c) I want to learn French, __________________________________ I am going to France. d) H e is upset, __________________________________ his friend has moved to another city. e) M eeta __________________________________ her friends practise football every evening. f) I cannot sleep, __________________________________ I am going to read a book. Exercise 5: Complete these sentences using ‘nor’, ‘or’ or ‘yet’. One is done for you. a) You can have your lunch at school or at home. b) Tania did not buy popcorn ________________________ did she buy candy. c) They went to Goa, ________________________ they did not go to the beach. d) Allan is my friend, ________________________ I do not trust him. e) Do you want to draw ________________________ paint? f) The film was not funny ________________________ was it interesting. Exercise 6: Complete the passage by using the correct coordinating conjunctions. One is done for you. Ronny loves his mother and father. He listens to them, ________________________ he respects them. The three of them spend little time together, ________________________ they are very close to each other. They do not fight ________________________ do they argue. Ronny works hard ________________________ that he can make his parents proud. His mother ________________________ father is always there to pick him up from school, even if both cannot come every day. Conjunctions 47
W11 Writing Formal Writing Informal letter writing Exercise 1: Write a letter to your friend, describing a scary dream (also called a ‘nightmare’) that you had. Hints: • When did you have the nightmare? • What was the nightmare about? • What happened in the nightmare? • Who did you see in the nightmare? • How did you feel when you woke up? Dear ____________________________________________, 48
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Creative Writing Picture-based writing Exercise 2: Look at the pictures given below. Describe what activity each person is doing. Also, write five sentences about the importance of outdoor games and activities. Porus Nuria Faiz David Anu Fatima healthy fresh mind fit routine fun activities time with friends 50
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12 Sentences Types of sentences She has a dance performance Please give me a glass of water. tonight. Where are you going? We won the match! Did you notice that each sentence above is different from the others? Each type of sentence given above has a different purpose. 52
Let us learn more about the types of sentences. Declarative They are used to state information. They are statements sentences and end with a full stop (.). Examples: • I will come to your party. • The elephant has a long trunk. • The Earth goes around the Sun. Imperative These sentences give commands or make requests. sentences Imperative sentences end with a full stop (.) or an exclamation mark (!). Examples: • Kindly get my book. (request) • Go sit in your chair. (command) • S peak the truth! (command) Interrogative These sentences ask questions and end with a question sentences mark (?). Examples: • Who broke the vase? • What is your name? • Which is the fastest train? Exclamatory These sentences show excitement or strong feelings. They sentences end with an exclamation mark (!). Examples: • I have got a new frock! • My sister is so clever! • I lost my English book! Exercise 1: Read each sentence carefully. Identify whether it is declarative, imperative, interrogative or exclamatory. One is done for you. a) Tell me the truth! [ B ] A) interrogative B) imperative C) declarative Sentences 53
b) Yes, we won the game! [ ] A) exclamatory B) interrogative C) imperative c) Justin, eat your lunch. [ ] A) declarative B) interrogative C) imperative d) There is nobody in the kitchen. [ ] A) exclamatory B) declarative C) interrogative e) Is there someone in the kitchen? [ ] A) interrogative B) declarative C) imperative f) How cute the teddy bear is! [ ] A) interrogative B) declarative C) exclamatory Exercise 2: Read the given sentences and sort them according to their types. One is done for you. a) A re you going to buy a swimming b) How colourful the rainbow is! costume? c) Please get me a bowl of popcorn. d) Shut the door. e) Can you solve these questions? f) The Sun is a star. 54
Declarative sentences Imperative sentences statements orders or requests Interrogative sentences Exclamatory sentences questions strong emotions a) Are you going to buy a swimming costume? Exercise 3: Read each sentence and rewrite it with the correct punctuation mark. Then, write the type of sentence. One is done for you. a) She wrote the book with a lot of care! Ans. She wrote the book with a lot of care. – declarative sentence b) That is such bad news? Ans. Sentences 55
c) Please be seated? Ans. d) Did I say something to make you angry. Ans. e) What a wonderful day it is? Ans. f) An apple a day keeps the doctor away? Ans. Exercise 4: Rewrite each sentence according to the type given in brackets. One is done for you. a) What a sharp-eyed detective Sherlock Holmes was! (declarative) Ans. Sherlock Holmes was a sharp-eyed detective. b) It is very unfortunate. (exclamatory) Ans. c) The boy in the blue shirt has won the match. (interrogative) Ans. d) Can you solve these sums? (declarative) Ans. 56
e) One should not waste one’s time. (imperative) Ans. f) How humid the weather is! (declarative) Ans. Exercise 5: Rearrange the jumbled words to form the types of sentences given in brackets. Add the correct punctuation mark for each sentence. One is done for you. a) love/playing/we/cricket (declarative) Ans. We love playing cricket. b) homework/you/do/your/did (interrogative) Ans. c) feed/animals/do/not/the (imperative) Ans. d) well/she/how/sings (exclamatory) Ans. e) India/from/is/he (declarative) Ans. f) you/finish/can/work/quickly/the (interrogative) Ans. Sentences 57
Exercise 6: Write sentences to describe the pictures. Make the sentences based on the sentence types given for each picture. One is done for you. a) When will you finish your work? interrogative sentence b) _________________________________ imperative sentence _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ c) _________________________________ exclamatory sentence _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ 58
d) _________________________________ interrogative sentence _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ e) _________________________________ declarative sentence _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ f) _________________________________ exclamatory sentence _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ Sentences 59
W12 Writing Formal Writing Narrative paragraph writing Exercise 1: Complete the given paragraph about how the students of a school cleaned the area around their school. One day, just as school started, the principal made an announcement. ‘The area around the school is very dirty and littered with _________________________ ___________________________ and __________________ ______________. I need volunteers to clean the area.’ Every child ______________________________________ ___________________. All the children took big plastic bags and marched out. They made teams, and each team ______________________________________________ ___________________________________________________. The teams picked up the __________________________________ and threw it in the . They also gathered the fallen leaves and . Each team was given a separate classroom . 60
The teams cleaned the classrooms by They also . Finally, . . It was hard work but a lot of fun too. After the work had finished, _____________ _______________________________________. It looked so spick and span! ‘What a good idea’, they said, ‘we must do it regularly so that _________________________ _______________________________ always look clean.’ Creative Writing Story writing Exercise 2: The beginning, middle and end of a story are given below. Connect them with your ideas to complete the story. Begin with: Once upon a time, there lived a kind doctor in a village. One day, when he was returning home, his purse was stolen by a cunning thief. Continue with: The thief was bitten by a scorpion. He was in pain and was about to die. He needed a doctor’s help. End with: In the end, the thief was ashamed and asked for forgiveness. Writing 12 61
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R6 Reading Comprehension Passage 1 Read the passage and answer the questions given below. Look at any photo or video of a disaster and observe the people there. Who are these people carrying and helping the others? Who arrives there first? A ‘first responder’ is someone who helps immediately during an emergency. This could be when somebody is hurt at home, or nearby due to a road accident, fire, earthquake or flood. First responders are trained to help people and move them to safety. How can you call for a first responder? Dialling 112 is one way you can ask for assistance from first responders. It is the emergency number for services like the police, fire force and ambulances in India. But, you must know when to call 112. You should call this number only during emergencies such as when a person is badly hurt or in danger! Do not call 112 for small injuries. We must remember that first responders are ordinary people like us, but they do extraordinary work. So, let us be grateful for everything that they do for us. 1) Who is trained to help people and keep them safe? Ans. 63
2) Should you call first responders if you have a small injury? If not, when should you call them? Ans. 3) Join the sentences by using the correct conjunctions (‘and’, ‘but’, ‘or’). a) They are ordinary people. They do extraordinary work. Ans. b) First responders are trained to help people. First responders are trained to move people to safety. Ans. c) Look at any photo. Look at any video (look at any one of these). Ans. 4) A homophone of ‘no’ from the passage is ______________________________. 5) Match the words with their correct meanings. Column A Column B a) disaster A) special; greater than ordinary b) assistance B) a n event that hurts people or damages surroundings c) extraordinary C) help 64
Passage 2 Read the passage and answer the questions given below. Meenal was a talented and shy twelve- year-old girl. She loved to run and play with her dog, Kiki. At school, she was mostly quiet and did not speak to her classmates. She was afraid that if she shared her thoughts, her classmates would tease her. They played pranks on her because she was different from everybody else. She felt lonely and sad. The Annual Sports Day was happening at school. The relay race was about to start when they realised that a boy named Kaushal had hurt himself and could not run that day. Meenal was asked to take his place. Everybody started laughing, as they felt she would fail. Meenal loved to run, but she was afraid that she would make a fool of herself. The race got over, and Meenal’s team came first! Her classmates were surprised. Some of them felt embarrassed for teasing her and apologised to her. They realised that being quiet and shy does not mean that one is weak. They learnt that everybody is unique. Nobody should judge or make fun of people for who they are. 6) In which competition did Meenal and her teammates come first? Ans. 7) Why did Meenal’s classmates apologise to her? Ans. 8) Change the tense of the given sentences according to the instructions. a) Her classmates were surprised. (Change to the simple present tense.) Ans. Reading Comprehension 6 65
b) She feels lonely and sad. (Change to the simple future tense.) Ans. c) She will play with her dog, Kiki. (Change to the simple past tense.) Ans. 9) The word from the passage that means ‘to make fun of’ is _________________________________________. 10) Match the words with their correct meanings. Column A Column B a) prank A) said sorry b) apologised B) make opinions about something or someone c) judge C) a funny trick 66
13 Apostrophe You have learnt how to use the apostrophe (’) to show singular possession. Examples: • This dog’s tail is furry. • Mikesh’s house is very far. The apostrophe is not used for possessive pronouns such as mine, ours, theirs, his, hers and yours. Correct usage Incorrect usage Correct usage Incorrect usage yours your's its it's hers her’s theirs their's his his’s mine mine's ours our's – – Just like the apostrophe is used to show possession or belonging, it is also used to form contractions. Let us read about a few contractions in this lesson. Contractions Read the following conversation: Clara: It’s a beautiful day! Come, we’ll go on a picnic. Alia: T hat’s a good plan, but I don’t have my bicycle. Clara: O h! I’ve got an idea. You may ride my old bicycle. Alia: G reat! You’re very clever, Clara. Please call Ayan as well. He’s a good friend of mine. 67
Notice that, while speaking, we shorten words by joining or combining some of them. The 'short form' of a word is called a contraction. Examples: it’s = it is we’ll = we will that’s = that is don’t = do not I’ve = I have you’re = you are he’s = he is – Role of the apostrophe in contractions Contractions use the apostrophe (’) in place of the missing letters in a word. How is How ’i s How’s Let us look at some more contractions that are formed by replacing letters with the apostrophe. Contractions with ‘is’, 'am' and ‘are’ (the ‘i’ in ‘is’ and the ‘a’ in ‘are’ are replaced by the apostrophe) (the 'a' in 'am' is replaced by the apostrophe) she is = she’s he is = he’s why is = why’s how is = how’s that is = that’s they are = they’re you are = you're we are = we’re I am = I'm Contractions with ‘will’ and ‘have’ (the ‘wi’ in ‘will’ and the ‘ha’ in ‘have’ are replaced by the apostrophe) I will = I’ll she will = she’ll he will = he’ll it will = it’ll you will = you’ll they will = they’ll you have = you’ve we have = we’ve they have = they’ve 68
Contractions with ‘not’ (the ‘o’ in ‘not’ is replaced by the apostrophe – except for ‘will not’) is not = isn’t are not = aren’t has not = hasn’t have not = haven’t was not = wasn’t will not = won’t were not = weren’t do not = don’t does not = doesn’t did not = didn’t cannot = can’t could not = couldn’t Exercise 1: Circle the contractions. One is done for you. a) My sister can’t walk yet, but she’s trying to. b) There’s a lot of juice left in the cup. c) That’s my pen. d) Do you know if they’re the right people for the task? e) I think you’ve found the solution to the problem. f) They’ve bought a big house in Delhi. Exercise 2: Identify whether the given sentences have used apostrophes for contraction or to show possession (belonging). Write ‘C’ for contraction and ‘P’ for possession. Underline the word that has the apostrophe in each sentence. One is done for you. a) Raju took Yasmin’s pencil box. – P b) We’re sure it will rain today. – c) There isn’t any money left. – d) The lion’s den is in the jungle. – e) Param’s leg broke while he was climbing the tree. – f) They’ll give you the results in the office. – Apostrophe 69
Exercise 3: Match the words with the correct contractions. One is done for you. Column A Column B a) does not C A) we'll b) we will B) what’re c) what are C) doesn’t d) we have D) why’s e) why is E) won’t f) will not F) we’ve Exercise 4: Write the correct contractions and fill in the blanks. One is done for you. a) She'll go to the park today. (She will) b) I ____________________ eat ice cream today. (cannot) c) ____________________ get a snack. (I will) d) ____________________ visiting our grandparents. (We are) e) ____________________ come tomorrow. (They will) 70
f) Prakash ____________________ have fun. (did not) Difference between plurals, possessives and contractions T he plural form of a word shows that there is ‘mstou‘brdeoetonhkta’’ nanodne ‘more than one’ of something. Examples: • The students went home early. • My books have colourful covers. the paintbrush You have learnt about using the apostrophe that belongs to to show singular possession of nouns. the student A possessive noun tells 'who or what owns or has something'. the cover that belongs Examples: to the book • The student’s paintbrush is on the floor. • The book’s cover is colourful. C ontractions are words made by contracted combining two words and leaving out form of 'we one or more letters. have' A n apostrophe takes the place of the removed letters. forcmnooont'ftr'ahcatveed Examples: • We’ve met the students. • The books haven’t been covered yet. Apostrophe 71
Exercise 5: Identify whether the underlined words are plurals, possessives or contractions. One is done for you. a) Afsha’s parents are singers. [ B ] A) plural B) possessive C) contraction b) Manik can’t go to school today. [ ] A) plural B) possessive C) contraction c) They’ll practise the dance today. [ ] A) plural B) possessive C) contraction d) My cousins came home today. [ ] A) plural B) possessive C) contraction e) It’s difficult to talk here. [ ] A) plural B) possessive C) contraction f) The dog’s toy squeaks loudly. [ ] A) plural B) possessive C) contraction 72
Exercise 6: Fill in the blanks with the correct words from the options given in brackets. One is done for you. Clara was given three __________g__if_ts_________. ______________________ gifts were (gift’s/gifts) (Claras/Clara’s) a basketball, a deck of ______________________ and a teddy bear. Clara was (card’s/cards) very happy. She ______________________ thought that she would get so many (had’nt/hadn’t) gifts. She liked the teddy bear the best. Her ______________________ teddy bear (cousins/cousin’s) was smaller than her teddy bear. Clara thanked her ___________________ for her (parents/parent’s) gifts. Apostrophe 73
W13 Writing Formal Writing Informal letter writing Exercise 1: Your grandfather, who is a cartoonist, sent you a book on how to make simple cartoon drawings. Write a letter, thanking him for the gift. Hints: • A sk him how he is, and tell him how you are. • Thank him for the book, and write why you are excited to use it. • W rite about how you plan to use the book. 74
Creative Writing Diary entry Exercise 2: You are planning to join either the dance club or the music club in school. Write a diary entry about your confusion and thoughts on how you will choose between the two. Hints: • Mention the two options you are considering. • W rite about the positive and negative points about joining the dance club and the music club. • F inish the diary entry by making a choice and writing which club you have decided to choose. Writing 13 75
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