2018 Sec 2 Geo MYE ANS

Class Index NumberName : __________________________________________ METHODIST GIRLS’ SCHOOL Founded in 1887Tuesday MID-YEAR EXAMINATION 20188 May 2018 Secondary 2 (Answers) Geography 50 minsINSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATESWrite your class, index number and name on all the work you hand in.Write in dark blue or black pen on both sides of the paper.Do not use paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.Section A – Short Answer Questions (10 marks)Answer all questions.Section B – Structured Questions (15 marks)There are two structured questions. Answer one question only.Begin Section B on a fresh sheet of paper.Write all answers on the writing paper provided.INFORMATION FOR CANDIDATESAt the end of the examination, submit your answers to Sections A and B separately. Fasten allyour work for each section securely together if you use more than one sheet of writing paper.The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.The total number of marks for this paper is 25. For Examiner’s Use Section A Section B Total (25) This question paper consists of 10 printed pages.

Page 2 of 10 Section A Short Answer Questions (10 marks)Answer all short answer questions. 1. Figure 1A shows the birth rate and death rate of Country Z between 2005 and 2015. Answer the following questions. Fig. 1A [1](a) Calculate the natural increase of Country Z in 2013. [1] [1] • 10 per 1000 people (include unit of measurement)(b) In which year did Country Z experience the highest birth rate? • 2007(c) Describe the trend in the death rate between 2012 and 2015. • The death rate increases from 7 per 1000 people to 12 per 1000 people.Methodist Girls’ School Geography Sec 2 Mid-Year Examination 2018

Page 3 of 10Figure 1B shows the urban and rural population of Country Z between 2012 and2015. Fig. 1B [1](d) What is the total population of Country Z in 2014? [2] • 1.6 billion people(e) Did Country Z experience urbanization between 2012 and 2015? Support your answer with evidence. Correct your answer to one decimal place. • Yes [1], the percentage of urban population of Country X increased from 31.5% in 2012 to 54.5% in 2015 [1].Methodist Girls’ School Geography Sec 2 Mid-Year Examination 2018

Page 4 of 102. Figure 2A and 2B shows the train system in Singapore in 1989 and 2017 respectively. Train System in 1989 Source: commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Singapore_old_mrt_map.png Fig. 2A Train System in 2007 Source: www.transitlink.com.sg/images/eguide/mrt_sys_map.htm [1] Fig. 2B [1] [2](a) How many new lines have been added between 1989 and 2007? • 4 new train lines(b) How many MRT interchange stations did the North-East Line have in 2007? • 4 MRT interchange stations(c) Besides the addition of new lines, identify two other measures to improve accessibility. • Extension of existing lines to more places • More interchange between lines to improve connectivity • More interconnected between lines to facilitate smooth transferMethodist Girls’ School Geography Sec 2 Mid-Year Examination 2018

Page 5 of 10 Section B Structured Questions (15 marks)There are 2 questions in this section. Answer either question 3 or question 4. 3. Figure 3A shows the existing developments and the proposed new developments in Seng Kang New Town. Source: https://riverbankcondo.sg/sengkang/ Fig. 3A(a) With reference to Figure 3A, describe how the developments in Seng Kang New [3]Town contribute to achieving Singapore’s goal of “Inclusive Housing”.Facilities and Amenities for all ages• Hospital and nursing homes for the elderly• Parks, where residents can gather and interact with one another.• Shopping malls, where residents can spend time to gather, interact and shopfor their grocery and other items.• Different places of worship, where devotees of different religions can pray andworship.Methodist Girls’ School Geography Sec 2 Mid-Year Examination 2018

Page 6 of 10Figure 3B shows a slum settlement found in Manila, Philippines. Source: https://www.reddit.com/ Fig. 3B(b) Describe the vulnerabilities faced by residents living in the slums as seen in Figure [3]3B.Each point carries one mark.Poor quality housing • Shelters are made of corrugated metal sheets and walls are built using wooden boards. Buildings may not have solid foundation and may collapse easily due to strong winds and other harsh weather conditions. • The houses are built on silt. During earthquake or floods, these houses may collapse, as it does not have strong foundation to withstand the impact.Poor access to basic services • Overhanging cables are observed as residents tap on the city power supply. This is dangerous as residents may be electrocuted which attempting to connect to the electricity supply. They may also face frequent electricity disruption. • Poor waste management as rubbish can be seen along the banks of the river. This may pollute the city’s water source and contaminate the ground water. Residents thus may be susceptible to intestinal diseases such as typhoid, cholera and dysentery.(c) Explain why rural-urban migration exists in many countries. [4]At least one reason from push and pull factors each[Pull Factors] • Better and more job opportunities in the urban area with a wider range of jobs available and offer high wages [1] • Education opportunities in the urban area as schools in cities are better funded and better equipped. There are also many different specialised higher education institutions, which provide more options for people from rural area to choose from. [1][Push Factors] • Crop failure due to droughts/ floods causes hunger and starvation in the rural area. Many died of malnutrition and famine and are forced to migrate to city in search for food. [1] • Civil unrest and wars in the rural areas i.e. in North African countries force people to leave their homes and flee to urban areas for safety and shelter. [1]Methodist Girls’ School Geography Sec 2 Mid-Year Examination 2018

Page 7 of 10 [5](d) Describe the self-help scheme that is used in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil to reduce housing shortage in the urban area. What are some of the advantages of this scheme compared to other schemes you have studied? [Describe] • In Brazil, the government strives to improve the living conditions of the existing slums. • The government provides residents with construction materials such as cements and bricks to build stronger shelters and improving the accessibility to basic services [1] • These may include improving water supply by building water tanks, sanitation by constructing a sewage system [1] • Residents are taught how to build and construct their houses. [1] [Advantage] • Under this scheme, residents are not required to move out of their houses and relocate elsewhere. This way, they do not have to look for temporary accommodation which may be difficult to find and unaffordable for them. • Given the involvement of residents in the construction of their homes, cost of construction and renovation is substantially reduced. The government will only have to bear the cost of the construction materials. (Save on labour cost) As such more residents will be able to benefit from this self-help scheme. • In doing so, this can enhance the sense of belonging and bond among the residents as they have a say in the design of their own homes. [Disadvantages] • Rate of construction might be slower because many residents can only work on the houses during their free time, such as after work or during weekends. • Residents might not have the necessary skills to build their houses as such training needs to be provided.Methodist Girls’ School Geography Sec 2 Mid-Year Examination 2018

Page 8 of 104. Figure 4 shows the average daily number of trips made islandwide on MRT, bus & taxi in Singapore between 2005 and 2016. Source: data.gov.sg [3] Fig. 4 [3](a) With reference to Figure 4, describe the trends in average daily ridership for the different modes of public transport between 2005 and 2016. [General] • Bus and MRT have an increase in average daily ridership from 2.8 million passenger-trips per day (mptpd) in 2005 to 3.9 mptpd in 2016 and from 1.3 mptpd in 2005 to 3.1 mptpd respectively. • Except for taxi, where the average daily ridership remains largely uniform/stable around 0.9 and 1 mptpd. [Specific] • Ridership for MRT grew to fast. • MRT has the largest increase in average daily ridership of 1.8 mptpd.(b) Explain the trends observed in Figure 4. [Bus & MRT] • As the population increases, more people actually commute by public transport. Hence, the daily ridership increases over the years. • Preferred mode of transport due to increased accessibility i.e. more MRT lines available such as Downtown Line 2. More bus stops and train stations are available to make it easier for people to get around the island. [Others] • The increasing cost of owning a car i.e. Certificate of Entitlement, petrol prices and road tax discourage people from driving in the recent years. Thus, more people commute to work by public transport.Cannot accept: Affordable transport mode & Park and Ride SchemeMethodist Girls’ School Geography Sec 2 Mid-Year Examination 2018

Page 9 of 10 [4](c) Why traffic congestion occurs in cities? Each point carries one mark. [Long Term Causes] • Separation of work and residential area • Movement from one part of the city to another to obtain or provide goods and services • Inadequate transport infrastructure and poor provision of transport services [Short Term Causes] • Road maintenance such as road work and tree pruning • Vehicle accidents and breakdowns(d) Explain the characteristics of a high-quality transport infrastructure. [5] Each point carries one mark. • Large capacity o Able to move large numbers of people at any one time • Efficiency/ Frequency o Frequent services to move people quickly • Comfort o Clean travelling environment allows for a comfortable commute • Dependability and reliability o Transport system can be depended upon to move people constantly, on time and with few interruptions • Safety o Little danger of car accidents, bus collisions or even train derailing o Presence of safety features such as track barriers and emergency buttons on trainsMethodist Girls’ School Geography Sec 2 Mid-Year Examination 2018