11B01_The Living World_Avanti Module

B1 – The Living World 1 Fifth Edition B1. The Living World TABLE OF CONTENTS B1. The Living World 1 Points to Remember .................................................................................................................................................................................2 B1.1 The Living World ............................................................................................................................................................................3 Answer Key ................................................................................................................................................................................................11

B1 – The Living World 2 Points to Remember  Nomenclature is the process of standardizing the naming of living organisms such that a particular organism is known by the same name all over the world.  International Code for Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN) is for plant nomenclature.  International Code for Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) is for animal nomenclature.  Identification is the process of correctly describing an organism so that nomenclature can be applied to it.  Classification is the process by which anything is grouped into convenient categories based on some easily observable characters.  Binomial nomenclature is the system of providing a name with two components. It has a Generic name and a specific epithet. Mangifera indica is the scientific name for mango, where Mangifera is the genus name and indica is the specific epithet.  Systematics is the scientific study of similarities and differences among different kinds of organisms and it also includes their identification, nomenclature and classification.  Taxonomy is the process by which all living organisms can be classified into different taxa.  Processes basic to taxonomy are characterization, identification, classification and nomenclature.  The taxonomical hierarchy is as follows: Species Genus Family Order Class Phylum / Kingdom Division  Taxonomical Aids Taxonomical aids are defined as the collection of prime sources of various species of plants, animals and other organisms, which help in their classification, identification and the study of bio-resources. 1. Herbarium is a store house of collected plant specimens that are dried, pressed and preserved on sheets. 2. Botanical gardens are those specialized gardens having a collection of living plants. 3. Museums are collections of preserved plant and animal specimens for study and reference. 4. Zoological parks are places where wild animals are kept in protected environments under human care which enable us to learn about their food habits and behavior. 5. Keys are based on the similarities and dissimilarities of plants and animals. The contrasting characters of a pair are called as couplet. Each statement in a key is called as lead. They are generally analytical in nature. 6. Flora contains the actual account of habitat and distribution of plants of a given area. They provide an index to the plants found in a given area. 7. Manuals are useful in providing information for identification of names of species found in an area. 8. Monographs contain information on any one taxon. Points

B1 – The Living World 3 B1.1 The Living World Section in NCERT 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4 CONCEPTS COVERED 1. Distinguish between living and non-living organisms based on characteristics. 2. Importance of classification. 3. Units of classification. 4. Importance of nomenclature. 5. Different types of taxonomical aids. PRE-READING Category Chapter in HSC Section in HSC Chapter in NCERT REQUIRED 1 1.1, 1.2, 2.2 1 PRE-READING EXERCISE Q1. Nothing lives forever, yet life continues. What does this means? A) Death has nothing to do with the continuation of life. B) Though older organisms die, yet new organisms are produced due to reproduction. C) Both (A) and (B). D) None of the above. Q2. Unity of life is emphasized in close similarities in A) basic structure of cell. B) molecular organization of cells. C) biological activities of cells. D) all of the above. Q3. The arrangement of organisms into groups showing relationships is known as __________. A) nomenclature B) classification C) identification D) systematics Q4. The names in Binomial nomenclature consists of two words OR Total words in binomial nomenclature are two, these are A) genus and species. B) order and family. C) species and variety. D) family and genus. Q5. Botanical gardens and zoological parks have a A) collection of endemic living species only. B) collection of exotic living species only. C) collection of endemic and exotic living species. D) collection of only local plants and animals. IN CLASS EXERCISE LEVEL 1 Q1. Which of the following promotes diversity among living things? A) Classification of organisms. B) Natural selection in different environments. C) Inheritance from a common ancestor. D) Homeostatic regulation. B1.1

B1 – The Living World 4 Q2. Which of the following promotes similarity among living things? A) Classification of organisms. B) Natural selection in different environment. C) Inheritance from a common ancestor. D) Homeostatic regulation. Q3. Living organisms are A) self-replicating. B) capable of responding to external stimuli. C) self-regulating interactive systems. D) all of the above. Q4. __________ is the scientific study of similarities and differences among different kinds of organisms. A) Systematics B) Taxonomy C) Classification D) Morphology Q5. The practical purpose of classification of living organisms is to A) facilitate identification of unknown organisms. B) explain the origin of living organisms. C) trace the evolution of living organisms. D) name the living organisms. Q6. Phylogenetic system of classification is based on A) morphological features. B) chemical constituents. C) evolutionary relationships. D) floral characters. Q7. __________ gives specific and scientific names to the organisms. A) Taxonomy B) Classification C) Systematics D) Genetics Q8. __________ is a group of living organisms which is used to represent a concrete unit of classification. A) Taxon B) Category C) Species D) Genus Q9. __________ represents a group of closely related genera. A) Family B) Genus C) Species D) Order Q10. __________ is a category of related classes. A) Family B) Order C) Division D) Subkingdom Q11. __________ is the highest taxonomic category. A) Kingdom B) Sub-kingdom C) Class D) Order Q12. When a single species is described under different names by different authors, then these names are called __________. A) autonyms B) synonyms C) holotype D) variety Q13. Which feature is CORRECT about common names for organisms? A) Easy to remember. B) Universally accepted. C) Different in different languages. D) All of these. Q14. Which of the following is a WRONG statement? A) Vernacular names may be misleading. B) Vernacular names are not universal. C) Vernacular names are short and easy to follow. D) Vernacular names indicate phylogeny i.e. evolutionary history of organisms. B1.1

B1 – The Living World 5 Q15. Scientific names were given to organisms because A) every technical branch has its own terminology. B) scientists wanted to impress people with difficult worlds. C) it facilitated scientific communication without confusion. D) scientists wanted to keep common people away from studying biology. Q16. Binomial system of nomenclature was given by __________. A) Theophrastus B) Lamarck C) Linnaeus D) Bentham Q17. Binomial system of nomenclature means that an organism has A) one name given by two botanists. B) two names one in Latin and another in English. C) two names one popular and another scientific. D) one name comprising of genus another of species. Q18. The scientific name of mango is __________. A) Ipomoea batatas B) Mangifera indica C) Azardirachta indica D) Aloe vera Q19. Mentioning the author’s name after the species name is known as __________. A) quotation B) citation C) substantiation D) commendation Q20. ICBN stands for A) international classification of biological nomenclature. B) international code of biological nomenclature. C) international code of botanical nomenclature. D) international classification of biological naming. Q21. Kew (London) is well known for having the largest __________. A) plant herbarium B) botanical laboratory C) botanical garden D) botanical park Q22. Museums display A) animate objects. B) inanimate objects. C) both animate and inanimate objects. D) none of the above. Q23. The main objective of zoological park is A) captive breeding program of animals. B) providing natural habitats to animals. C) associated with genetic engineering program. D) all the statements are correct. Q24. The places where collection of dried, pressed plant specimens mounted on paper or placed in liquid preservative are kept systematically __________. A) herbaria B) museum C) botanical garden D) zoo Q25. Need for a proper system of classification arises because A) the organisms of the past cannot be studied without it. B) classification helps in knowing the relationship among the different groups of organisms. C) it is not possible to study every organisms. D) all of these. B1.1

B1 – The Living World 6 Q26. Which of the following is a defining characteristic of living organisms? A) Growth B) Ability to make sound C) Reproduction D) Response to external stimuli LEVEL 2 Q27. Which of the following is the correct representation of organization levels in living beings? A) Subcellular → Cellular → Individual → Community → Population. B) Atomic → Molecular → Subcellular → Cellular → Tissue → Organ system → Individual. C) Individual → Population → Organ system → Tissue → Cellular → Molecular → Atomic. D) Atomic → Molecular → Tissue → Individual → Ecosystem → Community. Q28. Which of the following statements is not correct? A) Biodiversity is the occurrence of variety of life forms differing in morphology, anatomy, habitats and habits. B) Systematics is the branch of biology that deals with cataloguing plants, animals and other organisms into categories that can be named, remembered, compared and studied. C) Classification is the branch of biology that deals with principles and procedures of identification and nomenclature of organisms. D) None of these. Q29. The given flowchart represents the hierarchy of various taxonomic categories. Identify the missing categories (������, ������ and ������) and select the correct statements regarding these. (i) ������ is taxonomic category which contains a number of related genera. (ii) Examples of category ������ are Monocotyledoneae, Dicotyledoneae, Mammalia, etc. (iii) ������ represents the basic unit of taxonomic hierarchy. (iv) Examples of category ������ are Fungi, Monera, Protista, etc. A) (i) and (ii) B) (iii) and (iv) C) (i), (ii) and (iv) D) all of these Q30. Which of the following characters are mainly considered for declaring a new plant species? A) Characters of endosperm B) Anatomical characters C) Physiological characters D) Floral characters B1.1

B1 – The Living World 7 HOMEWORK LEVEL 1 Q1. The immense biological diversity (1.7 million species of living organisms -1.2 million animals and 0.5 million plants) that we see is the result of __________. A) organic evolution B) adaptations C) inorganic evolution D) variations Q2. The reason for large scale diversity among organisms is __________. A) adaptations B) mutations C) isolation D) all of these Q3. The term “taxonomy” in general refers to A) classification of organisms. B) identification of organisms. C) nomenclature of organisms. D) all of the above. Q4. The first act in taxonomy is __________. A) identification B) nomenclature C) classification D) description Q5. First person to describe plants was __________. A) Aristotle B) Hippocrates C) Linnaeus D) Leeuwenhoek Q6. Taxon is a A) short term for taxonomy. B) group of species. C) classificatory (taxonomic) unit of any rank. D) collection of international rules of nomenclature. Q7. Category is a A) rank in hierarchy. B) any grouping of living objects. C) term used interchangeably with taxon. D) taxonomic grouping. Q8. An intermediate category is A) category in addition to obligate categories. B) sub-phylum. C) sub-species. D) all of the above. Q9. Taxon and category differ in which of the following? A) Taxon is recognized and assigned while category is abstract. B) Taxon is a group of real organisms while category is a rank or level in a hierarchy. C) Genus is Taxon and species or division is category. D) All of the above. Q10. Latin language is used in scientific names and technical terms because A) it is simple. B) it was used in ancient time. C) it is a dead language and not liable to change in form or spelling with time. D) all of the above. Q11. The biological names should be A) printed in italics. B) latinized if taken from other language. C) greek. D) both (A) and (B). B1.1

B1 – The Living World 8 Q12. Synonyms are A) duplicate names. B) old but correct names. C) names which arise by mistake. D) all of the above. Q13. In binomial nomenclature which was proposed by Linnaeus, every organism has A) two names, one Latin and other common. B) two names, one scientific and other vernacular. C) one scientific name, given by two scientists. D) one scientific/biological name with two words-a genus and a species. Q14. Binomial epithet in binomial nomenclature is __________. A) Genus + Species B) Genus C) Genus + Species + Author name D) Genus +Species + Family Q15. Species name is not used alone because A) it is not a complete name. B) it does not sound well. C) same species name may be used with many. genera D) all of the above. Q16. The “Three domains of life” system of classification was given by __________. A) Carl Linnaeus B) Carl Woese C) Stanley D) R. H. Whittaker Q17. Three domains of life are A) Monera, Protista and Plantae. B) Monera, Protista and Animalia. C) Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya. D) Eukaryota, Prokaryota and Animalia. Q18. Gardens are meant for A) aesthetic value. B) knowing origin of plants. C) checking erosion and pollution. D) protecting rare plants and to maintain the gene pool. Q19. What is a botanical garden? A) It is essentially a collection of living plants maintained for both pure and applied studies. B) It is essentially a collection of plants only. C) It is essentially the collection of rare and fossilized plants. D) It is for research work. Q20. An institution or a place where artistic and educational material is exhibited to the public __________. A) herbarium B) sanctuary C) museum D) parks Q21. Which of the following terms mean the complete compilation of available information of any family or genus at a given time? A) Monographs B) Publications C) Manuals D) Taxon Q22. A national herbarium is that which contains plants of a __________. A) region B) country C) locality D) world B1.1

B1 – The Living World 9 Q23. The repositories of information useful for taxonomical studies are __________. A) herbaria B) botanical gardens C) museums and zoological parks D) all of the above Q24. A convenient way for easy identification of an organism by applying diagnostic contrasting characters is called __________. A) systematics B) key C) classification D) none of these Q25. Botanical Gardens provide A) beautiful area for recreation. B) reservoir for tropical plants. C) ex situ conservation of germplasm. D) natural habitat for wild life. Q26. The CNH (Central National Herbarium) is located at __________. A) Mumbai B) Chennai C) Kolkata D) Bangalore Q27. As we go from species to kingdom in a taxonomic hierarchy, the number of common characteristics A) will decrease. B) will increase. C) remains same. D) may increase or decrease Q28. All living organism are linked to one another because A) they have common genetic material to the same type. B) they share common genetic material but to varying degrees. C) all have common cellular organization. D) all of the above. Q29. Which one of the following aspects is an exclusive characteristic of living things? A) Isolated metabolic reactions occur in vitro. B) Increase in mass from inside only. C) Perception of events happening in the environment and their memory. D) Increase in mass by accumulation of material both on surface as well as internally. Q30. The most important feature of all living systems is to A) utilize oxygen to generate energy. B) replicate the genetic information. C) produce gametes. D) utilize solar energy for metabolic activities. Q31. An important criterion for modern day classification is A) resemblances in morphology. B) anatomical and physiological traits. C) breeding habits. D) presence or absence of notochord. Q32. An organism is in the same class but not in the same family. It may belong to same __________. A) genus B) species C) variety D) order Q33. Reason of diversity in living being is A) mutation. B) gradual change. C) long term evolutionary change. D) short term evolutionary change. Q34. First life on earth was __________. A) Cyanobacteria B) chemoheterotrophs C) autotrophs D) photoautotrophs B1.1

B1 – The Living World 10 LEVEL 2 Q35. Select the incorrect statement out of the following. A) All animals belonging to various phyla are assigned to the kingdom Animalia. B) As we go higher from species to kingdom, number of common characteristics goes on increasing. C) Different classes comprising fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals together constitute the phylum Chordata. D) Plant order Polymoniales includes the families like Solanaceae and Convolvulaceae based on the vegetative and floral characters. Q36. Which of the following figures represents the correct method of pressing plants to form herbarium sheets? A) Figure A as the plant parts are folded. B) Figure B as every plant part is unfolded. C) Both figure A and B as folding and unfolding does not matter. D) None of these. Q37. Read the following statements with one or two blanks in each one of them. (i) A genus containing more than one species is called __________ genus, e.g., __________. (ii) __________ is a collection of dried, pressed and preserved plants mounted on __________ sheets, properly labelled, systematically arranged and available for reference study. (iii) Living fossils are ancient organisms persisting in modern time’s __________ gradual morphological changes. (iv) A __________ is comprehensive treatise of a taxonomic group, generally a genus or a family, providing all taxonomic data related to that group. Which of the following correctly fills any two of the above statements? A) (i) monotypic, Homo; (ii) Herbarium, paper B) (ii) Manual, paper; (iii) with C) (iii) without; (iv) monograph D) (i) polytypic, Solanum; (iv) Monograph Q38. Which of the following statements is incorrect? A) Term ‘Nothospecies’ refers to the naturally occurring interspecific hybrids. B) As the species do not change with time, therefore they are considered as static groups. C) Metabolism and response to external stimuli are considered as the defining properties of living organisms. D) Hibiscus rosa – sinensis belongs to the same family to which Althaea rosea and Gossypium hirsutum belong to. B1.1

B1 – The Living World 11 PRE-READING EXERCISE Answer Key Q13. D Q1. B Q14. C Q2. D B1.1 THE LIVING WORLD Q15. C Q3. B Q16. B Q4. A Q20. C Q17. C Q5. C Q21. C Q18. D Q22. B Q19. A IN CLASS EXERCISE Q23. D Q20. C LEVEL 1 Q24. A Q21. A Q1. B Q25. D Q22. B Q2. C Q26. D Q23. D Q3. D Q24. B Q4. A LEVEL 2 Q25. C Q5. A Q27. B Q26. C Q6. C Q28. C Q27. A Q7. B Q29. C Q28. B Q8. A Q30. D Q29. C Q9. A Q30. B Q10. C HOMEWORK Q31. B Q11. A LEVEL 1 Q32. D Q12. B Q1. A Q33. C Q13. C Q2. D Q34. B Q14. D Q3. D Q15. C Q4. A LEVEL 2 Q16. C Q5. B Q17. D Q6. C Q35. B Q18. B Q7. A Q36. B Q19. B Q8. D Q37. D Q9. D Q38. B Q10. C Q11. D Q12. D Ans.