Basic & Applied Concepts of Blood Banking and Transfusion Practices - 3rd ed, 2013 Pages 1 - 50 - Text Version

382 INDEX Low-ionic-strength saline (LISS), 47-48, Mixed-field agglutination 47t defined, 85 L with A phenotype subgroups, 85-86 in antibody screening, 161, 162t Label control programs, 356 mechanism of action for, 47t Mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC), 22 Labeling in solid phase red cell adherence MN sialoglycoprotein (GPA), 148, 149f MNS blood group system, 148, 152t and Circular of Information, assays, 215-216, 217f 322-323 Lung injury, transfusion-related acute, antibodies of, 148, 149t anti-M, 149-150, 149t in compatibility testing, 195, 195f 234, 235t, 242t anti-N, 150 confirming correct, 196 Lutheran blood group system, 63, 138, anti-S, 150 ISBT, 321-322 anti-s, 150 requirements, 322f 138t, 152t anti-U, 150 standardization of, 322 antigens of, 139 Labile factors, defined, 318 antigens of Laboratory information system (LIS) biochemistry of, 139 M and N antigens, 147-148, 147t characteristics of, 138-139 S and s antigens, 148, 148t interface common frequencies in, 139t U antigens, 148 in automated testing, 211 common phenotypes in, 139t defined, 211 genetics of, 139 biochemistry of, 148 Lambda chains, 3-5 LW antibody, 120 genetics of, 148 Landsteiner, K., 79-80 LW antigen, 108 haplotypes in, 65-66, 66f Landsteiner’s rule, 79-80, 89 LW blood group system phenotype frequencies in, 150t Lattice formation, 14, 15t characteristics of, 120t Molecular genetics, 69-73 Leb antigen, 141 and Rh blood group system, 120 blood banking applications, 69, 69t Lecithin/sphingomyelin (L/S) ratio Lymphocytotoxicity assay, for identifying of immunohematology, 60 defined, 252 HLA, 20-21, 21f polymerase chain reaction in, 70-72, and lung maturity, 252 Lectins M 70f as alternatives to antisera for blood in red cell typing, 69t, 72-73 Major histocompatibility complex Mononuclear phagocyte system, 14 typing purposes, 49 (MHC) gene system, 19, 20f Multiple myeloma commonly used in blood bank, 49t defined, 99 properties of, 28 Malaria rouleaux associated with, 99 Leishmaniasis, 273, 273t and donor deferral, 273, 273t Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections, Leukapheresis, 281 and Duffy blood group system, 136 Leukocyte reduction autoanti-I associated with, 144 filter, 312-313, 312f Massive transfusion, 342, 342t for platelets, 318 complications in, 331t N prestorage, 309-311 defined, 330 Leukocyte removal filter, 233f trauma and, 329-330, 330f N-acetylgalactosamine, 82-83, 83f Leukocytes, removal of, 312-313, 312f National Healthcare Safety Network Lewis antigens, carbohydrate precursor Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS), 359 Maternal history, in prenatal testing, 250 (NHSN), and Hemovigilance Model, for, 81f Maximum Surgical Blood Order Schedule 227 Lewis blood group system, 140, 140t, NEO technology, 213-214, 214f (MSBOS), 201 Neonatal, defined, 247 152t MBOS. See Maximum Surgical Blood Neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia antibodies of, 142 (NAIT), 23 antigens of Order Schedule Neonates. See also Newborns. McLeod phenotype “fresh red cells” for, 306-307, 332 biochemistry of, 140-141, 141t transfusion issues unique to, 332, 332t characteristics of, 140 occurrence of, 132 transfusion therapy for, 331-332, 342, formation of, 141f red cell abnormalities associated with, inheritance of, 141, 141f, 342t 132, 133f Neutralization antibody identification 141t-142t McLeod syndrome, 133 biochemistry of, 141t Medical directors, blood bank, 270 technique, 142 frequencies for, 140, 140t Medications Neutralization techniques, with cold genetics of, 141, 142t phenotypes of, 140, 140t accepted for blood donation, 273t alloantibodies, 173, 173f, 173t red cell phenotypes of, 141, 142t in donor screening, 273 Newborns. See also Hemolytic disease of Light chains, 4 requiring deferrals, 274t antibodies reacting with, 45 Meiosis fetus and newborn. of antibody molecule, 3-4 crossing over during, 66-67, 67f ABO titers in, 88, 88t Liley graph defined, 60 hemoglobin levels in, 332 defined, 252 Membrane attack complex red cells of, 80-81 in prediction of HDFN, 252, 253f defined, 12 response to hypothermia of, 332 Linkage, 65-66, 66f formation of, 12 Nomenclature, systems of disequilibrium, 65-66 Memory B cells, 2 Fisher-Rice: CDE, 109f, 110, 111t in HLA system, 66, 66f defined, 2 for Rh blood group systems, 109t, 110 Linked, use of term, 66 in immune response, 2, 9f Lipids Mendelian genetics ISBT, 109t, 111 defined, 3 and ABO blood group system, 86-87, Rosenfield numeric, 109t, 111 immunogenicity of, 3 Wiener: Rh-Hr, 109f, 110-111, Liver transplant 90t HLA antigens in, 21 principles of, 63-64, 63f 110t-111t transfusion therapy in, 342, 342t Microplate testing methods, 50 Non-red blood cell stimulated, use of Look-back process, 299 background of, 50 microtiter plate wells for, 51f term, 88 positive and negative reactions in, 52f Nonsecretor procedure, 50 Mitosis, 60 classification as, 101 defined, 101 tahir99-VRG & vip.persianss.ir

INDEX 383 Normal saline, in administration of blood Patient history, in antibody detection, Phlebotomy components, 324 161-162. See also Health history. arm preparation and venipuncture, 277, 282 Nucleic acid testing (NAT), 69 Patient identification bag labeling in, 276 donor viral, 291 for blood products, 199 identification of donor, 276 for HCV RNA, 295 in compatibility testing, 195, 195f postdonation instructions and care, procedure, 291 277 Patient records, retention of, 349, 350t. therapeutic, 281 Null phenotypes See also Record keeping. and categorization of blood group Photopheresis, 337t systems, 118 Patient samples Phototherapy defined, 118 for compatibility testing in Rh blood groups, 119 age of, 196 defined, 249 collection and appearance, 196 in HDFN, 249, 259 O comparison with previous records, Plasma, 325, 325t-326t. See also Fresh 196 O red cells, 83. See also Group O RBCs hemolyzed, 196 frozen plasma. Obligatory gene, in relationship testing, lipemic, 196 in immune response, 2 repeat testing of donor blood, 196 platelet-rich (PRP), 309-311, 313f 68-69 tubes for, 195-196 processing of, 309-311, 310f Occupational Safety and Health Act in transfusion reaction investigation, storage of, 308t 240 “thawed”, 319 (1970), 347 recipient Plasma cells, 2 Occupational Safety and Health ABO and D phenotype of, 197 Plasma components, 318-321, 319t, antibody detection test, 197 Administration (OSHA), 347 pretransfusion testing on, 197-198 321f Oligosaccharide chain cryoprecipitated antihemophilic factor, Pattern matching composition of, 82 for antibodies to high-frequency 319-321, 321f defined, 82 antigens, 169 fresh frozen plasma, 318-319, 319t type 1 and type 2, 82f in panel interpretation, 164t, 166, 166t significant antibody present in, 288 Oncology, transfusion support in, Plasma cryoprecipitate reduced, 320 PCH. See Paroxysmal cold Plasma pH, in storage, 306-307 336-337, 338t, 342, 342t hemoglobinuria Plasma transfusions One-stage enzyme technique, of antibody compatibility for, 90-91, 90t Pediatric units, preparation of, 203 and D antigen, 203 identification, 168 Pedigree chart Plasmapheresis, 281, 337t Open system, 305 Plasmodium spp., and Duffy blood Opsonin, 13-14 D antigen inheritance on, 112, 114f Opsonization, in AHTR, 229 of Rh blood group inheritance, 112, group, 136 Organ transplants, transfusion support Platelet antigens, 23 113f Platelet components for, 333, 333t. See also Perinatal, defined, 247 Transplantation, Personal injury, reporting, 360 apheresis platelets, 317-318, 318f ORTHO ProVue, 220, 220f Personal protective equipment, 357, indications for use of, 316-317, 316f components of, 221, 221f leukocytes reduced, 318 features of, 221 358f pooled platelets, 317 ID-MTS gel test with, 222 Personnel, blood bank prepared from whole blood, 317 sample results with, 222, 222f significant antibody present in, 288 software for, 221-222, 222f employee education for, 360 testing for bacterial contamination of, test types supported by, 221 laboratory attire for, 357 qualifications of 300 P Platelet concentrates competency assessment, 353-354 P value, 166 job description, 352-353 defined, 203 P1A1, 23 selection criteria, 352 pretransfusion testing for, 203 Pacific Islanders, Kidd blood group in, training, 353 Platelet-rich plasma (PRP), preparation reporting personal injury to, 360 136 pH of, 309-311, 313f Package inserts, percentages for antigen in agglutination, 15 Platelet transfusions of stored plasma, 306-307 frequencies in, 67. See also Product Phases effectiveness of, 316-317, 316f inserts for antibodies to high-frequency and HLA antigens, 19 Panel-reactive antibody (PRA), 22 refractory response to, 316-317, 317t Papain enzyme, 48 antigens, 169 Plateletpheresis, 281, 317 and antibody detection, 161, 162t in panel interpretation, 164t, 165 Platelets, 325, 325t-326t and Duffy antigens, 134 Phenotypes, 61 antigens on, 3 Kell antigens treated with, 130 ABO, 81, 81t immunology of, 19-24 resistance of Lutheran antigens to, Bombay, 82 pooled, 325, 325t-326t calculating frequencies for, 67-68 random donor, 317 138 determination of, 61 single-donor, 317 Parasitic infections null, 63 storage of, 308t in relationship testing, 68-69, 69t Pneumonia, and antibody detection, and donor deferrals, 273t Rh blood group system, 111-112, in health history interview, 273 162 Parenteral transmission, of hepatitis 113t Polyagglutination use of term, 111-112 virus, 293 vs. genotype, 61, 61f ABO discrepancies caused by, 94 Paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria Phenotyping defined, 94 routine ABO, 89, 90t Polyethylene glycol (PEG), 47t, 48 (PCH) technical considerations in ABO, as antibody potentiator, 119 antoanti-P associated with, in antibody screening, 161, 162t 91-92, 91t 146-147 tahir99-VRG & vip.persianss.ir defined, 146 Paternity index, 69 Paternity tests, 60

384 INDEX Polymerase chain reactions (PCRs), 70, Pretransfusion testing R 70f for autologous units, 202 for non-red blood cell products, Rabbit erythrocyte stroma, 177, components of, 70t 203-204 177t and human leukocyte antigen typing of recipient sample ABO and D phenotype, 197 Race procedures, 70-72, 71f antibody detection test, 197 and antibody identification, 132 Polymorphic, use of term, 61-62 crossmatch test, 198 and antigen frequencies, 67 Polymorphic genetic system, 19-20 Polymorphism, HLA, 61-62 Prewarming technique, 143 Radiation safety, 359 Polypeptides, Rh blood group system, in autoantibody identification, 176, Radioisotope labeling, for crossmatch 176f 108-110, 109f indication for, 143 testing, 191 Population genetics, 67-69 Random-access Problem solving, in error management, blood group, 67 354 in automation of testing, 211 combined phenotype calculations, defined, 211 Product inserts Random donor platelets, 317 67-68 for D antigen typing, 36-37, 37f Rapid plasma reagin test, for syphilis, gene frequencies, 68 percentages for antigen frequencies on, relationship testing, 68-69, 69t 67 288 Postpartum testing, in risk of HDFN, for reagents, 32 Rare Donor Registry, 150 Rare donor units, 131 253-255, 254t Product specifications, 354 Reaction method, optimal in vitro, ABO testing, 255 Proficiency testing, 355-356 D testing, 254, 254t Proteins 127-128 Posttransfusion purpura (PTP), 23, 226, Reaction phase, in IAT, 43 chemotactic, 13-14 Reaction strength 238 complement, 12-14, 13f Postzone, 17, 17f immunogenicity of, 3 for antibodies to high-frequency Potency, product Proteolytic enzymes, 47-48, 47t antigens, 169 in antibody detection, 168-169, 168t defined, 31 in antibody screening, 161, 162t in panel interpretation, 164t, 165 FDA standard for, 31 properties of, 48 Reaction temperature Potentiators Prozone, in agglutination, 17, 17f in antibody detection, 161, 162t PTP. See Posttransfusion purpura for antibodies to high-frequency defined, 119 Public Health Service (PHS) Act (1944), antigens, 169 polyethylene glycol, 119 P1PK blood group system, 152t 346 in panel interpretation, 164t, 165 anti-P1, 146 Pulse, in donor screening, 275, 276t Reactivity, antibody, with enzyme-treated antibodies of, 144, 145t Punnett squares reagent red cells, 127-128 anti-PP1Pk, 147 for ABO inheritance, 62f Ready-ID test, 215-216, 216f, 218f autoanti-P, 146-147 antigen inheritance on, 112, 114f Reagent control, low-protein, 37-38, antigens of, 144-145, 145t, 146f application of, 87f biochemistry of, 145-146, 146f defined, 61 38t frequencies for, 144, 145t of Rh blood group inheritance, 112, Reagent red cells, 38-40, 38t P1 and P2 phenotypes, 144 P antigen, 144, 144t 113f A1 and B red cells for ABO serum P1 antigen, 126, 144 testing, 38-39, 38t phenotypes of, 144, 145t Q Practices, transfusion antibody identification panel cells, in anemias, 339-340, 339t Quality Assurance (QA) programs, 40 cardiac surgery, 330-331, 342, 342t 345-346, 348, 361 in chronic renal failure, 337, 338t screening cells, 39, 39f in HUS, 338-339 components of, 347t, 348-356 summary of, 40f neonatal and pediatric issues, change control, 352 Reagents, blood banking, 31-32. See also error management, 354 331-332 facilities and equipment, 355 Antibody reagents; Antiglobulin in oncology, 336-337, 338t label control, 356 reagents; Antihuman globulin (AHG) therapeutic apheresis, 335-336 personal qualifications, 352-354 reagents. for transplantation, 332-335, 333t proficiency testing, 355-356 for ABO typing, 35, 36f in TTP, 338-339 standard operating procedures, categories of, 31 urgent and massive transfusion, 351 product inserts for, 32 supplier qualification, 354 quality control for, 32 329-330, 330f, 342, 342t validation, 355 regulation of manufacture of, Pregnancy records and documents in, 348-350, 31-32 alloantibodies produced by, 12 349t-351t Recalls, in error management, 354 and HLA sensitivity, 22 Receptors, 13-14 incompatibility testing during, 171 computerized record guidelines, 350 Recessive inheritance pattern, 62 Pregnancy history, in antibody document control, 349 Recipients, blood manual record guidelines, 350, 351f identification procedures, record keeping, 349-350 defined, 39 161-162 Quality control program, for blood tested for antibodies, 39 Prenatal, defined, 247 banking reagents, 32 universal, 90 Prenatal testing Quality Control (QC) Recombinant immunoblot assay (RIBA), first trimester, 250 for blood components, 307-308, monitoring antibody increases, 251, 295 308t Record keeping, 349-350 251f defined, 348 preparing antibody for, 251, 251f Quality Essentials (AABB), 347, 347t for administration of blood purpose of, 250, 250t components, 324 computerized guidelines for, 350 correcting manual record, 351f good vs. bad, 350, 351t in transfusion reaction investigation, 241 manual guidelines for, 350 retention, 349, 349t tahir99-VRG & vip.persianss.ir

INDEX 385 Red blood cell components Reverse grouping, 89 Rouleaux apheresis red blood cells, 313-314 Rh antigens, nomenclature for, 109t, 110 in ABO discrepancy, 98, 98b-99b, deglycerolized red blood cells, 314, Rh blood group system, 107-108, 121 98t 315f Waldenström’s macroglobulinemia frozen red blood cells, 314, 314f antibodies of, 117t, 121t associated with, 99 indications for use of, 311-312 general characteristics, 119 irradiated red blood cells, 315-316 in HDFN, 120 RPR test. See Rapid plasma reagin test. leukocyte reduced, 312-313, 312f-313f transfusion reactions to, 119-120 Rule of three washed red blood cells, 315 antigens of, 117-118, 117t, 121t for antibodies to high-frequency Red Blood Cells Low Volume unit, 305 common, 108, 109t antigens, 169 Red blood cells (RBCs), 325, 325t-326t compound antigens, 117-118, 118t D antigen, 11, 112-117, 114f-116f, in pattern interpretation, 164t, 166 antibodies to, 10, 11f, 12 114t Rule out, use of term, 165 antigens on, 3, 10-11, 11f G antigens, 118 Ruling out, in panel interpretation, 164t, IgG-sensitized, 46-47 irradiated, 308t, 325, 325t-326t biochemistry of, 108-110, 109f 165-166 of newborn, 80-81 determining genotype from phenotype, preparation of, 309-311, 310f S routine ABO phenotyping for, 89, 90t 111-112, 112f, 112t sensitized with IgG or complement, 41, discovery of, 108 Safety measures, 226 frequency of haplotypes, 112, 112t Safety programs, blood bank, 346, 41f genetics of, 108, 109f storage of, 308t 356-360 Tn-polyagglutinable, 95-96 Fisher-Race theory, 109f, 109t-110t, biohazardous wastes in, 359-360 washed, 325, 325t-326t 110 biological safety cabinets, 358 Red cell adherence assays, solid phase, chemical storage and hazards, 359 Wiener theory, 109f, 110-111, decontamination, 359 215-216, 216f. See also Solid phase 110t-111t employee education, 360 red cell adherence assays gloves and hand washing, 358 Red cell antigens, 10-11, 11f inheritance of, 112, 113f laboratory attire, 357 Red cell apheresis, 281 and LW blood group system, 120, 120t and OSHA regulations, 356, 357t Red cell lysis, in AHTR, 229 phenotypes and genotypes, 112, 113t personal injury and reporting, 360 Red cell membrane, blood group antigens terminology for, 109t, 110 personal protective equipment, 357, on, 78, 78f Red cell stroma converting Fisher-Race to Wiener 358f defined, 229 terminology, 111, 111t physical space, 357 in hemolysis, 229 radiation safety, 359 Red cell testing Fisher-Race, 109t, 110, 111t standard vs. universal precautions in, additional antibodies in, 96-99, ISBT, 109t, 111 Rosenfield numeric, 109t, 111 356 96b-97b, 96t-97t Wiener, 110-111, 110t-111t storage, 360 extra antigens in, 92-94, 93t-94t, 94b unusual phenotypes in, 118-119 transportation, 360 missing or weak antibodies in, 99-100, D-deletion phenotype, 114f, 118-119 warning signs, 358-359, 359f Rhmod phenotype, 119 written requirements for, 356-357, 100b, 100t Rhnull phenotype, 119 missing or weakly expressed antigens Rh hemolytic disease of fetus and 360-361 newborn (HDFN), 248-249 Safety regulations in, 94-95, 95b, 95t compared with ABO HDFN, 249t mixed-field reactions, 95-96, 96b, incidence of, 248 environmental protection agency, Rh immune globulin (RhIG) 347-348 96t administration of, 255, 256t Red cell washing, 41 antepartum, 256 OSHA, 347 Refractoriness, 19 postpartum, 256-258 Saline, physiologic, added to donor units, Regulator gene calculating dosage of, 258, 259f defined, 117, 249 232, 232f defined, 119 and FMH screening, 257-258, 257f Saline replacement technique, 99f. See and inheritance of Rhnull phenotype, indication for, 255 introduction of, 248 also Low-ionic-normal-strength 119 and quantifying fetomaternal saline; Normal saline. Regulatory agencies, 346, 360-361 in ABO discrepancy, 99 Rejuvenation solution, 308-309 hemorrhage, 258, 258f-259f goal of, 99 Relationship testing, 60, 68-69, 69t routine postpartum administration of, Sample diversion pouch, 277, 278f Renal disease, transfusion support in, Sample handling, in automated testing, 255 211 337, 338t, 342, 342t weak D testing on, 117 Scianna blood group system, 151t Rh-negative, use of term, 108 Screening cell antigram, 159f Renal failure, caused by severe AHTR, Rh-positive, use of term, 108 Screening cells, in antibody detection 229, 230f RHCE gene, 108, 109f tests, 39, 39f Rhesus antibody, specificity of, 108 Sda blood group system, 151t Respiratory distress syndrome Rhmod phenotype, 119 Secretor defined, 252 Rhnull phenotype, 108-110, 119 classification as, 101 and fetal lung maturity, 252 RhoGAM, 117 defined, 101 Ribonucleic acid (RNA), viral, 291 Secretor status, of ABO blood groups, Reticulocytosis Robotics, 208, 223 101, 101f defined, 133 Root-cause analysis, 354 Segment, from donor unit bag, 196, in McLeod phenotype, 133f Rosenfield terminology system, 109t, 197f Self-antigens, 166 Retroviruses, human 111 Sensitization HIV, 296-297 Rosette test, for detection of fetomaternal defined, 14 human T-Lymphotropic virus Types 1 factors affecting, 15t and 2, 297 hemorrhage, 257-258, 257f in hemagglutination reaction, 14-15 NAT for RNA of HIV-1, 297 Western blotting for, 297, 298f tahir99-VRG & vip.persianss.ir

386 INDEX Sequence-based typing (SBT), 72 Statement of criteria for acceptable Throughput Sequence-specific oligonucleotide probes reagent performance, 32 in automation of testing, 211 defined, 211 (SSOP) technique, 71-72, 71f Sterile-connecting devices, 312-313, Sequence-specific primers (SSPs) test 313f Titers ABO antibody, 88 method, 71, 71f Storage, of blood and blood components, defined, 88 Serotonin 360 Tn-polyagglutinable red cells defined, 229 Storage lesion, 306-307, 306f defined, 96 in AHTR, 229 Sugar, immunodominant mixed-field reactions in, 95-96 Serum hepatitis, 293 Serum-to-cell ratio, 15 for A antigens, 83, 83f Tourniquet, in phlebotomy, 277 Sexual contact, and blood donor criteria, for B antigens, 83, 83f Trans, use of term, 65 defined, 82 Transferase enzymes 269f for H antigen, 82, 83f Shock, in AHTR, 229 specificity defined by, 83 defined, 82 Short tandem repeats (STR) Sulfhydryl reagents, sensitivity of Kell function of, 82 Transfusion, massive, 330, 330f, 331t described, 72 antigens to, 129-130 blood groups available in, 201 testing, 72 Supernatant, 18 defined, 201, 204 Showers, safety, 357 Suppressor genes, 63, 63t Transfusion, passive Sialic acid, 148 Surgery, preparing blood for, 201 defined, 201 Sickle cell disease Surrogate markers and original ABO phenotype, 201 and antibody detection, 162 Transfusion history, in antibody transfusion support in, 339, 339t, 342, defined, 295 in hepatitis testing, 295 identification procedures, 161-162 342t Syntenic, use of term, 135 Transfusion reactions. See also Solid-phase red cell adherence assays, 52 Syphilis, 274 serologic tests for, 288 Investigation, transfusion background of, 52 acute, 227 procedure, 39, 52 confirmatory testing for, 289 acute hemolytic, 80 Solid phase red cell adherence assays hemagglutination test for Treponema allergic, 234 anaphylactic, 234, 242t (SPRCAs) pallidum antibodies, 289 categories of, 228-238, 228f in antibody screening, 161, 162t rapid plasma reagin test, 288 citrate toxicity associated with, automated instruments for, 213-214, Syringes, for transfusions to infants, 203 237-238 214f-215f Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and delayed, 193, 227 automated platforms for, 208 antibody detection, 162 delayed hemolytic, 137 automated systems for, 213-217, 216f Systolic blood pressure delayed serologic, 232-233 defined, 275 fatalities associated with, 227, 227t Erytype S technology, 217, 220f in donor screening, 275 febrile nonhemolytic, 233, 233f, 233t, hemagglutination assays, 214-215, T 242t 215f hemolytic, 228-232, 230f, 230t-231t, Solidscreen II technology, 216-217, T lymphocytes (T cells), 2 defined, 2 232f, 242t 219f in immune response, 2 immune-mediated, 228, 242t manufacture of, 213-214 initiating investigation of, 238-241, reactions and interpretation of, TANGO optimo automated blood bank system, 216-217, 219f 239f 215-216, 217f non–immune-mediated, 228, 242t Solid-phase testing, 10-11 Technical Manual (AABB), 35, 67, non–immune-mediated mechanisms of Solidscreen II technology, 216-217, 309-311, 324, 347 red cell destruction, 231-232, 219f Technologists, cross-training of, 209 232f, 242t Specificity, product Temperature non–life-threatening, 194 posttransfusion purpura, 226, 238 defined, 31 in agglutination, 15 recognition of, 227-228 FDA standard for, 31 in donor screening, 275, 276t reporting, 325 Spectrophotometric analysis, of amniotic for storage of blood components, suspected, 238 with antibodies to Rh blood group fluid, 252, 253f 307-308, 308t system, 119-120 SPRCAs. See Solid phase red cell Thalassemia Transfusion, adverse complications of, 226, 242, 242t adherence assays defined, 237 Transfusion-associated circulatory Ss sialoglycoprotein (GPB), 148, 149f iron overload in patients with, overload (TACO), 237 SSOP technique. See Sequence-specific Transfusion-associated graft-vs.-host 237 disease (TA-GVHD), 235-236, 236t, oligonucleotide probes technique Thalassemia, transfusion support for, 242t Standard blood order, 201 Transfusion-related acute lung injury Standard operating procedures (SOPs), 339-340 (TRALI), 242t “Thawed” plasma, 319 management of, 235t 360-361 Therapeutic apheresis, 281 pathophysiology of, 234 defined, 349 prevention of, 235t elements of, 352f conditions treated with, 336, 337t symptoms of, 234, 235t guidelines for, 351 goal of, 335 Transfusion services laboratory, 32 indications for, 337t MSBOS of, 201 Standard precautions transfusion support for, 335-336 T/S protocols of, 201-202, 202f defined, 356 Therapeutic phlebotomy, 281 guidelines for, 356, 356t Therapeutic plasma exchange tahir99-VRG & vip.persianss.ir introduction of, 356 for HUS, 338 Standards for Blood Banks and in TTP, 338 Transfusion Services (AABB), 28, 36, Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura 39, 191, 267-268, 305, 347 (TTP), transfusion support in, STAT samples, with automated systems, 338-339, 342, 342t 212

INDEX 387 Transfusion therapy, alternatives to, Universal donors Warning signs, in blood bank safety 336-337, 338t, 341-342 for plasma transfusions, 91 program, 358-359, 359f for RBC transfusions, 90-91 factor concentrates, 341, 341t Washed red blood cells, 315, 325, volume expanders, 341, 342t Universal precautions 325t-326t Transfusions. See also Practices, defined, 356 mandate for, 356 Washing step, of antiglobulin test, transfusion 40-41 alloantibodies produced by, 12 Universal recipients detecting and identifying antibodies for, group AB recipients, 90-91 Waste management programs, 359-360 for plasma transfusions, 91 Wastes, biohazardous, 359-360 12 Weight, in donor screening, 275-276, history of, 189-190, 190f V and HLA sensitivity, 22 276t and molecular testing, 69t Vaccinations, in donor screening, Weinberg, W., 68 Transmissible spongiform 273-274, 274t West Nile virus (WNV), 291, 298-299 Western blotting, for human retroviruses, encephalopathies, in health history Valency, 6 interview, 272, 273t Validation 297, 298f Transplant, previous, and HLA Wharton’s jelly sensitivity, 22 defined, 355 Transplant, solid-organ in QA programs, 355 in ABO discrepancy, 94 antibody detection and identification Van der Waals forces, 8-10, 10t defined, 94 Variable regions, 5 White cells, antigens on, 3 for, 21-22, 22f Vasoactive amines, 13-14 White populations transfusion support in, 333, 333t Vel blood group system, 151t GLOB blood groups in, 145t Transplantation Vendor assessment for automation Kell blood group system in, 131-132, and molecular testing, 69t transfusion support in, 332-335, 333t systems 131t Transportation checklist for, 211-212, 212t MNS blood, 150t within institution, 360 and laboratory requirements, P1PK blood groups in, 145t shipping, 360 Rh blood group system in, 112, Trypanosomiasis, American, 299-300 211-212 Tube agglutination tests, limitations of, need for, 211 112t-113t Venipuncture site, preparation of, 277 Whole blood, 311 210 Viral marker testing, 272 Tube testing, crossmatch procedures, 192 chemiluminescence, 291 defined, 304, 311 Two-stage enzyme technique, of antibody controls, 291-292 indications for use of, 311 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, preparation of, 311 identification, 168 separation of, 304 Type and screen (T/S) protocols, 289-291 separation of components from, 309, nucleic acid testing, 291 201-202, 202f, 204 sensitivity and specificity, 292 310f Typing procedures, HLA, 70-72, 71f Volunteer donations, 268 storage of, 308t von Willebrand’s disease Wiener genetic theory, 109f, 110, sequence-based typing, 72 CRYO for, 320 sequence-specific oligonucleotide transfusion support for, 340 110t-111t Working Party, ISBT, 78 probes, 71-72, 71f W sequence-specific primers, 71, 71f X short tandem repeats, 72 Waldenström’s macroglobulinemia Typing procedures, red cell, 69t, 72-73 defined, 99 Xg blood group system, 64, 151t rouleaux associated with, 99 U Z W.A.R.M. reagent, 180 Ulex europaeus: plant lectin, 85-86 Warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia Zeta potential, in agglutination, 16-17, Ultrasound, HDFN detected with, 251 16f Unexpected, use of term, 159 (WAIHA), 177, 182 Zone of equivalence, in agglutination, 17, 17f “ZZAP”, 180 tahir99-VRG & vip.persianss.ir

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