Body Systems Flipbook: Jillian Hebel

Body System Flipbook By: Jillian Hebel

Integumentary Function: This systems main function is to act as a barrier to protect the body from the outside world. It also functions to retain body fluids, protect against disease, eliminate waste products, and regulate body temperature.

System Research: Key Terms Derm/o- skin Onych/o- nails Kerat/o- horny tissue Myc/o- fungus Xer/o- dryness Pil/o- hair Xanth/o- yellow Lip/o-fat removal Erythr/o- red Rhytid/o- wrinkle Pedicu/o- lice Albin/o- white

System Research: Vocabulary Epidermis- outer, topmost layer of skin Sweat glands- gland that produces sweat and helps with heat Dermis- middle layer of skin, contains regulation glands, nerve endings, and blood vessels Melanin- pigment that gives the skin its Subcutaneous layer- area beneath the color dermis Hair shaft- the portion of the hair that Sebaceous glands- glands in the skin extends beyond the skin surface that produce an oily secretion Albinism- absence of pigment in the Keratin- tough, colorless protein found skin, hair and eyes in the skin, hair and nails Melanocyte- cells that produce melanin

System Research: Diseases Acne- It is caused when blocked skin Albinism- A group of genetic disorders that follicles from a plug caused by oil from cause the skin, hair, or eyes to have little or no glands, bacteria, and dead cells clump color due to little or no melanin together and swell. production.This condition increases the risk of skin cancer. Most people with albinism have Psoriasis- a skin disorder that causes skin pale skin, eye conditions, and are sensitive to cells to multiply up to 10 times faster than the sun. No cure exists for this disease. normal. This makes the skin build up into bumpy red patches covered with white Eczema- Atopic dermatitis (eczema) is a scales that mostly appear on the scalp, condition that makes your skin red and itchy. elbows, knees, and lower back. Psoriasis It's common in children but can occur at any can't be passed from person to person. age. Atopic dermatitis is long lasting (chronic) and tends to flare periodically. It may be accompanied by asthma or hay fever. No cure has been found for atopic dermatitis.

System Research: Healthcare Careers Dermatologist- A dermatologist is Dermatopathologist- A the medical expert you should dermatopathologist specializes in consult if you have any significant diagnosing diseases of the skin, problem with your skin. Dermatology hair, and nails. They work in a is the science that is concerned with laboratory setting in hospitals and the diagnosis and treatment of medical clinics, in addition to writing diseases of the skin, hair and nails. reports and analyzing tissues to make a diagnosis for surgeons and physician.

Musculoskeletal Function: The musculoskeletal system is made up of the bones of the skeleton, muscles, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, and joints that support and bind tissues and organs together. This system's primary functions include supporting the body, allowing motion, and protecting vital organs.

System Research: Key Terms My/o- muscle Pexy- fixation Myel/o- bone marrow Chondr/o- cartilage Oste/o- bone Arthr/o- joint Cost/o- rib Plegia- paralysis Crani/o- cranium Kinesi/o- motion

System Research: Vocabulary Calcium- one of the mineral constituents of Phosphorus- mineral substance found in the bone bones in combination with calcium Cartilage- flexible, rubbery connective Fontanelle- soft spot between the skull tissue, found in the immature skeleton, at bones of an infant the epiphyseal growth plate, and on joint surfaces Insertion of muscle- connection of the muscle to a bone that moves Bone process- projection or outgrowth of tissue from a larger body Red bone marrow- found in cancerous bone; site of hematopoiesis Disc- flat, round, plate-like structure Tendon- connective tissue that binds Origin of muscle- connection of muscle to muscle to bone stationary bone

System Research: Diseases Tendonitis- a condition in the tissue Fibromyalgia- a disorder characterized by connecting muscle to bone becomes widespread musculoskeletal pain, inflamed. It happens when a person symptoms include fatigue, sleep, memory/ overdoses or injures a tendon, and will mood issues. Research suggests that often affect the wrist, elbow, finger or fibromyalgia amplifies painful sensations by thigh. affecting the way your brain processes pain signals. Carpal Tunnel Syndrome- a condition that causes numbness, tingling, or Rheumatoid arthritis- a long term weakness in the hand. It happens due to autoimmune diseases that primarily affects pressure on the median nerve which the joints. It usually results in warm, results in a pinched nerve. swollen, and painful joints. This disease most commonly affects the hand and finger joints.

System Research: Healthcare Careers Physical Therapist- movement Orthotist- a healthcare professional experts who improve quality of life who specializes in the making and through prescribed exercise, hands fitting of braces and splints for on care, and patient education. patients who need added support for Physical therapists often help injured body parts that have been weakened patients improve movement and by injury, disease, or disorders pain. specifically in the nerves, muscles, or bones.

Nervous Function: The nervous system is a complex network of nerves and cells that carry messages to and from the brain and spinal cord to various parts of the body. Also, the nervous system is involved in receiving information about the environment around us and generating responses to that information.

System Research: Key Terms Neur/o- neuron -Esthesi/o- feeling Encephal/o- brain Mening/o- meninges Myel/o- bone, spinal cord Psyc/o- the mind, physcological Ambul/o- to walk Concuss/o- violently agitated

System Research: Vocabulary Central Nervous System- consists of the brain and Neuron- specialized cells that conduct messages in spinal cord, which occupy the dorsal cavity the form of nerve impulses from one part of the body to the other Peripheral Nervous System- the part of the nervous system outside the CNS, consisting of the nerves Axon- impulse generating and conducting region; neuron process that carries impulses away from the Somatic Nervous System- composed of somatic cell body motor nerve fibers that conduct impulses from the CNS to the skeletal muscles Dendrites- nerve fibers that transmit impulses toward neuron cell bodies Myelin Sheath- fatty insulating sheath that surrounds all around the smallest nerve fibers Stimuli- changes within or outside the body, that affect nervous system functioning Cerebrum- higher level brain function, thoughts, emotion, memory, reasoning,and processing the 5 Cerebral cortex- outer layer of the brain, thinking, senses organizing, and creative center

System Research: Diseases Alzheimer's Disease- a progressive disease Parkinson's Disease- a disorder of the CNS that that causes brain cells to degenerate and affects movements, often including tremors. die, leading to memory loss and loss of This disease leads to shaking, stiffness, and important other functions. No cure exists difficulty with walking, balance, and for this disease either. coordination. Nerve cell damage in the brain causes domaine levels to drop leading to these Epilepsy- epilepsy can be translated directly symptoms. As the disease progresses symptoms to “seizure disorder”, this disease causes worsen. Although medication can help, there is seizures when nerve cell activity in the no cure. brain is distureved. It may occur from a genetic disorder but is also linked to an Cerebral Palsy- Cerebral palsy is a congenital acquired brain injury. disorder of movement, muscle tone, or posture due to abnormal brain development before birth.

System Research: Healthcare Careers Physiatrist- a medical doctor who Neurosurgeon- a physician who specializes in mental health. They are specializes the diagnosis and surgical equipped to diagnose, treat and treatment of disorders of the CNS prevent mental, emotional, and and PNS. And the education and behavioral disorders in patients any training to become a neurosurgeon is age. extensive and rigorous.

Special Senses Function: The principle function of the special sensory receptors is to detect environmental stimuli and transduce their energy into electrical impulses. These are then conveyed along sensory neurons to the central nervous system, where they are integrated and processed, and a response is produced. The special senses include sight, sound, taste, touch, and smell.

System Research: Key Terms Irid/o- iris Tympan/o- eardrum -Cusis- hearing problem Ophthalm/o- eye -Opia- condition of the eye -Metry- measure Ot/o- ear

System Research: Vocabulary Special Sense Receptors- large complex sensory Auricle- external ear made of cartilage and skin; acts organs as funnel Eyelids- protect the eyes anteriorly Ossicles- transmit the vibratroy motion of the eardrum to the fluids of the inner ear Conjunctivitis- inflammation of the the conjunctiva Free Nerve Endings- sensory receptors that respond to pain Taste Buds- sensory receptor organs that house gustatory cells, which respond to dissolved food Iris- thin annular structure that is responsible for chemicals controlling the diameter and size of the pupil Sweat Glands- the glands that produce saline Cochlea- the spiral cavity of the inner ear containing solution called sweat the organ of the Corti, which responds to sound vibrations

System Research: Diseases Glaucoma- a group of eye conditions that cause Cataracts- clouding of the normally clear lens in blindness. With all types of glaucoma, the optic the eye. Most cataracts develop slowly over the nerve which connects the brain to the eye is years. The main symptom is blurry vision. When damaged. The two types of this disease include, cataracts interfere with a person's day to day open angle glaucoma and angle closure activities, the cloudy lens can be replaced by an glaucoma. While treatment can help, there is artificial clear lens. cure for this condition. Ear infection- an infection of the inner ear, most Deafness- meaning total or significant loss of common in small children. This occurs when the hearing. Deafness is usually the result of inner air filled space behind the eardrum come in ear or nerve damage. It may be caused by contact with bacterial or viral infections. Ear congenital defect, injury, disease, exposure to infections can be painful due to the loud noises, or from old age. For some hearing inflammation and fluid buildup in the inner ear. may be possible with surgery or hearing aids.

System Research: Healthcare Careers Ophthalmologist- a medical or Otolaryngologist- commonly osteopathic doctor who specializes in referred to as an ear,nose, and throat the eye or vision care. doctor (ENT). These physicians treat Ophthalmologist diagnose diseases diseases medically and surgically that in the eye, performs eye surgery, involve the ear, nose, and throat. prescribes and fits eyeglasses and contact lenses to correct vision problems. Many ophthalmologists also are involved in scientific research for causes and cures of common eye diseases and disorders.

Cardiovascular Function: The main functions of the cardiovascular system include circulating oxygen in the body while removing carbon dioxide, providing cells with nutrients, removing waste products of metabolism to the excretory organs for disposal, responsible for blood clotting after injury, and protects body against disease/infection.

System Research: Key Terms Cardi/o- heart Thromb/o- clot Angi/o- blood or lymph vessel -Emia- blood condition Hem/o- blood Leuk/o- white Brady- slow Erythro- red Tachy- fast Arteri/o- artery

System Research: Vocabulary Aorta- largest artery in the human body Pulse- beat of the heart as felt through the walls of the arteries Electrocardiogram- record of electricity flowing through the heart. The electricity is Vein- thin walled vessel that carries blood represented in waves. from body tissues and lungs back to the heart Murmur- abnormal swishing sound caused by improper closure of the heart valves Diastole- relaxation phase of the heartbeat Oxygen- gas that enters the blood through Capillary- smallest blood vessel, materials the lungs and travels to the heart to pass through the bloodstream through the pumped through the arteries to the body capillary walls. cells. Atrium- one of two upper chambers of the Endocardium- inner lining of the heart heart

System Research: Diseases Stroke- a sudden interruption in the blood Arthemia- the improper beating of the supply to the brain. Most strokes are heart, whether irregular, too fast or too caused by an abrupt blockage of arteries slow. Cardiac arrhythmias occur when leading to the brain (ischemic stroke). Other electrical pulses in the heart dont work strokes are caused by bleeding in the brain properly. tissue when a blood vessel burst (hemorrhagic stroke). Strokes cause Congenital Heart Disease- a problem permanent damage to the brain as well. with the structure of the heart that present itself at birth. Congenital heart Coronary Artery Disease-damage or defects are the most common type of disease in the hearts major blood vessels birth defect. The defects include issues and is the most common heart disease. The in the walls of the earth, the values, usual cause is plaque buildup which causes artierise, or veins. arteries to narrow, limiting blood flow to the heart.

System Research: Healthcare Careers Cardiovascular Technicians- A Cardiologist- A physician that diagnoses cardiovascular technician plays an and treats ailments of the important role in diagnosing and cardiovascular system is called a treating disorders of the cardiovascular cardiologist. Cardiologists may use system. Cardiologists rely on catheterizations to view clogged cardiovascular technicians to perform arteries or help patients through the tests like echocardiograms and rehabilitation process, following a heart electrocardiograms to determine surgery. After assessing a patient, it is specific issues related to diminished common for a cardiologist to refer performance of the heart. patients to a cardiovascular surgeon, when surgery is needed.

Respiratory Function: The respiratory system is the network of organs and tissues that help you breathe.These parts work together to move oxygen throughout the body and clean out waste gases such as CO². The respiratory system as has many other functions, allowing you to talk and to smell, Bringing air to body temperature and moisturizes it to the humidity level your body needs delivering oxygen to the cells in your body. And protects your airways from harmful substances and irritants.

System Research: Key Terms Bronch/o- bronchus Pleur/o- pleura, side of the body Cyan/o- blue Pneum/o- lung; air Laryng/o- larynx Pulmon/o- lung -Oxia- oxygen Thorac/o- chest; pleural cavity Oxy- oxygen Trache/o- trachea

System Research: Vocabulary Nasopharynx- the top portion of the Nasal Cavities- the proximal portion pharynx of the respiratory passages on either side of the nasal septum Alveoli- clusters of air sacs at the end of the bronchial tree Nose- airway for oxygen Diaphragm- muscle separating chest Larynx- the voice box and abdomen Pleura- double folded membrane Expiration/ Exhalation- breathing out surrounding each membrane Inspiration- breathing in Pleural Cavity- space between the fold of the pleura

System Research: Diseases Lung Cancer- a type of cancer that Emphysema- a type of chronic originates in the lungs, the two main types obstructive pulmonary disease. The air of this cancer are non-small cell and small sacs in the lungs become damaged and cell lung cancer. Causes include smoking, stretched which results in a chronic second hand smoke, exposure to toxic cough and difficulty breathing. Smoking chemicals, and family history. Symptoms is a common cause, but enhasyma is also include coughing up blood, chest pain, genetic. weight loss, and wheezing. Pneumonia - an infection that inflames Asthma- a condition in which a person's the air sacs in one or both lungs. The airway can become inflamed, swollen, and sacs may be filled with fluid or pus, narrow which makes breathing hard. This which causes coughing, fever, and can trigger coughing and wheezing. For difficulty breathing. A variety of bacteria most asthma is a minor problem and can be or viruses cause pneumonia. treated but not cured.

System Research: Health Care Careers Respiratory Therapist- a specialized Pulmonologist- these specialist healthcare practitioner trained in diagnose and treat conditions that critical care and cardio-pulmonary affect a patient's respiratory system. medicine in order to work Pulmonologists commonly treat therapeutically with people suffering asthma, bronchitis, emphysema, from acute critical conditions. sleep apnea etc.

Digestive Function: The digestive system is a group of organs working together to convert food into energy and basic nutrients to feed the entire body. Also known as the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, the digestive system begins at the mouth, includes the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine (also known as the colon) and rectum, and ends at the anus.

System Research: Key Terms Cholecyst/o- gallbladder Or/o- mouth Enter/o- small intestine -Pepsia- digestion Col/o; Colon/o- colon; large intestine Chol/e- bial Hepat/o- liver Proct/o- anus; rectum Gastr/o- stomach

System Research: Vocabulary Mechanical Digestion- the physical Esophagus- the passage between the breakdown of foods into smaller pieces pharynx and the stomach Chemical Digestion- the digestion process Peristalsis- rhythmic muscular contractions in which enzymes are used to break down that squeeze food through the esophagus foods into their smaller chemical building and into the stomach blocks Small Intestine- organ that completes the Amylase- enzyme in saliva that breaks the chemical digestion of food and absorbs the chemical bonds in starches nutrients Glucagon- raises blood glucose levels Anus- opening of the rectum outside the body Glycogen- a polysaccharide of glucose Bile- substance produced by the liver that breaks up fat particles.

System Research: Diseases Celiac Disease- an immune reaction Irritable Bowel Syndrome- an to eating gluten, which is a protein intestinal disorder causing pain in found in wheat etc. Overtime, the your stomach, gas, diarrhea, and reaction to eating gluten creates constipation. The cause of IBS is not inflammation that damages the small well understood, and diagnosis is intestine, leading to medical based off symptoms. complications. Gastritis- any group of conditions in Acid Reflux- a digestive disease in which the stomach lining is inflamed. which stomach acid or bile irritates Causes include upper belly pain, too the food pipe lining. Acid reflux is a much alcohol, injury and regular use chronic disease. of pain pills.

System Research: Healthcare Careers Gastroenterologist- These specialists Hepotologist- A hepatologist is a primarily diagnose and treat GI specialist in the branch of medicine diseases in both men and women. called Hepatology, which includes the They perform endoscopic study of body parts such as the liver, procedures, in which they use the biliary tree, the gallbladder and specialized instruments to view the the pancreas. A hepatologist GI tract and make a diagnosis. They manages disorders in these areas. don't perform surgery.

Urinary Function: The urinary system's function is to filter blood and create urine as a waste by-product. The organs of the urinary system include the kidneys, renal pelvis, ureters, bladder and urethra.

System Research: Key Terms -Cele- hernia -Uria- urine -Lysis- destruction -Pexy- fixation Cyst/o- bladder -Ectasis- expansion Nephr/o- kidney Pyel/o- renal pelvis Ren/o- kidney

System Research: Vocabulary Nephron- the functional unit of the Kidney Stones- a build up of calcium kidney filtered from the blood that blocks a tube in the kidney Renal Artery- artery leading to the kidney Urethra- a small tube which urine flows through the body Renal Vein- vein leading away from the kidney Kidney- uses nephrons to filter blood and produce urine Bladder- stores urine Excretion- the removal of waste to Urine- fluid waste removed from the outside the body body by the kidneys Dysuria- burn/pain while urinating

System Research: Diseases Bladder Cancer- aka bladder carcinoma Kidney Stones: aka nephrolithiasis is a cancer that originates in the bladder. occurs when a small, hard deposit forms It is most common in older adults. The in the kidneys and is often hard to pass. most common symptom is urine in the Most common symptoms include severe blood but with early detection and pain on the side of your abdomen. The treatment it can be cured. only way to get rid of kidney stones is to wait until they pass. Urinary Tract Infection- an infection in any part of the urinary system (kidneys, Interstitial Cystitis: is a chronic and urethra, bladder). UTI are most common painful bladder condition. It is often in women and symptoms include pelvic mistake for a UTI but there is no pain, and increased urge to urinate. infection with this condition. This disease is very hard to treat as of now.

System Research: Healthcare Careers Urologist- They are physicians who Nephrologists- A nephrologist is a specialize in the genitourinary type of doctor that specializes in tract—the kidneys, urinary bladder, diseases and conditions that affect adrenal glands, urethra and male the kidneys. They work to treat reproductive organs—and male conditions such as chronic kidney fertility. Urologists are also trained in disease, kidney infections, and kidney the surgical and medical treatment of failure. diseases that affect these organs.

Reproductive Function: The reproductive system of an organism, also known as the genital system, is the biological system made up of all the anatomical organs involved in sexual reproduction. Some functions include, to produce egg and sperm cells. To transport and sustain these cells. To nurture the developing offspring.

System Research: Key Terms Cervic/o- cervix Men/o- menstruation Salping/o- fallopian tube Mamm/o- breast Ov/o- egg Gynec/o- female Orchid/o- testes Colp/o-vagina Oophor/o- ovary Prostat/o- prostate

System Research: Vocabulary Ovary- female organ that produces eggs and Seminal Vesicle- male organ that produces seminal secretes hormones fluid Vagina- female birthing canal Prostate gland- male organ that produces fluid for sperm cells Testes- male organ that produces sperm cells and secretes hormones Hormones- controls the onset and cycle of reproductive cells Sperm Duct- male organ where sperm cells travel through Uterus- female organ that nourishes the fetus Fallopian Tube- female organ that connects the Egg- the female reproductive cell ovaries to the uterus; where fertilization occurs Epididymis- male organ that stores sperm cells

System Research: Diseases Endometriosis- occurs when the tissue that Prostate Cancer- a cancer in the male prostate. naturally lines the inside of your uterus, Prostate cancer is one of the most common grows on the outside. The tissue instead types of cancer in men. Usually prostate cancer can be found on the ovaries, fallopian tubes, grows slowly and is initially confined to the or the intestines. prostate gland, where it may not cause serious harm, but other types are aggressive and can Uterine Fibroids- non cancerous growths in spread quickly. the uterus that can develop during a woman's child-bearing years. It is not well Prostatitis- is swelling and inflammation of the known the cause of fibroids, but treatment prostate gland, a walnut-sized gland situated includes medication and removal of the directly below the bladder in men. The prostate fibroids. gland produces fluid (semen) that nourishes and transports sperm. Prostatitis often causes painful or difficult urination.

System Research: Healthcare Careers Gynecologist- doctors who specialize in Obstetrician- An obstetrician is a doctor women's health, with a focus on the who specializes in pregnancy, childbirth, female reproductive system. They deal and a woman's reproductive system. with a wide range of issues, including Although other doctors can deliver obstetrics, or pregnancy and childbirth, babies, many women see an menstruation and fertility issues, obstetrician, also called an OB/GYN. sexually transmitted infections (STIs), Your obstetrician can take care of you hormone disorders, and others. throughout your pregnancy.