Volume II: Exponential Growth

THE EQUILIBRIUM Warren College Undergraduate Research JournalVol.2 Exponential Growth

Emily Roxworthy Letter from the ProvostPhD, Associate Professor and This second issue of Earl Warren College’s interdisciplinary journal truly Provost of Warren College embodies what it means to thrive at a student-centered research university. The undergraduate editors and contributors to The Equilibrium understand Steven Adler that the research opportunities which abound on our campus are actualized through effective writing that balances the need for innovation with the equallyProfessor of Theatre, Provost important need for communication. During the production of this issue of Emeritus of Warren College The Equilibrium, Warren College faced a transition, with the retirement of a long-serving Provost—Professor Steven Adler—and the inauguration of a new Provost—Professor Emily Roxworthy. Both of us could not be more pleased to see the College’s motto of “Toward a Life in Balance” exemplified in this student-led publication. Already you may have realized that your college years and the opportunities inherent to them can pass far too quickly, so initiatives such as this journal are valuable instances when you can reflect on your academic endeavors. We want to thank the student leaders for their hard work and dedication to publishing the scholarly feats and insights of their peers. Moreover, we hope that you find this issue of The Equilibrium as impressive as we do, and that you will be inspired to get involved in the journal and in the research endeavors to be discovered all across UC San Diego.

Natalie (Kanyanat) Welcome Tongprasearth As Chief-Editors, we started this year with a simple question: “What is Chief Editor research?” This question was deceptively simple, triggering a familiar image of test tubes, white lab coats, and microscopes. Almost immediately, we Roshni Ravindran challenged our views by asking ourselves what research might mean for a music or theatre major. We realized that a broader definition was necessary Chief Editor to encompass research in all fields. From there, we conducted interviews with professors from the fields of chemistry, music, communication, and theatre. When we posed this question to them, the responses we received were quite surprising. Their answers reflected differences in perspectives and methods, depending on the nature of their research. After these interviews, we crafted our own expanded definition of research. To us, research is a meaningful contribution that advances the field through discussion, knowledge, or invention. Perhaps you, the readers, will come up with a different response after reading The Equilibrium. We hope that this journal will encourage and inspire students to take part in research and join the larger discussion amongst students and faculty at UC San Diego.

ContentsStudent Research 5 7 GD Doped Hollow Silica Shells for Tumor Ablation and MRI 13 Comprehensive Screenings for Diabetes, Hypertension, and Mental 17 Illness in Rural India The Significance of a Bipartite/Tripartite Division of the Psyche 31 The Legitimacy of Repression: The History of Martial Law in British 33 Controlled Palestine 35 37Professor Spotlights 40 Provost Emeritus Steven Adler 41 Dr. David Serlin Dr. Susan Narucki 43 Dr. Seth CohenEditorials Balancing Distribution of Federal Research Funding An Unforeseen Phenomenon ‘Smart Dust’Scholarships Research Scholarship Catalogue

Journal theme: Exponential Growth This year’s theme for The Equilibrium, “Exponential Growth,” has a wide range of interpretations. Take for example, the spread of knowledge through professor-student interactions. Professors share their expertise with undergraduates, who in turn share this knowledge with their peers and juniors. The student research experience is yet another example. The first steps involve taking initiative, reading accomplishments in the field, and locating a faculty mentor for support and advice. Once in the company of other researchers, students are given the chance to learn, discover, and create. Selected, hard-working students may even have the opportunity to publish their results in a research journal, such as The Equilibrium. Exponential growth can also describe the development of a project idea. What starts as a single idea can inspire two more, and so on, resulting in the cumulative growth and advancement of the field. After a research paper is published, it can be read and further developed by the entire scientific community. The cycle of research, communication, and inspiration continues to push us to greater heights each day.

RESEARCHGD Doped Hollow Silica Shells forTumor Ablation and MRIAdrian Garcia Badaracco1, James Wang2, Alexander Liberman3, Robert Viveros4, SteffanSammet5, Ning Lu6, Moon Kim6, William C Trogler7, Andrew C. Kummel7ABSTRACTRecently, Hollow Silica Shells Polyamide SiO2 Gd/Mn SiO2have been explored for variousbiomedical applications due totheir biocompatibility. Hollow Si(OMe)4 GdCl3/MnCl2 Calcination/silica shells offer the flexibility Heat Dissolutionto adjust their physicaland mechanical properties Polystyrene Bead Core Shell Core Shell Hollow Sphere(diameter, shell thickness, Sphere Sphereshell strength, etc.) as well Figure 1. Diagram of shell synthesis processas their chemical properties via elemental doping or surface chemical modification. Hollow silica shells are formedby a unique polymerization reaction between silicic acid into SiO2, creating a layer covering a polystyrene beads assacrificial templates. The template is then removed via solvent dissolution or heat, yielding a hollow SiO2 shell. At present, we are interested in developing shells that act as a sensitizing agent forA High Intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU) therapy. This technique directs a focused high powered ultrasound wave at a region of tissue at the focal zone, creating thermal or mechanical damage. The goal of this therapy is to enable tumor removal without invasive surgery. Our goals are to improve the technique by allowing a lower ultrasound power to be used, and enabling more precise targeting. Hollow silica shells cavitate (gas bubble collapse) under HIFU. This allows the creation of a liquid cavity in the tissue while using reduced power HIFU, thus eliminating thermal damage to the surrounding tissue and yielding a cleaner excision. Another advantage of using hollow silica shells is that the ablated region can be imaged via ultrasound simultaneously,B allowing for concurrent image-guided ablation.Figure 2. In order to characterize the breakage of our shells under HIFU and explore multimodalA. TEM image of 2um hollow imaging, we have synthesized shells doped with Gd (a material commonly used asshells an MRI sensitizing agent). The Gd will be released and work as a sensitizing agent once the shells are broken. This has allowed us to observe the area of ablation underB. Compositional map of Mn MRI, an imaging technique which offers high spatial resolution. We have found thatdistribution Hollow Silica Shells can act as a HIFU sensitizing agent, and have observed mechanical ablation occur, as the Gd released by shell breakage is visible under MRI. A furtherImage credit: Dr. Kim Moon step is to develop particles that allow multimodal imaging (MRI, US) as well as ablativeand Dr. Lu Ning destruction of tumors, thus facilitating the non-invasive diagnosis and treatment of tumors. Ideally, one would be able to diagnose, characterize and then treat a tumor without surgical incision and in a single clinical session. 1UCSD, Warren College, Chemical Engineering, 2018. 2Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, San Diego. 3Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego. 4Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego. 5Department of Radiology, University of Chicago. 6Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Texas, Dallas. 7Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego.5 EQUILIBRIUM

RESEARCHAdrian Garcia BadaraccoAdrian is a second year chemical engineer at Warren College. He grew up in Argentina, wherehe attended the Colegio Nacional de Buenos Aires, a prestigious public school. After graduation,he plans to pursue a Master’s degree, and eventually a PhD. Adrian would like to work in thebiomedical field and has an interest in drug delivery and medical diagnostics. He sees greatpromise in the exploration of how these fields interact with health and disease. He would alsolike to explore the area of drug discovery and design. Adrian believes that some of the mostinteresting science is developed at the confluence of disciplines, and he hopes that his careerpath reconciles these divergent fields. In his spare time, Adrian enjoys reading physiology andnutrition journals.Q: What motivated you to get involved in the field of research?A : I was most attracted by the ability to apply my knowledge in order to find solutions that would help a great number of people.Q: What do you enjoy about doing research?A : I enjoy having the resources and knowledge to establish hypothesis, test them, and evaluate the results independently.Q: What is your typical day like?A : My exact schedule varies, but I usually spend 1-2 hours a day playing hockey or weightlifting, about 4 hours on lab work and another 4 hours studying or in class.Q: How do you define research?A : There’s a simple definition that states that it is simply the systematic accumulation of data or knowledge. I think research can’t be described without the word curiosity. Curiosity is fundamental, and so is creativity. The ability to pose a question and systematically seek answers follows naturally from these.Q: What is a book/podcast/show that you would recommend?A : If you’re interested in literature, I would suggest reading the original Don Quijote. The sociopolitical symbolism and intricate intertextuality make it a real eye opener when read in context.Q: How does the theme of “exponential growth” relate to you?A : I see knowledge as something that has the potential for exponential growth, in particular since the growth of internet access. I personally learned a lot online, and I hope that I will be able to share what I have learned and anything new I discover as well. Knowing that I’ll have the opportunity to reach out to thousands in a tangible manner is a very satisfying and motivating feeling.References1. Liberman, A., James Wang, N. Lu, Robert D. Viveros, C. A. Allen, R. F. Mattrey, S. L. Blair, W. C. Trogler, M. J. Kim, and A. C. Kummel. \"Mechanically Tunable Hollow Silica Ultrathin Nanoshells for Ultrasound Contrast Agents.\" Adv. Funct. Mater. Advanced Functional Materials 25.26 (2015): 4049-057. Web.2. Liberman, Alexander, Natalie Mendez, William C. Trogler, and Andrew C. Kummel. \"Synthesis and Surface Functionalization of Silica Nanoparticles for Nanomedicine.\" Surface Science Reports 69.2-3 (2014): 132-58. Web.3. Liberman, Alexander, Zhe Wu, Christopher V. Barback, Robert D. Viveros, James Wang, Lesley G. Ellies, Robert F. Mattrey, William C. Trogler, Andrew C. Kummel, and Sarah L. Blair. \"Hollow Iron-silica Nanoshells for Enhanced High Intensity Focused Ultrasound.\" Journal of Surgical Research 190.2 (2014): 391-98. Web.VOL 2 / FALL 2016 6

RESEARCH Comprehensive Screenings for Diabetes, Hypertension, and Mental Illness in Rural India Vaishnavi S2,3, Ahish C1,3, Arun S3, Anvay U3, Vaishali T5,3 ABSTRACT Diabetes, hypertension, and mental health illnesses constitute a substantial portion of the healthcare burden in rural India. These issues, if left untreated, can lead to debilitating diseases and further burdens on society. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence hypertension, diabetes, and mental health illnesses in a rural Indian population. It was hypothesized that high levels of hypertension and diabetes would be present in the rural Indian village, along with a higher prevalence of depression in this community compared to other rural areas due to the high incidence of disability in the village. The health screening was conducted on 1195 patients with 973 respondents included in the study. The first phase of the study showed that a majority of the respondents had above average blood pressure values, high incidences of underweight patients, and a moderate number of respondents at risk for diabetes. The second phase of the study showed that half of the population surveyed had a depression level of moderate or higher severity. In addition, the results of the anxiety also identified that a majority of the population suffered from mild to moderate anxiety. Drastic improvements in access to education, diet, and health care are required in order to alleviate the medical conditions assessed in this study. Furthermore, the results from the depression and anxiety screenings show a large population that requires mental health treatment, although any connection between the specific disabilities faced by the villagers and these issues requires further investigation. INTRODUCTION The study was conducted in the village of Anandwan, located roughly 100 km from the metropolitan city of Nagpur in Central Maharashtra. The village was established primarily as a rehabilitation center for leprosy patients and other residents with a range of disabilities (i.e visual, auditory and speech impairments). These individuals are self-sufficient in terms of basic subsistence through agriculture and other micro-scale industries that are run entirely by the residents of the village. The village has a population of nearly 2,500, making it one of the largest communities of disabled people in the entire world. Leprosy, or Hansen’s disease, is a chronic infectious disease that is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium leprae and typically affects the skin and peripheral nerves. Many studies in the past have shown a higher prevalence of psychiatric disorders, such as depression, in populations affected by Hansen’s disease compared to normal populations. Kumar et. al surveyed 540 subjects with leprosy for psychiatric disturbances and found a prevalence rate of 9.9%, compared to 6.3% in the general population1. The World Health Organization (WHO) projects that depression-related suicide will be the second leading cause of death in the world by the year 20302. Due to the increasing rates of depression, it is important to destigmatize mental illness, educate the population, and provide access to mental health professionals for individuals in this isolating position. The International Diabetes Foundation has reported that there are 382 million people worldwide living with diabetes. In recent years, urban India has also faced the same global diabetes epidemic with over 65 million citizens diagnosed with diabetes. Although much is known about the increasing rates of diabetes prevalence in urban India, little is known about the rates of diabetes in rural India; this study was undertaken to observe the possible effects of the epidemic on a rural Indian village. In addition to assessing diabetes risk, hypertension was also assessed and the population was surveyed for high blood pressure as well as BMI. The assessment of risk factors such as high blood pressure, blood glucose level, and BMI can provide an accurate understanding of the population’s health.7 EQUILIBRIUM

RESEARCHMATERIALS & METHODSThe study conducted was a cross-sectional design implemented in the rural community of Anandwan, India. The villagefor this study has a population of approximately 2,500 and had 1,165 villagers seen in the health clinic. The healthscreening clinic was set up in the local hospital in the village with the help of the lead doctor and the nursing staff. Allvillagers that came for the screening were allowed to participate in the study. All persons below 18 years of age wereexcluded from the study but were screened for diabetes and depression. Complete confidentiality was ensured byassigning each patient an unique identification code and consent was obtained from all participants.HEALTH CLINIC: VITALS & DIABETES Particulars ScoreSCREENING Age [years] 0The clinic was set up as two separate stations. The first station < 35 [reference] 20was in charge of the initial screening, where the patient’s name, 35-39 30age, height, weight, waist size, pulse, blood pressure, and blood ≥ 50glucose level were measured, and general observational notes 0were taken. Data in this station was recorded using a structured Abdominal obesity 10health questionnaire that included the aforementioned Waist < 80cm [female], < 90 [male] [reference] 20parameters. Weight was recorded in kilograms and was obtained Waist ≥ 80 - 89cm [ female], ≥ 90-99cm [male]by using electronic scales at the clinic. Waist size was obtained Waist ≥ 90cm [ female], ≥ 100cm [male] 0using measuring tape under the ribs on the level of the navel while 20standing. Blood pressure was obtained using the Omron 3 Series Physical activity 30monitor. Blood glucose levels were obtained using the Accu-Chek Exercise [regular] + strenuous work [reference]diabetes monitoring kits and strips. A control solution was used Exercise [regular] or strenuous work 0for the monitors at the start of the clinic each morning to ensure a No exercise and sedentary work 10proper readout. The blood glucose levels were taken on a random 20basis throughout the day; some of the data had fasting blood Family history 0glucose levels and some had postprandial levels. No family history [reference] 100 Either parent Both parents Minimum score Maximum score Table 1. Parameters of the Indian Diabetes Risk Score (IDRS). The parameters of age, abdominal obesity, physical activity, and family history were used when surveying the population. Each parameter was given a score based on the responses provided. A score of >60 labeled the respondent at risk.The study was conducted using the methods of the Indian Diabetes Risk Score3. The Indian Diabetes Risk Score wasdeveloped from the Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiology Study (CURES), which recruited over 26,000 individuals andtested the efficacy of the risk score model. The study had a sensitivity of 72.5% and a specificity of 60.1% for determiningundiagnosed diabetes. The development of the model allowed for the identification of undiagnosed diabetic subjects ina cost effective manner. The following details were obtained as part of the health questionnaire to generate a risk scorefor each subject: age, sex, physical activity (number of hours exercising, working, and sitting), family history, waist size,and blood glucose levels. The responses obtained were coded according to the methods of the Indian Diabetes RiskScore (Table 1). All respondents with scores ≥ 60 were labeled as at risk for diabetes.HEALTH CLINIC:DEPRESSION & ANXIETY SCREENINGThe depression screening was conducted using the PHQ-9 survey. The surveys were developed and validated byKroenke et. al as an accurate measure for assessing and monitoring depression severity. Surveys were in the locallanguages of Marathi and Hindi and the fluent clinic staff were trained to conduct the surveys. Similarly, to conduct theanxiety screenings, the GAD-7 survey was used to assess anxiety severity. The PHQ-9 has a set of nine questions whilethe GAD-7 has seven questions. The scores from each of the surveys were summed and the level of severity was judgedusing the criteria on Table 2 for depression and Table 3 for anxiety.RESULTSA comprehensive health screening was conducted in the village on 1,165 respondents of whom 973 were adults and 192were children. The adult population consisted of 559 females (57.4%) and 413 males (42.4%) with an average age of 44.4years and the child population of 192 respondents had an average age of 13.5 years. All participants were screened forhypertension, BMI, diabetes, depression, and anxiety.VOL 2 / FALL 2016 8

RESEARCHThe screening for hypertension amongst the population revealed that 60.6% of the subjects had an above averageblood pressure with 36.7% of the respondents falling in the range for pre-hypertension and 23.8% in the range for Stage1 or Stage 2 hypertension. The BMI analysis of the population showed that of the 973 adults screened, 376 respondents(38.6%) fell in the underweight range while 85 adults (8.7%) were in the range for pre-obese, and 25 adults (2.7%) werein the range for obesity. The diabetes screening was conducted using the methods of the Indian Diabetes Risk Score.The screening revealed that 16.4% of the respondents were at risk for diabetes.PHQ-9 Score Depression Severity GAD-7 Score Anxiety Severity 0-4 (n = 65) Minimal0-4 (n = 114) Non-minimal 5-9 (n = 108) Mild5-9 (n = 213) Mild 10-14 (n = 44) Moderate10-14 (n = 232) Moderate 15-21 (n = 3) Severe15-19 (n = 88) Moderately Severe20-27 (n = 4) SevereTable 2. PHQ-9 Scores and Severity Levels. The Table 3. GAD-7 Scores and Severity Levels. The GAD-7PHQ-9 scores obtained from surveying the population scores obtained from surveying the population werewere added up for each individual and the depression added up for each individual and the depressionseverity was labeled using the following ranges. severity was labeled using the following ranges.The screenings for depression using the PHQ-9 surveys were conducted and showed the following results. The numberof people labeled as None/Minimal depression was 13.33%-17.27% (88 - 114 people), Mild depression was 32.37%-35.76%(213-236), Moderate depression was 35.15%-30.45% (201-232), Moderately Severe was at 13.33%-14.70% (88-97), andfinally Severe depression was 0.61%-4.39% (4-29). The explanation for the range of percentages used can be found inthe Statistical Analysis section of the Methods. Figure 1 shows the means PHQ values obtained for the two differentgenders with the females have a higher average score. The females had an average score of 10.4 while the males hadan average of 9.5. Figure 2a. shows the mean PHQ values based on age, showing that the younger age group (18-35)also displayed a greater severity in their presentation of depression than the older population. The younger age grouphad a mean PHQ score of 11.5 while the 55+ had a mean score of 9 and the difference between these two groups issignificant. Figure 2b shows the prevalence of depression in each category of severity between age groups. The figureshows that the younger age groups show higher prevalence of depression in the more severe categories (moderatelysevere and severe). Table 2 shows the cutoff ranges for the various PHQ scores obtained and the label of the depressionseverity. Finally, as shown by Figure 4, frequency decreased with increasing risk, indicating that a smaller subset of thepopulation displayed a high risk for diabetes.The screenings for anxiety were conducted using the GAD-7 surveys and resulted in 29.55% of respondents withminimal anxiety, 49.10% with mild anxiety, 20% with moderate anxiety. Table 3 shows the cutoff ranges for the variousGAD scores obtained and the level of the anxiety severity.Means of PHQ values Based on Gender Means of PHQ values Based on Age PHQ Scores Based on Age10.8 1210.610.4 11.5 40 18-3510.2 35 36-55 11 30 55+ 10 25 9.8 10.5 Percentage 20 9.6 15 9.4 10 10 9.2 9.5 5 9 0 None 8.8 98.6 F 8.5 Mild Moderate Moderate- Severe severe M 8 36-55 55+ 18-35 SeverityFigure 1. The mean PHQ scores of females Figure 2a. The mean PHQ values based Figure 2b. The severity of depression inand males of the Anandwan population. The on the three ages groups of 18-35 (x̄ =11.38, relation to the age group prevalence wasresults show that females (x̄ =10.39, s=5.12) s=5.04), 36-55 (x̄ =10.28, s=4.87), and 55+ observed in the Anandwan population washave a slightly higher mean PHQ score than (x̄ =9.07, s=4.7). There was a significant observed. The younger age group show amales (x̄ =9.54, s=4.60). Female scores in difference in mean PHQ scores between the higher prevalence than both the middle ageAnandwan were significantly higher than three age groups (F2=11.12, p=1.79 x 10-5). The group and older age group in the more severemale scores (t636=2.24, p=.0127). 18-35 shows the highest PHQ scores relative categories of depression. to both the older age groups.9 EQUILIBRIUM

RESEARCHContrasting the Methods for Calculating PHQ-9 Scores Indian Diabetes Risk Score Results 30010.410.2 250 10 200 9.8 9.6 150 9.4 9.2 100 9 50 8.8 8.6 0 8.4 No Assumption 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100Mean Risk Scale Instances Figure 4. Instances of each score, in 10 point increments, taken Inversed PHQ9-1 from the IDRS assessment. A risk score of 30 showed the highest prevalence (250 responses) amongst the diabetes risk score values.Figure 3. The figure shows the mean PHQ scores obtained using As expected, frequency decreased with increasing risk, indicating thatthe two models used for testing. The no assumption (x̄ =10.02, a smaller subset of the population displayed a high risk for diabetes.s=4.92) and the inversed model (x̄ =9.23, s=4.81) show a significant The threshold value over which an individual would be at risk fordifference, which explains the use of the percentage ranges seen diabetes was determined to be 60.in the results (t1299=2.74, p=.0031). The model created is furtherexplained in the methods section.DISCUSSIONThe research conducted in the analysis of the Body Mass Index (BMI) of the population aimed to find if there is a largepercentage of the population having a BMI that falls in the range of obese or pre-obese and if there is a correlation todiabetes. The high percentage of the respondents that fell in the underweight category raises many questions about thenutritional health of the population. People who are underweight run the risk of many conditions such as malnutrition,respiratory disease, osteoporosis, and a range of other medical conditions. Results found that BMI and the DiabetesRisk Score index were overall positively correlated. An intervention program that focuses on the central kitchen and theingredients used to make the daily meals can help improve diets to ensure that the majority of the population maintainsa BMI in the normal range and may reduce incidences of the aforementioned weight-related health conditions.An epidemiological review analyzed hypertension prevalence, awareness, and control in rural populations of India in aregion-specific manner. In a 2008 study by the WHO, the prevalence of elevated blood pressure in Indians was 32.5%.Hypertension is a significant risk factor for coronary heart disease and stroke, posing a significant burden on the Indianhealthcare system4.The fact that hypertension can lead to cardiovascular disease and is strongly correlated to heartattacks is important to consider in a place such as a rural village in India due to minimal access to healthcare, which couldlead to higher mortality rates in villagers with hypertension. The fact that early treatment of a heart attack can preventor limit damage to the heart muscle and immediate treatments such as oxygen therapy, clot-busting medications,and other medications are not readily available means that persons in Stage 1 and Stage 2 levels of hypertension maybe at very serious risk. Analyzing over 140 studies on hypertension in India published between 2011 and 2013, theoverall prevalence of hypertension in India was found to be 29.2%3. In West India, the prevalence of hypertension inrural populations, analyzed across 2 studies and 4,832 participants, was found to be 18.22%3, slightly lower than theprevalence of hypertension in Anandwan when data was collected (23.8%). Preventative measures can be taken withthe younger population, however, the older population are reliant upon access to blood pressure medications or otherforms of medical care. Village intervention programs and ensuring the access to the necessary medications can restorehypertension levels to the normal range.The Indian Diabetes Risk Score (IDRS) was used to assess the population and label people at risk for diabetes. One ofthe parameters of the IDRS was the family history of diabetes. When surveyed, a high percentage of the populationanswered that they had no family history of diabetes or were unaware of a family history of diabetes. It’s possible thatmany villagers did not know of any family history of diabetes, so a higher percentage of people may be at risk than theresults indicate. The prevalence of diabetes is predicted to double globally from 171 million in 2000 to 366 million in2030, with a maximal increase in India5 and while the prevalence of diabetes in the village is relatively low comparedto the epidemic numbers in many developed nations as well as other parts of India, it is still important to educatepeople in proper diet and exercise in order to prevent the spread of this disease. The westernization of urban Indiamay have played a role in the increasing rates of diabetes in urban India due to an access to a previously unobtainablediet. While the incidence of diabetes in rural India is about one q­ uarter the incidence of diabetes in urban India5, theeffects of urbanization in these populations needs to be carefully monitored. As this industrialization and urbanizationof rural India cannot be stopped, it is more effective to educate individuals on the importance of healthy diet andexercise in preventing diabetes. It is also important to continue to conduct diabetes assessments in the village, usingVOL 2 / FALL 2016 10

RESEARCH accurate measures such as HbA1c tests, in order to determine whether implemented programs are effective in reducing diagnoses of diabetes over time. Depression was found to be the most common psychiatric comorbidity. Several studies conducted in India also identified a higher than normal rate of suicide or suicidal ideation in leprosy patients. In addition, one group used the Beck and Hamilton scale for depression to determine that 70% of leprosy patients displayed moderate to severe depression.6 In the analysis conducted using the PHQ-9 scale for depression in this study, half of the surveyed population displayed moderate to severe depression. Several groups also found a significant increase in the prevalence of anxiety disorders in leprosy patients compared to controls.6 Using the GAD-7 assessment in this study, the majority of the population was found to display mild to moderate levels of anxiety. Leprosy and other disabilities faced by the individuals in the village may be a significant contributing factor to this high level of mental health illness, although further testing needs to be conducted using a control group of healthy patients in the village in order to determine the influence of these factors on mental health. A significant finding in the mental health assessment shows a large difference in the severity of depression between the genders; women had a mean PHQ-9 score of about 0.8 points above men. This issue could be partly explained due to the fact that all the medical assistants conducting the surveys were female; this may have increased the level of comfort and trust held by the female patients, leading to more accurate responses. In addition, females on average have been found to have a higher prevalence of depression across all age groups, according to a study conducted in Chennai, India7. In another finding, the youngest age group showed mean PHQ-9 scores higher than both of the older population subsets. This trend, which may seem counterintuitive, has been replicated in many studies across India8. Further assessment of this younger population is needed to ensure that this finding is accurate and not a result of the younger people being more truthful in their responses. The importance of assessing and treating mental health disorders cannot be understated. In order to overcome the stigma associated with mental health and a lack of access to health care, a thorough process of destigmatization, education, and access to mental health resources are required in rural communities. CONCLUSION These results are useful for understanding the prevalence of mental health in this part of rural India and the lack of resources and infrastructure to understand and solve these issues. As mental health issues have increasingly gained prevalence on a global level, it is important that developing countries such as India begin addressing, assessing, and providing resources to solve these problems. While this data is extremely valuable in assessing the problems in Anandwan, this data may not be applicable to all of rural India. This village is unique in that the majority of the meals people eat come from one central kitchen, making the treatment of hypertension and diabetes a somewhat easier process. It is interesting to note that while the prevalence of hypertension and diabetes risk was high, the percentage of underweight individuals was also high. Therefore, novel treatments may need to be examined in order to resolve these issues in people who are underweight. Reducing food intake and increasing exercise may not be a safe or healthy option for underweight individuals with diabetes, whereas these treatments are commonly used to reduce risk in those who are overweight or obese. Confirming the accuracy of the risk score to diagnostic data to test for diabetes will also be helpful in further validating this assessment and distinguishing individuals who have diabetes from those who are at high risk. Indian diet and culture are heavily tied to the increasing prevalence of diabetes and hypertension, especially in urban regions. Further research into the causes of diabetes and hypertension in rural, generally underweight populations will aid in determining an effective course of treatment. 1UCSD, Revelle College, B.S, Physiology & Neuroscience, 2016. 2UCSD, Warren College, B.S, Physiology & Neuroscience, 2016. 3Project RISHI, San Diego, California. 4UCSD, Marshall College, B.S, General Biology, 2016. References 1. Kumar, J.H, Verghese, A. Psychiatric disturbances among leprosy patients. An epidemiological study. Int J Lepr Other Mycobact. 48, 431–434 (1980). 2. Mathers, Colin D., and Dejan Loncar. “Projections of Global Mortality and Burden of Disease from 2002 to 2030.” PLoS Med PLoS Medicine 3.11 (2006). 3. Mohan, V et al. A simplified Indian Diabetes Risk Score for screening for undiagnosed diabetic subjects. J Assoc of Physicians India. 53, 759–763 (2005). 4. Anchala, Raghupathy. “Hypertension in India.” Journal of Hypertension 32.6, 1170-1177 (2014). 5. Anjana, R. M., et al. The need for obtaining accurate nationwide estimates of diabetes prevalence in India - Rationale for a national study on diabetes. The Indian Journal of Medical Research, 133, 369–380 (2011). 6. Singh GP. Psychosocial aspects of Hansen’s disease (leprosy) Indian Dermatol Online J. 3, 166–70 (2012). 7. Poongothai S, Pradeepa R, Ganesan A et al. Prevalence of depression in a large urban South Indian population—the Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiology Study (CURES-70). PLoS ONE. 4:e7185 (2004). 8. Gottlieb SS, et al. The influence of age, gender, and race on the prevalence of depression in heart failure patients. J Am Coll Cardiol. 43(9), 1542-1549 (2004).11 EQUILIBRIUM

RESEARCHVaish SridharVaish is a 4th year Physiology/Neuroscience major with a Psychology minor. She is graduatingin June and applying to medical schools, with hopes of one day become a doctor. While shehasn’t decided which specialty she would ideally want to pursue a career in, she has alwaysbeen fascinated by neurology and loves kids.Q: What motivated you to get involved in the field of research?A : My main motivation was helping the underprivileged population gain access to basic health care.Q: What do you enjoy about doing research?A : I enjoy learning something entirely new that nobody in the world has seen yet.Q: What is your typical day like?A : My normal day consists of attending class, working at my research lab, volunteering, finishing homework, and watching Parks and Recreation.Q: How do you define research?A : Research, to me, is the rigorous and methodical pursuit of the unknown.Q: What is a book/podcast/show that you would recommend?A : My favorite book is When Breath Becomes Air and my favorite TV show is The Office.Q: How does the theme of “exponential growth” relate to you?A : I think as a graduating senior, this theme especially applies to me. I am on the brink of an exponential growth in my life, in which my growth as an individual will (hopefully) will increase rapidly.VOL 2 / FALL 2016 12

RESEARCHThe Significance of a Bipartite/Tripartite Division of the PsycheTiffany Harrington1 and Monte R. JohnsonPlato ABSTRACT Both Plato and Aristotle divide the soul into a distinct number of parts; Plato opts for a tripartite division, while Aristotle opts for a bipartite division. In most of his works, Plato defends a tripartite division of the soul, for example, in the Republic, Phaedrus, Apology, etc. dividing it into the appetitive, spirited and rational parts of the soul; however, in certain works, such as The Timaeus, a bipartite division is discussed, although he never abandons the tripartite division. Plato’s division of the soul is mainly developed in the context of discussions of politics and corresponds to his ideal state, in which there are three kinds of citizens. Aristotle, on the other hand, defends a bipartite division of the soul, dividing it into the rational and the irrational. The motive for dividing the soul into a bipartite or tripartite division is partly political and to explain human behavior, motivations or character types. I will argue that both Plato and Aristotle’s division of the soul agree that there are at least two, parts of the soul, namely, the rational and irrational; however, Aristotle’s division is superior because it is a simpler, more elegant version of Plato’s. THE ARGUMENT FOR PLATO’S TRIPARTE DIVISION: The argument for Plato’s tripartite division of the soul is based on his notion of the ideal city in which he assumes that there are three kinds of citizens: guardians, auxiliary forces and artisans. Plato believes that there is an isomorphic relation between the city in the soul in that they both have three parts which correspond to each other. Thus, Plato develops anAristotle analogy between the soul and a city. According to Plato, the three parts of the soul are the rational, spirited and appetitive parts. The rational part corresponds to the guardians in thatit performs the executive function in a soul just as it does in a city. The spirited part corresponds to the military orauxiliary forces because it is expected to display the virtue of courage. The appetitive part corresponds to the bankersor artisans who are only concerned with pleasure. Plato presents another analogy to illustrate the relationship betweenthe parts of the soul in The Phaedrus in which a charioteer is attempting to drive two horses. One horse is of purebreed and the other is of ignoble breed. The horse of pure breed corresponds to the spirited element since it obeysreason and does not need to be whipped. The other horse corresponds to the appetitive element since it requires thewhip and spur in order to obey reason. This analogy illustrates Plato’s conception of the dynamic between the distinctparts of the soul.According to Plato, the appetitive part of the soul is analogous to a many-headed beast, thus, can be sub-dividedfurther, although he does not specify how many parts. Lorenz, however, argues that the appetitive part of the soulcannot be divided further on the grounds that the appetite does not possess instrumental desire. Lorenz believes thatPlato integrates reason and appetite together, for example, in the case of someone who reasons against something thatis pleasurable. However, Kamtekar argues that Lorenz is mistaken in this interpretation of Plato. Plato did not intend tointegrate reason and appetitive desire together, rather, Plato argued that reason acted separately from the appetites.In the case of an individual who decides against something pleasurable, that individual is utilizing reason and decidingagainst the choice which favored the appetite. Reason does not act as a further subdivision of the appetite in Plato’sscheme. Furthermore, simply because Plato describes the appetitive part as many-headed beast does not have to implythat he believed it was further divisible.13 EQUILIBRIUM

RESEARCHCRITICISM OF PLATO’S TRIPARTITE DIVISION:It can be argued that Plato did not draw the distinction clearly between emotions and appetitive drives with histripartite psychology. By emphasizing that reason directs or is in charge of the spirited and appetitive parts, except oneis conformable to reason and the other is not, he was suggesting that the appetitive and spirited parts of the soul wereboth irrational, thus, failing to draw the distinction clearly. Aristotle clearly distinguished the rational and irrationalparts of the soul with his bipartite psychology. In Plato’s tripartite division of the soul, emotions, such as anger, fearetc., represent the spirited part of the soul or the auxiliary forces in the city. Since the spirited part of the soul and theappetitive parts are suggested to be in the same category, it is not clear that emotions are separate from bodily drives.Within Plato’s Academy, there was debate as to whether emotion was a cognitive state or not. Aristotle, clearlyrecognizes that anger is a mental state, rather than a bodily drive by recognizing that anger possesses objects andgrounds. An individual can feel a certain emotion towards someone, an object, and can identify on what grounds, thereason or justification for why he or she feels this emotion. Furthermore, one does not relieve or satisfy an emotion inthe same way that one does for a bodily desire. Anger, for example, is a mental state that can be relieved by reasonedargument, while, hunger is a bodily desire that can only be satisfied by nourishment.In the Timaeus, Plato argues in favor of a bipartite version of tripartition. According to Plato, “Having taken the immortalorigin of the soul, they proceeded next to encase it within a round mortal body [the head], and to give it the entire bodyas its vehicle. And within the body they built another kind of soul as well, the mortal kind, which contains within it thosedreadful but necessary disturbances” Hence, the spirited and appetitive parts are treated as both being mortal, whilethe rational part is immortal. Thus, a bipartite version of tripartition is presented. Furthermore, according to Plato,within the mortal soul is contained “pleasure, first of all, evil’s most powerful lure; then, pains, that make us run awayfrom what is good; besides these, boldness also and fear, foolish counselors both; then also the spirit of anger hard toassuage, and expectation easily led astray. These they fused with unreasoning sense perception and all-venturing lust,and so, as was necessary, they constructed the mortal type of soul.” Thus, in the Timaeus, when Plato explains whichpart of the soul is responsible for sensation, he first connects it to the rational part and then to the appetitive part.Hence, both Plato and Aristotle believe that the irrational part of the soul is capable of obeying reason.ARISTOTLE’S BIPARTITE DIVISION OF SOUL:Aristotle critiqued Plato’s bipartite version of tripartition due to the issues that are presented in the Timaeus.For thesereasons, Fortenbaugh argues that Aristotle’s bipartite division of the soul is theoretically superior to Plato’s tripartitedivision. Aristotle defends a bipartite division of the soul, dividing the soul rational and irrational parts. According toAristotle, “ the irrational element also appears to be twofold. For the vegetative element in no way shares in a rationalprinciple, but the appetitive and in general the desiring element in a sense shares in it, in so far as it listens to andobeys it.” Therefore, Aristotle claims that although the soul is divided into rational and irrational parts, the irrationalpart can be divided further. There is a part of the irrational part that obeys reason, namely the appetitive or desiringelement as opposed to the vegetative element, which does not obey reason. Thus, there are further subdivisions withinthe rational and irrational parts implying that although Aristotle claims that his division is bipartite, essentially it is not.Aristotle’s division cannot be bipartite because his irrational part can be divided further. Furthermore, the Academicsalso developed a bipartite division of the soul, which is committed to the notion of separable psychic parts or faculties,such as in the Timaeus. Thus, there are two distinct versions of a bipartite division of the psyche: there is the Academicversion, and the version that Aristotle himself developed. It can be argued that Aristotle himself critiqued both hisversion of a bipartite psychology, and the Academic version for failing to distinguish between the different facultiesof the soul. Thus, if Aristotle himself critiqued his own bipartite division of the soul and the Academic version of thebipartite division, it raises questions as to its accuracy. It may have been possible that Aristotle meant to divide thesoul into three or more parts, since he apparently explicitly critiqued his own bipartite division, according to severalscholars.According to other scholars, such as Fortenbaugh, Aristotle’s critique was not a self-criticism, rather, it was a critique ofthe Academic version of bipartition. Aristotle, although he ultimately utilizes a bipartite division, claims that “It alreadyappeared, therefore, that such a power of the soul causes motion and it is what is called the appetitive [power]. Ifthose who divide the soul [into parts], divide it according to powers, then they will find a great many parts, namely, theVOL 2 / FALL 2016 14

RESEARCH nutritive, the sensitive, the understanding, the cogitative and the desiderative. For those are distinct from one another and more so than are the desiderative and likewise the irascible.” Hence, Aristotle claims that there may be infinite parts of the soul. Therefore, although Aristotle divides the soul into two parts, he does recognize that those parts can be further sub-divided, although this still counts as a bipartite division. Like Plato, Aristotle’s motivation may have also been political. Aristotle claims that “At all events we may firstly observe in living creatures both a despotical and a constitutional rule; for the soul rules the body with a despotical rule, whereas the intellect rules the appetites with a constitutional and royal rule.” Thus, the relationship between the parts of the soul is analogous to the political relationship between master and slave. According to Aristotle, “ surely the first human parts to acquire their end are the bodily ones, and later on the parts of the soul, and somehow the end of the better part always comes later than its coming to be. Surely the soul is posterior to the body, and intelligence is the final stage of the soul.” Hence, Aristotle, clearly believed that reason was superior to the appetites. Aristotle agreed with Plato that reason develops with age in a human being. Aristotle does not explicitly claim however that there are only two parts of the soul or how many parts there are in this passage. JUSTIFICATION FOR SPIRITED ELEMENT OF THE SOUL: The spirited element of the soul is, arguably, identical to the rational element of the soul, thus, Plato’s division of the soul can be interpreted to be bipartite. It can be argued that there is no psychological basis for the spirited element, rather, it was simply added because Plato needed to account for the auxiliary forces in his ideal city. However, Plato holds that “even in small children, one can see that they are full of spirit right from birth, while as far as rational calculation is concerned, some never seem to get a share of it, while the majority do so quite late”. Thus, Plato utilizes empirical evidence to illustrate the distinct functions of the spirited and rational elements of the soul. One can witness in real life that small children possess the spirited element, but not the rational, and that some never acquire the rational element or acquire it late. Small children possess courage, yet lack the ability to rationally discern whether an action is correct or determine the consequences it might have, which is why they require supervision by adults or wiser individuals. Hence, both the rational and spirited elements both serve distinct functions in the soul. The purpose of the rational element is to utilize reason and logic in order for the soul to discover what is true and false. On the other hand, Plato posited the spirited element of the soul mainly to account for emotions, such as anger, fear, courage, etc. Thus, both elements are distinct and necessary in an individual. Furthermore, it is possible to possess the spirited element and not possess the rational element. Although Plato mainly utilizes a tripartite division, he sometimes utilizes a bipartite division. According to Plato’s Principle of Opposites, the soul is divided into two parts. According to Plato, “It is obvious that the same thing will not be willing to do or undergo opposites in the same part of itself, in relation to the same thing, at the same time. So if we ever find this happening in the soul, we’ll know that we aren’t dealing with one thing but many.” Plato utilizes the Principle of Opposites in order to explain how the distinct parts of the soul interact with each other. For example, one part of the soul may desire something, while another part may be averse to it. This principle does not take into account the third part of the soul, the spirited element, and mainly focuses on the appetitive and rational parts. Hence, it is not clear if Plato is insinuating that the spirited element should be integrated with the rational element or the appetitive element. In the Republic, Plato clearly holds that the spirited element is integrated with the appetitive element, since both are to be controlled by reason. For example, a person may desire to have a drink of water, but doesn’t because it is bad for him or her. In this case, the appetitive part and the rational part are in conflict with each other. This would be an example of the appetites and reason being in conflict. Thus, sometimes the parts of the soul may be in conflict with each other. Initially, Plato posits a bipartite division, but later adds the spirited part of the soul. This may indicate that, essentially, his division is also bipartite and the spirited part was simply an addition, but is not necessary to Plato’s division. One of the main criticisms that I have of both Plato and Aristotle is in regards to the spirited element or the equivalent of the spirited element. Plato nor Aristotle realize that the guardians of the city may be acting not out of spirit or courage, but rather out of a sense of duty. Some guardians may feel that it is their duty to protect their country; however, they may not necessarily enjoy risking their lives. Hence, the spirited part or Aristotle’s equivalent of it may actually be entirely rational, rather than irrational. Thus, the spirited part of the soul is not necessarily justified.15 EQUILIBRIUM

RESEARCHCONCLUSION:In conclusion, the ultimate purpose in dividing the soul into parts for both Plato and Aristotle was political and toexplain human behavior. Plato’s tripartite division originated from the isomorphic relation between the soul andthe city. Both Plato and Aristotle believe that there is some sort of spirited part of the soul and that it is irrational.Furthermore, Aristotle believed that the soul was further divisible; however, he did not specify how many parts it wasdivisible into. Thus, this raises questions as to its accuracy. Plato at least gave a definite number or parts. Furthermore,Aristotle critiqued the Academic version of bipartition which was very similar to his own. Thus, Aristotle posited abipartite version that was essentially a tripartite division, with further parts that are not specified. Hence, Aristotle’sdivision is a more accurate representation of the soul; however, both divisions misinterpret the role of the spirited partor of its equivalent.Tiffany HarringtonTiffany is a 3rd year, senior Philosophy major with a minor in Cognitive Science from WarrenCollege. After graduating from UCSD this year, she plans to apply to graduate school in Philosophyor attend law school. In her spare time, she serves as the Vice President of the Philosophy Cluband is in charge of organizing events and services in order to foster a sense of community amongstudents and promote interest in research and other advanced areas of study.Q: What motivated you to get involved in the field of research?A : I began doing research in ancient philosophy during my sophomore year after taking a class devoted to the study of Aristotle. After taking this class, I was left with so many unanswered questions. As I became increasingly interested in the study of Aristotle, I realized that not much work had been done in this area and there was still much more to learn and discover. Also, I fascinated that it was even possible to conduct research in a broad discipline, such as Philosophy.Q: What do you enjoy about doing research?A : What I enjoy most is coming to a new conclusion after spending many hours studying all kinds of relevant sources. I also like how research is flexible. It is possible to analyze questions and find sources in any field, even in Philosophy.Q: What is your typical day like?A : My typical day consists of going to classes, doing homework, managing events for the Philosophy Club and playing with my dog, Wallie.Q: How do you define research?A : Research, from an individual’s perspective, is the investigation or analysis of numerous, relevant sources in order to answer a question that you have.Q: What is a book/podcast/show that you would recommend?A : I recommend the book, “The Complete Works of Aristotle, Volume I: The Revised Oxford Translation,” edited by Jonathan Barnes.Q: How does the theme of “exponential growth” relate to you?A : The theme of “Exponential Growth” resontates with me in many ways. I feel that I have grown exponentially throughout my time at UCSD, especially through my experience researching ancient philosophy. All I have learned in this experience, I can now apply to my daily life.1UCSD, Warren College, Philosophy, 2016. 2Associate Professor, Department of Philosophy, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, U.S.References1. Barney, Rachel, Brennan, Tad, and Brittain, Charles, eds. (2012). Plato and the Divided Self.(Cambridge, GBR: Cambridge University Press).2. Rees, D. A. (1957). Bipartition of the soul in the early academy. (Journal of Hellenic Studies 77 : 112), 113.VOL 2 / FALL 2016 16

RESEARCH The Legitimacy of Repression: The History of Martial Law in British Controlled Palestine Nhat-Dang Do and Michael Provence INTRODUCTION; MARTIAL LAW IN PALESTINE A sixteen-year-old boy was tried for throwing a Molotov cocktail in a military courtroom in the city of Ofer, Palestine. Throughout the trial, the boy sat in chains looking confused and out of place. As the trial progressed, he sat looking pleadingly at his mother who he has not seen in months. When asked how he pleaded, the boy’s lawyers advised him to plead guilty. In a matter of minutes, the court condemned the boy to six months in an Israeli prison (Meekings, 2012). This scene has played out thousands of times in Israeli military courts like the one at Ofer. Palestinians, even as young as eight or nine years old, are prosecuted under martial law codes. Under this process, they are held for up to four days in order to see a military judge, and as many as ninety days before seeing a lawyer. Detainment can last indefinitely, continuing for as long as 188 days before the accused is charged or two years before the accused goes to trial (Meekings, 2012). Criminal court proceedings, normally held under civilian legal codes, are subsumed under the jurisdiction of martial law. As a report by the International Review of the Red Cross states, “There is in fact an invasion of the military legal system over civilian domains” in Israel and Palestine (Weil, 2007). Yet this form of legal application is not uniformly applied in all cases. The jurisdiction of martial law extends only to the Occupied Territories of Palestine, captured and occupied by Israel since 1967. This means that Israeli citizens who commit the same crimes are prosecuted under a completely different system, one that guarantees protected rights, like the right to a speedy trial, not found in martial law. Furthermore, the military courts are inherently biased because of its connection to the military apparatus in charge of keeping control in the Occupied Territories. Within this system there is “less independence and impartiality and [it] does not effectively safeguard the individual rights of accused persons and suspects” (Weil, 2007). It is surely the case that the use of martial law in the treatment of Palestinians is a central point in the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict. The unequal separation of legal systems and their applications create grievances among the Palestinians and compound the already delicate, and volatile balance in the Israeli-Palestinian relationship. Since its inception, the State of Israel faced challenges to its existence during the various wars in 1948, 1956-67, 1967 and 1973. From the Israeli perspective, it is easy to see why security and the need for a strong military presence are important. Yet after securing its survival and long after serious threats had receded, Israel still clings on to fears for its national security.This is evident in its continual use of martial law, which was adopted almost entirely from the British Defense (Emergency) Regulations of 1945. From 1948 to 1966, martial law was officially imposed on the Arab minority in Israel, but continues to be intermittently enforced to this day. The military government, in effect, imposed various restrictions on Palestinians. Palestinians were required to apply for permits to travel from area to area, regardless of destination. Security checkpoints were set up to enforce these permits. Those who disobeyed these regulations were jailed or fined. All petitions or requests for government services were directed to military courts instead of civil courts (Weil, 2007). By the end of 1973, serious threats to Israeli security had ended, since Israel was no longer engaged in defensive wars. Though widespread martial law had ended, the use of martial law was sporadically declared in the Occupied Territories during periods of Palestinian unrest or protest. The fact that the use of martial law continues today shows that martial law has become a tool for Israeli control of Palestinians.17 EQUILIBRIUM

RESEARCHMartial law was drafted and enacted by the British in its administration of Palestine during periods of unrest, but Britishmartial law codes continue to influence the region to this day due to its recurring use by the State of Israel. Uponcloser look, one can uncover or unravel the reasoning behind the need for martial law. Who were the people involved inits drafting and what were their motivations? Why did British colonial officials deem martial law necessary in Palestine?Was there any opposition to the use of martial law? By using records and papers kept in the Nation Archives in theUnited Kingdom, I hope to excavate the story behind these law codes. Studying the introduction of martial law intoPalestine may reveal the structure supporting the ongoing conflict. The current conflict may be an inheritance of thecolonial history of Palestine or a succession of colonial rule from one power to another.The theme of colonialism is a crucial part of this story. Martial law, from a certain viewpoint, may simply be amanifestation of colonialism. Jurgen Osterhammel’s dissertation on the theory, definition, and relationship dynamics ofcolonialism shows that colonial projects have certain features and patterns. Does the relationship between Israel andPalestine constitute a colonial relationship? Is the continual existence of martial law in shaping the unequal treatmentof Palestinians an example of recurring colonialism?This study will first provide a clear framing of colonialism by addressing the theoretical overview provided byOsterhammel in conjunction with comparative historical discussions. The discussion will then continue with theorigins and development of martial law in Palestine, beginning with the establishment of the Mandate system to thepresent day. Finally, we will end with an evaluation of the relationship between Israel and Palestine and create a morenuanced view and a fresh examination of the structure behind the conflict.PART I. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK OF COLONIALISMThis paper will use the term colonialism to describe “the process of European settlement and political control overthe rest of the world, including the Americas, Australia, and parts of Africa and Asia” (Kohn, 2006). In addition to thetraditional meaning, Osterhammel asserts that the definition of colonialism must include the relationship between theruler and the ruled, in which the ruled is “externally manipulated” and changed according to the needs of the colonizers.Consequently the vast difference between the colonizers and the colonized is of crucial importance. Aside from thestructural characteristics of colonialism, a true definition must take into account the ideological underpinnings andethnocentric rhetoric that propelled the colonial project (Osterhammel, 1997).Osterhammel’s definition of colonialism takes into account all three factors: Colonialism is a relationship of domination between an indigenous (or forcibly imported) majority and a minority of foreign invaders. The fundamental decisions affecting the lives of the colonized people are made and implemented by the colonial rulers in pursuit of interests that are often defined in a distant metropolis. Rejecting cultural compromises with the colonized population, the colonizers are convinced of their own superiority and of their ordained mandate to rule (Osterhammel, p. 17).From this definition, one can extrapolate certain characteristics of colonial relationships. There is a dynamic relationshipbetween the controlling group and the controlled. The resources of the colony are extracted at the expense of thelocal people. In doing so, there is a need for the replacement and reconstruction of new political and economicinfrastructure in order to facilitate this process of extraction. As Joachim Radkau discusses in his book, Nature andPower, the main problem of colonialism was its long-term impact rather than its immediate consequences. Colonialismunleashes a series of ripples upon the natural environment that is so pervasive that it has shaped the future of the land.Such transformations are facilitated by social and economic systems constructed by the colonizing power within thecolony, which serves to regulate the process of resource extraction. Indigenous ways of life and modes of survival areconsequently transformed along with the environment.An essential component to colonialism, as discussed by Osterhammel, is the existence of nationalistic and ethnocentricsentiment (Osterhammel, p.22). The worldview of superiority and civility of the colonizing nations animated the colonialbuilding projects and gave justification for brutal or unjust treatment. The superiority colonizers felt came from theideological belief that it was their divine right to be at the apex of the natural social order. Similarly, the British imperialand colonizing projects took on the mantle of “liberalism”. The British were benevolently colonizing “savage” nations inorder to bring them civilization. They were bringing economic prosperity (although it was one-sided) and the liberalVOL 2 / FALL 2016 18

RESEARCH ideas that were believed to be the essential ingredients of a successful civilization. This sentiment was expressed at its peak in Rudyard Kipling’ famous poem “The White Man’s Burden” of 1899, where the British are heralded as the guardians to “light”. Osterhammel, as an extension of his definition of colonialism, defines imperialism as “the concept that comprises all forces and activities contributing to the construction and the maintenance of transcolonial empires” (Osterhammel, p. 21). It is a comprehensive concept in which the controlling nation extends beyond its colonial holdings to exert influence upon the global system. From this sense, one can characterize “colonialism” as a special manifestation of imperialism. This is especially true of the British Empire in its later days. The British control of Palestine does not completely fall into any a specific category of colonialism. Rather, through the Mandate System, British control exhibited a mixture of colonial characteristics. The ideology of “civilizing savages” that was the core of British imperialism underwent a significant change. Though the push for colonization and control was the same, its basis shifted towards a sense of democratic liberalism. Now the main legitimacy for colonialism came from the professed benevolent act of securing the independence of the targeted territory. The colonizers now operated under the pretense of being protectors and guides towards national independence, though the realities were enormously different from the rhetoric. All except in name, the mandates were essentially colonies. From 1912 until 1950, the intensity and scale of colonialism increased dramatically. Bureaucratic regulation and administration became methodical and systematic. The growth of European corporations specializing in exports of oil and mineral resources indicated the importance of the export economy: an economy that relied on the colonial controls that gave the Colonial Powers the concessions to exploit these export commodities. Beginning in the 1920’s, the discovery of oil in the Middle East provided a lucrative opportunity for Colonial Powers like Britain. Petroleum companies like the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company, and later Standard Oil, cashed in on the concessions that allowed them to drill and refine petroleum. Later, the growing importance of oil as a fuel source at the turn of the century made petroleum an important resource, especially during times of war. In order to facilitate the exploitation of petroleum in the region, it was necessary to establish a strong presence in the region and build infrastructure such as railways and pipelines to transport the resource. This meant setting up colonial governments in the region that could gain the cooperation, labor, and concessions from the native population. In truth, the exploitation of resources like oil show that the liberal rhetoric the colonizing powers relied on was little more than a veil for the true exploitation that occurred. PART II. THE MANDATE SYSTEM OF POST WORLD WAR I The beginning of martial law in Palestine can be traced to the creation of the Mandate System after World War I. With the defeat of the Central Powers, the territories and colonies under German and Ottoman control were ripe for the taking. The horrors of the Great War had scarred the world. Peace became the rallying cry for the masses. The original intent of the Mandate System was to help develop the captured territories of the losing nations toward a higher status of sophistication and civilization. Ultimately, the reality was that the Mandate system became a mechanism of colonialism that extended the imperial ambitions of the West. ORIGINS OF THE MANDATE SYSTEM In Britain, thinkers like Leonard Woolf argued that though the world was a chaotic “jungle”, order and peace could be gained by instituting constraints and controls. In his treatise, Fear and Politics: A Debate at the Zoo, Woolf presented the idea that one could organize peace or set in motion plans to prevent war. As Daniel Gorman writes, “Woolf believe that mankind still lived in the jungle, but that, counter to the thinking of social Darwinists and despite the evidence of the war, it was not fated to this existence”. What Woolf envisioned was an international system that would restrain war and promote peace. This idea of “liberal internationalism” was attractive to the war weary people of the early 20th century and gained tremendous public support.President Woodrow Wilson’s idea of the League of Nations was the expression of this sentiment. The strong public support for the League of Nations gave them a means by which to mask their real political reasons. Each ally had their own ulterior motives that were centered on their goal of maintaining their imperial power. In spirit, the newly formed League of Nations was to be the arena in which disputes through nations were solved diplomatically. Within this organization, the creation of the Mandate System in 1921 was seen as a method by which the former19 EQUILIBRIUM

RESEARCHcolonies of the conquered German and Ottoman Empire could rise up to status among the nations. The sacred trust ofbuilding these colonies were given to the allies. The intention of the mandate system was centered on the ideal of peaceand diplomacy, where through cooperation all nations could prosper.THE ORIGINAL INTENT OF THE MANDATE SYSTEMThe League of Nations became entrusted with supervising the administration of the colonies and territories of thenations who had lost their claims to sovereignty as a result of the First World War. Under Article 22 of the League ofNations Covenant, “the well-being and development of such peoples form a sacred trust of civilization…The best methodof giving practical effect to this principle is that the tutelage of such peoples should be entrusted to advanced nationswho, by reason of their resources, their experience or geographical position, can best undertake this responsibility”(League of Nations, 1945).On the eve of the Paris Peace Conference in 1919, General Jan Smuts published a plan for the League of Nations thatoutlined an international mandate system. The fundamental principles that Smuts mentioned is summed up in a singlegeneral formula: “No annexation, and self-determination.” His original plan for the Mandate System aimed at providingthe League of Nations with the overall supreme power to decide how the territories functioned under mandatesupervision. He stated that “the delegation of certain powers to the mandatory State must not be looked upon as in anyway impairing the ultimate authority and control of the League…The mandatory State should look upon its position asa great trust and honor, not as an office or profit or position of private advantage for it or its nationals” (Smuts, 1919).Smuts carefully and explicitly expressed the role of the League of Nations as being the supervising entity over the statesthat were entrusted to administer the mandate. Knowing that there would be serious assertions for annexation amongthe victorious allies, it seems that Smuts wanted to create an organization that would temper the grab for territory andprevent disputes.However, Smuts’ plan only applied to the territories of Eastern Europe and the Near East. In regards to the Germanterritories in Africa, Smuts states that they were “inhabited by barbarians who not only cannot possibly governthemselves, but to whom it would be impracticable to apply any ideas of political self-determination in the Europeansense…” (Smuts, 1919). His peculiar belief was not uncommon amongst intellectuals in the period. The burst ofinternational liberalism, while advocating for peace and humanitarianism, was markedly ethnocentric. The principlesoutlined in Smuts’ work and discussed by the leading statesmen of the West assumed a sense of Western superiority.In other words, the people of Eastern Europe and Africa were considered incapable of governing themselves. To thecreators of the League of Nations and the Mandate System, civilization progressed along a particular line—liberal,democratic and capitalist in nature. Those outside of Europe had no experience in this ideology, thus they requiredguides.THE MANDATE SYSTEM IN REALITYThe writings of Jan Smuts, Cecil Rhodes, and other leading supporters of the Mandate System show sincerity towardsthe welfare for the people in the proposed mandates, but ultimately their goals were subsumed under colonial ambitions.Perhaps in some ways, the ambitions of the allies were intrinsically meshed into the creation of the Mandate System.From the beginning, the allies argued over who would have control over a territory. Strategic control of oil was themain source of the diplomatic contention. The Americans accused the British of economically exploiting the oil wealthof the region. They protested specifically against the San Remo Oil Agreement of 1920, which allowed the constructionof an oil pipeline to the Mediterranean. Conversely, the British accused the Americans of jealousy and wanting theirown piece of the oil wealth. These disputes leaked over to the discussion of mandate assignments. Italian, French,American, and British diplomats quarreled over the division and caused major delays in the final creation of the system.Surprisingly, the League of Nations did not exercise their authority to assign colonial control, although the Mandategave them this power. Prominent historian William Roger Louis states, “Article 22 of the Covenant did not specifywhich the Mandatory Powers were to be or how the mandated territories were to be distributed between them. Thesepoints were decided by the Supreme Council of the Allied Powers” (League of Nations, 1945). The allies themselvesdecided the distribution of territories to further their own interests. This action showcases the actual reason for theimplementation of the Mandate System: a new form of colonial control.VOL 2 / FALL 2016 20

RESEARCH Supervision of the Mandate Powers was assigned to the Permanent Mandates Commission, but the commission was strictly an advisory body. They had no formal power to coerce or regulate the Mandate Powers. Their role was “to receive and examine annual reports of the Mandatories and to advise the Council on all matters relating to the observance of the mandates” (League of Nations, 1945). Consequently, the Permanent Mandate Commission was a body without teeth. If needed, the Mandate Powers may choose to ignore any recommendations that the Commission offers. Even though the Permanent Mandate Commission regarded itself as a supervisory body, it was evident that they held no real power. At the beginning, the Mandate System was envisioned as the best method by which to create a peaceful and democratic world. The territories taken from Germany and the Ottomans were to be guided towards prosperity and democracy (as it seems to the West, democracy goes hand in hand with prosperity). As Susan Pederson states, “Mandatory rule was different from earlier, discredited types of imperial rule, the British liberals and humanitarians who helped to frame it argued, being purely benevolent in its intent and intended to last only for a limited time. It was a transitional form, a halfway house between dependence and independence, perhaps even a tool for making those earlier and more exploitive forms of imperial rule obsolete” (Pederson, 2006). The reality was much different than the vision. It is clear that victorious nations Britain and France intended to claim the “liberated” territories for themselves. The prize was the natural resources and the strategic geography of the lands in the Middle East and Africa. Putting aside the rhetoric of the Mandate System, the core motives are imperialistic. Not only does the system take on an ethnocentric nature, it essentially acted as a cover for colonial control. Interestingly the mandate system also functioned as an international forum that helped to facilitate colonial rule. Pederson suggests that “…the mandate system was less a means for transforming governance than a mechanism for generating talk: while lacking the capacity directly to affect colonial rule, it could require colonial powers to discuss the character and legitimacy of that rule” (Pederson, 2006). Reality shows that the Mandate system legitimated and even indirectly abetted imperialist control of territories. PART III. DEVELOPMENT OF MARTIAL LAW IN PALESTINE In 1920 Britain was awarded the mandate of Palestine at the San Remo Conference. Amid protests and diplomatic negotiations, Britain began replacing its occupying military government with a civilian administration. The birth of the Palestine Mandate was followed by increasing tensions and alarm in the Arab community. British support of the large influx of Jews into Palestine incubated a deep antagonism between the Arab and Jewish populations. Eventually the situation erupted into violence, triggering a response from the British Mandate government. British investigations showed a genuine concern for the security of the region, including the need for more military support. The early period of the Palestine Mandate reveals the 1) rising tension in the region, 2) demand for a stronger security apparatus, and 3) early preparation for martial law and the use of force. RISING TENSIONS IN PALESTINE Prior to the mandate, the British government had given support to Zionist aspirations. Through the intense and persuasive lobbying of Zionist leader, Chaim Weismann, the Foreign Office had recognized Jewish claims to a homeland in Palestine. In combination with other factors, “The most pressing of them was the belief, held by several key government officials, that Jewish groups in the United States and Russia had the capacity to influence their respective governments’ attitudes toward the war” (Cleveland, 2004). This belief, correct or not, dramatically influenced British foreign policy. There was also general sympathy towards the Jewish cause in the top levels of British government. On November 2, 1917 the British Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour wrote to Lord Rothschild, a prominent Zionist politician, stating the government’s approval of Zionist goals: “His Majesty’s Government view with favour the establishment in Palestine of a National Home for the Jewish people, and will use their best endeavours to facilitate the achievement of this object, it being clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine, or the rights and political status enjoyed by Jews in any other country” (Cleveland, 2004). Britain had declared, as stated in the declaration, that it would support the establishment of a Jewish national home. In the same instance, it pledged to uphold the rights and welfare of the Arab population. The Mandate Administration was teetering on a political wire as it struggled to appease both the Arabs and Jews, whose interests were naturally21 EQUILIBRIUM

RESEARCHin opposition of each other. This policy of dual obligation was contradicting and muddled Britain’s intentions in theregion. The lack of a definitive strategy left the situation chaotic and exasperating for the entire population. Throughsuch policies, the Palestine Mandate was established in a tense and confusing political climate.The first High Commissioner of Palestine, Sir Herbert Samuel, attempted to find common ground by advocating thecreation of a diverse legislative council. This council was to be composed of elected Muslim, Jewish, and Christianrepresentatives in addition to eleven members nominated by the commissioner. The idea was to create a council tohelp draft a new constitutional government under the administration of the High Commissioner. But a new constitutionfailed to appear due to the many disagreements among all parties. In its place, two separate Arab and Jewish agenciesformed and operated independently of each other. The High Commissioner had to administer the Mandate, and atthe same time, work with both agencies. The lack in cooperation alienated and set the two groups against each other,further adding to the tense situation.Political pressure began building at the beginning of the Palestine Mandate. The British government had backed itselfinto a dangerous political corner, inadvertently creating a foundation for future conflict. From 1919 to 1929, as theagitation and tension increased between the two populations., the British exacerbated the situation by doggedlypursuing its dual appeasement policy.THE DEMAND FOR MORE SECURITYTensions finally erupted into conflict in the August of 1929. The focal point of communal antagonism was the disputeover the Jewish right to access the Western Wall or the Wailing Wall in Jerusalem. Both communities claimed religiousrights to the wall. The Jews regard it as one of their holiest sites. Muslims also claimed the Wailing Wall as a part of theHaram al-Sharif that contained the Dome of the Rock and the al-Aqsa Mosque. Under British law, however, the Arabshad jurisdiction over the wall but Jews had the right to visit. Tensions were high, and the Arab leadership respondedby launching a propaganda campaign that warned about the dangers of Jewish interference in the holy sites. After aperiod of intense rhetorical battles, violence finally broke out. Arab mobs angered by Jewish demonstrations attackedthe Jewish Quarter in Jerusalem, Hebron, and Safad (Cleveland, 2004). The British was obligated to send in troops toquell the riots. The Wailing Wall incident embarrassed the officials of the Palestine Mandate. This incident had causedthe death of 133 Jews and 116 Arabs, and also magnified the animosity between the two groups.In the aftermath of the incident, the British Administration sent a royal commission headed by Sir Walter Shaw toinvestigate the outbreak of violence. The commission found that the leading cause of the tensions was the increasein Jewish immigration and land purchases in Palestine. The Arabs were increasingly fearful of becoming landlessand pushed out of their country. When the Commission asked Pineas Rutenberg, a prominent Jewish leader andbusinessman, who was responsible for the riot in August 1929, he replied “The government” (Shaw Commission, 1929).Rutenberg opinionated, “They should have known, and they should have acted as a government against the inadmissible attitude of a small group of men which quite openly organize in the press and excited simple but fanatical people by issuing lies…Everybody is afraid of being knifed in the street; everyone is afraid of being shot; the psychology prevents work” (Shaw Commission, 1929).His statement is symbolic of the Jewish perspective at the time that believed the government did not do enough toclamp down on the violence.The interviews of the Shaw Commission reveal that the demand for increased security was evident as early as 1929.Administrators and the military were apprehensive of the continuation of violence and the possibility of an inability toquell further violence. On November 25, 1929 the Commission interviewed H.C. Luke, the commander of the police unitthat responded to the riot. Luke testified that his men were unable to adequately respond to the riots due their lackof resource and numbers. He also testified that he wanted to have British, not native, policemen. The presence of Arabpolicemen seemed to incite more anger from the Jewish mobs and vice versa. Luke and his fellow officers genuinelybelieved that “…it is not difficult to envisage what would have taken place had our police, the Jerusalem police, beenoverpowered. The Arabs would have spread right through Jerusalem; they would have killed every Jew they could havegot hold of ” (Shaw Commission, 1929).VOL 2 / FALL 2016 22

RESEARCH Both Brigadier Dobbie and Marshal Dowding, members of the War Office, separately suggested an increase in soldiers stationed in Palestine. They also advised recruiting more British soldiers instead of native soldiers. In case of more problems, both men advised that battleships ought to be stationed nearby (Shaw Commission, 1929). Yet the underlying problems could not be solved with a mere increase of military and police forces. Arthur Stephen Mavrogardato the Commandant of Policecommented to the Commission, “The principal cause is of course that the Arabs feel that their country has been taken away from them and given to the Jews. We had managed over several years rather to pacify the Arabs but later on the feeling was again intensified by the fact the Jews got, as time went on, more confident, more aggressive…which developed among the Arabs a feeling of antagonism” (Shaw Commission, 1929). The officials knew that the problems were much deeper than having adequate security. Regardless, the increase in security measures, especially military forces, was regarded as a primary solution. A report by the Mandate government to the League of Nations in 1929 showed a substantial increase in the number of military personnel stationed in Palestine. The increase in the military force only foreshadowed the introduction of martial law. The various testimonies provided before the Shaw Commission uncovered the underlying reason for the Arab-Jewish antagonism, but more importantly showed that the British were preparing to augment their military presence. The royal commission’s final recommendations urged the British to limit Jewish immigration and stop the eviction of Arab farmer tenants. Instead, the Palestine mandate administration continued its policy of dual obligation and reaffirmed its intention of securing a Jewish homeland. Reports after 1929 showed that the British were steadily increasing the number of security forces in Palestine. The Colonial Office was determined to be ready for the outbreak of violence as conditions started to worsen. THE PUSH FOR MARTIAL LAW Various indications within the report and other letters show that the British were prepared to use force to suppress any form of protest. As expected, the Jewish leaders felt that a strong British military presence was needed in Palestine. The Vice Chairman of the new council in the Jewish Agency even went as far as to demand that the government institute martial law. He told Sir Shaw that “this revolt against the British flag, against British dominion in which we Jews only formed an incident, was carefully organized, expensively and thoroughly for many months before it took place” (Shaw Commisssion, 1929). The attempt to paint the riot as an Arab conspiracy to oust British rule was intended to convince the government into taking drastic action. During this period, British colonies and dominions all over the world were experiencing periods of revolts and rebellions. Revolt and movements against colonialism were fresh in the officials’ consciousness. The Vice Chairman of the Jewish Agency used the British’s fear of losing another colony to his advantage. He suggested, “that the country should be placed under martial law and under some senior officer of high military rank” (Shaw Commission, 1929). Yet, at this early stage the administration was not yet sure whether martial law was required. Regardless of their reluctance, the transcripts and interviews from the time indicate that martial law was a possibility before the start of the Arab Revolt. The situation in Palestine deteriorated as the world suffered economic depression in the 1930’s and a larger wave of Jewish immigrants came to Palestine. These factors created unemployment in the population and further fueled animosity between Jews and Arabs. Leadership of the Arab community under Hajj Amin began to experience challenges from younger Palestinian elites who advocated for a more active approach to stopping Jewish immigration and forcing the British to change its policy. Their position echoed the sentiments of a large part of the Arab community. Frustrated with the status quo and suffering from the economic depression, the Arab population increasingly felt that militancy and armed revolt would be the only way to secure their interests. At the same time, records show that William Ormsby- Gore and the High Commissioner had already been preparing for the possibility of revolt. Troop increases and the early contemplation of drafting martial law codes had been occurring after 1929. PART IV. THE DRAFTING OF THE MARTIAL LAW DECREES AND ITS EFFECTS In 1931, Orsmby-Gore secured an order from the Cabinet that allowed the High Commissioner to suspend civil law and institute martial law regulations in order to suppress rebellion. The Defence Order in Council of 1931 was the first official declaration that allowed for the institution of martial law. Essentially, the High Commissioner could declare a set of regulations that far exceeded the power of the civilian legal codes, for “securing public safety and the defence of Palestine.” However, the situation in Palestine in 1931 was not yet grave enough to justify the use of the Defence Order of 1931.23 EQUILIBRIUM

RESEARCHThe Great Arab Revolt of 1936 would be the starting point for periods of violence until 1939, prompting a harsh militaryresponse from the British that was sanctioned by the subsequent enactment of the redrafted Defence Orders inCouncil. As the situation deteriorated, the Defence Orders in Council underwent multiple chances in 1936 and 1937.The drafting of the martial law decrees was a contentious and arduous affair. All parties involved with its writing wereminutely concerned with the wording of the decree to show that the British government had legitimacy in repressingany challenge to it authority in Palestine. The fundamental goal was to create a legal document certifying that theBritish could put down the rebellion by any means necessary. In essence, the drafters attempted to legitimize the useof force by legalizing it through martial law.ISSUES ADDRESSED IN THE DRAFTING OF THE MARTIAL LAW CODESLegitimacy became an important facet of Mandate rule because of the nature of the new international consciousnessamong countries. National prestige and opinion abroad became important as politics shifted towards diplomacy andinternationalism. Since the British wanted to maintain legitimacy in the international community, they were concernedwith what the League of Nations and other countries like the United States would think about the use of force. Thememos, letters, and reports reveal a negotiated debate between the Colonial Office and the War Office over issues suchas the power of the military court, the use of the word “martial law”, and the specificity of the codes itself.General J.G. Dill, the General Officer Commanding Palestine (GOC), had expressed his interest in having the martiallaw codes explicitly state that he was able to prosecute malefactors in military courts prior to the proclamation ofthe codes. In a letter to the Undersecretary of War, he states, “There is no provision empowering military courtsestablished under the regulations to try and punish persons who may have been guilty of offences against the safetyof Palestine committed before the date on which those regulations came into force” (Dill, 1936). He wanted to be giventhe power, once the rebellion began, to capture and punish the planners. In order to do this, he needed the martiallaw codes to explicitly state that military courts were able to retrospectively try crimes that were committed beforemartial law was enacted (Dill, 1936). A secret document of a meeting held at 10 Downing Street in 1937 showed that Dill’sproposal was considered in the final draft of the martial law codes.In response, the Colonial Office was adamant on not allowing military courts to try cases retroactively. This would givetoo much power to the military and there were fears that it might be perceived as an undermining of civilian authority.The Colonial Office’s objection to this proposal was not based on any principle of justice or concern for the welfare ofthe citizens of Palestine. Instead, they were primarily afraid of what dissenters outside and within the British Empiremight think. In the end, the rest of the cabinet agreed with the Colonial Office. The codes only gave the military courtsauthority after martial law was decreed. This episode of the drafting is symbolic of the colonial government’s obsessionwith maintaining good public relations while at the same time attempting to give leeway for military repression. Inother words, a proposed provision in the martial law codes was hastily disregarded if it had the potential to causeoutrage or could besmirch the British Empire’s public image.Interestingly, there was a long debate over the use of the words “martial law” as part of the regulations’ title. Thedrafters believed that labeling the regulations as “martial law” was too inflammatory. It evoked a sense of lawlessnessand could lead people to think that the mandate was in a dire situation. The use of the words “martial law” also seemsto suggest that the civil authority under the High Commissioner had failed. On the other hand, General Dill felt thatomitting martial law would limit his authority. By stating “martial law” in the codes itself, the powers to carry outhis duties would not be challenged since it was explicitly stated in the codes. The words “martial law”, according tomembers of the military staff, communicated to the general public that the government was determined to end therebellion through extraordinary measures. Using these words might have the effect of deterring or stopping anyonewho might want to oppose the mandate government. To the military’s displeasure, the title of the law codes waschanged to the Defence Orders (Emergency) in Council. The drafters had elected to omit the reference to martial lawand replaced it with the words “emergency powers”.Once again, the drafters were mainly concerned with satisfying critics and protecting the government from beingdenounced. They were unconcerned with how the regulations might affect the people of Palestine. Colonial officialsinsisted that the regulations showed that the Mandate Administration had the situation under control. To them, usingVOL 2 / FALL 2016 24

RESEARCH the words “martial law” would show to the public and the world that the British administration was experiencing difficulty in maintaining order. This was unacceptable, so in the end the regulations were changed to display the administration in a better light. The specificity of the overall regulations was also a source of debate. The Colonial Office had initially intended to enumerate in detail the types of action that was permitted under the regulations. In carrying out its service, the military was empowered to arrest suspects, expel dissenters, confiscate land, tear down buildings, etc. One of the military officials, Duff Cooper, had suggested that the regulations be intentionally vague on certain issues. Duff was afraid that being too specific might inadvertently curb the military’s power. The authority of British forces to carry out its operations might be held illegal if it did not fall into the detailed regulations. However, Duff advised that the ability of the military to destroy buildings be clearly mentioned. To avoid criticism, Duff suggested: “an expression covering the ‘pulling down, destruction, or removal of any building, structure or property’ be added. It may be argued that this power is inherent in the power of acquisition, but the destruction of buildings was one of the legal bones of contention during the recent disturbances, and the destruction without the formality of acquisition might conceivably be found necessary” (Dill, 1936). In the final draft of the Emergency Powers (Defence) Orders in Council of 1937, the powers given to the government were broadly defined and the caveat on the destruction of buildings was inserted into Part II of the final regulations. British officials all agreed that the military and police forces in Palestine needed broad powers in order to suppress the revolt, but they were concerned with presenting the orders in a “correct” perspective. Officials wanted to stave off critics and keep the veil of legality provided by the mandate system. They could not afford to be seen as colonial oppressors, lest they lose the support of the League of Nations. The martial law regulations were intrinsically a method of legitimating the use of force without drawing too much criticism from other countries. BALANCING PUBLIC OPINIONS AND ACTS OF REPRESSION Surprisingly, the two hundred and more pieces of correspondence on the drafting of the law codes showed no interest in how the codes would affect the public except when the actions sanctioned by the codes embarrassed the government. Instead, the focus was on minute details either for the extension of the use of force or how to present the codes in such a way that it would not draw criticism. Regardless of their attempts to gloss over or portray their operations in a just and benevolent light, several incidents reveal the true nature of British repression of the Arab Revolt. Perhaps the only time public concern was mentioned in the various official correspondences was when a 13-year-old girl was brought to trial. Rachel Koka, a Jewish girl, was arrested after being accused of throwing a firebomb into an Arab bus. According to the martial law regulations those who are accused of possessing or having possessed a weapon would be tried in a military court and, if convicted, hanged. Since the government had to enforce its regulations, Koka was brought to trial (The Daily Herald, 1938). Although Rachel Koka was quickly acquitted, the administration’s decision to go ahead with a trial received backlash from the press and public. One article lambasted the administration, “…All the humanity afterwards does not affect the inhumanity of putting her on trial when there was no evidence to justify it. And it doesn’t alter the fact that the Press of the world (no small portion of it being quite delighted to show this country in a bad light) will publish the fact that under the British flag little girls are tried on capital offences before military courts” (the Daily Herald, 1938). The bad press received caused the drafters to partially reconsider the effects of the severe martial law codes. Under the provisions of the regulations, severe penalties would be levied against those found guilty of minor crimes such as possessing a rifle or dressing slightly similar to a military uniform. The martial law regulations also allowed the use of collective punishment and destruction of property (National Archives, 1937). The suffering caused by the enforcement of these regulations were never considered during the drafting. The concerns were narrowly limited to protecting British prestige and legitimacy while authorizing military repression. However, the reality of the situation contradicted what the drafters wanted to present to the public. On October 1938, soldiers publicly executed a rebel suspect in broad daylight without trial. This incident was witnessed by a number of shocked Europeans. Such incidents seem to be commonplace but were seldom reported, since the25 EQUILIBRIUM

RESEARCHmartial law codes had explicitly sanctioned the censoring of the press (National Archives, 1937). However, this executionbecame a sensational story, because it was witnessed by a group of European citizens. Outraged at what they witnessed,the group had petitioned the government to investigate and punish the perpetrators. After being publicly shamed, theadministration charged four of the police officers involved. However, on appeal, their punishment was reduced tominimal prison sentences. Under martial law, acts such as the one described, frequently occurred with the implicitsupport of the government. In general, the British government was unconcerned with the use of brute force by theirmilitary, as long as it did not cause public humiliation.Additionally, all the correspondences and discussions of the drafters were very bureaucratic in nature. All thoseinvolved seem to be markedly aloof while discussing the codes that would have a significant effect on thousands ofpeople during a period of conflict. The tone of their correspondence was “matter-of-fact” and oddly unperturbed.From time to time there would be blatant emotional responses, but that only occurred when there was a disagreementbetween the offices. The dominant attitude shared by all the drafters was that of a “business-as-usual”, administrativeindifference. Their sole goal was to create a legal system that supported and served the colonial purpose of the Britishgovernment.EFFECTS OF THE MARTIAL LAW CODESAs of 1936, the pent up frustrations of the Arab population erupted. The situation worsened as riots and violencecontinued throughout Palestine. The Foreign Office applied pressure on High Commissioner Arthur Wauchope to stopthe uprising. Meanwhile, the military demanded that it be authorized to intervene. Wauchope had initially hoped to endthe discontent through negotiations with Arab and Jewish leaders. To this end, he corresponded ceaselessly with ChaimWeissman, the Mufti, and other notable leaders in Palestine. His reports to the Colonial Office indicate that Wauchopeadvocated for a lenient approach to the problem. During a quiet period in October 1936 Wauchope wrote that he plansto reduce the number of stationed soldiers. He also advised the government not to deport the Mufti, “Deporting Muftiwon’t end, may not even diminish, our troubles” (National Archives, 1937). However, Wauchope’s optimism about thestate of affair was short lived as the violence surged in the following year. The British responded to the revolt with along and intense counter-insurgency operation that dragged from 1936 to 1939. Martial law was instituted throughoutthe period and gave the military the power to carry out devastating and brutal operations across the country.Since it was difficult to catch the evasive rebels, the military depended on the use of collective punishment in order toflush them out. In areas of high rebel activity, the soldiers would storm the nearby villages and destroy the surroundingland. This was intended to cause the local public to turn against the rebels and to make sure that the rebels had no placeof protection. As Hughes states, “This destruction became a systematic, systemic part of British counterinsurgencyoperations during the revolt.” The overall strategy had two goals: to destroy elusive enemy fighters and the civilianswho supported them. Brutality and terror tactics were the modus operanti. One officer recalls that during a punitiveraid, “ [We would] knock the place about. And its very alien to a chap like you or me to go in and break the chair and kick chatty in with all the oil in and mixed it in with the bedclothes and break all the windows and everything. You don’t feel like doing it. And I remember the adjutant coming in and saying, ‘you are not doing your stuff. They’re perfectly intact all those houses you’ve just searched. This is what you’ve got to do’. And he picked up a pick helve and sort of burst everything ” (Hughes, 2010).British commanders encouraged the destruction of property as the official policy. Destruction was a weapon used bythe military to terrify or gain intelligence. The practice was so extensive that entire villages were destroyed. In Juneof 1936, the British blew up large sections of Jaffa, leaving thousands of people homeless (Hughes, 2010). The evidenceof demolition is clear, as there were many documented cases of villages, like Mi’ar north of Acre, being blown up withmines. Such actions, though shocking, were perfectly legal under the martial law codes. They were drafted explicitlyinto the regulations and therefore could not be challenged (Hughes, 2010). Those who lost their homes and propertyhad no legal recourse.The historical record also shows that the British also levied huge fines against villages and civilians claimed to be inleague with the rebels. Collective fines were imposed on villages that were deemed noncompliant. The fines wentfrom 700 British pounds to almost 5000, depending on the severity of the perceived recalcitrant actions. As HughesVOL 2 / FALL 2016 26

RESEARCH points, “Fines varied but could be as high as 5000 pounds and they had to be paid promptly in cash or in the form of produce such as animals, eggs, and cereals” (Hughes, 2010). These actions worked to impoverish the populace and forced those who could not pay to become refugees. The rebels also exploited villages by robbing them in the name of the rebellion. All in all, the local population was caught in a dire predicament. The period of the revolt impoverished many Palestinians. The actions of the British are plainly seen as brutal and bordering on the illegal. No real opposition could be raised against the counter-insurgency operations since it technically was in line with the legal system in Palestine. These operations intensified and reached its peak in 1938. Unsurprisingly, the method of repression was successful in fracturing and impoverishing the local population. However, the method of repression was not entirely equal. Christians and Jews, though also subjected to the enforcement strategy of the British, did not suffer at the same level as the Arabs. By 1939, the brutal nature of military repression had worked as more and more locals became tired of the intense suppression. Public opinion turned against the rebels. In the end, the army’s methods prevailed to end the revolt. This method, although barely legal, was only seen as such if the actions were necessary for public safety. As a nation that prided itself upon laws, civilization, and humanity, the British could not embark on a vicious suppression campaign without finding a way to legitimize their actions. Their solution was to use martial law in which to frame the legality of the actions. Under martial law, callous acts like the demolition of homes and villages became acceptable. Repression of the free press became necessary. Mass detention were part of the norm and civilian courts were replaced by military courts out of “necessity”. Laws such as the Defense Orders in Council defended these actions primarily based on the paradigm of security and necessity. The martial law codes proved effective, not only in providing a legal cover, but also in changing the psychological mindset of its actors. Soldiers, who would normally be appalled at destroying property or wantonly razing homes, could justify their actions by attributing it to legal authorization. The actors become disconnected from their actions in this frame of mind, thus allowing them more freedom to engage in violence or brutality. Since the law sanctioned these actions, soldiers had no fear of possible repercussions. Indeed, the administration encouraged brutality. Any attempt at revolt was thereby ruthless suppressed. CONCLUSIONS: The story of the creation of martial law in Palestine shows us that it was intended as a tool to help preserve British authority in the country. Martial law was fundamentally a method of colonial control. Similar to other colonial powers during the Mandate Period, the British needed to find a way to legitimate the use of force. It was no longer acceptable in the public and the international community to engage in military action without good reasons. The new trend of internationalist liberalism after World War I made it hard for hegemonic powers like the British to exert their influence blatantly. They had to operate under the guise of liberal principles like rule of law, peace, and justice espoused by the League of Nations. In order to put down the challenge to their authority in Palestine, the British government drafted and instituted a series of Defense Orders or martial law regulations. This was their way to legitimacy. By codifying the use of force and enshrining repression in the legal system, the government was able to give free reign for the military to punish and put down the rebellion. The motives for the martial laws are clear in the discussions of its drafters. They were mainly concerned with allowing the military the freedom it needed to operate effectively without causing public criticism. The main theme of the various pieces of correspondence was focused on finding the right balance. Throughout the discussion, there was no real concern for the welfare of the people of Palestine. Concerns only became salient if an incident occurred that would embarrass the government, like the prosecution of a 13-year-old girl or the widely witnessed execution of a suspect without trial. Aside from these incidents, the main aim of the martial law codes was to ensure the successful repression of the revolt without harming the international prestige of the British government. As examined in the beginning of this paper, Israel has absorbed and expanded the British martial law codes. The final form of the codes was finalized in 1945, towards the end of World War II. Since 1948, Israel has used the same martial law codes in various periods. Actions such as the censorship of the press, the destruction of homes in the West Bank, and administrative detention have all been authorized under the martial law codes. As Alan Dowty states in his book on the Jewish State,27 EQUILIBRIUM

RESEARCH “Even more than censorship provisions, other Defense Regulations have been applied almost exclusively to the Arab minority. From 1948 to 1966, many border areas, not coincidentally corresponding to Arab-populated areas, were placed under a military government whose legal basis was the 1945 Defense Regulations” (Dowty, 1998).The operation of the Israeli government under martial law is reminiscent of the British Mandate during the Arab Revoltof 1936-1939. British Mandate Officials routinely censored the press and, as discussed previously, vigorously destroyedbuildings under the authority of martial law. Similarly, Regulations 86-101 allowed the Israeli Minister of the Interiorto restrict the press if the information is related to security. Regulation 125 allowed the government to appropriate“uncultivated” land (Dowty, 1998). This was used during the early 1950’s and 60’s to take the property of troublesomeArabs. Perhaps the most controversial regulations involved the detention of suspects. Regulation 111 “empowered a‘military commander’ to detain any person in any place of the commander’s choosing, for renewable periods of oneyear” (Dowty, 1998). It is in essence the ability to indefinitely imprison without trial and no judicial review. Thesepractices continue in the occupied territories to this day.Since Israel’s martial law can be traced directly back to the Britain’s martial law in Palestine after 1948, it can be arguedthat the colonial motives of the original drafters have been continued. Israel’s use of martial law in the OccupiedTerritories of Palestine clearly shows a focus on legitimating brutality. Their military operations also mirror Britishoperations during the Arab Revolt. Restrictions on movements, brutal destruction of property, the use of military courts,and other methods are evident in both situations. More strikingly, both governments use the preservation of publicsecurity as the primary justification for using martial law. The characteristics show a clear reflection of the motivesand attitudes of the British administrators in 1939. Beyond being merely parallel, these similarities are suggestive of thecontinuation of colonialism in Palestine. Martial law has legitimated Israeli actions that would not be allowed in civillaw. These actions continue under the façade of security, as can be seen by various news reports and human rightswatchdogs (Families Under the Rubble, 2014). The inherent unequal and unjust treatment that Palestinians receive inthe occupied territories throughout the years, from 1948 to the present, has unsurprisingly created resentment andanger on the part of the Arab population. The resulting conflict is one that is hard to overcome since it builds andfeeds off decades of mutual mistreatment. Can Israel’s use of martial law be characterized as an inheritance of thecolonial project? The evidence seems to be fairly unambiguous. In a way, Israel’s application of martial law makes thegovernment complicit in continuing the colonial history of Palestine.Although it may seem easy to condemn Israel as a colonial oppressor, their perspective must also be considered. Thequick withdrawal of the British left the Jewish population surrounded by a hostile Arab population that had, after yearsof pent up anger and frustration, declared their intention to push out the Jews. Through a series of wars, the Jewishnation was able to establish a homeland for its people. To most Israelis, security meant survival. More importantly, theBritish Mandate government was the instigator of the conflict between Arabs and Jews. Failed policies and multiplemissed chances at reconciliation led to the festering of emotions that underscored the conflict. The British also firstintroduced martial law into the region and used as a weapon against the Arabs.Palestine’s problems in this sense are not merely a battle between two opposing groups, but rather a culmination ofcolonial mismanagement. Consequently, I venture to suggest that our view of the Palestinian-Israeli Conflict needsto be reframed as an inheritance of its colonial past. To maintain their colonial ambitions, Britain used martial lawto legitimate the use of force. The State of Israel’s continuing use of martial law can be seen as the protraction ofcolonialism in Palestine. However, the origin of martial law and other methods of control used by Israel lend credenceto the idea that the main cause of the conflict lies in Palestine’s colonial past. Through these lenses, one can argue thatthe Israelis and Palestinians are merely actors, perhaps even victims, of a history that they could not control.VOL 2 / FALL 2016 28

RESEARCH Nhat-Dang Do Nhat-Dang Do is currently a Senate Fellow working for State Senator Marty Block in Sacramento. He graduated Magna Cum Laude from Earl Warren College at UC San Diego with High/Highest Honors in Political Science and History of the Near East. After his fellowship, he will be pursuing a PhD in Political Science at UC San Diego. When he is not joking around or laughing with friends, Dang likes to watch baseball, read, and box. He loves to explore cities and go on adventurous trips. His life’s mantra is “Do or do not. There is no try”. Q: What motivated you to get involved in the field of research? A : I am motivated by the allure of creating new knowledge. There’s always something novel to discover in every research project, whether it be a new perspective or an earth-shattering new discovery. The chance to be the person to find and expose something new is intoxicating. It is what keeps me going during the tedious parts of the research process. Q: What do you enjoy about doing research? A : I enjoy the process of research, from the initial exploratory reading to the final analysis of the project. There is something adventurous about the process of research. For me, I feel as though I am a detective or an investigator looking for clues to solve a problem. I even love the frustrating and ragged moments. They make the eventual “AH-HA!” moment much sweeter. Q: What is your typical day like? A : I currently work for the State Senate as a Legislative Aid, so there is really not a “typical day”. Depending on the tempo of the week, I can be working on the Senate Floor, drafting bills, meeting with stakeholders, writing letters, and staffing committee hearings. I love that I do not have a “typical” day. Q: How do you define research? A : Research, to me, means the act of finding new knowledge. Research is the tool to uncovering new truths about our society, world, and even universe. Q: What is a book/podcast/show that you would recommend? A : This is a hard question. I have a lot of favorite books. Right now I am reading The Emperor of Maladies by Siddhartha Mukherjee. It is a book on the history of cancer, which is a mixture of science and history. Aside from that, you should read anything by John Steinbeck or Ernest Hemingway. Q: How does the theme of “exponential growth” relate to you? A : I love this theme. The idea of “exponential growth” is so true to research and, as an extension, to life. As people, we are always trying to be better and to know more. This is reflected in the “exponential growth” of our collective knowledge, and the vast amount of research that we have completed. It speaks to the ingenuity and unique character of our species. Personally, I am always trying to grow in every aspect of my life whether it be in relationships or knowledge. References 1. Cleveland, W. L., & Clevel, W. L. (2004). A history of the modern middle east (3rd ed.). United States: Westview Press. 2. Declaration of Martial Law (Defence) Order in Council, CO 323/1605/6; CO 323/1506/6 National Archives, Kew, UK § Part II, Section 6, Subsection 2, Article B, point iii. (1937) 3. Dill, J. G. (1936). Letter to Cabinet. , National Archives, Kew, UK. 4. Dobbie, B., & Caswall Tremenhere Dowding, V. M. Interview with Brigadier Dobbie and Vice Marshal Caswall Tremenhere Dowding. November 6, 1929. CO 967/91. Interview by S. Commission. National Archives, Kew, UK. 5. Ettner-Levkovitz, G. (1999). The Jewish state--a century later. By Alan Dowty. Berkeley, Calif.: University of California press, 1998. 337 pp. $35.00. Journal of Church and State, 41(2), 98. doi:10.1093/jcs/41.2.377 6. Families Under the Rubble - Israeli Attacks on Inhabited Homes. (2014, November 5). Retrieved January 20, 2015, from http://www.amnestyusa.org/research/reports/families-under-the-rubble- israeliattacks-on-inhabited-homes-0 7. Geneva: League of Nationas. Point 9, Article 22 of the Covenant§ (1945) 8. Hughes, M. (2010). From law and order to Pacification: Britain’s suppression of the Arab revolt in Palestine, 1936–39. Journal of Palestine Studies, 39(2), 148–149. doi:10.1525/jps.2010.xxxix.2.17 9. Kohn, M. (2012, April 10). Colonialism. Retrieved November 20, 2014, from http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/colonialism/ 10. Lewis, R. (2015, January 24). UN slams Israel’s demolition of Palestinian homes. Retrieved February 2015, from Al Jazeera America, http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2015/1/24/un-israel.html 11. Mavrogardato, A. S. Interview with Arthur Stephen Mavrogardato. November 1929. CO 967/91. Interview by S. Commission. National Archives, Kew, UK. 12. Meekings, K. (2012, October 3). Martial law on the west bank: Discrimination in action. Retrieved October 20, 2014, from http://www.caabu.org/news/blog/martial-law-west-bank-discrimination- action 13. Osterhammel, J., & Frisch, S. L. (1997). Colonialism: A theoretical overview /Jürgen Osterhammel ; translated from German by Shelley L. Frisch (3rd ed.). Kingston: Markus Wiener Publishers [u.a.]. 14. Pedersen, S. (2006). The meaning of the mandates system: An argument. Geschichte und Gesellschaft. doi:10.2307/40186249 15. Proclamation of Martial Law\ § ADM 116/3036 (1936) 16. Rutenberg, P. Interview of Mr. Pineas Rutenberg. November 1, 1929 CO 967/91. Interview by S. Commission. National Archives, Kew, UK. 17. Smuts, J. (1977). Selections from the Smuts papers, Vols. I-IV. Edited by Hancock W. K. And van der Poel Jean. 1966; Vols. V-VII. American Political Science Review, 71(01), 21–27. doi:10.1017/ s0003055400259583 18. The Daily Herald. (1938). CO 733/379/9, National Archives, Kew, UK. 19. The Mandate System: Origins, Principles, Application, (1945) 20. Weill, S. (2007). The judicial arm of the occupation: The Israeli military courts in the occupied territories. International Review of the Red Cross, 89(419-419), . doi:10.1017/s181638310700114229 EQUILIBRIUM

PROFESSORSPOTLIGHTProvost Emeritus Steven Adler Dr. David Serlin Dr. Susan Narucki Dr. Seth Cohen

PROFESSOR SPOTLIGHTSSteven Adler, Warren Provost EmeritusDepartment of Theatre and Dance Provost Adler serves as chief executive officer of Warren College and has oversight of the college curriculum development, budgets, advising, student affairs, residential life, the college’s writing program, the interdisciplinary minors, and other aspects of college life. He provides leadership for the college within both UC San Diego as well as the community. As a professor in the theatre and dance department, Provost Adler created the graduate program in stage management in 1987 which is considered one of the finest programs in the nation.Passion for Theatre was also the chair of the theater department at UC San Diego. At that time, I had never been to San Diego. I was vaguely awareIn his college years, Provost Adler attended University of Buffalo, of the fact that there was the University of California here andwhere he intended to pursue a bachelor’s degree in U.S. History that was it. And Richard was interested in my services andand eventually apply to medical school. In his freshman year, so was the department. They flew me out of here [to UCSD]however, he enrolled in a college acting course that would alter where I spent a couple of days interviewing. It had been a latehis vision for his future career goals. The experience from that miserable winter in New York and it was early April when I cameclass sparked a drive towards the realm of acting, theatre, and out here. I spent a spectacular couple of days in La Jolla. It wasstage production. 75 degrees, sunny, gorgeous, and I thought, “… Well I could do this.” But it was a big, open-ended question. Will this work? WillWhat part of acting captured your interest? I like it? Will I succeed? I knew nobody here. So it was really just uprooting and moving from New York to California to see“It’s the opportunity to play.” If you explore the essential meaning if it would work.”of the word “play,” it’s imagination run free. Of course, in theatreit’s usually imagination run free relative to the constraints of What was your role in the theater graduatethe text, but with a chance to create different worlds, inhabit program?different worlds, and explore your own self through differentcharacters. I found that to be a fascinating exercise. However, “On the graduate level in theater and dance, we have variousI’m not an actor; I discovered that earlier on, but I still did a fair disciplinary areas. And students have to apply to very specificamount of acting even though I chose to pursue directing and disciplines. I came here to set up a graduate problem (MFA),stage management.” which is a terminal degree, in stage management. After completing graduate school, I had spent 10 years working in theWestbound: UC San Diego theater, mostly New York and mostly as a stage manager. So I was brought here to start a graduate program of stage-managing,After graduation, Provost Adler attended Penn State University although I also taught frequently in the undergraduatefor his MFA in directing, and then moved to his hometown, New program, creating new classes in the history of directing,York City, to begin a life in the professional theatre. He worked history of musical theatre, the films of Woody Allen, and otheron various productions Off-Broadway, on national tours, and on courses. I also had many opportunities to direct both graduateBroadway itself. In the mid-1980s, he was a stage manager on and undergraduate students in departmental productions anda Broadway show called Big River, which won the Tony Award stage manage many shows at La Jolla Playhouse.”for Best Musical in 1985. During that time, he started to considertransitioning into academia and began to seek for academic Becoming Provostpositions at universities. After visits and interviews at UC SanDiego, he was invited to take join the faculty and create the stage After 17 years on the faculty, with main focus on teaching atmanagement graduate program (MFA). the graduate level, Provost Adler was ready to offer a different form of contribution to the university. He “tossed his hat in theHow did you become a professor at UCSD? ring” and applied to become Warren Provost, which he saw as an exciting change and an opportunity to make positive impacts on“It was time to think about a career in academia, which was undergraduate life.something that was always very attractive to me from myundergraduate and graduate years, where I did a fair amountof teaching. The lighting designer of Big River, Richard Riddell,31 EQUILIBRIUM

PROFESSOR SPOTLIGHTSHow did you become a Provost? How do we define knowledge? Is it hard and fast or ephemeral and in the moment? If you create a once-only theatrical“I was contacted by then-Associate Vice Chancellor Mark experience that’s improvisational and not scripted and itAppelbaum and asked if I would be interested. I took some time happens in three dimensions in the moment and then is goneto think about it and then I realized this might be something and never created again, is that new knowledge? Well, it’s hardthat I could succeed at and offer another sort of contribution to put a neat fencing around that acreage and say “Okay, in hereto the university. By that time, I was deriving great joy from lies research”. I think you have to constantly shift and move theworking with the undergrads in the theatre department. I fences. But I think research is the creation of new knowledgesaid sure, I’ll toss my hat into the ring. And I went through the and new experience in some fashion. I think we have to broadlyprocess and lo and behold I was offered the position, which I define research as being applicable to any discipline that findswas shocked at. Pleasantly shocked but shocked nonetheless.” its home in a major university like UC San Diego. So it applies to the arts as well as it does in the bench sciences. And it canWhat is the day-to-day like as a Provost? result in publication or it can result in physical presence, in performance, in installation, in the gallery, in the concert hall.“As Provost you deal with everything in the college. Not to the I think that all fits under the broadest and most appropriatesame degree and not on any given day, but we have oversight definition of academic research.”of all of the elements in the college, from writing programs tothe academic programs to the academic internship program Last Thoughtsto student affairs to academic advising to reslife. And my dayinvolves a lot of meetings with faculty, staff, and students. Do you have any general advice for undergraduateStudents are the best part of it typically.” students?Research Involvements “I think it’s important for undergrads to stay as open as possible to a variety of experiences both inside and outside the classroom.Provost Adler’s current research interest focuses on theatrical I think serendipity is one of the most important ingredients ininstitutions, their evolution, and relevant artistic and economic the recipe for undergraduate happiness and success. It’s reallyforces that influence their development. Institutions could refer important to stay open to unexpected possibilities as well as theto specific organizations, such as the La Jolla Play House or to ones you are looking for or planning on because things happenlarger networks of organizations, such as Broadway. His first that you might not expect. Wonderful things may happen but ifbook was about the Royal Shakespeare Company and his second you don’t stay open to them, you might not realize that they’vebook about the forces that shape Broadway theatre. In fact, he occurred. I would encourage undergraduates, regardless ofis writing a book about the La Jolla Playhouse, whose history is parental or other influences, to think about undergraduate“inextricably linked with UC San Diego.” education as education in the broadest sense possible. And I don’t believe that the primary purpose of college is to prepareWhat is the topic of your research and what does you for a career. That’s a wonderful thing if it happens and to whatever degree it happens. But the primary purpose ofit entail? undergraduate education, at least at a school that has some foundation in the liberal arts, is that you learn about yourself“I’m doing more typical scholarship because I’m writing a relative to your interests and the world around you and figurebook. I like to work from primary sources most typically, but out ways that you want to grow and contribute. And if you focusI will work with archival resources as well. I also love doing so singularly on job and career or graduate and professionalinterviews. My two books, my two book chapters, and this school and working the system, none of which is unimportant,new La Jolla Playhouse project have involved and will involve but if that becomes the sole passion or focus, I think you’rea fair and hefty amount of primary research, which in this case diminishing the opportunity for a meaningful experience. Andinvolves interviewing a lot of people. So it’s a more typically again it’s not just the ‘taking a walk at the cliff during sunsetdefined scholarship in terms of research and writing-- looking at Blacks Beach’ kind of experience, which is great, of course,stuff up, asking questions, and writing. For me, the topics I think that college has the potential to be so much more thanare most typically theatrical institutions and the evolution just job training.”of those institutions. And by institutions I could mean asingle organization or a more broadly defined institution likeBroadway. I ask How do they work? How do they evolve? Whatare the artistic and economic and larger cultural forces thathave formed those institutions and have created evolutionarychanges in those institutions?”How would you define research?“Research is the creation of new knowledge in some fashion.VOL 2 / FALL 2016 32

PROFESSOR SPOTLIGHTSDavid Serlin, Associate ProfessorDepartment of Communication Dr. David Serlin is an associate professor in the Department of Communication and an affiliated faculty member in the programs in Science Studies, Critical Gender Studies, and the Interdisciplinary Group in Cognitive Science. His research focuses on the history of science and technology as informed by areas such as disability studies, urban studies, gender and sexuality studies, and queer theory. Before he came to UC San Diego in 2004, Dr. Serlin was an assistant professor at Bard College and a postdoctoral fellow at the National Institute of Health. He is currently completing his next book, Window Shopping with Helen Keller: Architecture and Disability in Modern Culture, which examines howpeople with disabilities like Helen Keller experience the world via senses like touch and smell, contrary totypical human interactions that rely on sight and hearing. In his leisure time, Dr. Serlin enjoys collecting vinylrecords and taking photographs. Background shopping is that she and her companion, Polly Thompson, are communicating into each others’ hands a specially developedCan you tell us a bit about yourself? form of sign language while Thompson describes what’s in the window to her. This sign language was the primary way that“I am a historian by training, but I am a professor in the Keller facilitated daily communication with people. And in theDepartment of Communication at UC San Diego because of its photograph Helen’s got a big smile on her face, so you knowreputation as one of the world’s most innovative departments Polly is telling her that there’s a pretty hat or a pretty dressof its kind. It’s not a typical “communications” department in the window! In her diaries Keller describes walking throughat all. That’s why someone like me, who is a historian, would Paris and smelling perfume and tobacco in the air, or going intowant to join the department. Before I came to UC San Diego a shop and feeling the fabric of a dress, or standing on a trainin 2004, I was an assistant professor of history at Bard College. platform and feeling the vibrations of the train.Before that, I held a postdoctoral fellowship at the NationalInstitute of Health. I came to UC San Diego because I wanted While my book is not exclusively about Keller, it does featureto join a department that was doing really interesting and her as a primary example for talking about the ways that peopleprovocative projects, and which was asking its students to with disabilities experience urban culture and architecturalthink about communication in a broad, interdisciplinary way. spaces. Keller was blind and deaf but she was engaged in just asOur department doesn’t just look at public speaking, rhetoric, many interesting sensory experiences with the world as peopleor things that are typical of communication; our faculty and who are sighted or hearing. So ultimately this is not a bookstudents study relationships between people and media forms as about what people can do despite their disabilities but is in factwell as aspects of political and social difference, such as people what they can do because of their disabilities. That’s what mywith disabilities or neurodiverse ways of communicating. We’re current project is.”interested in communication in the broadest sense possible.That’s why I came here.” Queer theoryWhat does your current project entail? Can you talk about the queer theory and your research contribution?“The book I’m finishing right now is called Window Shoppingwith Helen Keller: Architecture and Disability in Modern Culture. “When I was a graduate student, in the early 1990s, the fieldIt features five case studies that examine how people with that is now known as queer theory or queer studies was justdisabilities interact with the spaces they inhabit; in particular, beginning to emerge. Queer theory came about in reaction tohow they interact with architecture, both in big cities and the field of lesbian and gay studies, the precursor to what atwell as in their homes. The title comes from a photograph UC San Diego and other universities is called LGBTQ studies.I found of Helen Keller window-shopping on the Champs- Largely as a result of the women’s liberation movement and theÉlysées, a famous street in Paris, in 1937. Typically, people think gay and lesbian pride movements of the late 1960s and earlyof someone like Keller, who was blind and deaf, as unable to 1970s, being a gay man or lesbian was thought to involve aenjoy the “sights” of a city like Paris. But the way she’s window-33 EQUILIBRIUM

PROFESSOR SPOTLIGHTScertain way of being in the world that was qualitatively different have streamlined procedures for same-sex couples that wantthan being a straight man or straight woman: a way of seeing to adopt children. While some conservatives may be opposed tothings, a set of sexual practices, a community and culture. In these changes, a large majority of Americans believe that thesethe 1980s, there were many scholars of gender and sexuality are signs of progress. As a result, we are often led to extrapolatewho were interested in challenging the idea that people were that the world is becoming more open, more positive, and moreeither gay or straight. And by the late 1980s, especially following inclusive.the AIDS crisis in those years, there were some scholars whoposed the questions: what if the labels “gay” or “straight” Yet in recent years there have been numerous challenges todoesn’t necessarily define your sexuality or gender? What if these forms of progress and inclusion. Earlier this year, foryou’re someone who’s attracted to people not based on their instance, North Carolina passed its the House Bill 2, whichgender or sexual orientation but because of some other kind of not only eliminated all protections for LGBT people but it alsoconnection you have to them? passed the infamous laws about bathrooms. This means if you identify as the gender that is opposite to or different from theQueer theorists began to argue that perhaps it’s too simple to biological sex on your birth certificate you are prohibited by lawsay that sexuality or gender or identity is either this or that, or from using the bathroom of the gender with which you newlythat it mean this or that, and the way they chose to do this is to identify. North Carolina is not alone in its bathroom policy.appropriate the word “queer,” which for much of the twentiethcentury was used by straight people to demean people that we For several years, conservatives have been stirring the pot bywould think of as gay or lesbian. It was a very negative word, propagating the fantasy that male psychopaths dressed in dragand still feels negative for some; but among queer theorists it will haunt toilets and rape little girls and women, even thoughbecame a badge of critical engagement and cultural activism. there’s not a single shred of evidence of this. The idea that a trans person would use bathroom rights as a clever ruse to rapeOver time, queer theory has became a useful tool for talking and hurt people is such a fantasy of some person’s idea of whatabout concepts beyond those of gender or sexuality, and you’ll it means to be a trans person that it would be laughable if itfind elements of queer theory deployed in sociology, political weren’t so depressing. Only nineteen states plus the Districtscience, education, literary studies, philosophy, economics, of Columbia have anti-discrimination legislation on record toeven in the STEM fields. For instance, until very recently, a protect LGBT people. That means thirty-one states have lawsgovernment census would ask people to define their racial or on their books that stipulate LGBT people are not entitled toethnic background within very narrow parameters. Censuses protections in education, employment, housing—protectionsare modern inventions, developed by statisticians and to which every other American is entitled. These kinds ofbureaucrats who had very particular ways of dividing up the statistics are a reminder that just because there are certainworld into racial and ethnic categories. But these categories forms of progress – marriage equality, representations of LGBTdon’t really reflect the way that people think about themselves characters on TV and film – doesn’t mean that the goals of thein the twenty-first century. Of course, they probably didn’t civil rights movement, or the promise of the Constitution, hasfit the way people thought about themselves a hundred years been fulfilled.”ago, either. In any case, there are a lot of people who look atcategories on the page of a census and do not see themselves Extracurricularreflected, or they feel as if they fit between multiple categories.So queer theory, which was developed to talk about the problem What are some hobbies that you have?of using binaries to talk about sexuality or gender, could beapplied to the problem of using outdated categories to talk “I am a big vinyl record junkie. I’ve never sold or gotten rid of aabout ourselves, whether on the census or in daily life.” record since I first started collecting records when I was 13, and now I’m 48… so you do the math! I have about five thousand LPsViews on LGBT Community and 45s, even though like everyone else I have also succumbed to listening to digital files for the sake of convenience. If I’mHow do you envision societal views of the LGBT going to Berlin, or Stockholm, or Denver to give a talk or attendcommunity changing in the future? a conference, you better believe I’m going to try my best to add on a couple of days to go record shopping. I also like taking“One thing that’s clear is that just because the LGBT community photographs—not professionally, but photos with my iPhone ashas achieved certain successes doesn’t mean that other forms well as with old cameras, like the Soviet-era Lomo. Wheneverof discrimination and violence are not taking place. Last year I’m traveling, I try as best as I can to combine work withthe Supreme Court decision made same-sex marriages legal; pleasure. If you’re going to a different part of the world for workearlier it supported a decision to make it possible for openly and you can’t tack on even a day just to experience somethingLGBT people to serve in the armed forces. Many states now new, then you’re really missing out.”VOL 2 / FALL 2016 34

PROFESSOR SPOTLIGHTSSusan Narucki, ProfessorDepartment of Music American soprano Susan Narucki was appointed Professor of Music at the University of San Diego, California in 2008. She was previously a guest faculty member at Yale University. As a soloist, Susan Narucki has performed over 100 world premieres in opera, concert, and recordings. Professor Narucki has earned a Grammy Award and a Cannes awards and as well as a Grammy nomination for Best Classical Vocalist for her performance on Elliot Carter’s Tempo e Tempi. At UC San Diego, Professor Narucki continues to lend her time, expertise, and voice to projects that touch on important humanitarian issues.Background arts, and drama. Sometimes we engage in the performance of preexisting musical genres, like you would find in early erasHow would you describe your musical background of classical music. But we develop them and re-contextualizegrowing up? What influences motivated you to them.keep singing? In the department of music we encourage people to engage“I have a very unusual background for a classical musician. I am with the process of performing new music. Sometimes wefrom a working class family and am the first person in my family mentor students who are interested in the intersection of musicto have completed college. No one listened to classical music and society; that is one of my research interests. Students whoin my family. I sang when I was a child, mostly in folk and jazz. may have a foundation in traditional music learn how to relateI didn’t know very much about classical music until I started what they do to contemporary audiences. The other thing thatcollege. At the age of 19, I decided to become a singer. It’s one students do is they think about the act of performance itselfof the few instruments you can begin relatively late, with some and how it relates to different movements in society: to politics,chance of success. to different aesthetic fields, and sometimes to technology.”When I first heard classical singing I thought that there was What do you think is the purpose of music andnothing in the world that was more beautiful. I knew I wanted to musical research?pursue it, I fell in love with it. And in many ways I still am. To theoutside world, it may not seem to be a practical thing to do with “Music is a living language. Language, art, and politics reflectyour life, but I was willing to do whatever it took to succeed. the time we live in. That’s what’s interesting to me about music. If you unhook music from the idea that it has to be beautiful inI toured professionally for 27 years, singing on the world’s great an ornamental way, there’s so much you could learn.stages in opera, with orchestras and in concert. I was asked toteach from time to time and was invited to Yale for summer When the music of Mozart, Bach and Haydn was first played,programs that they offered. But I was a professional performer, it was thrilling. It wasn’t just pretty - it was earth shattering.that’s what I did. The opportunity to come to UC San Diego It was compelling, interesting and revolutionary. Think aboutcame up in 2008. I was very excited; UC San Diego has a world- the impact of hearing Beethoven’s Ninth Symphony for therenowned program in contemporary music performance, first time. That’s incredible. Today, there is a wealth of musicwhich is my field of research. I was delighted to join the faculty.” available on recordings. We hear it over and over again. We get to know it like a child knows a fairy tale. In that way music losesResearch and Music immediacy. Personally, I enjoy engaging in music that asks a lot of questions about the time we live in. The score invites us intoHow do you define research for a student in the imagine other means of musical expression.department of music, or for anybody in music? Musicians like me engage with symbols on the page. We “read”“I’m a professor in the performance area in the department of music. We imagine what it sounds like. We try to uncover themusic. We work primarily on the music of our time - that means beauty, architecture and passion of the piece. It’s a fascinatingclassical music written in the 20th and 21st century. These are process.”pieces of music being developed that incorporate new ideas,and that sometimes incorporate new forms of technology, visual35 EQUILIBRIUM

PROFESSOR SPOTLIGHTSGlobal Performances Chicks and women censorship. It’s important to emphasize the achievement of all women, women of color, underrepresentedYou have traveled the world as a world performer. women. Women have made a huge impact in the world. ThroughDo you have a specific stage that you think was this class and similar courses, I’m making sure that their storiesthe most memorable? are heard and remembered.”“Well, I have a few things that are interesting to me. I would Last Thoughtsspeak first about the project that is most recent for me, aproject that I commissioned and produced in 2013, it’s called Do you have any general advice forCuatro Corridos. It’s a chamber opera piece that deals with undergraduate students?the issue of human trafficking along the US-Mexican border.So, it again reflects my interest in bringing the music of our “I would say, take the time to find out what you really love.time and critical societal issues. This work brought together You’re willing to work hard if you love what you do. I know thatfour composers, two from Mexico and two from the US. It’s an students are worried about finances and that’s a legitimatehour-long piece that tells the story of four women, who were concern. On the other hand, having a life that you createtrafficked across the border, and it’s based on true events in the because you’re passionate about something – it’s a kind ofSan Diego-Tijuana region. I am very proud of this piece. It has wealth you get from that life that you wouldn’t get from merelyhad impact and started discussions. We have performed it 13 making money.times in the US and Mexico in three years. That is unusual fora new opera. And the other thing I would say is to spend time looking around and doing new things. There’s so much on this campusThe performance that I’m most proud of is the one we did in that’s happening in the arts and the humanities. Just theGuadalajara, at the 2015 Guadalajara Book fair, the largest physical beauty of this campus is remarkable; it’s such a richSpanish book fair in the world. We were an invited as a special environment. Try something new. Go hear a concert of stuffevent and there were almost 1000 people in attendance. you never imagined, that you think you might not like. Give it aNow that’s great, but the most important thing is that people shot. This is a time in your life to explore new things.”stayed afterward because they wanted to talk about theperformance and about 250 people stayed for an hour to have The theme for our journal this year isa substantive conversation about the opera and the subject “Exponential Growth”, any thoughts on this?we were addressing. I’ve sung in Carnegie Hall, I’ve sung withgreat conductors…but to me, to see the impact of music and “I do believe that the things we do in life touch people in wayssociety in that way, that to me was one of the most memorable that we will never know. We can’t predict how our actions willmoments of my life. change the lives of people that we encounter. We can’t predict how engaging with the arts might set our lives on differentBut I’ve sung with Levine, Solomon, the Los Angeles paths, all leading to a type of growth that might be significant inphilharmonic, I’ve sung in Europe in Vienna with great ways that we cannot measure.”musicians. It’s incredible privilege to make music with suchtalented people. I am very grateful for that.”TeachingWhat undergraduate and graduate-level coursesdo you teach at UC San Diego?“I teach graduate-level courses in contemporary chamberopera, in performance. I’ve taught graduate seminars that askbig questions about the development of chamber opera andvocal music in general. But I also teach a large, undergraduatemusic class called “Great Women of Song.” This is a popularclass; it explores music of all genres through the prism of greatwomen singers. Sometimes, we look at important historicalmovements. For example, we tell the story of Marian Andersonwho sang on the steps of Lincoln Memorial in 1939. She wasdenied access to a Washington concert hall, so instead shesang in an open-air concert. We also talk about the DixieVOL 2 / FALL 2016 36

PROFESSOR SPOTLIGHTSSeth Cohen, ProfessorDepartment of Chemistry and Biochemistry Professor Cohen is a Chemistry and Biochemistry professor and served as the chair of the department from 2012 to 2015. He pursued a double major in chemistry and political science at Stanford, after which he went to UC Berkeley for graduate school and completed his thesis on Gadolinium Complexes for Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Current projects in his lab include studying metalloprotein inhibitors and metal-organic frameworks. Other than being a professor, he has also served as co- founder of two startup biotechnology companies.Background my first few years. It also wasn’t going very well, so the lab was really a struggle. It was the seminars that really captured myCould you tell us about your background and your attention. There, you can learn about research really fast. In anpathway to UC San Diego? hour, you could learn about different fields of chemistry pretty well. That started to excite me as I learned about other types of“I grew up at Los Angeles and went to high school there. Then research I really liked. Those seminars really kept me in it, untilI went to Stanford for my undergraduate education from 1990 my research started to take off. Then once my research wasto 1994, where I was a double major in chemistry and political working, then I got excited.”science. I was not sure what I wanted to do for myself aftercollege, so I applied to graduate school all over the country. How did you get acclimated to the idea thatThe decided to attend U.C. Berkeley. I finished my PhD there research was on such a miniscule level, “littleand then I took a little break for a few months. I graduated parts of the puzzle” as you mentioned?in december of 1998 and then in February 1999 I started mypostdoc at MIT. I applied for jobs and ended up at U.C. San “Part of it was contextualization. I didn’t really understand whoDiego, starting in July 2001 and I’ve been here ever since.” would care about this one little feature of this experiment or this system. But once things started working, that helped meResearch put it in context more. My PhD advisor was very hands-off. We were very good friends, but once he gave me the project heWhat motivated you to go into research? largely left it to me to do what I wanted. Once things started working, those were my ideas. They were ideas I had conceived“I did a lot of undergraduate research, but wasn’t that into and executed on. So that sense of accomplishment andit. I did a summer program at JPL, where I worked for an independence, solving a problem that other people hadn’t beenastronomer. I loved science as a kid, but I liked science as able to solve, that definitely motivated me. It’s still what I likeyou saw on television, like nova, national geographic, and about research today. It’s probably why I am a synthetic chemist.these big picture things. And so when I got into the lab, I was I like to make new things that people haven’t thought of before.really disillusioned because it was so nuanced to look at these For me, it’s very creative trying to think about problems in newlittle parts of the puzzle. I wasn’t really excited about it and I ways. You come up with an idea and you see it come to fruition,wasn’t every good at it either. I struggled at almost every lab that’s really gratifying.”I worked in. When I got to grad school, I didn’t know what Iwas getting into even though I worked in a research lab all Q: What’s your PhD thesis on?my undergraduate career. I thought I’m going to go there, I’mgoing to work really hard, and if I don’t like it, I was going to “It was predominantly on Gadolinium complexes for Magneticleave with a master’s right away. So If I don’t like labs, don’t like Resonance Imaging. If you go get an MRI, sometimes they giveresearch, or if the social life is terrible, I’m not going to stick you a Gadolinium Complex to help improve imaging. My PhDaround. When I got to Berkeley, the first hurdle I overcame was advisor was interested in working on new molecules that couldthe social part, actually. At Berkeley, my incoming class was do that better, that’s what my thesis is about. I actually got moreawesome, I had lots of good friends and a good social life. And publications from my side project, which isn’t in my thesis. Myafter a couple of years, the thing that made me most interested side project was on small molecules that bacteria produce toin research were the seminars. Even though I liked my ownresearch, I was still new to it and didn’t understand it as well37 EQUILIBRIUM

PROFESSOR SPOTLIGHTSacquire iron from their environment, which they need as an perspective. The motivation was actually going back to myessential nutrient. They’re called siderophores. It’s actually graduate work, the MRI imaging agents. Just by pure accident,related to the MRI project, because the small molecules that the that led us to a new area of chemistry that wasn’t related to MRIbacteria produce to bind iron can be used as idea generators imaging at all. The process of postsynthetic modification is afor how to produce small molecules that bind Gadolinium to way of making a new material and giving it new properties thatuse in medicine. So they were related, but none of the work expand its usefulness. We developed a lot of the ideas, rules,on the siderophores appeared on my thesis. Near the very guidelines, and characterizations you needed in order to treatend of my thesis, a postdoc from Switzerland who joined the these materials, change their properties, and show that you hadgroup was interested in the luminescence of lanthanides. The changed them in the way you wanted. My first paper on it waslanthanides are good for magnetic resonance imaging but published in 2007 and we’ve been working solidly on the topicalso for luminescence imaging. So they can emit light when ever since. Those projects had a very big impact scientifically.irradiated properly. The last part of my thesis was shifted My mostly highly-cited papers are on that subject.”a little from looking at MRI imaging to fluorescence imagingwith lanthanides as well. So basically, I made molecules to bind Last Thoughtsmetals and studied them.” Do you have any advice for undergraduateResearch Applications students?What are some applications of your research? “First and foremost enjoy yourself. College should be four of the best years of your life. You’re at a great university, with great“Ultimately, my PhD advisor and the postdoc I was working with faculty, great campus, and great resources. You’re in a beautifulstarted a company called Lumiphore. They make derivatives part of the world where you can do whatever you want, prettyof those molecules I originally made and sell them to other much 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. Enjoy yourself, enjoy yourcompanies that make assays. Those companies have figured environment, make friends, and get to know people. In terms ofout how to make the antibody that will bind what to it needs future prospects, I have 3 simple rules:in order to detect antigen or drug. To make their assays betterand more efficient, they’ve taken these molecules and attached 1) Try to figure what you love and pursue that. Hopefully youthem to their assays.” can find something where your passions and your abilities align. And try to be open minded. That’s why I was a doubleWhat is one of your most rewarding experience? major. I didn’t know what I wanted to do. My parents pushed me more toward science, my friends pushed me more toward“I’ve been involved in the founding of two biotech companies, the humanities, so I did both.one in San Francisco and one here in San Diego. It has beenexciting to see the acceptance of the new ideas that we brought 2) Try to get to know a couple of faculty well. Whether that’sand championed in the field of drug development. Initially, working in an lab, or even just being an assistant or beingpeople were sort of skeptical about at, but recently, people in an organization where you might get to know somoneare taking a second look. Some are trying to commercialize it like Provost Adler or Roxworthy. I think it’s good becausework towards making it a successful drug. That has been really establishing a rapport with someone is good for getting a lettergratifying. It is always rewarding to see an acceptance of an idea of recommendation. One that’s more than just “they took mythat you’ve championed. class and got an A”.Another rewarding accomplishment is our work on 3) At the end of the day, I still think it’s where the rubber meetspostsynthetic modification of metal-organic frameworks. The the road. Get the best grades you can. Being a good student is,other half of my lab works on materials chemistry, focusing on in my opinion, always helpful. And that’s from someone who dida class of materials called metal organic frameworks. They are not have the best grades coming out of college. I had a prettysolid materials like powders or crystals that have both organic mediocre GPA, but you learn the value of that, especially incomponents and inorganic components. You can think of them college. High GPA opens more doors. But do learn the material.”as jungle gyms with a lattice-type structure. I had workedon them a little bit when I first started at UC San Diego. Wehad published a lot of papers but it wasn’t anything hugelyimpactful. When I got tenure here in 2007, I had 3 ongoingprojects in the lab. One of them was on materials science. Ithought it was interesting, but not that interesting. So I tooksome time to reinvent it and try to look at the field in a differentVOL 2 / FALL 2016 38

FEATURED ARTICLESAn Unforeseen Phenomenon ‘Smart Dust’ Balance in the Distribution of Federal Research Funding

FEATURED ARTICLESAn Unforeseen Phenomenon ‘Smart Dust’ By Victoria ThaiA breakthrough in science and technology all began with an Jamie Link has received awards and prizes for her discovery. Inunexpected event in the lab that led to the discovery of a useful October 2003, she won the $50,000 grand prize in the Collegiatedevice. Jamie Link, an eager and passionate Graduate student, Inventors Competition in New York City for her tiny siliconcame upon the discovery of ‘smart dust’ - “miniscule, low- chips. The following year, in 2004, she was identified as one of thepowered devices that are used for sensing, computing, and wireless 100 world’s top young innovators by MIT’s Technology Reviewcommunication” - when something unpredictable occurred while magazine. She would not have been able to come across thisshe was conducting research. discovery if she did not pursue her passion nor became involved in research at UCSD with Michael Sailor.Jamie Link was born in Greensboro, North Carolina. She attendedPrinceton to earn her undergraduate degree in chemistry and Link’s innovation of the ‘smart dust’ demonstrates how valuablegraduated in 2000. Link is an outdoor enthusiast and has a passion unpredictable events can happen while conducting research. Newfor applying knowledge to practice. These characteristics and her discoveries are not impossible to achieve. It is a matter of puttinglab group drew her to California where she attended University ourselves out there and being active in research areas that we areof California San Diego (UCSD) for graduate school. She was passionate about. In the case with Jamie Link, she was pursuingattracted to UCSD’s efforts towards homeland defense and while a passion she had and ended up having a breakthrough with herat UCSD, she sought an opportunity to work with Michael Sailor, a ‘smart dust’ silicon chips that could potentially have a significantprofessor at the university, who has an interdisciplinary approach impact in our world. Taking part in research is exciting and anand interest in trying to find real-world applications for porous extraordinary experience. While research may lead to awardssilicon sensors. and globally impactful discoveries, being in research allows you to be in a position where you can make valuable discoveries. TheThe development of the ‘smart dust’ was a result of an unforeseen ability to contribute scientific knowledge is worthwhile in and ofphenomenon that occurred while Link was conducting research. itself. The first step to take to get involved in research is to takeWhile Link was constructing a thin multi-layer film of porous the initiative to find a laboratory you are passionate about andsilicon, the film unexpectedly broke. However, even though the pursue it. It is a unique experience that is worth seeking!film was in pieces, Link observed that the functional componentwas unhindered. This discovery allowed her and her researchteam to develop various micron-sized chips with differentpurposes, which became known as ‘smart dust’. The ‘smart dust’can be engineered to fluoresce different colors depending on thetarget substance it binds to. For instance, the ‘smart dust’ canbe programmed to detect a specific substance, such as a toxicpollutant. When the sensors identify the toxin, it congregates andfluoresces a certain color to indicate the location of the toxin. Thisinvention has been widely used in research, medical laboratoriesand environmental applications.References1. Lieberman, B. (2004, September 20). MIT honors young UCSD scientists. Retrieved January 4, 2016, from http://legacy.sandiegouniontribune.com/news/metro/20040920-9999- 1m20mit.html2. Link, J. (2004, November 6). Smart Dust. Retrieved January 4, 2016, from http://www.sciencemag.org/careers/2004/11/smart-dust3. Mueller, P. (2004, October 25). Student Chemist Jamie Link Develops Formula for Early Success. Retrieved January 4, 2016, from http://ucsdnews.ucsd.edu/archive/thisweek/2004/ oct/10_25_link.asp4. UCSD News. (2003, October 24). UCSD Student Wins $50,000 Collegiate Inventors Grand Prize. Retrieved January 3, 2016, from http://ucsdnews.ucsd.edu/archive/newsrel/science/ mclink.htmVOL 2 / FALL 2016 40

FEATURED ARTICLESBalance in the Distribution of Federal Research Funding By Edwin LaiFederal research funding is the essence of conducting research, Imbalanced distribution of federal funding is a serious problemfor every research related component such as experimental that other types of research, such as ones in science andequipment and personnel salary requires financial support. medicine, are neglected financially, while a myriad of moneyAccording to the 2015 fiscal year statistics from National is spent on the United States military operations and research.Science Foundation, the total federal outlay for research and Among the top 15 military spenders in 2014, the United Statesdevelopment was around 130 billion dollars,1 approximately accounted for 34% of the total military expenditure of 153.5 percent of the total federal spending in 2015 (3.7 trillion countries, nearly three times the amount spent by China.4 Evendollars).2 The major beneficiaries of federal research funding though the military spending had reduced by 19.8% since 2010were the Department of Defense, Department of Energy, and will continue to decrease, the United States still puts muchNational Institutes of Health (NIH), National Aeronautics and of its resources, including approximately 10% of total militarySpace Administration (NASA), and National Science Foundation budget in research funding, to maintain its military.5 In contrast,(NSF). Among these recipients, the Department of Defense National Science Foundation’s federal outlay for research andobtained 64 billion dollars, 49.3% of federal outlay for research development in 2015 was 5.7 billion, only 4.42% of total outlay.1and development.1 The Department of Defense had the largest The National Institutes of Health, despite being the primaryoutlay out of all departments and federal agencies, one that agency responsible for pioneering current medical field, hadwas even greater than the funding of other major beneficiaries 29.4 billion federal outlay, one half of what Department ofcombined.1 This imbalanced distribution challenges Defense had.1 Other major beneficiaries, Department of energyjustification of overwhelming military research funding and and NASA, both had 8% and 8.75% of total outlay respectively.1reveals deprivation of monetary supports available to research This statistic reveals severe deprivation of resources in otherin other fields and academic institutions. Hence, in an effort research due to overwhelming military research funding.to invest taxpayers’ dollars more efficiently in public fundedresearch, raising the awareness The fundamental research conducted byof current situation is the first “The Department of Defense obtained 64 major federal research funding recipients,step to balance the distribution comparing to military research, is alsoof federal research funding. billion dollars, 49.3% of federal outlay for important to American society. Providing sufficient grants to various academicAs for undergraduate students, research and development... [they] had and industrial institutions is importantthe issue of research funding to facilitate the discovery of scientific,distribution closely relates to us the largest outlay out of all departments medical, technological, and industrialin two ways: knowledge, as it improves people’s and federal agencies, one that was even greater than the funding of other major beneficiaries combined ” 1. Federal funding supports living standards and solves fundamentalresearch related occupations and determines the number problems faced by humankind. For instance, medical researchof job opportunities available. According to STAR METRICS contributes to the society exceptionally by finding ways to savedata in 2010, more than 5% funding directly supported people’s lives and mitigate sufferings from illnesses. On theundergraduate students in 45 academic institutions.3 other hand, contributions of military technology may benefit2. Our university receives federal grants to continue its civilians and cannot be completely disregarded as well. Anresearch endeavors and fulfill its purpose as a public research example for this is Global Positioning System (GPS). Initiallyuniversity – contributing new knowledges to academia and developed by the Department of Defence in 1970s, GPS wassociety. Therefore, we ought to show concern on how and mainly expected to track positions of military weapons andwhere the research funding goes. aircrafts and navigate them to desired targets accurately.6 At41 EQUILIBRIUM

FEATURED ARTICLESthe same time, its potential use in civilian transportation was to help national security. A reasonable distribution of federalrecognized as well. President Ronald Reagan then pushed for research funding in various fields – medicine, military, sciencethe universalization of GPS, which eventually brought great & engineering, and energy – is viable to encourage balancedconvenience to the community.6 However, it is noteworthy societal progression. By considering the important impacts fromthat the main purpose of military research is to develop these research, should the military be entitled to the majoritydestructive weapons and defense technologies, which hardly of federal research funding? Does excessive effort in nationalconnects to public interest. By weighing the contributions security, at the expense of greater improvements in publicfrom military and other major research, they both hold equal health and societal issues, optimize the use of federal researchvalues to society, which makes current taxpayers’ investment funding to benefit the general public? Future investigationin military research difficult to justify. and debates on these questions can help expand on the topics discussed in this article and prove to be useful in advocatingInstead of assuring the U.S. military technology to be at the better use of tax dollars for the advancement in knowledge andforefront through military research, supporting civilian living standards. Furthermore, increasing political efficacy andresearch projects and aiming for the root problems of national social concern over this topic may exert pressure on congress,security are other alternatives to lower threat to national pushing for a more balanced federal research budget.security. It may seem obvious that government should allocatemost of its research funding for better military technology andequipment, retaining America’s leading position in the militaryand minimizing threats to national security. As the U.S. militarytechnology is superior to other countries’ and terroristorganizations’, this gives us leverage over regional conflictsand targeted attacks. One of government’s responsibilities isto ensure the safety of its citizens, and myriad federal researchfunding seems to fulfil it. Yet, in an article from the Guardianregarding research funding cuts, scientists called for thereduction in military expenditure so that more money wouldbe invested on civilian research projects to resolve energyand food security issues.7 This action can be effective againstworldwide conflicts due to deficiency in resources, which notonly relieves tensions within the international community,but also has long term salutary impacts in society. Additionalfunding in defense-related research that focus on benevolent,diplomatic interventions can tackle the root problems ofexisting disputes, thereby utilizing research funding to aid aless violent resolution.7 Contrary to the common perspective,over-accelerating military technology does not necessarilycorrelate to greater national security.It is true that military research contributes to civiliantechnology and national security. Yet, as mentioned in theprevious paragraph, there are other well rounded optionsReferences 421. Baird, A. (2009). Societal impact of Spaceflight (review). The Journal of Military History, 73(3), 1018–1019. doi:10.1353/jmh.0.03682. Budget FY 2015 - table 5.1 - budget authority by function and Subfunction: 1976–2019. Retrieved November 9, 2016, from https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/search/pagedetails.ac-tion?granuleId=BUDGET-2015-TAB-5-1&packageId=BUDGET-2015-TAB&fromBrowse=true3. Dick, S. J., & Launius, R. D. (2008). Societal impact of Spaceflight. Retrieved from http://history.nasa.gov/sp4801-part1.pdf4. Lane, J., & Bertuzzi, S. (2011). Measuring the results of science investments. Science, 331(6018), 678–680. doi:10.1126/science.12018655. Sample, I. (2016, September 13). Military research should bear brunt of science cuts, say leading scientists. The Guardian. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/sci-ence/2010/oct/13/military-research-science-cuts-scientists6. SIPRI. (2015). EMBARGO MILEX FACT SHEET. Retrieved from http://books.sipri.org/files/FS/SIPRIFS1504.pdf7. The federal budget in 2015: An Infographic. (2016, January 11). Retrieved November 9, 2016, from https://www.cbo.gov/publication/51110VOL 2 / FALL 2016

SCHOLARSHIPS Research Programs UC San Diego Annual Research Programs McNair Program The objective of the McNair program is to provide students from low income families, first-generation college students, and underrepresented groups an effective preparation for PhD studies. 10 hours/week during Winter and Spring quarter 30 hours/week during 8 weeks of summer Application deadline: October Medical Scientist Training Program Summer Undergraduate Research Fellowship (SURF) The Summer Undergraduate Research Fellowship is an 8 week program for undergraduate students from underrepresented groups in the Biomedical Sciences. 8 weeks during summer | $1600/month stipend | Includes room (excluding board) Application deadline: March/April UC Scholars Program The UC Scholars Program is a 8-week, full-time research experience for undergraduates, supported by UCSD Student Affairs. The objective of the UC Scholars program is to increase learning and networking opportunities for students committed to pursuing either a professional or academic research career. 8 weeks during summer Application deadline: February California Louis Stokes Alliance for Minority Participation (CAMP) This program provides support and advancement opportunities to students defined as underrepresented by the National Science Foundation who are seeking bachelor’s degrees in science, engineering, or mathematics. Students can join research programs or attend conferences where they can present scholarly work and network with research scientists, faculty members, and other students. Ongoing, voluntary basis Application deadline: Rolling basis Qualcomm Institute Summer Research Seminars & Networking Program This summer program will consist of various workshops and seminars for all UCSD students who can benefit from the institute’s summer training events, including seminars and workshops on research communications (including how to make professional presentations, public speaking, and use social media to publicize research findings). June 21 through August 2 Application deadline: Rolling basis43 EQUILIBRIUM

SCHOLARSHIPS Summer Training Academy for Research Success (STARS) The STARS program is an 8-week summer research academy. Students will gain hands on research experience with a faculty mentor’s research project and gain assistance preparing for graduate studies. 8 weeks during summer | Stipend to cover travel, housing, and other costs Application deadline: February Leadership Excellence through Advanced Degrees (UC LEADS) The UC LEADS program identifies, encourages, and trains undergraduates who have potential for leadership as graduate students and also as future leaders committed to address the educational and economical factors leading to underrepresentation of domestic minorities in STEM fields. 2 year program | Minimum $3000 stipend for the first summer | Minimum $4000 stipend for the second summer Housing compensation also provided Application deadline: FebruaryPrograms Outside of UC San Diego National Institutes of Health (NIH) Summer Internship Program in Biomedical Research (SIP) The NIH Institutes sponsor a wide range of summer activities including lectures featuring distinguished NIH investigators, career/professional workshops, and Summer Poster Day. Individual scientists select their own summer interns and provide their funding; there is no centralized selection process. Internships cover a minimum of eight weeks, with students generally arriving at the NIH in May or June. Stipend varies. Application deadline: March National Science Foundation (NSF) Research Experience for Undergraduates (REU) This program provides indirect funding for undergraduate students to participate in research. REU sites are based on independent proposals to initiate and conduct projects that engage a number of students in research. REU sites are offered at a variety of locations - see online for details. Generally 8 weeks during summer | Stipend varies. Application deadline: Winter U.S. Dept. of Energy Office of Science Undergraduate Laboratory Internships (SULI) This program encourages undergraduate students to pursue science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) careers by providing research experiences at the Department of Energy (DOE) laboratories. 10 weeks in duration for the Summer Term (May through August) or 16 weeks in duration for the Fall (August through December) and Spring (January through May) Terms Application deadline: MayVOL 2 / FALL 2016 44

THE EQUILIBRIUM Meet the Team Roshni Natalie (Kanyanat) Victoria Ravindran Tongprasearth Thai Chief Editor Chief Editor & Design Student Editor Editor Roshni Ravindran A third year is a senior year, Natalie is a fourth year Bioengineering: Bioengineering: Cognitive Science, BioSystems student, Biotechnology student Human-Computer Victoria has a passion from Warren College. Interaction major. She is for helping others and She is passionate about part of a neuroscience contributing to her research in all fields, lab that studies the brain society. She has always and loves learning about at the level of individual aspired to become a the new techniques and neurons, which she finds pediatrician ever since discoveries that come incredibly exciting! She she was a little girl about daily at UC San also studies human- because of her love for Diego. This year, she centered design and little children. In her free thoroughly enjoyed its relations to user time she enjoys spending the weekly discussion experience research. time outdoors, doing arts and chips with her Through this journal, she and crafts, and catching loyal team of editors hopes to inspire readers up on television shows. as they put the journal to pursue their passion While she formally together sentence- whether it be through prefers to be called by- painful sentence. In research or other means. Victoria she likes to be her spare time (which In her free time, you may called Vicky by her peers. is nonexistent), Roshni find her singing, watching quests after the perfect TV shows, ice skating, cheesecake recipe. hiking, surfing, or taking photos!45 EQUILIBRIUM

Edwin Caitlin Kritin MirandaLai Hung Karkare MorganStudent Editor Student Editor Student Editor Publicity LeadEdwin is currently a Caitlin is a second year Legends say that Kritin As publicity lead for Thethird year chemical computer science major has many names, like Equilibrium, Mirandaengineering student, with a soft spot for K-Dog and Krouton. wanted to share thewith a minor in general Broadway musicals and He’s also been called a amazing researchbiology. Interested in creative writing. She Bio-Math major by his projects going on aroundmechanical interaction wishes that descriptive CS professor, but he campus with all UCSDbetween cells and writing was a major prefers Bioengineering: students. Her pastbiomaterials, Edwin because she likes to take Bioinformatics (and research experience isinvests a lot of time in his simple objects and places a minor in Cognitive considerable. Miranda’sresearch lab performing and describe them until Science). Fascinated work in the Berg lab3D bioprinting and cell she runs out of words and by the human brain, focuses on postnatalculture. When Edwin is ideas. Her record is ten he wants to explore nicotine exposure. Shenot in lab or the library, single spaced pages for a computational has also participatedhe loves watching movies, small wood chair. Caitlin neuroscience and apply in the Faculty Mentorplaying video games, hasn’t yet decided where his knowledge to treating Program under thereading books, and her degree will lead her neurological disorders. Trauner lab and theplaying the violin. in 2 years, but she does He also wants channel Phage Genomics know that the first thing his love for science Research Initiative she will do out of college by pursuing scientific with Dr. Joe Pogliano. is visit Highclere Castle, journalism. When he’s Miranda’s leadership and which fans of British TV free, you can find him communication skills may know as Downton learning Go, Japanese and make her a great addition Abbey. exploring the streets of to The Equilibrium team. San Diego by himself.VOL 2 / FALL 2016 46