Designing Interactive Systems A Comprehensive Guide to HCI, UX and Interaction Design ( PDFDrive )

Chapter 25 • Perception and navigation 569 Challenge 25.3 o How can we adapt these ideas to the design of information spaces such as websites? Social navigation Chapter 15 on social media uses some of these A well-designed environment with good signage and well-designed navigational aids ideas such as maps will be conducive to good navigation, but even in the best-designed envi­ ronment people will often turn to other people for information on navigation rather than use more formalized information artefacts. When navigating cities people tend to ask other people for advice rather than study maps. Information from other people is usually personalized and adapted to suit the individual’s needs. Even when we are not directly looking for information we use a wide range of cues, both from features of the environment and from the behaviour of other people, to manage our activities. We might be influenced to pick up a book because it appears well thumbed, we walk into a sunny courtyard because it looks attractive, or we might decide to see a film because our friends enjoyed it. We find our way through spaces by talking to or following the trails of others. The whole myriad of uses that people make of other people, whether directly or indirectly, is called social navigation. Navigation is an important, and very general, activity for people to undertake. Navigation requires people to explore, wayfind and identify objects in an environment. In Chapter 18 this general model was applied to ubiquitous computing environments where a more functional description of ‘overview, wayfind, interpret’ was adopted. Elsewhere we see similarities with Shneiderman’s mantra for visualization: ‘overview first, zoom and filter, and details on demand’. Summary and key points Perception relies on our five senses and how we interpret the signals we receive. It is a constructed process that involves us making inferences from these sometimes ambigu­ ous signals. Navigation concerns how we move through environments and make sense of the objects that are in the environment. We can learn much from studying naviga­ tion in geographical spaces and indeed apply design principles from urban planning and architecture to the design of information spaces. • Perception is concerned with how we get to know about an environment and how we monitor our interaction with an environment. • Good design will help people obtain a survey knowledge of the environment. • Navigation is concerned with the three key activities of wayfinding, exploration and object identification. Exercises 1 Take a small electronic space such as a mobile (cell) phone, a tablet, or even a car radio/cassette/CD player. Look at the signs, maps and other items that are there to help you find your way through the space. Consider the design

570 PART IV • Foundations of designing interactive systems in terms of landmarks, nodes, districts, etc. How well designed is it? Do you always know 'where you are' and how to get to where you want to go? 2 Find a large website such as the Amazon.co.uk site in Figure 15.6. Write down the various navigational features that have been included in terms of local and global navigation, searching and labelling. Critique the information design of the site (perhaps reverse-engineer the wireframes for different pages). Further reading Passini, R. (1994) Wayfinding in Architecture. Van Nostrand, New York. The most approach­ able book on navigation in geographical spaces. Getting ahead Bacon, E.N. (1974) Design of Cities. Thomas Hudson, London. Gibson, J.J. (1986) The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, NJ. Lynch, K. (1961) The Image of the City. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. The accompanying website has links to relevant websites. Go to www.pearsoned.co.uk/benyon Comments on challenges Challenge 25.1 People missed the smell of an exotic garden, the heat of the tropics, the sounds of birds and the feel of the earth. In short, people missed all the non-visual features of a botanical garden. As soon as these are removed from a scene, the power of the visual image is diminished. Challenge 25.2 There is not much that can be said in general here about what you know about where you live and work! There are some interesting points about knowledge in the world, however. When we reflect for an exercise such as this, we 'run a mental model'; that is, we visualize thejourney in our 'mind's eye'. This may mean that we attend to more detail than we would do when we are really navigating the route when our minds might be on something else. In such cases we may rely much more on ecological issues than we think we do. Challenge 25.3 Navigation design is a central part of designing for websites, but also in designing ubiquitous com­ puting environments. Websites have local and global navigation bars. They include menus (sign­ posts) and have page titles to tell you where you are. There are many examples of navigation in information spaces that are similar to navigation in geographical spaces.

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Index A-Life system 439 adaptivity 95 alphanumeric data 36 Abelson, R. 513 Add Hardware wizard 270 Amazon 16, 348, 359 ability and product attachment 101 Adobe agent dialogue 396 abstract function 251 After Effects 178 Elastic Computer Cloud (EC2) 360 abstraction 63, 64, 66 Kindle e-book reader 437 Flash 43,180, 182,318, 343 Ambient Intelligence (Ami) 412 hierarchy 251 Papervision 43, 285, 357 ambient media 299 accelerators 263 Photoshop 262 Ananova 401 acceptability 84-5 anaphoric references 397 access 21 radio buttons 266 Anderson, C. 344 adrenaline experiment 494 accessibility 77-81 advice-giving systems 398-9 Android 256, 265 operating system 6, 263 conceptual constraints 77 aesthetics 102-3 phones 459 style guide 270 cultural constraints 78 brand identity 103 widgets 266 economic constraints 77 classical 102 physical constraints 77 expressive 102 animations 43 social constraints 78 affective computing 505-6 Annett, J. 244 accommodation in usability 217 see also emotions accountability (social affective input to interactive anonymity and groups 540 anthropology 18,158 translucence) 350 systems 503 anthropometries 28 Ackerman, M. 365 affective modelling 406 Apollo XIII transcript 483 ACM 79 affective wearables 500-1 app store 6 acting out requirements 142 affiliation and product appearance and interaction 202 action Apple attachment 101 slips 484-6 affordance 516 colour schemes 277 see also cognition and action gestural commands 257 actions (activity theory) 520-1 perceived 517-18 HyperCard 342 active badges 375-6 visual perception 553 Lion operating systems 203 activities 26 agents 386-8 Lisa 14, 258 data requirements 34 adaptive hypermedia 399-400 MacBookAir99, 100 response time 34 adaptive systems 388-90 magic mouse 37 safety-critical 34 architecture for 390-7 mobile design 441 temporal aspects 33 navigation 278-9 time pressures 33-4 domain model 393-4, 395 SonicFinder 296-7 see a lso PACT interaction model 394-7 standards 459 activity analysis 252 person (user) model 391-3 style 436 Activity Checklist 220 blended spaces 423 style guide 270 activity, seven-stage model of 510-11 and information spaces 417-18 toolbar 264-5 activity theory 519-24 intelligent help, tutoring and user experience guidelines for iOS CHAT (Cultural Historical Activity advice-giving systems 398-9 apps 279 Theory) 520 Loebner Prize 400 user interface design guidelines 86 contradictions 522, 523, 524 metaphors for 388 voice recorder 203 internal structure 520-2 natural language processing 397-8 see also iPhone; Mac in practice 523-4 see also avatars and conversational structure 520, 521, 522 application program interfaces agents system 523 aggregation and abstraction 64 (APIs) 7, 344, 354 triangle (schema) 520, 521 agile development 54-5 applications 8,16 activity-technology cycle 53 Ahlberg, C. 283^1 appropriation in home environments actuators 19 AIBO (Sony) 403, 404 adaptability 242 AJAX 343 426 Adaptive Control of Thought - Aldrin, B. 514 ARGO 416 alerts 269-70 Armstrong, N. 514 Rational (ACT-R) 510 Alexander, C./Alexandrian patterns arousal 477, 478, 490, 492 adaptive hypermedia 399-400 adaptive systems 388-90 207-8 levels 231,498 Alice social agent 398 Allport, G.W. 529

5 88 Index ARPANET 14 aura (collaborative virtual Home Information Centre environments) 377 ARTag 431 (HIC) 113 artefacts 161-2, 522 automated teller machines (ATMs) perception and navigation 566 hierarchical task model 243-4 social media 345 see also information artefacts mental models 247 task analysis 247-8 articulation and collaborative state transition network 211 usability 78 website design 331, 333, 336 environments 368-9 automatic processing (attention) Berners Lee, T. 342 artificial intelligence (AI) 7, 477-8 automatic speech recognition (ASR) Bertin, J. 280, 281 385,513 between-subject design 223 Artificial life (Alife) 7 298, 405 Beyer, H. 143, 145, 146 ARToolkit 291 avatars and conversational agents bias and emotion recognition 498 ARWorms 291 Bias, R. 20-1 Asch, S.E. 539 400-8, 505, 545 Bickmore, T. 402, 405 assistive technologies 79 Ananova 401 Association of Computing Machinery Nabaztag 400 binary digits (bits) 13 persona effect 401 (ACM) code of ethics 21 Biocca, F. 544 Rea: real-estate agent 401-2 biometric data sampling wearable Atern 55,140 see a lso companions Atkinson, R.C. 470 awareness device 500 Atlas.ti 160 applications 373—4 bipolar rating scales (semantic attention 474-83, 498 and collaborative environments differentials) 148-50 arousal 477, 478 368-9, 373-4 BlackBerry 43 attenuation 476 ethnographic study 376-7 mutual 544 mobile design 441 automatic and controlled presence 544 social translucence 350 physical keyboard 437 processing 477-8 Axelrod, R. 536 Storm 436 Bottleneck theories 475-6 Axure software 173 Blackwell, A.F. 192 as capacity allocation 477 Blakemore, C. 467 cocktail party effect 474 Babble 350,373 Blast Theory 438-9 delay minimization 482 Blattner, M. 296 dichotic listening approach 474 background applications 504-5 Bacon, E.N. 566 blended interaction 364-5 divided 474 bad habits and product blended spaces 420-5 edge effect 481 attachment 101 agency 422 enduring dispositions 477 Baddeley, A.D. 469 design approach 424 factors affecting 478-9 Badre, A. 310 designing for 423-4 filtering 475 Bahrick, H.P. 470 distributed resources 423 in-car systems 479 hybrid trajectories 425 later-selection filter/pertinence Baillie, L. 113, 233,426 media 422 balloon help 261 account 476 Balto, S. 242 ontology: conceptual and physical Bannon, L. 364, 512-13 mental workoad 479-80 Barclay, J.R. 469 objects 421 momentary intentions 477 barcodes 43 topology 421-2 multi-tasking 474 Basic Support for Cooperative Work volatility 422 selective 474, 476 blends 194—6 signal detection theory 482-3 (BSCW) 370 blogspot 354 single-channel theory 475-6 batch transactions 14 Blood Volume Pressure (BVP) BBCMicro home computer 15 stressors 478 Bebo 351 earring 500 Stroop effect 475 Beck, H. 280 blueprints 167 vigilance 479 behavioural changes and emotions 497 Bluetooth 17, 42, 437,442 visual search 480-2 behavioural level and aesthetics 102 Bly, S. 373 see also memory and attention Bell, D. 499 boards 15,16 attenuation 476 Bell Helicopter Company 452 audibility (common ground) 535 Bellotti, V. 159-60,438, 440-1, see also storyboards audio maps 447 Bobby automated tool 79 auditory icons 296-7 442-3 Bodker, S. 17, 216, 369 auditory perception 559-61 Benda, P. 252 body language see non-verbal frequency 560 Benford, S. 377, 379 loudness 560 Benyon, D.R. communication structure of human ear 560-1 Boehner, K. 102 auditory simulation 290 agents and avatars 402 bookmarks 356, 357 auditory user interfaces (AUIs) 296 design 196 Boolean logic 331 Augmented Reality (AR) 289,431 evaluation 233 Borland development fiducial markers 39-40 Quake system 291-2 environment 182 Botfighters 420 2 438

Index 5 8 9 Bottleneck theories 475-6 children, failure to design for 202-3 collaborative environments 363-82 boundary objects 191 Chinsei 102 articulation 368-9 Bovair, S. 31 Chomsky, N. 530 awareness 368-9, 373—4 Bowers, J. 159 chunking 273, 471 blended interaction 364—5 Bradner, E. 535-6 chunky media 43 communication 369 brain-computer interfaces (BCI) critical mass 366 Cisco telepresence 544 39, 460 CiteULike 356-7 electronic meeting systems brainstorming 157, 175, 191 CityWall 302 (EMSs) 372 brand 104 claims and design rationale 191 Clarke, A.C. 490 ethnographic study of awareness identity 103 classification and abstraction 64 376-7 Bransford, J.R. 469 classification schemes see Brave, S. 530 groupware toolkits 373 information architecture of ICE (meeting room) 372-3 breadcrumbs (trail markers) websites prisoner’s dilemma 366 330, 331 closure 272 Brems, D.J. 261 roomware 364, 374-7 Brewster, S. 294, 296 visual perception 559 social issues 366-7 bridging the gulfs 83 cloud computing 15, 16, 359-60 space-time matrix 367-8 Brinck, T. 321, 328 Clusty 357 tabletop application development broadband communications 15 co-discovery 222 Broadbent, D. 475-6 co-location 544 (case study) 379-82 Brown, R. 473 whiteboards, shared 370-1 Browne, D.P. 389-90 co-presence 535 Bruges, J. 414 co-temporality 535 workspaces, shared 370, 371 Bruner, J. 518, 556 cocktail party effect 474 Brusilovsky, P. 399 Cockton, G. 17, 81-2, 218, 220 see a b o collaborative virtual Bullivant, L. 413 cognition 508-19 environments Bush, V. 342 cognitive models 510 collaborative virtual environments business cards and identity 17 creativity 512 (CVEs) 364, 377-9 Button, G. 364 Buur, J. 369 embodied 516-19 educational 378 human information processing Collective Experience of Empathic C an y o u see m e n o w ? 438 Cannon-Bard theory 493^1 (HIP) 509-12 Data Systems (CEEDS) 451 captology 57 micro-theories 510 Card, S. 281, 282-5, 509 seven-stage model of activity colour 129 card sorting techniques 153-6, 189 blindness 276 510-11 coordination 121 closed sort 154 situated action 512-14 designing with 277 open sort 154 development 15 Carroll, J. 56, 69,181,191 see a b o distributed cognition and visual perception 559 Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) 173, cognitive appraisal theory 495-6 cognitive dimensions framework 249 combinations (earcons) 296 312,314 cognitive jogthrough 220 Cashman, P. 364 command languages 256-7 CASSMframework 249 streamlined 220 communication Castells, M. 547 cognitive labelling theory 494-5 categorization 128, 129 in collaborative environments 369 cognitive maps 469, 564, 565 computer-mediated 364 see a b o classification cognitive modelling 406, 510 near field communications (NFC) category bar 124 cognitive task analysis 241 cognitive walkthrough 219-20 42, 442 colour-coded 123 cognitive work analysis (CWA) cathode ray tube (CRT) and technologies 42 250-2 wireless 17, 42, 438 technology 40 Cohen, N.J. 471 see a b o communication, human CATWOE 51 COHERENCE project 161 communication, human 529-36 Chalmers, M, 412, 565 Cole, M. 517 discourse analysis 530 Chatbot 398 collaboration non-verbal 530, 531-6 Chatterbot 398 checkboxes 266 CARD (Collaborative Analysis body language 532-3 Checkland, P. 51 of Requirements and common ground 534-6 Chen, E. 440 Design) 156 facial expressions 531 Cheok, A. 290 first impressions 532-3 Cherish smart photoframe 101 collocated 368 gesture 532 Cherry, E.C, 474 proxemics (space) 533, 534 distributed 368-9 speech and language 530-1 see a b o collaborative environments Collaborative Analysis of communities of practice 19, 538 community (activity theory) 520 Requirements and Design companions 57-61, 402-8, 547 (CARD) 156 collaborative design 175 architecture 405-6 Bjorn persona 57, 59 digital photos 57, 59-61 embodiments 179

5 9 0 Index companions (c o n tin u e d ) awareness in mobile computing culture, turn to 459 emotion 404 437-9 customerjourney maps 104,105 evaluation 407 cyber-physical systems 412 see a lso PACT Cyborg 2.0 project 460-1 form 403-4 contextual inquiry (Cl) 143 health and fitness 57 contextual menu 263 Damodoran, L. 141 Mari persona 57, 58 continuity Danielsen, S. 179 personality and trust 404-5 data Samuela avatar 405 in perception 558 Sandy persona 57, 58 use of to connect disconnected Collective Experience of Empathic social attitudes 405-8 Data Systems (CEEDS) 451 utility 402-3 elements 272 compliance in groups 538-9 contradictions 522, 523 flow diagrams 209-10 Computer Augmented Virtual gloves 291, 292, 293 concrete examples 522 manipulation languages 182 Environment (CAVE) 293 primary 522, 524 metadata 325 Computer Supported Cooperative quaternary 522, 524 model 68 secondary 522, 524 profile 392 Working (CSCW) 13,158, tertiary 522, 524 projector 41 345, 366, 369, 373, 544 control psychological 392 computer-mediated communication and ethics 21 sampling wearable device, (CMC) 364 and product attachment 101 concept error rate (CER) 407 controlled experiments 222-3 biometric 500 conceptual aspects and structural controlled processing 477-8 dead reckoning 564 knowledge 248 convenience features and decay (group formation) 537-8 conceptual constraints and decision support 505 acceptability 85 decision and system-system accessibility 77 convention and icons 259-60 conceptual description and domain convergent thinking 512 interaction 390 conversation 505 DeepZoom 285, 357 model 393 delay minimization 482 conceptual design 188-91, 206 analysis 530 del.icio.us 356-7 cool media 189 dendogram 155,156 exploration of design concepts Cooliris 285, 357-8 Dennett, D. 393 189-90 Cooper, A. 55, 88, 270-1 dependent variables 223 exploration of design space 190-1 cooperation 366, 536, 537 DeSanctis, G. 367 see also scenarios Basic Support for Cooperative design 9-10, 50-3 conceptual investigations 82 Work (BSCW) 370 for all 78 conceptual level and adaptive see also Computer Supported conceptual 51, 52 constraints 66 systems 389 Cooperative Working errors 21 conceptual objects 421 Coren, V. 497 interaction 53 conceptual structure 421-2 coupling 519 concerns of interactive systems cousins (vocabularies) 326 operational 51 physical 51, 53 design 9-13 Coutaz, J, 36 representational 53 turn to 458 design 9-10 Cowan, N. 273 see also design languages evolving nature 12-13 Craik, F.I.M. 472 Design Collabatorium 216 human-centred 12-13 Crampton-Smith, G. 104 design languages 68-72, 203^1 interface 11-12 creativity 512 characterization 204 people and technologies 10-11 Crerar, A. 78 composition principles 203 cone tree representation 168-9 Crichton, M, 413 design elements 203 development and cones (eyes) 559 critical mass and collaborative demonstration 204 ConeTree 284 environments 366 evaluation 204 conformity in groups 539-40 critiquing systems 399 evolution 204 confounding variables 223 crowdsourcing 147, 344, 544 MP3 205 connectivity 437 Csikszentmihalyi, M. 96 qualifying situations 203 consistency 87-8,128,129 Cullen, G. 566, 567 re-registration 204 Constantine, L.L. 66 cultural comparisons and conformity Designing by Lifestyles (DbL) consumption in home 539-40 106,107 environments 426 cultural constraints and Desmet, P. 102 content Deutsch, D. 476 accessibility 78 Deutsch, J.A. 476 and human-Specknet cultural differences 546 interaction 430 and proxemics 533 technologies 42-3 cultural habits and acceptability 85 content management system Cultural Historical ActivityTheory (CMS) 312 context 143,168 (CHAT) 520 cultural studies 18

device models 32 Dropbox 369, 370 Index 591 device space 246-7 Druopal 312 devices and information spaces DSDM55 expression of 501-4 Duke, C. 514 affective communication 417-18 Dumas, J. 217 enhancement 503^1 affective input to interactive Dewey Decimal Classification 325-6 Dunnett, A. 540-1 systems 503 Dewey, J. 94,95 e-Frontier Poser 7 179 computer simulation of emotion e-motion project 456-7 501-2 diagrammatic techniques 209-11 e-textiles 451 dialogue measures 407 earcons 296 pleasure (valence) 492 dialogue model (DM) 406 Eason, K. 141 potential applications and key dialogue record and interaction eBay 349 issues for further research model 394-5, 396 504-6 Diaper, D. 239, 241-2 Eco, U. 529 psychological theories 491-7 ecological approach to cognitive dichotic listening approach 474 Cannon-Bard theory 493-4 work analysis 250 Dick, P.K. 491 ecological psychology 250 cognitive appraisal theory Dietrich, H. 390 ecological validity 218-19 495-6 Digg.com 356 economic constraints and digital era 13-18 cognitive labelling theory 494—5 accessibility 77 EMMAproject 496 future prospects 15-17 James-Lange theory 493 historical background 14-15 economic features and secondary 491 acceptability 85 digital ground: fixity, flow and stress 490 edge effect 481 synthesizing 490 engagement with context 96-7 Edinburgh Festival scenario 115-19 virtual environments 493 digital photos 344 Edinburgh Napier University School empirical investigations 82 digital representation (Rep-d) 300 enactive interaction 518 dimensions of design situation 68 of Computing screenshot 329 enactive knowledge 518 direct manipulation (DM) 258 edit action interaction pattern 208-9 enactive representations 518 edutopia 311 enchantment 95 interface 258 Edwards, A.D.N. 296 end users 215 effectiveness in usability 217 enduring dispositions 477 direct mapping and icons 259 effectors 19 engagement Director software 180 Eggen, B. 426-7 and evaluation 227 disabled users 78-9, 295-6 Ehn, P. 141 and experience design 95-8 discount usability engineering Ekman, P 491-2 Engestrom, Y. 519-20, 522, 523 Elastic Computer Cloud (EC2) 360 Englebart, D. 14 217-19 electronic badges 505 Ensure 101 discourse analysis 530 Electronic Cocktail Napkin 371 entity-relationship models 51, 200-1 DISCOVERCVEtraining system 183, electronic meeting systems Entourage time zones 320 envisionment 53, 166-84,188,197 226, 377-8 (EMSs) 372 mood boards 170-2 ellipsis (language processing) 397 navigation maps 172-3 discrimination (sound) 297 Ellsworth, P. 491 presentation of designs 183-4 display devices 40-1 embodied cognition 516-19 representations 167-8 embodied conversation agents sketches and snapshots 168-9 see a lso screen storyboards 169-70, 171 distributed cognition 514-16 (ECAs) 400 wireframes 173-4 embodied experience 519 see also prototypes different ways processes might be embodied interaction 518-19 envisionment and discovery distributed 515-16 embodiment, turn to 459 embodiments and companions 179 collaboratory (EDC) 191,192 external representation 514-15 EMMAproject 496 epistemology 319 internal representation 514-15 emoticons 530-1 equality 21 distributed resources (blended emotions 102, 290, 489-506 Equality Act 2010 77 equitable use in universal design 78 spaces) 423 affective computing 505-6 ergonomics 18, 27-30 divergent thinking 512 arousal 490, 492 Erickson, K.A. 349 division of labour (activity basic 490, 491-2, 503,531 ERMIA (entity-relationship and companions 404 theory) 520 detection and recognition of modelling of information division of responsibilities 522 artefacts) 247-50, 428 Dodson, J.D. 478 497-501 error domain 106,191, 239 affective wearables 500-1 avoidance design guidelines 277-8 basic capabilities 498-9 checking, automated 485 model 393-4, 395 StartleCam 498-9 domestication in home environments 426 dot-com bubble 343 Dourish, P. 161, 373, 518-19 Dowell, J. 239 Downs, R. 564 drawing packages 182 Dreamweaver 182 drift table 94

5 9 2 Index error (c o n tin u e d ) Evenson, S. 204 Flach, J. 250 concept error rate (CER) 407 event management applications 357 Flash 43,180,182,318, 343 Eventbrite 357 Flex 285 design 21 events 51 flexibility in use in universal design identification 244 execution and system-system message design guidelines 278 78 messages 89 interaction 390 Flickr 357 tolerance in universal design 78 Expedia website 321 Flores, F. 84 word error rate (WER) 407 experience design 93-107 flow 96 Ethernet 42 aesthetics 102-3 diagrams 175 digital ground: fixity, flow and Fluidum 374 ethics 21, 57, 440 focus 168 ETHICS method 141 engagement with context Ethnograph 160 96-7 collaborative virtual ethnographic study of awareness engagement 95-8 environments 377 gamification 97-8 376-7 H o m o L u d e n s 94 and contextual inquiry 143 ethnography 18, 158-61 service design 104-7 groups 156,441 ethnomethodology 158 see also pleasure, designing for folksonomy 325, 355 experientialism 194 food printer 290 evaluation 53-4,197, 214-34 exploration in navigation Footprints project 349 aims 225-6 563-4, 566 force-feedback 41-2 at home 232-3 Extensible Business Reporting foreground applications 504-5 different design options, deciding Language (XBRL) 343 Forlizzi, J. 95 between 216 form fill 268-9 effectiveness measures 226 extensible mark-up language formatting palette 275 efficiency measures 226 (XML) 343 forming (group formation) 537-8 Extent of Presence Metaphor 289 Forrest, M. 101 engagement 227 Extent ofWorld Knowledge 289 Four Fun Key model 98 expert 217-20 external representation 514—15 4G technologies 42 eye-movement tracking 230-1 Foursquare 359 cognitive walkthrough 219-20 Fox, J. 217 discount usability engineering Facebook 8-9,345, 351,354, 358, Franks, J.J. 469 217-19 360, 370 ecological validity 218-19 facial action coding system frequency (sound) 560 Freshnetworks 352, 353 heuristic 217 (FACS) 491 Friesen, W.V. 491 facial expression tracking Fujitsu Notebook 436 feedback to inform early design full-body interaction 412 package 498 fun 98 concepts 216 facial expressions 531 functional requirements 50 formal heuristic 224-5 fat fingers, short arms problem 303 informal expert review 224-5 functionality 182-3 metrics and measures 226-7 Fauconnier, G. 194 model-based 250 feedback 330 functions, short-term 101 Funky Wall 171, 293 non-physical presence 230 to inform early design Future Force Warrior project 452 concepts 216 participant-based 220-4 Gallupe, B. 367 Fiebrink, R. 302 games 291 co-discovery 222 fields 268 controlled experiments 222-3 fieldwork 157-61 consoles 15 cooperative evaluation 221 engines 43 Living Labs 222 analysis software 160 gamification 97-8, 359 participatory heuristic 222 ethnography 158-61 garment-based body sensing 456-7 people 227-8 ethnomethodology 158 Garrett, J.J. 313-14 perceived costs and benefits 225 workplace studies 158-61 Gaver, B. 94,152 Film Finder 283-4, 285 gaze selection 432 physical and physiological filtering 347-9, 395-7, 475 gaze systems 505 measures 230-1 content-based 347 generalized function 251 dynamic 432 generic solutions 57 in practice 224-30 Final Cut Pro 178 GeoNotes 346 presence 231-2 Finck, M. 55 Gestalt laws 557-8 satisfaction measures 226 Finger Whisper 305 continuity 558 small-scale 229-30 Firefox Web browser 357 proximity 557-8 stakeholder involvement 216 first impressions 532-3 Gestalt principles 271, 281 fish-eye capability 284-5 gestural commands 257 summative 216 Fitts’s law 30 and system-system Fjermestad, J. 372 interaction 390 test plan and task specification 228 usability 224—5 usability problems 216 usability results reports 228-30 websites 337

gestural interaction and surface Gregory, R. 551-2 Index 5 93 computing 302-5 Grief, I. 364 Hawthorne Works (Western Electric haptics and hearing 305 Gross, M. 371 Company) 538 grounded theory approach 160 iOS gestures 302 group decision support systems head tracker 292 N-wave 304 gestures 38, 62, 263, 293, 532 (GDSS) 372, 540 head-mounted displays (HMDs) 289, see also gestural interaction and group support systems 452-3 surface computing; wearable (GSS) 372 interior view 292 computing GroupKit 373 light-excluding helmet 292-3 Gibson, J. 250, 516, 552-3 groups 536-45 optical see-through 289 video see-through 289 Global Positioning System (GPS) 40, compliance 538-9 Healey, J. 490 291, 346, 359, 437, 438 conformity 539^1-0 Heath, C. 159,161, 376-7 glossaries 329 decay 537-8 glyphs 431-2 forming 537-8 hedonic attributes 102 goals 242 groupthink 539 HeHe 414 identity 540 Henshaw, D. 367 activity model 510 norming 537-8 Hewlett-Packard formation stage 241 performing 537 long-term and product phases in life of 537 Halo system 544, 545 primatology 536 HP-01 algebraic watch 452-3 attachment 101 productivity and social loafing iPAQPocket 29 hierarchical structure 326 matching strategy 423 540-1 hierarchically organized (cascading) situated action 513 social network analysis 538 space 246-7 social norms 538 menu 261 -task mapping 241 social psychology 541 hierarchy 324 goals, operators, methods, storming 537 Higgis, J. 203 and technology 540 High Definition Video (HDV) 179 selection rules (GOMS) 243, working with 156-7 Hillier, B. 565 245-6, 250 groupware Hiltz, S.R. 372 Google+ 358 toolkits 373 history bar 121,124 Google 16, 357, 359 see also collaborative history mechanism on Web A-B testing method 337 Analytics 334, 337, 359 environments; computer browsers 247 calendar 360, 365, 366 supported cooperative history tablecoth 94 Chrome OS 258 working history-enriched environments commands 257 Grudin, J. 364, 365, 376 docs 360, 370 GRUNDY392 (readware) 349 Drive 369 gulfof evaluation (activity history-based methods 423 glasses 451 model) 510 Hitch, G. 469 iGoogle 360 gulf of execution (activity Hofstede, G. 546 mobile design 441 model) 510 Hollan, J. 516 search engine 331 Gutwin, C. 371, 373 Hollands, J.G. 481, 482 smartphones 436 Hollnagel, E. 83, 505-6 standards 459 Hall, E. 533 Holmquist, L.E. 439 user interface design guidelines 86 Halo system 544, 545 Holzblatt, K. 142, 143, 145, 146 see also Android halochromic materials 456 home environments 425-9 Gould, J.D. 81-2 Haney, C. 538-9 GPRS 437 haptics 41, 290 smart homes 426-8 Graham, C. 153 supportive homes 428-9 graphene 457 definition 562 Home Information Centre (HIC) graphic design 19 feedback 371 graphical language 314 and hearing 305 70-2, 109-31 graphical user interface (GUI) 14, key terms 562 evaluation of early interface 256, 257-63, 300, 505 perception 561-2 Haque, U. 414 prototypes 119-21 companions architecture 405-6 Hara, F. 531 accommodation 119, 120 conceptual design 188 hardware 19 analysis 119-20 usability 88-9, 90 Harker, S. 141 effectiveness 119,120 see a lso WIMPs Harper, R.H.R. 376 learnability 119,120 graspable user interfaces see tangible Hartfield, B. 49 outcome 121 Hartman, J. 102 usability principles 119 user interfaces Hassenzahl, M. 102 first design 122-5 Gray, W. 245 category bar 123 Green, T.R.G. 247-8, 249 category objects 122 Greenberg, S. 373 conceptual design 123 evaluation of first solutions 124-5 functions/control objects 122

5 9 4 Index Home Information Centre (co n tin u ed ) hypermedia 342 ontologies, taxonomies and information display objects 122 adaptive 399-400 epistemologies 319, 323 interface design 124 physical objects 122 hypersonic sound device 290 organization 319, 322-5 simplification of data 122 hypertext 14, 342 sequence 324 Hypertext Mark-Up Language task 320 infotainment 110 topic or subject 320 interface 192 (HTML) 15, 318, 342 values 321 prototypes 111 5 173,312,318 vocabularies 325-7 second interface design 126-31 dynamic 318 implementation of website 318 metadata 325, 326 information artefacts (IAs) 417-18 evaluation results 128-31 see a b o ERMIA prototype 126,128 i Robo-Q domestic toy robot 8 information costs (navigation) 328 questionnaire 128,129,130 i-Mode 437 information design 19, 279-85 Rolodex history and Rolodex i7410 Sirius Projector Phone 41 interactive visualizations 282-5 tree 127 ICE (meeting room) 372-3,424 see a b o scenarios information extraction (IE) 406 home page 313 icons 88,128, 129 information foraging 328, 330 Home Workshop 113 auditory 296-7 information processing paradigm 467 H o m o L u d e n s 94 checklist 261 information spaces 416-20 honesty 21 identity 95, 529, 547 sketching 418-20 Hook, K. 345, 393 Identity 2.0 354 informational flow paths 453 Horton, W. 261 IDEO 17, 49, 156 infotainment 110 Hoschka, P. 370 IEEE 802.11 Wi-fi standard 17 Hostetler, D. 540 IF-THEN rules 394 infra-red 38 hot media 189 iGoogle 360 pointers 263 Howe, J. 344 Illuminating Clay 298, 300-1, 371 sensors 7 Hudson, W. 154 image schemas 194 HUFIT toolkit 141 Imaz, M. 196 initiative and system-system Hughes, C. 354 immersion and engagement 96 interaction 390 immersive presentation ofvisual Huizinga, J. 94 innate laws 557 information 289 input and emotion recognition 498 Hull, A. 483 human error 483-6 Immersive Tendencies input methods 43 Questionnaire 232 see also error intellectual property (IP) 21, 360 human information processing (HIP) immersive virtual reality 292-3 intelligent agents 505 implants 460-1 intelligent help 398-9 509-12 implementation of design 54-5 intelligent tutoring systems Human Pacman game 291 in-car systems 479 human-centred interactive systems inclusive design (universal (ITSs) 398 intensity (earcons) 296 design 48-73 design) 78 agile development 54-5 inclusivity analysis 78-9 intentional description and domain design 50-3 independent variables 223 model 393 envisionment 53 InDesign 182 evaluation 53-4 indexes 329 intentional level and adaptive implementation 54-5 individualism/collectivism systems 389 personas 55, 58-9 546, 547 intentionality 518 stakeholders 50 information appliances 16 intentions (activity model) 510 understanding 50 information architecture of websites inter-subjectivity 518 see a b o scenarios interaction 106 human-centredness 12-13, 20-2 312, 318-27 human-computer confluence 451 classification schemes 319-27 design 202, 206-11 human-computer interaction (HCI) diagrammatic techniques 209-11 alphabetical 319 Microsoft’s Metro design 11,12-13,14,15,19, 57, 505 ambiguous 319 language 204 theories 458-9 audience 321 patterns 206-8 usability 76 chronological 319-20 human-human interaction 11 difficulty 319 individual 365 human-human mediation 505 dimensions 321 long-term 104 human-Specknet interaction 430-1 faceted 321-2 mixed reality 289, 291-3 geographical 319, 320 model 394-7 Hutchins, E. 514,515, 564 hierarchical (tree) 322-4 patterns 459 hybrid trajectories (blended hybrid 321 short-term 104 importance 324—5 slippers 291 spaces) 425 metadata 325 tools and human-Specknet hyperbolic tree representation 168-9 network 324 HyperCard 342 interaction 430 see a b o human-computer interaction; human-human interaction; social interactions

interactivejewellery 459-60 Jabberwocky 398 Index 5 9 5 interactive visualizations 282-5 Jacobson, R. 279 James, W. 470 graphical 314 interfaces 11-12, 256 programming 19 James-Lange theory 493 application program 7, 344, 354 Java 176 Smalltalk computer programming auditory user 296 brain-computer 39, 460 development environment 182 language 14 direct manipulation 258 JavaScript 343 unifed modeling 161 plasticity 36 Jeong, H.Y. 101 UNIX256, 259 SenToy affective interface 503 Jetter, H.-C. 364-5 Weather Markup Language speech-based 297-8 jog wheels 39 tangible user 298-300 John, B. 245 (WeatherML) 343 Johnson, M. 194, 519 XSL314 see also graphical user interface; Joint Application Development see also design languages; multimodal interface design; user interface (JAD) method 156 Hypertext Mark-Up Language; Jones, M. 440, 442 natural language internal representation 514-15 Joomla! 312 Lapham, L. 189-90 International Fashion Machines 456 Jordan, P. 94, 99 Laurel, B. 386 internet 14,15, 343 joysticks 38, 263 Lavie, T. 102 Lawson, B, 148-9 see also World Wide Web Kahneman, D. 477 Lazarus, R.S. 495 Kane, S. 79 Lazzaro,N. 98 Internet Explorer 343 Kansei 102 Lea, M. 540 Internet Protocol (IP) 42 Kapor, M. 9 Leach, M. 444 Internet of Things 360 Kay, A. 14, 258, 259, 386 learning 217 interpretation Kelley, D. 49 collective (expansive) 522 Kelley, H. 402 and emotion recognition 498 and contextual inquiry 143 Kellogg, W. 88, 349 Learning Agents 395-6 and human-Specknet interaction Kelly, G. 156 Lee, E. 42 Kemp, J.A.M. 222 Lee, H. 440 431, 432 Kensing, F. 159 Lee, M.-K. 101 and icons 260-1 Kerridge, J. 485 legal requirements of designs 21 interviews 142-6, 443 Kettley, S. 459 legibility and icons 260-1 conclusion 146 keyboard shortcuts Leont’ev, A.N. 519, 520, 522 contextual inquiry (Cl) 143, 145 Lester, J. 401 expert 441 (accelerators) 263 Letizia 395-6 keeping track 145 Keynote 180, 181 Lewis, C. 81-2, 219 Kieras, D.E. 32, 245 Licklider, L. 14 and mock-ups (IM) 441 killer app 15 light pen 37 preparation 145 Kim, J. 101 light-emitting diodes (LEDs) 451 reflection and exploration 145-6 kinaesthetic sensing 561 Likert scales 148, 407 semi-structured 143,144 Kindle e-book reader 437 Lim, K.Y. 244 stories, scenarios and early Kinnect 7, 38-9, 291, 304, 412 Lim, Y.-K. 175 Kismet robot 502 link-dominant website users 313 prototyping 144-5 Klann, M. 459 Linkedln 351, 353, 358, 359 structured 142 Klout 359 Lion operating systems 203 think-aloud commentaries 145 knowledge base and interaction liquid crystal display (LCD) 40 unstructured 143 shuttered spectacles (goggles) 293 intuitive use in universal design 78 model 394—5 Lisetti, C. 499 iOS gestures 302 knowledge management 19 list boxes 267-8 iPad 459 Kobayashi, H. 531 listio-com 350-1 Kubrick, S. 490 LiveBoard 371 wireframes 173 Kuhn, Dr F. 319 Living Labs 222 iPAQPocket 29 Lockhart, R. 472 iPhone 6, 36, 346, 436-7 labelling 328 Lockwood, L.A.D. 66 Lakoff, G. 194,519 Loebner, H. 400 experience design 93 language Loebner Prize 400 gestures 302 logic of task analysis 241 list box 268 command 256-7 logical constraints 50 mobile design 442 data manipulation 182 logical flow diagram 210 Siri 6, 39, 298 Extensible Business Reporting logos 128, 129 toolbar 264 touchscreen 437 Language (XBRL) 343 London Underground control room wireframes 173 Extensible Mark-Up Language 376-7 IPv6 42, 360 Ishii, H. 299-301, 371 (XML) 343 London Underground map 280, 282 ISO 9241 usability standard 216, 226 iteration 243 iTunes 6

5 9 6 Index Long, J. 239, 244 Mars lander 544 semantic 470 L o n g Tail, T h e 344 Marsden, G. 440, 442 short-term (working) 467, loudness 560 Marsden, P. 499 Lovell, J. 483 masculine versus feminine 546 469-70,471,472-3,475 LSEsystem 415 mashup 354 storage 471 Lucero, A. 171 MASSIVE-1 and 2 377 structure 470 tip-of-the-tongue lucid design 94 massively multi-player on-line role­ Luff, P. 159,161, 376-7 phenomenon 473 Lynch, K. 564, 565 playing (MMORGs) 547 master-apprentice model 143 visuo-spatial sketchpad Mac (Apple) material turn 458 (scratchpad) 469, 470 Adobe Photoshop 262 Mattern, F. 413 computers 14 MAUI toolkit 373 see also memory and attention direct manipulation 258 maxims (e-mail filtering agent) memory and attention 272-8 Entourage 90 395-7 chunking 273 graphical user interfaces 257-8 Mayhew, D. 20-1,142 colour blindness 276 hierarchically organized menu 261 MCRpd model 300 iOS 256 Mechanical Turk (Amazon) 147 colour, designing with 277 one-button mouse 38 media (blended spaces) 422 OS 256, 258 Media Lab 415 designing for memory 274-6 Media Room 375 error avoidance design guidelines OSX Media space 374-5 277-8 Adobe Photoshop 266 medical domain 452 error message design barber-poles 483 medium and communication 289 buttons 271 Megaw, E.D. 481 guidelines 278 Finder window 272 memory 466-73, 498 navigation, principles from 278 key setting options 80 shortcuts 263 accessibility 472 recall and recognition 274 voice choice 80 articulatory (phonological) loop window 259 short-term (working) memory 273 single mouse button 206 469, 470, 471 time limitations 274 Universal Access control panel 79 mems (micro electro-mechanical McCarthy, J. 94,95 availability 472 McCullough, M. 96 systems) 413 MacFarlane, S.J. 227 central executive 469, 470 mental maps 247, 328, 564 machine-centred views 10-11 chunking 471 mental models 31-2, 51, 188, Mack, R.L. 222 constructive process 469 Mackay, W. 178 decay 470,472-3 246-7, 256 Mackie, D. 544 declarative (knowing that) 471 mental workoad 479-80 McKinlay, A. 540-1 displacement 470, 473 McLuhan, M. 189-90 menu headers 248-9 McNeill, D. 473 echoic (auditory) store 470 menu items 248-9 Macromedia Director 176 elaboration 468, 471 menus 88 Magitti 438, 442-3 encoding 470, 471 message and communication 289 magnetic shape memory alloys 456 episodic/autobiographical metadata 325 magnetostrictive materials 455 Magonote 101 470, 471 administrative 325 Majaranta, P. 79 forgetting 470, 472-3 Mann, S. 453 iconic (visual) store 470 descriptive 325 many-to-many relationships 249 inner voice 469 intrinsic 325 many-to-one relationships 249 interference theory 473 metaphor use in design 191-6, 259, mapping, direct 259 levels of processing (LoP) model maps 190,192, 567-8 388, 519 audio 447 471-2 Metro design language 204 cognitive 469, 564, 565 long-term 467, 470, 471, 473 Metro ticket machine 28 customerjourney 104,105 mind’s eye 469 microcomputer 15 mental 247, 328, 564 multi-store model 468, 470, 472 Microsoft 53 mind 175 permastore 470 site 201-2, 330 proactive interference (PI) 473 A-Btesting method 337 Marcus, A. 277, 440, 546 procedural (knowing how) Add Hardware wizard 270 Mark, G. 535-6 colour schemes 277 470, 471 Entourage time zones 320 processes 469 HCI version 17 recall 471-2 interface design guidelines 264 recognition 472 Kinnect 7, 38-9, 291, 304, 412 rehearsal 469, 470 Metro design language 204 retrieval 470, 471 mobile design 441-2 retrieval failure theory 473 NetMeeting 369 retroactive interference (RI) 473 Office Assistant 501-2 PowerPoint toolbars 267 Sharepoint 369 Silverlight 285 standards 459 style guide 270 Surface 37

two-button mouse 38 MSDOS 256-7 Index 5 97 user interface design guidelines 86 Muford, E. 141 Visual Studio 442 Miiller-Lyer illusion 552 serial vision 566, 567 wizard 485 multi-tasking 474 signage 566-7, 568 multimedia 15 social 345, 569 Word interface widget 274-5 space syntax 565 multimodal interface design support 328-30 Word spell checker 275-6 288-305 survey knowledge 565 see also Windows wayfinding 563^1, 566 microwave 12 gestural interaction and surface near field communications (NFC) Milgram, P. 289 computing 302-5 military and emergency services 452 42, 442 Miller, G. 273 mixed reality interaction 291-3 Necker cubes 552, 553 mind maps 175 sound 294—8 Negroponte, N. 13 tangible interaction 298-301 Nelson, T. 14, 342 miniaturization 413 Munro, A. 345 NetMeeting 369 mirroring (body language) 532 MITMedia lab 414-15 MUSE (Method for Usability Netscape 343 Mitchell, V. 440 Engineering) 244 network 324 Mival, O. 402 Newell, A. 77, 142, 510 mixed reality interaction Myers-Briggs Type Indicator 30-1 Next computer 342 MySpace345, 351, 354 NiCE project 375 289, 291-3 M y s t game 97 Nielsen, J. 86, 218, 222, 227-8 mobile computing 435-48 MyYahoo! 347 Nike+ system 451 nimbus (collaborative virtual context awareness 437-9 Nabaztag 400 design for mobiles 441-3 Namyz 351 environments) 377 evaluation 443-8 nanotechnologies 413 Nokia 205, 222 i-Mode 437 narrative 96 Magitti case 442-3 NASA mobile design 441 parking meter interaction 440 mobile phone 436 understanding 439-41 extra-vehicular activity (EVA) physical keyboard 437 wireless sensor networks (WSNs) (space walk) support systems S60 442 non-functional requirements 50 444-6 453^1 non-immersive presentation of visual mobile phone diaries (MPD) Softwalls initiative 42 information 289 440, 441 TLXscale 480 non-immersive virtual reality mobile phone navigation map 172 Nass, C. 88, 402, 404, 530 mobility mapping technique 440 natural language generation (desktop) 293 mock-ups 181 non-standard actions 242 modality and communication 289 (NLG) 406 non-verbal communication (NVC) Model Human Processor 509 natural language processing 397-8 Model-View-Control (MVC) natural language systems (NLS) 298 530, 532-3 natural language understanding non-visual perception 559-63 structure 300 moderator 538 (NLU)406 auditory perception 559-61 momentary intentions 477 navigation 278, 328-31, 563-9 haptic perception 561-2 monitors see display devices taste and smell 562-3 Monk, A. 221 bars 121, 330 Norberg-Schulz, C. 566 mood boards 170-2 cognitive maps 564, 565 Norman, D. 15-16 controls 124 aesthetics 102 see also Funky Wall dead reckoning 564 cognition and action 510-12, moods 490 design 566-9 districts 564 516-17 Moore’s law 15 edges 564 design principles 86 Morris, D. 302 exploration 563-4, 566 error avoidance design Morris, M.R. 302 global 330 Morville, J. 319, 323, 326, 328 information foraging theory 330 guidelines 277 Mosaic 343 labelling 328 experience design 94 Mosaic Killer 343 landmarks 564, 565 memory and attention 476 MoSCoWrules 140 local 329 mental models 32 motes 413 maps and guides 172-3, 567-8 ubiquitous computing 410 mental map representations 564 usability 83 motion and interaction 202 metaphors 193—4 visual interface design 257 mouse 14, 37, 263 nodes 564, 565 norming (group formation) Movielens 348, 350 object identification 563-4, 566 Mozilla 343 paths 564 537-8 MP3 198-9, 208 responsive environment 566 NTT DoCoMo 305, 437 route knowledge 565 Nursebot Pearl 387 design language 204-5 searching 330-1 domain 191 Oakley, I, 459 Obama campaign 354

5 98 Index Obendorf, H. 55 usability 77, 82-3 personas 55, 58-9, 69, 217, 218, object website design 312 227, 333-4, 401 -action analysis 189 pads 15,16 see also companions activity theory 520-1 panorama 293 perspective, long-term or identification 5634-, 566 paper 182 model 68, 200-2 paper prototypes 177, 443-4 short-term 546 observation, informal and mobile Persson, J. 503 flexibility 178 Persson, P. 346 computing 441 instructions 178 persuasive technologies 405 OCEANpersonality types 31 pervasive computing see ubiquitous Office Assistant 501-2 robustness 178 Olson, G.M. 364, 365, 534-5 computing Olson, J.S. 364, 365, 534-5 scope 178 Petersen, J. 232-3 Olympic Message System (OMS) 81 Papervision 43, 285, 357 pH-sensitive polymers 456 omniscience (navigation) 328 parallelism 242 phicons 302 O’Neil, E. 191 Parasuraman, R. 481 PhotoPal Companion 403 O’Neil, S. 529 Park, S.Y. 101 physical circumstances of online surveys 441 parking meter interaction 440 ontology 153, 319, 323, 518 part-whole relationships activities 34 coarse-grained 323 (perception) 558 physical constraints and conceptual 421 participant observation 158 accessibility 77 fine-grained 323 participative design 89,141-2 Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) partnership and contextual physical design 51, 53,188, 202-5 failure to design for children model 104 inquiry 143 202-3 operational design 51, 202 Passini, R. 564 interaction design 202, 206-11 operations (activity theory) 520-1 Oppenheim, A.N. 150 paths 190,192, 330, 453 languages 203-5 optimal rationality (navigation) 328 pattern recognition algorithms 498 operational design 202 optionality 242 Payne, S. 32, 246-7, 249 representational design 202 Orange 104 Pekkola, S. 141-2 physical distance 535 ORDIT 141 people 10-11,27-33 physical effort minimization in O’Reilly, T. 343-4 -centred views 10-11 universal design 78 evaluation 227-8 physical environment 35, 365, 438 organic light-emitting diode (OLED) 40, 304, 455 physical differences 27-30 physical form of the system 251 organizational constraints 50 anthropometries 28 physical function 251 organizational context 34-5 Orkut 345,351,352 ergonomics 27-30 physical level and adaptive output and emotion Fitts’s law 30 systems 388 thumb, changing role of 28-9 recognition 498 psychological differences 30-2 physical measures 230-1 device models 32 physical objects 421 overview stage and human-Specknet individual differences 30-1 physical representation (Rep-p) 300 interaction 431 physical space in home mental models 31-2 Ozenc, K. 101 environments 426 social differences 33 PACT (people, activities, contexts, -technnology system 83 physical territory 533 technologies) 25-45 see also groups; personas; social physiological changes and activities 33—4 interaction; stakeholders emotions 497 analysis (scoping a problem) 43—4 perceptible information in universal physiological measures 230-1 Picard, R. 402, 405, 489, 490, contexts 34-6 design 78 Edinburgh Festival scenario 116 perception 248 498,499 engagement 95 picklists 275 envisionment 180 guidelines from 271-2 piezoelectric materials 455 people see people see also auditory perception; personas 55 Pinker, S. 530 scenarios 55, 69, 70 non-visual perception; visual Pinterest 358 scenarios for Home Information perception Piper, B. 300-1 performing (group Pirolli, P. 330 Centre (HIC) 111-12,116 formation) 537 pitch (earcons) 296 service design 104 persistent alert box 274 place probe 149 technologies person model 391-3, 395 plagiarism 21 person (user) model 391-3,395 plan 243 input 36-40 personal computer 14 output 40-2 personal digital assistant (PDA) 12 construction strategy 423 understanding 138 execution 513 personal space 532 following strategy 423 personal territory 533 formulation 513 personality and companions Plant, S. 28-9 plasma or thin-film transistor 40 404-5

Plaue, C. 375 feedback 87, 89, 90 Index 5 99 Playfair, Sir E. 280 flexibility 87, 89, 90 pleasure, designing for 99-102 navigation 87, 89, 90 similarity, use of to organize files polite software 88 271-2 ideo-pleasure 100 recovery 87, 89, 90 see also memory and attention Kansei 102 style 87, 89, 90 psychology 18 visibility 86, 89 physio-pleasure 99,100 printer 41 organizational 19 product attachment theory 100-2 food 290 social 19 psycho-pleasure 100 three-dimensional 41 Pufferfish displays 304 socio-pleasure 99, 100 prisoner’s dilemma 366 pull technology 43 plotter 41 Pulse 351 Plush Touch 456 privacy 21, 440 push e-mail 43 Put That There system 293 Plutchik, R. 491 probes 152-3 Pycock, J. 159 Pylyshyn, Z.W. 393 pointers 88 cultural 152,153 technology 152 QOC method 69, 70, 191 polite software 88 procedural knowledge 241, 245-6 questionnaires 146-52, 443 politeness and companions 404 Proctor, R. 540-1 political features and product bipolar rating scales (semantic differentials) 148-50 acceptability 85 attachment theory 100-2 political issues 21 crowd sourcing 147 design 19 hints and tips for design 151-2 Pollstream - Nuage Vert 414 Likert scales 148 development legs 85 Mechanical Turk (Amazon) 147 Poltrock, S.E. 364 production blocking 540 place probe 149 profile data 392 QUIS (Questionnaire for User polymer polypyrrole (PPy) 457 programming languages 19 pop-up 262-3 proposal and system-system Interface Satisfaction) 150 Porterfield, A. 358-9 Survey Monkey 147 portholes 373^1, 505 interaction 390 usability 150 post-it notes 233 quick response (QR) codes 39, 291 Postman, L. 556 proprioceptic nerves 562 QUIS (Questionnaire for User prosody 530 Postmes, T. 540 protocols 19 Interface Satisfaction) 150 prototypes 113,119-21, 123, 175-9 QWERTYkeyboard 36 power distance 546 PowerPoint 180,181,182, 267 early 144—5 radio buttons 265-6 pragmatic attributes 102 evolutionary and incremental radio frequency identification (RFID) praxis (activity theory) 520, 522 Preece, J. 538 179,182 tags 413, 415, 438, 442,460 full 179 Randeli, C. 420 preferred term (vocabularies) 326 functionality 179 rapid contextual design 142 PrEmo 102,103 high-fidelity (hi-fi) 176 Rasmussen, J. 250, 393 Presenccia project 545 horizontal 179, 182, 216 rating system 348-9 presence 106, 496, 529, 542-5 low-fidelity (low-fi) 176-8,180 Ratti, C. 301 lunar lander 175 ravelry 354 awareness 544 and participatory design 180 Raven, B.H. 536 co-presence 535, 543, 544 rapid (throw-it-away) 181,182 Rea: real-estate agent 401-2 conceptual level 543 tools 182-3 Read, J.C. 227 connectedness 544-5 trade-offs 180-2 Reality-Virtuality continuum 289 perceptual level 543 use case 182 RealOne Player slider controls 268 physical level 543 vertical 179,182, 216 Reason, J. 277, 484 physiological level 543 video 178-9 reasoning and emotion psychological level 543 see also paper sensorimotor level 543 proxemics (space) 533, 534 recognition 498 social 544-5 proximity recall and recognition 274 telepresence 542 in perception 557-8 recommender systems 347-8 well-being, psychology of 543 use of to organize buttons 271 recoverability factor 205 presentation of designs 183-4 psychological data 392 Reeves, B, 88, 402, 404 PriceGrabber shopping website 322 reflective level and aesthetics 102 Prickett, T. 532 psychological principles and register (earcons) 296 primatology 536 interface design 270-9 registration in mixed reality primitive action (situated action) 513 perception, guidelines from 270-2 settings 291 principles of design 86-90 closure 272 relational agent 501-2 continuity, use of to connect relationships see companions affordance 87, 89, 90 disconnected elements 272 Relph, E. 149 consistency 86, 87-8, 89, 90 proximity, use of to organize constraints 87, 88-9, 90 buttons 271 control 87, 89, 90 conviviality 87, 89, 90 familiarity 86, 89

6 0 0 Index remote control 12 Samsung Schmidt, K. 364 remote pointers 263 i7410 Sirius Projector Phone 41 Schneider, W. 477-8 repertory grid technique organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display 455 Schon, D. 10 (RepGrid) 156 scientific knowledge 57 representation 167-8, 175 Samuela avatar 405 screen 40 Sanderson, P. 252 and human-Specknet satisficing (navigation) 328 design 89 interaction 430 Saussure, F. de 529 enlargers 79 Scandinavian participatory design see also touchscreen representational design 53, 202 Reproduction Fidelity 289 movement 141 screenshots 177 requirements animation 181 scenarios 55-72,196-202, 217, 218 script 513 Resource Description Framework scrollbar 272 action versus reflection 56, 57 seamful interaction 412 (RDF) 356 captology 57 search engine optimization responsive environments 413-14 challenges and approaches 56 retinal implants 460 companions 57-61 (SEO) 312 return on investment and human- search-dominant website users 313 conceptual 62, 63-4, 68, 440 centred approach 20-1 concrete 62, 64—5, 66,191, searching 129, 330-1 Reverse Alarm Clock 101 Second Life 7-8, 364, 377, 414-15, review, informal expert 224—5 196, 218 reviewability (common ground) 535 corpus 67-8,196-8 529, 547 reusability (common ground) 535 cross-referencing 72 security issues 21 Rheinfrank, J. 204 descriptions 197 selection and hierarchy 243 Rheingold, H. 538 design 66 semantic differentials 148-50,156 rhythm (earcons) 296 design problem fluidity 56, 57 semantic understanding 156 Rich, E. 392 rich pictures SI, 52 diagrammatic techniques 199-202 Semantic Web 355-6 Richardson, J. 481 documenting 69-72 semiotics/semiology 529-30 Ris0 genotype see cognitive work envisionment 66, 180 Sensorama 562-3 evaluation 66 sensors 19, 38-9 analysis external factors and design SensorTags 413 Riva, G. 543 Sensory Logic 531 constraints 56 sentic modulation 497 Robert Louis Stevenson website for Home Information Centre SenToy affective interface 503 331-9,424 Robertson, J. 139 (HIC)111-19 sequence 324 Robertson, S. 139 conceptual 111-12 models 210 robots 386-7 concrete 114 development (what shall we do sequentiality (common ground) 535 Chatbot 398 service design 104—7 female face 531 now?) 113,114-15 i Robo-Q domestic toy robot 8 Edinburgh Festival scenario customerjourney canvas 105 seven-layer model, demise of 104 Kismet 502 115-19 Nursebot Pearl 387 entertainment 112 seven-layer model, demise of 104 SonyAIBO403, 405 future workshop 113 vacuum cleaner 387 home technologies 113 seven-stage model of activity 510-11 rods (eyes) 559 informational 112 Shackel, B. 14 Rogers, Y. 159-60, 458 PACTanalysis 111-12 Shake software tool 178 Rohrer, T. 519 interaction elements 202 shape-memory alloys and role engagement and product and interviews 144-5 polymers 455 attachment 101 language, design 68-72 Share Moments 101 Rolodex concept 126-31,192-3, navigation in wireless sensor shared text-editing systems 371 195, 205 network 429, 444 Romer, K. 413 objects and actions 198-9 sharing with others 355-9 roomware 364, 374-7 requirements and problems 67 Shedroff, N. 94, 95-6, 319 Rosenfeld, L. 319, 323, 326, 328 scientific knowledge lagging Shen, C. 303 Ross, P.R. 95 Sherer, K. 496 Rosson, M.-B. 69,181 design application 56, 57 Shiffrin, R.M. 470, 477-8 rote memorization (navigation) 328 stories 62-3 Shneiderman, B. 15,168, 258, 283 Rubin, J.Z. 536 trade-offs and claims analysis 69 Sholes, C.L. 36 Russell, J.A. 492 understanding 66 Shopadidas 311 use cases 62, 65-6 Short, J. 544 safety and human-centred video 106 Shusterma, R. 458 approach 21 web 72 siblings (vocabularies) 326 Schachter, S. 494-5 Siftables 413-14 Saffer, D. 104, 303 Schank, R. 513 signage 566-7, 568 Schiano, DJ. 501 directional 566 informational 566 warning and reassurance 566

Index 601 signal detection theory 482-3 Smith, E. 544 auditory icons 296-7 signifier and signified 529 Snpkult 379-80 earcons 296 silent alert vibration 42 SOAR 510 and interaction 202 Silverlight 285 social attitudes and companions and load reduction on visual similarity 405-8 system 294 in perception 558-9 social compensation 540 reduction of amount of information use of to organize files 271-2 social computing 19 Simonsen, J. 159 social constraints and accessibility 78 needed on screen 295 simulated Specknet wireless sensor social context 34-5 reduction of demands on visual social habits and acceptability 85 network 444 social impact theory 536 attention 295 simultaneity (common ground) 535 social interaction 365, 528^18 soundscapes 297 Singer, J.E. 494-5 Singer, M.J. 232 cultural differences 546 speech-based interfaces 297-8 single-channel theory 475-6 identity 547 under-utilization of auditory Siri speech recognition system 6, presence 542-5 see also communication, human; sense 295 39, 298 and vision interdependence 294 site maps 201-2, 330 groups soundfield 297 social issues in collaborative Souza, S. de 529 situated action 512-14 space Siwlorek, D. 454 environments 366-7 device 246-7 6th sense light sculpture 503-4 social loafing 540-1 and interaction 202 size and space for approach and use social media 341-61 personal 532 physical 426 in universal design 78 background ideas 345-51 social 426 sketches and snapshots 168-9 developing web 359-60 syntax 565 skeuomorphic design 202-3 filtering systems 347-9 technological 426 skills of interactive systems designer history-enriched environments -time matrix 367-8 spacemice 291 18-20 (readware) 349 spaces activities and contexts 19 hypertext 342 shared work 370, 371 design 19 rating system 348-9 see also blended spaces; people 18 recommender systems 347-8 technologies 19 sharing with others 355-9 information spaces skin conductivity 498 social networking 351-5 spacesuits 452, 453-4 Skype 369 social translucence 349-50 spam e-mail 85 sliders 268 strategy 358-9 Speckled Computing (Specknets) sliding docks 124 tags (social searching) 348 Smailagic, A. 454 social navigation 345 413, 430-1, 445 Smalltalk computer programming social networking 351-5 specks 413, 444-5 analysis 538 speech 293 language 14 communities 345 Smart Bag 101 websites 529 -based interfaces 297-8 smart dust 413 social norms 538, 540 input 39, 43 smart house technology 505 social proxies 349-50 and language 530-1 smart materials 455-8 social space in home recognition 505 garment-based body sensing environments 426 automatic 298, 405 social translucence 349-50 see also text-to-speech 456-7 socio-technical tradition 141-2 spell checker 275-6 graphene 457 sociograms 538 sociology 18,158 Spence, R. 282 halochromic materials 456 soft systems theory 19 spice piles 291 magnetic shape memory Softwalls initiative 42 spoken commands 257 software 19 Spool, J. 21, 324-5 alloys 456 SQL 182 magnetostrictive materials 455 demos 106 Squire, L.R. 471 pH-sensitive polymers 456 Solso, R.L. 474 Stahl, O. 378 piezoelectric materials 455 somaesthetics 458 stakeholders (users) 50,141-2, 216 shape-memory alloys and SonicFinder 296-7 standards 21 Sony AIBO403, 404 Stanton, N. 241-2, 243-4 polymers 455 SonyVita 8 Starner, T. 454 temperature-responsive sound 41, 294-8, 445, 446-7 StartleCam 498-9 state transition network (STN) polymers 456 as advantage to visually disabled Smart Pebbles 413 users 295-6 210-11 Smart-Its 413 SmartMoney.com 284-5 attention-grabbing 295 Stea, D. 564 Stelarc 460-1 smartphones 16, 436 Stephanidis, C. 80, 242 smell 290, 562-3 Smith, D.C. 258

6 0 2 Index stereotypes 392 Tan, H.Z. 561 timbre (earcons) 296 Stewart, J. 426 Tangible Bits 298-9 time Stoner, J.A.F. 539 Tangible Hypermedia stories and interviews 144—5 and interaction 202 storming (group formation) 537-8 application 291 limitations 274 tangible interaction 298-301 tit-for-tat and observed storyboards 169-70,171,181 scored 170 Tangible Media Lab (MIT) 298-9 behaviour 536 text-only 170 traditional 169-70 tangible user interfaces (TUIs) TLXscale 480 298-300 Tognazinni, B. 14 streamy outputs 43 Tollmar, K. 503 street activity sampling (SAS) 441 target (tenor) 191 tool tips 261 Streitz, N.A. 374 task analysis 238-52 toolbars 128,129, 267 topology (blended spaces) 421-2 stress 490 cognitive work analysis (CWA) stressors 478 250-2 touch 561 StressOutSourced project 544-5 see a lso haptics Stroop, J.R. 475 goals 240 structural knowledge 241, 246-50 touchscreen 36-7, 43, 129, 437 StumbleUpon 356-7 GOMS: cognitive model of Touchspace 291 style 53, 436 procedural knowledge trackball 37 245-6 Tractinsky, N. 102 Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) 173, trade-offs and claims analysis 69 hierarchical (HTA) 243-4 312,314 model-based user interface transition diagrams 175 guides 263-4 sheets 314 design 242 tree map 284 sketches 106 Triesman, A.M. 476 stylus 37, 263 structural knowledge 246-50 TripAdvisor 354 subgoals (situated action) 513 trust subject (activity theory) 520 and systems design 241-3 Suchman, L. 158, 364, 512-13 tasks and actions 240-1 and companions 404—5 SUMI (Software Usability task specification 228 systems 21 task structure diagrams 210 Tuckerman, B.W. 537 Measurement Inventory) 150 task-action mapping 241 Tufte, E. 280, 281 Sumner, M. 540 taste (gustatory) 290, 562-3 Turkle, S. 547 supermarket vegetable weighing taxonomy 319, 325-6 Turner, P. 524 technical investigations 82 tutoring 398-9 machine 154 TVremote control 84 Surface 37 technological breakdown 84 Tversky, B. 564 surface computing see gestural technological space in home tweettag 351, 352 Twine 351 interaction and surface environments 426 Twitter 351, 354, 358, 359 computing technologies 10-11, 26, 36-43 Survey Monkey 147 ubicomp see ubiquitous computing sustainability and human-centred communication 42 ubiquitous computing 15, approach 21 content 42-3 Sutcliffe, A. 289 410-32, 505 Sutherland, 1.14, 258 see a lso PACT full-body interaction 412 Symon, G. 162 Technology Acceptance Model home environments 425-9 synonyms 326 information spaces 416-20 system 129 (TAM) 85 nanotechnologies 413 design and task analysis 241-3 tele-healthcare 499-500 navigating in wireless sensor image 31 teleology 242 integration 129 telephones 505 networks (WSNs) 429-32 learnability 128,129 telepresence 542 seamful interaction 412 temperature-responsive sensor portals 415 tabletop application development see also blended spaces 379-82 polymers 456 UCAMP framework 454 test plan 228 Ullmer, B. 300 tabs 15,16 text to speech (TTS) system 297, uncertainty avoidance 546 tactile sensing 561 understanding 138-63 400, 405 artefact collection and deskwork see a lso haptics text-editing systems, shared 371 TACTool 291 texture 161-2 tag clouds 350, 355, 357 brainstorming 157 tags 348, 355-7 and interaction 202 card sorting techniques 153-6 and material design 458 fieldwork 157-61 see also radio frequency thesaurus structure 327 interviews 142-6 identification (RFID) tags think slicing 533 participative design 141-2 think-aloud commentaries (verbal protocol) 145 3 Studio Max and Maya 43 3G 437 thumb, changing role of 28-9 thumbnails 275-6 Tiger, L. 99,100 tilting 436

Index 603 probes 152-3 vacuum cleaner robot 387 retinal disparity 554 questionnaires 146-52 value sensitive design 82 secondary (monocular) 554—6 requirements 139-40 van Gelderen, T. 222 stereopsis 554 variety of interactive systems 6-9 texture gradient 556 acting out 142 Venkatesh, A. 426 direct perception 552-3 factors affecting 556-7 elicitation 139 verbal protocol see think-aloud expectation 556-7 commentaries perceptual set 556 engineering 139 Gestalt laws 557-8 functional 140 VERE project 451 hypothesis testing 552 gathering 139 Verplank, B. 189 Necker cubes 552, 553 generation 139 Vertelney, L. 178 optic array 553 non-functional 140 video scenarios 106 prioritization 140 part-whole relationships 558 templates 139 video-augmented shared perceptual constancy 551-2 similarity 558-9 semantic understanding 156 workspaces 371 texture 553 visual search 480-2 working with groups 156-7 video-conferencing facilities 544 visual stimuli 289 Undo command 89 vigilance in attention 479 Visual Studio 442 Unified Modeling Language vignettes 161 visual system and sound 294 virtual environments 505 Visual Thesaurus 284-5 (UML) 161 visually disabled users and sound uniform resource locators (URLs) Computer Augmented Virtual Environment (CAVE) 293 295-6 313,356 Vita (Sony) 8 emotions 493 vocabularies 325-7 United Nations 77 voice input 79 see also collaborative virtual volatility (blended spaces) 422 United States 15 environments von Neumann architecture 475 Department of Defense 14 Vuman project 452 Section 508 77 virtual reality, immersive 292-3 Vygotsky, L. 519, 522 social informatics movement 141 virtual table concept 380-2 virtual worlds 7-8 W4Aconference 79 universal design principles 78 visceral level and aesthetics 102 walk through 217, 218 UNIXcommand language 256, 259 visibility Walkinside 379 usability 76-91, 242 wands 291 common ground 535 Ward, D. 367 acceptability 84-5 social translucence 350 Ward, R. 499 accessibility 77-81 VisiCale spreadsheet program 14-15 Warr, A. 191 empirical measurement 81 vision and sound interdependence Warwick, K. 460 inclusivity analysis decision Waterworth, J.A. 543 294, 295 wayfinding 192, 430-1, 563-4, 566 tree 79 Visual Basic 89, 182 waypoint system 431 integrated 81 visual design 314 wearable computing 450-61, 505 iterative design 81 visual interface design 255-86 MUSE (Method for Usability affective 500-1 alerts 269-70 HCI theories 458-9 Engineering) 244 checkboxes 266 head-mounted display 452-3 principles of design 86-90 form fill 268-9 human-computer confluence 451 problems 216 information design 279-85 implants 460-1 results reports 228-30 list boxes 267-8 material design 458-60 SUMI (Software Usability radio buttons 265-6 smart materials 455-8 sliders 268 somaesthetics 458 Measurement Inventory) 150 toolbars 267 spacesuits 452, 453^1 technological breakdown 84 wizards 269, 270 Vuman project 452 universal design principles 78 see also graphical user interfaces; Weather Markup Language users and tasks, focus on 81 value sensitive design 82 psychological principles (WeatherML) 343 Usability Engineering 142 visual perception 551-9 weatherman technique 178 use cases 51 Web 2.0 usefulness features and affordance 553 closure 559 conference 343^1 acceptability 85 colour 559 see also social media user characteristics, fixed and depth perception 554—6 Web accessibility 79 changing 78-9 accommodation 554 User Interface Design Environments convergence 554 height in horizontal plane 555 (UIDEs) 182 light and shade 554 user interface design, linear perspective 555 motion parallax 555 model-based 242 overlap 555 User Interface Engineering 21, 324 primary cues 554 user interface (UI) 256 relative size 556 user model see person model utility and companions 402-3 UTOPIAproject 141

6 0 4 Index web analytics 334 Wii 7, 38, 291,412 within-subject design 223 Web browsers 79, 342, 343 Witmer, B.G. 232 Web Ontology 356 Fit 7 Wizard of Oz 106 ‘Web Pages That Suck’site 329 wand 263 wizards 89, 269, 270, 330, 485 website design 310-39 Wikipedia 344-5, 354 Wodtke, C. 319, 322, 325 Wikis 370 Woolrych, A. 218, 220 development 312-18 Wikman, A.-S. 479 word error rate (WER) 407 evaluation 337 wild, turn to 459 WordPress 312, 354, 355 graphical language 314 Wilkinson, S. 78 work domain analysis 251, 252 work system 239 home page 313 Williams, J. 20-1 workflow 365 navigation design 328-31 workload measurement 480 Robert Louis Stevenson website Wilmes, B. 566 workplace studies 158-61 WiMax 42 workspaces, shared 370, 371 (case study) 331-9 WIMPs (window, icon, menu, World of Warcraft 529 scope plane 314 World Wide Web 15, 312, 342 site map design 315-17 pointers) 258-63 skeleton plane 314 icons 259-61 Consortium (W3C) 77, 314, 355 interface 88 see also Web; Web 2.0; website strategy plane 313 menus 261-3 design structure plane 314 Wright, P. 94, 95, 296, 423 style sheets 314 objects 263 Wurman, R.S. 280, 282 surface plane 314 pointers 263 user experience elements 313 windows 258-9 X11R6 259 visual design 314 wind tunnel experiments 167 Xbox controller 12 wireframes 314,318 Windows (Microsoft) 6,14, 88, Xerox PARC 14, 257, 411 Xerox Star 14, 258, 259, 260 writing content 312 256, 258 XPsee Windows XSLlanguage 314 see also information 7 89, 259 architecture 8 262, 303, 459 Yahoo! 320, 326-7 Accessibility Option 79 Yatani, K. 443 websites graphical user interfaces 257-8 Yerkes, R.M. 478 navigation map 173 mobile 6 professional 442 Yerkes-Dodson law 478 see also information architecture of wizards 269 YouTube 358 websites XP 261 Zajonc, R.B. 495 Weiser, M. 15,411 buttons 271 Zaphiris, P. 538 Zimbardo study 538-9 well-being, psychology of 543 Outlook checkbox 266 Zimmerman, J. 100-1 Zivin, R.S. 101 W e lta n s c h a u u n g 51 scrollbar 272 zoomable interface tools 357-8 whiteboards, shared 370-1 shortcuts 263 whitevoid 311 Winograd, T. 84 Whitten, W.B. 261 wireframes 173^1, 205, 314, 318 Wi-Fi 42,437,442 wireless communications IEEE802.il standard 17 17, 42,438 see also wireless communication wireless mobile devices 505 Wiberg, M. 458 wireless sensor networks (WSNs) Wickens, C.D. 481,482 412-13, 415-16, 429-32, widgets 88-9, 264—5, 266 439, 444-6

THIRD EDITION Designing Interactive Systems A co m p re h e n sive g u id e to HCI, U X an d interaction d esig n Designing Interactive Systems is the most authoritative textbook in the areas of human-computer interaction (HCI), usability, user experience and interaction design David Benyon has updated the book based on extensive user feedback to provide a challenging and exciting teaching resource for courses in this area. The book includes numerous case studies and illustrations taken from the author's extensive experience of designing innovative products and systems. Each chapter includes thought-provoking challenges and reflective interjections pointing readers to related areas of study. FEATURES ■ Four parts covering the essentials, techniques, contexts and foundations of designing interactive systems ■ Appropriate balance between psychology theory and 'technology' ■ Excellent pedagogical features throughout the book, including links from QR hotspots to additional materials ■ Broad coverage enables the material to be used throughout undergraduate and postgraduate study ■ Over 300 images and illustrations of the latest technologies, techniques and interactive experiences ■ Suitable for people with different disciplinary backgrounds such as computer science, design, software engineering, psychology, interactive media, information systems and many others ■ Companion website at www.pearsoned.co.uk/benyon with additional materials, PowerPoint slides and all the figures from the book NEW INTHE THIRD EDITION: ■ strengthening of the theoretical foundations including greater coverage of 'utility' as well as usability ■ more coverage of design of integrated systems ■ increased coverage of design for mobile products and services ■ increased coverage of gesture-based interactivity, wearables, etc. David Benyon is Professor of Human-Computer Systems and Director of the Centre for Interaction Design at Edinburgh Napier University, UK. He has been working in the area of human-computer interaction and interaction design for over 25 years. He has written widely on the subject with over 150 refereed publications covering HCI, interaction design and intelligent user interfaces. ISBN 978-1-4479-2011-3 9 7 8 H 4 7 9201 13 > www.pearson-books.com Cover images © Shutterstock