (C)Lady bird (D) All (xx) Name the bacteria that can destroy pest like stem borer. (A) Bacilli (B) Trichoderma (C) Rhizobium (D) Azotobacter CHAPTER 8. CHALLENGES IN IMPROVING AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS 25

9. ADAPTATIONS IN DIFFERENT ECOSYSTEMS SESSION 1 INTRODUCTION AND ADAPTATIONS IN DESERT ORGANISMS 1.1 Mind Map 1.2 Terminology i. Adaptation – The action or process of adapting or being adapted. ii. Ecosystem – An ecosystem is a community of living organisms in conjunction with the nonliving components of their environment (things like air, water and mineral soil), interacting as a system. iii. Photosynthesis – Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy, normally from the Sun, into chemical energy that can be later released to fuel the organisms’ activities. iv. Transpiration – Transpiration is the process by which moisture is carried through plants from roots to small pores on the underside of leaves, where it changes to vapour and is released to the atmosphere. v. Xerophytes – A xerophyte is a species of plant that has adapted to survive in an envi- ronment with little liquid water, such as a desert or an ice–or snow–covered region in the Alps or the Arctic. 1.3 Key Concepts i. A Habitat is a place where a particular species of organisms live and multiply SESSION 1. INTRODUCTION AND ADAPTATIONS IN DESERT ORGANISMS 26

naturally. All organisms adjust themselves to the surroundings they live in. This is called adaptation. ii. Xerophytic plants have spines to reduce water loss due to transpiration. Living stones are not stones exactly and are swollen leaves which are adapted to desert conditions. iii. Camels have hump which stores fat. iv. Plants like opuntia, cactus, aloevera, animals like side—winder, golden mole are all adapted to the desert conditions. v. Animals that are active during night are called nocturnal animals. E.g., bats, owls, etc. Sleeping all through summer to combat the heat is called aestivation and sleeping during winter to escape the cold conditions is called hibernation. 1.4 Conceptual Understanding Q1. What do you understand by adaptations and why do animals adapt? [Refer to TB page 146 Q1] A. 1. The particular changes in the structure, function or behaviour of an organism for itssurvival in its ‘environment’ are called Adaptation. 2. The adaptations of organisms have developed over many generations. 3. Camels have learned to adapt (or change) so that they can survive in the desert. 4. An adaptation is a way that animal’s body helps it to survive or live in its environment. If there is an alter in the environment, If the animal does not adapt to the conditions, it dies. Q2. With the help of 2 examples, explain how these organisms have adapted themselves to the ecosystem? [Refer to TB page 146 Q2] A. Organisms living in different climatic zones and areas adapt themselves to suit to the needs of those surroundings. i. In Kalabanda, the leaves are reduced to spines so that there is less loss of water through transpiration and water is stored in the stem. This helps the plant to live in water scarce regions. SESSION 1. INTRODUCTION AND ADAPTATIONS IN DESERT ORGANISMS 27

ii. Mangrove plants live in waterlogged areas called estuaries. Estuary is a place where a river joins the sea. They developed structures called pneumatophores or “knees”, that help the plants in maintaining adequate root respiration in a watery environment. Q3. In the chapter an ecosystem, we had studied about the mangrove ecosystems. What kind of abiotic conditions did you study in them? [Refer to TB page 147 Q7] A. Mangroves are one of the most productive ecosystem on earth, deriving nourishment from terrestrial fresh water and tidal salt water. There are five main abiotic factors – Salt and fresh water, Temperature, Light, Soil, Air, Nutrients etc. 1.5 Appreciation and Aesthetic Sense, Values Q1. How do you appreciate the processing protection pebble plants from the enemies? [Re- fer to TB page 147 Q16] A. i. Pebble plants are also called as living stones. They survive by living partly under- ground. ii. Their leaves have been reduced to a single pair, fat, round and succulent, with just a groove between them from which, in the right season, will sprout a surprisingly large flower. iii. The round shape, with a very low surface area for a given volume, reduces evap- oration to a minimum and is therefore a great help to the plant in conserving its water in the intense heat. iv. It has been noted earlier it may bring an additional benefit. Outside the flowering season, the plant is very difficult to find among the gravel and pebbles, so its shape could also serve as a defence against detection by grazing animals ––ostriches and tortoises, porcupines etc. SESSION 1. INTRODUCTION AND ADAPTATIONS IN DESERT ORGANISMS 28

SESSION 2 ADAPTATIONS IN AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS 2.1 Mind Map 2.2 Terminology 29 i. Scavengers – an organism that feeds on dead animal and plant material. SESSION 2. ADAPTATIONS IN AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS

ii. Euphotic zone – The euphotic zone is the layer closer to the surface that receives enough light for photosynthesis to occur. Beneath lies the disphotic zone, which is illuminated but so poorly that rate of respiration is low. iii. Bathyal zone – The bathyal zone is the part of the zone that extends from a depth of 1000 to 4000 meters below the ocean surface. iv. Abyssal zone – The abyssal zone is the zone that contains the very deep benthic communities near the bottom of oceans. v. Phytoplanktons – Phytoplanktons are the autotrophic components of the plankton community and a key factor of oceans, sea and freshwater basin ecosystems. vi. Bio–luminescence – Bioluminescence is the production and emission of light by a living organism. It is a form of chemiluminescence. vii. Littoral zone – The littoral zone is the near shore area where sunlight penetrates all the way to the sediment and allows aquatic plants to grow. viii. Limnetic zone – The limnetic zone is the well–lit, open surface waters of a lake, away from the shore. ix. Profundal zone – The profundal zone is a deep zone of an inland body of freestanding water, such as a lake or pond, located below the range of effective light penetration. 2.3 Key Concepts i. Aquatic ecosystems are of two types — fresh water and marine water ecosystems. Ponds, lakes and rivers are fresh water ecosystems and seas and oceans are marine water ecosystems. ii. Turtles have flippers and fish have fins to swim. iii. All the body parts like lungs, kidneys etc are adapted in the animals living in the seas and oceans to live in marine water ecosystem. iv. Marine animals have blubber which stores fat for insulation from cold. v. Marine ecosystem has 3 zones — euphotic zone (sunlit zone), bathyal zone (twilight zone) and abyssal zone (dark zone). vi. Dolphins, jelly fishes, coral reefs etc are found in the euphotic zone. vii. Red and brown kelps, sponges and corals are found in the bathyal zone. viii. Organisms in abyssal zone are mostly predators, either blind or exhibit biolumines- cence. ix. Fresh water ecosystems have 3 zones—littoral zone, limnetic zone and profundal zone. x. Photosynthetic activity takes place in littoral and limnetic zones but absent in profundal zone. xi. Marine water fish drink large amounts of water compared to fresh water fish to main- tain the salt levels in their body. SESSION 2. ADAPTATIONS IN AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS 30

2.4 Conceptual Understanding Q1. What special adaptations can be seen in the following organisms? [Refer to TB page 146 Q3] A. a. Mangrove trees – Mangroves have projections from their roots called the pneu- matophores orknees. They help the plants to maintain adequate root respiration in watery environment. b. Camel – Camel has a hump which stores fat for later usage. Long eye lashes protect its eyes from sand. Its nostrils close voluntarily to protect from blowing sand. Long legs keep the body away from hot sand on the ground. c. Fish – Some fishes have lung like swim bladders to control buoyancy. They have specially developed kidneys and gills to maintain salt concentrations across the mem- brane through osmosis. Some fishes have anti–freeze like substance in their blood to keep it flowing. They have floaters on their body. They have special air spaces inside their body. They have fins to swim. Their body is streamlined. d. Dolphins – They have special air spaces inside their body and these help them to swim and float on water. They have floaters on their body to be able to inhabit particular levels in the water body. Their body is streamlined. e. Planktons – Microscopic photosynthetic organisms like planktons have droplets of oil in their cells to keep them afloat. Q2. lf the animal of euphotic zone has to survive in the abyssal zone, what adaptations are required to survive there? [Refer to TB page 146 Q4] A. i. Euphotic zone is the sun lit zone in the marine water ecosystem. The organisms in this zone are mainly swimmers and floaters. The flora and fauna are extremely colourful and the photosynthetic activity is high. ii. On the other hand, the abyssal zone is dark and photosynthetic activity is absent in this zone. The organisms are mainly predators or scavengers. iii. So for an animal from euphotic zone to survive in the abyssal zone, it needs to be non photosynthetic, either predator or scavenger, and bioluminescent. Q3. Marine water fishes drink more water than fresh water fishes. Do you agree? Justify. [Refer to TB page 146 Q5] A. i. Yes, marine water fishes drink more water than fresh water fishes. Several marine SESSION 2. ADAPTATIONS IN AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS 31

species have a low internal salt concentration than that of the water they swim in. ii. So, they tend to dehydrate as water is lost by osmosis. To compensate the loss, they drink large amounts of water and excrete salts both via kidneys and gills. iii. The gills in marine water fish process the water and take the salt out. When salt water flows over the gills of a fish, the water is hypertonic to the blood in the gills, causing the water to move out of the gill tissue regularly. iv. This means that marine water fish constantly lose water out of their blood stream through osmosis. On the other hand fresh water fish gain water constantly into their blood stream. So there is a necessity for the marine water fish to drink more water as they lose water regularly. Q4. Write the effect of temperature on the organisms adapted in a lake and pond in a tabular form. [Refer to TB page 146 Q6] A. i. The surface layers in a lake or pond ecosystem gets heated up while the deeper layers remain cool during day time. Here temperature plays an important role for the survival of the organisms and also for photosynthetic activity. ii. Changes in temperature affect aquatic life. Temperature determines which organ- isms will thrive and which will diminish in numbers and size. iii. For each organism there is a thermal death point. Also there is a range of tem- perature that produces optimal abundance. The effects of temperature affects not only survival, but growth and reproduction of every organism. So there must be a favourable temperature for each and every organism to survive Q5. How is the Coringa ecosystem different from the marine ecosystem you studied? A. 1. Coringa ecosystem is the estuary, where a river meets the sea. 2. The salt concentration in Coringa ecosystem is less compared to the marine ecosys- tem. 3. The situations in marine ecosystem are different from Coringa ecosystem and more than fresh water ecosystem. 4. Mangroves grow extensively in Coringa ecosystem, whereas marine fish, phytoplank- ton and other organisms which can tolerate high salt concentration are present in marine ecosystem. Q6. The aquatic ecosystem of Coringa Mangrove region would be less salty than the bay. Do you agree to this? Why? Why not? SESSION 2. ADAPTATIONS IN AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS 32

A. Yes, the aquatic ecosystem of Coringa Mangrove region would be less salty than the bay because the Coringa ecosystem is the region where the river meets the sea and so it would be less salty. 2.5 Asking Questions and Making Hypothesis Q1. The Murrel (korramatta) and Rohu are fishes found in rivers. Will they be able to live in the Coringa ecosystem? Give reasons for your answer. [Refer to TB page 147 Q9] A. 1. No they will not be able to survive in the Coringa ecosystem. 2. The conditions in a Coringa ecosystem are saline when compared to the river ecosys- tem. 3. If fresh water fish are kept in saline water, the concentration of water around would be more when compared to their bodies and so water moves out of their bodies by osmosis. Thereby the cells lose water shrink and the animals die 2.6 Experimentation and Field Investigation Q1. Collect some aquatic plants — cut the leaves and stems, Observe them under micro- scope and record your observations like air presence / absence of air spaces etc., and answer the below. [Refer to TB page 147 Q10] a. Why do they float on water? What makes them float? Are there any other reasons for their floating? b. Draw a diagram of what you have observed under a microscope. A. a. They float on water, because they have air filled structures in the plant body. The aerenchyma tissue present in the submerged plants makes them f!oat. The reasons for their floating are: 1. Presence of aerenchyma cells make them lighter than water. 2. Having flexible stems to withstand the flow of water. b. Students’ Activity SESSION 2. ADAPTATIONS IN AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS 33

2.7 Information Skills and Projects Q1. Visit a nearby pond or a lake. Record the organisms you have observed and their adaptations. [Refer to TB page 147 Q11] A. There are many types of creatures that live in pond water. i. This includes amoeba, fish, tadpoles, leeches etc. Ponds also provide a food for many microorganisms, cyanobacteria, algae, moss, etc. There are also a wide range of water plants like hydrilla, lotus etc. ii. All the organisms that live in a pond are well adapted to survive in that habitat. There are 3 zones in the pond ecosystem –Littoral, limnetic and profundal zones. Organisms in littoral zone have well developed eye sight and are fast swimmers. Mosses live in this zone and show high photosynthetic activity. iii. Organisms in the littoral zone are fresh water fish and shrimps. They have silver scales which help them merge with the surroundings. Pistia and some algae are also seenin this zone. iv. The profundal zone is cold and dim animals that live here are mostly heterotrophs, which eat dead animals. Q2. Are there any rivers joining in the Bay of Bengal in the Coringa ecosystem? [Refer to TB page 147 Q13] A. Rivers like Godavari and river Gautami joins the Bay of Bengal in the Coringa ecosystem Q3. Crocodile, alligator are both the same. Actually they are not similar. Do you find any differences between them? What are they? A. Crocodiles: i. Crocodiles have a longer, more V–shaped head then alligators. ii. The fourth tooth of a crocodile sticks out when its mouth is closed. iii. Crocodiles are better adapted to living in seawater. iv. Crocodiles are more aggressive than alligators. v. Crocodiles tend to have a lighter appearance than alligators. vi. Crocodiles are found all over the world where alligators are only found in the US and China SESSION 2. ADAPTATIONS IN AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS 34

Alligators: i. Alligators have shorter, wider heads that are more U–shaped than crocodiles. ii. Alligators strongly favour freshwater while some species of crocodile live in sea- water. iii. Alligators are less aggressive than crocodiles. iv. Alligators tend to have a darker appearance than crocodiles. v. Alligators are only found in the US and China while crocodiles are found all over the world. Q4. Collect information of one lake from internet and prepare a table of organisms adapted at different zones. [Refer to TB page 147 Q12] A. Pulicat Lake is the second largest brackish – water lake or lagoon in India, af- ter Chilika Lake. It straddles the border of Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu states on the Coromandal Coast in South India. The lake encompasses the Pulicat Lake Bird Sanctuary. Different organisms found are Zones Plants/Animals Littoral zone Crabs, clams, mussels, oysters, snails, fish worms, insects, spiders, sponges, anemone, prawns, plankton Phytoplankton species of Prosopis juliflora, Spirulina major, Oscillatoria spp., Anabaena spp., Rhizosolenia castracanei, Eucampia cornuta and Climacodium frauenfeldianum are found near the periphery of the lake. Halophila ovalis populary called sea grass is also found Limnetic zone Fishes like Mullets and catfish, few crustaceans like whit and tiger prawns, jellyfish are found. SESSION 2. ADAPTATIONS IN AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS 35

Profundal zone Scavengers and predators live here. Detritus Bacteria are found feed on dead and decaying matter. Crustaceans, Crabs, fishes are found here. 2.8 Communication Through Drawing and Model Making Q1. Draw a lake showing different zones. Why are they called so? [Refer to TB page 147 Q14] A. Marine ecosystem has 3 zones –euphotic zone (sunlight zone), Bathyal zone (twilight zone) and Abyssal zone (Dark zone).Thay are named based on the light penetration. 2.9 Appreciation and Aesthetic Sense, Values Q1. Amphibians are wonderful creatures on the earth. How do you appreciate their adapta- tion. [Refer to TB page 147 Q15] SESSION 2. ADAPTATIONS IN AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS 36

A. 1. The amphibians have adaptations for living on land and in water. 2. They have the nictitating membrane, which is a covering over the eye to keep it moist. 3. They have lungs to breathe air. 4. They also have developed limbs for locomotion. 5. They are still dependant on water though, because they need to lay their eggs in water to prevent them from drying out. They also need to keep their skin moist, as they breathe by diffusion through their skin. so they are considered wonderful creatures. 2.10 Application to Daily Life, Concern to Bio Diversity Q1. Some animals and plants survive only in certain conditions. Now days, human activities cause damage to these conditions. What do you think about this? [Refer to TB page 147 Q17] A. Many human activities impose a great threat to the survival of several organisms. 1. Deforestation: Humans have already transformed or destroyed around half of the forests and use the vast majority of resources for human needs. This not only cause a physical threat to the forests, it poses a threat to all natural resources and causes the rapid extinction of other living animal species. 2. Causing pollution: Human activities produce large amounts of polluted matter that threaten the ecosystem. The use of pesticides on crops can contaminate groundwater supply and kill important insect species that other animals rely on for food or that plants rely on for pollination. 3. Hunting: Overhunting is a problem throughout the world when a species is hunted to extremes, its numbers eventually begin to decrease and it becomes endangered or extinct. Since all animals play some role in the ecosystem, this type of hunting threatens the balance in nature that exists. All species of animals have specific needs in their habitat, and some rely on a relatively small habitat that may not exist elsewhere. The organisms are likely to disappear from existence over time if these types of threats to the ecosystems prevail. SESSION 2. ADAPTATIONS IN AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS 37

SESSION 3 OTHER ADAPTATIONS 3.1 Mind Map 3.2 Terminology i. Aestivation – Aestivation is a state of animal dormancy, similar to hibernation, char- acterized by inactivity and a lowered metabolic rate, which is entered in response to high temperatures and arid conditions. ii. Hibernation – Hibernation is a state of inactivity and metabolic depression in en- dotherms. iii. Lichens – Lichens are composite, symbiotic organisms made up of members of as many as three kingdoms. iv. Galapagos Finches – A type of bird which is found on the Galapagos Islands. 3.3 Key Concepts i. Some plants in temperate regions shed their leaves to minimize the transpiration loss. ii. Plants growing in hot climatic zones keep their stomata closed during summer. iii. Animals like polar bear and seal living in extreme cold conditions have a layer of fat beneath their skin and a thick fur coat or hair on their bodies which act as insulators and prevent heat loss from their body. iv. The symbiotic relationship of algae and fungi live in colonies is called as lichens. 3.4 Conceptual Understanding Q1. How the frogs got protected themselves from cold and heat? [Refer to TB page 147 Q8] A. Frogs show seasonal adaptations to protect themselves from extremes of hot and cold conditions. They burrow deep in the ground and remain motionless until the conditions are favourable. SESSION 3. OTHER ADAPTATIONS 38

—— CCE Based Practice Questions —— AS1-Conceptual Understanding Very Short Answer Type Questions 1. Fill in the blanks. [Refer to Session 9.1 ] (i) The changes in the structure, function or behaviour of an organism over a period of time for better survival in its environment is called . (ii) plants have spines to reduce water loss due to transpiration. (iii) Camels have humps which store . (iv) Mangrove plants live in waterlogged areas called . (v) Plants like opuntia, and animals like golden mole are adapted to conditions. (vi) The mangroves modified their roots into evolved projections called or . (vii) Animals that are active during night are called animals. (viii) A habitat is a place where a particular species of organism lives and naturally. 2. State true or false. [Refer to Session 9.2 ] (ix) We can see only one type of creature in pond water. [ ] (x) Littoral zone is a good habitat for snails and amphibians. [ ] (xi) Organisms found in littoral zone are fresh water fish and shrimps. [ ] CHAPTER 9. ADAPTATIONS IN DIFFERENT ECOSYSTEMS 39

(xii) Euphotic zone is a photosynthetically active zone. So we can find diverse flora and fauna in this zone. [] (xiii) Profundal zone is mostly warm when compared with the littoral zone. ] [ (xiv) If we increase the salinity of fresh water pond, we can grow sea water fishes in it. [] (xv) River Godavari is joining Bay of Bengal in the Coringa ecosystem. ] [ (xvi) Throwing garbage in water increases water fertility. [] (xvii) Crocodiles are better adapted to living in seawater. [] (xviii) Many species of ducks, geese and swans also reside in and around the lake ecosys- tem feeding on a number of different organisms including fish. [] 3. Match the following. Column B a. Squids and Whales [(Session 9.2)] Column A i. Euphotic Zone ii. Eel b. Freshwater lake iii. Osman sagar c. Bioluminiscent organisms can be found iv. Abyssal zone d. Coral colonies v. Bathyal zone e. Electric fish 4. Match the animal to their respective adaptations. CHAPTER 9. ADAPTATIONS IN DIFFERENT ECOSYSTEMS 40

[(Session 9.3)] Column B Column A a. Reduces transpiration i. Polar bear ii. Lichens b. Fruit eater iii. Stubby beak finch c. Hibernation iv. Frogs d. Symbionts v. Shedding of leaves (temperate region) e. Thick fur 5. Answer the following questions in one sentence. [Refer to Session 9.3 ] (xix) Sujith heard that some lichen is used as flavouring agent in preparation of biryani, but he does not know about it. Can you tell Sujith what is it? (xx) Sai Chand said to Shankar that bears in polar region suffer due to food scarcity as they cannot find many fishes to eat during winter season. Can you guess why it happens? (xxi) What helps seals to prevent loss of heat from their body? (xxii) Phani said that a scientist had done research on finches of Galapagos island. Name the scientist. 6. Fill in the blanks. [Refer to Session 9.3 ] (xxiii) Plants growing in hot climates keep the closed during the day time. (xxiv) Lichens are able to survive even in extreme conditions due to adaptations. (xxv) Thorny leaves are an adaptation to . (xxvi) Winter sleep is also called as . CHAPTER 9. ADAPTATIONS IN DIFFERENT ECOSYSTEMS 41

(xxvii) have thick and heavy beaks. Short Answer Type Questions 7. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) [(Session 9.1)] What are also called as living stones? (ii) [(Session 9.1)] Explain with an example the adaptation of plants which live in desert areas. AS2-Asking questions and making hypothesis Short Answer Type Questions 8. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) [(Session 9.2)] What questions might one have when they see fishes swimming in water? (ii) [(Session 9.2)] What questions might come to your mind when one sees animals and plants living in marine habitat? Long Answer Type Questions 9. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) [(Session 9.3)] What questions would you ask to understand the adaptations in a polar bear ? AS3-Experimentation and field investigation Short Answer Type Questions 10. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) [(Session 9.2)] If you want to perform an experiment on the effect of fishes and sunlight in Hussain Sagar lake of Hyderabad, into how many zones will you divide the lake based on light penetration? (ii) [(Session 9.2)] Go to a nearby lake and observe the animals and insects that reside in and around the lake and make a list of them. CHAPTER 9. ADAPTATIONS IN DIFFERENT ECOSYSTEMS 42

11. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) [(Session 9.3)] Go to a nearby garden. Observe different types of trees and find out how many types of trees have different adaptation styles. (ii) [(Session 9.3)] Go to a nearby zoo and observe beaks of different types of finches and write a few points on them. AS4-Information skills and projects Short Answer Type Questions 12. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) [(Session 9.3)] Collect the names of animals which hibernate during winter. (ii) [(Session 9.3)] Collect information about Patther Phul and write any three sentences about them. Long Answer Type Questions 13. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) [(Session 9.2)] Collect information of at least five aquatic plants and aquatic animals and give their adaptative features. AS6-Appreciation and aesthetic sense, Values Long Answer Type Questions 14. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) [(Session 9.2)] How do you appreciate the adaptation of fishes for survival in water? 15. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) [(Session 9.3)] What is a symbiotic relationship? How would you appreciate the for- mation of lichens? AS7-Application to daily life, concern to bio diversity Long Answer Type Questions 16. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. CHAPTER 9. ADAPTATIONS IN DIFFERENT ECOSYSTEMS 43

(i) [(Session 9.2)] Marine ecosystem is diverse with different organisms at different sea levels. In what way do these animals get adapted to such diverse conditions? Objective Questions AS1-Conceptual Understanding 17. Choose the correct answer. (i) In which of the following zones are coral reefs found? (A) Euphotic zone (B) Bathyal zone (C)Abyssal zone (D)Littoral zone (ii) Photosynthetic activity is absent in (A) Euphotic zone (B) Abyssal zone (C)Bathyal zone (D)None of the above (iii) helps mangroves to maintain adequate root respiration in watery environ- ment. (A) Pneumatophores (B) Aerial roots (C) Knees (D)All of the above (iv) Marine water fishes drink more water than fresh water fishes because several marine species have than the water they swim. (A) Higher internal salt concentration (B) Low sugar level in blood (C)Low internal salt concentration (D)None of the above (v) Partially submerged plants have numerous air spaces inside the stems, leaves, etc., to aid in CHAPTER 9. ADAPTATIONS IN DIFFERENT ECOSYSTEMS 44

(A) Gaseous exchange (B) Water exchange (C) Buoyancy (D)Both A and C (vi) Photosynthetic activity is maximum in . (A) Bathyal zone (B) Euphotic zone (C)Abyssal zone (D)Both A & C (vii) Kalabanda is a xerophytic plant in which are reduced to spines. (A) stem (B) leaves (C) roots (D) flowers (viii) For every 10 meters of depth, pressure increases by . (A) 1 Atmosphere (B) 2 Atmosphere (C)5 Atmosphere (D)10 Atmosphere (ix) Which among the following represents a marine ecosystem? (A) Ponds (B) Streams (C) Rivers (D) Oceans (x) Droplets of oil stored in which of the following aquatic organisms keep them floating? (A) Dolphins (B) Planktons (C)Aquatic plants (D) Fishes (xi) Plants like Mangroves and Cypress have projections called Pneumatophores or Knees which develop from the of plants. (A) Aerial roots (B) Lateral roots (C) Stem (D) Leaves CHAPTER 9. ADAPTATIONS IN DIFFERENT ECOSYSTEMS 45

(xii) Long legs in camel help the animal in: (A) Running fast (B) Keeping the body away from hot ground (C)Protecting from sand (D)Both A and B (xiii) Collapsed lungs in marine animals like seal help in: (A) Swimming on the surface (B) Surface–dwelling (C)Gliding effortlessly to the deep sea (D)None of the above (xiv) Which of the following is the dark zone of the ocean? (A) Euphotic zone (B) Bathyal zone (C)Abyssal zone (D)Limnetic zone (xv) Marine species of fishes adapt to a high salt concentration in water by maintaining: (A) Lower internal salt concentration than the water they swim (B) Higher internal salt concentration than the water they swim (C)Equal internal salt concentration as the water they swim (D)None of the above CHAPTER 9. ADAPTATIONS IN DIFFERENT ECOSYSTEMS 46

10. SOIL POLLUTION SESSION 1 INTRODUCTION AND SOIL - FORMATION, PROPERTIES AND FERTILITY 1.1 Mind Map 1.2 Terminology i. Parent material – Parent material is the underlying geological material (generally bedrock or a superficial or drift deposit) in which soil horizons form. ii. Soil fertility – Soil fertility refers to the ability of a soil to sustain plant growth, i.e. to provide plant habitat and result in lasting constant yields of high quality. iii. Mycorrhiza – A mycorrhiza is a symbiotic association composed of a fungus and roots of a vascular plant. iv. Mineralization – Mineralization is the hydrothermal deposition of economically impor- tant metals in the formation of ore bodies or lodes. 1.3 Key Concepts i. Our environment is composed of atmosphere, earth, water and space. Soil is made SESSION 1. INTRODUCTION AND SOIL - FORMATION, PROPERTIES A... 47

up of minerals and decomposed organic matter along with air and water. ii. Many organisms including bacteria, fungi, viruses, worms etc. have their habitat in the soil. Healthy soil is very important to produce food. iii. Soil has 3 properties –physical, chemical and biological. iv. Organic matter in soil increases water holding capacity; improves water infiltration and decreases evaporation. v. The pH of the soil is to be balanced to determine the type of vegetation. vi. Soil microbes convert organic forms of elements to inorganic forms. vii. Abundant biological activity in soil, balanced macro and micro–nutrient levels and good water retention capacity are the features of a fertile soil. 1.4 Conceptual Understanding Q1. What are the three main physical properties of soil? What effects do these have on the plants? [Refer to TB page 167 Q9] A. Soil comprises of minerals, organic matter, water and air. The composition and propor- tion of these components greatly influences soil texture. 1. The physical properties of soil include Texture, Structure and Porosity 2. Effects of texture: It can dictate the variety of plants that can be grown in the soil and also affect the quality and quantity of the yield. 3. Effects of structure: Physical properties regulate and affect air and water movement in the soil and thus, the soil’s ability to function. Organic matter is the organic component of soil which includes the residues of dead plants, animals and other organisms. It consists of nutrients necessary for plant’s growth such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. Soils which contains 30% or more organic matter are considered to be organic soil; all other soils are identified as mineral soils. 4. Effect of Porosity: Fine texture and organic matter in soil improves water infiltration, decreases evaporation, and increases the water holding capacity. Also, where there is organic matter, there will be numerous organisms present, which help in creating conditions ideal for cultivation thus, maintaining the natural state of soil. SESSION 1. INTRODUCTION AND SOIL - FORMATION, PROPERTIES A... 48