Flipbook - Textbook of Concrete Technology

CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY 1st Edition Narayan V. Nayak K. G. Guptha Purnanand P. Savoikar

Website: www.creativebooks.co.in Email: [email protected] First Published by Creative Books 2021 Copyright © Creative Books Title: Text Book of Concrete Technology ISBN: 978-81-948633-0-4 No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form whatsoever, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying recording, or by any informational storage or retrieval system without the expressed written, dated and signed permission from the author(s). LIMITS OF LIABILITY/DISCLAIMER OF WARRANTY: e author(s) and publisher of this book has used their best e orts in preparing this material. e author(s) and publisher make no representation or warranties with respect to the accuracy, applicability, or completeness of the contents. ey disclaim any warranties (expressed or implied), or merchantability for any particular purpose. e author(s) and publisher shall in no event be held liable for any loss or other damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages. e information presented in this publication is compiled from sources and freely available on the internet believed to be accurate, however, both the publisher and author assume no responsibility for errors or omissions. e information in this publication is not intended to replace or substitute professional advice. e strategies outlined in this book may not be suitable for every individual, and are not meant to provide individualized advice or recommendations. e advice and strategies found within may not be suitable for every situation. is work is sold with the understanding that neither the author(s) nor the publisher is held responsible for the results accrued from the advice in this book. Nothing contained herein is to be constructed as medical advice. All disputes are subject to Delhi jurisdiction only.

Dedication by Dr. Narayan Nayak to @A B CD EF G HI CP Q R S TR U T U V W U X @U S TR W T U V w x CE R y T R y Ty R U U X Y ` a bc d` be bf g he h i h{i j | } kl ~ kn k z p qr s r tu q v wx y€ ‚ ƒ r„ … vs s rw 0\\ZLIHIRUKHUVLOHQWVDFUL¿FHWR † wx ‡v ˆ ‡s ‡tu x Dp B€ tD d D CE ˜H ™P B Iq D d er IE T s „r q „ ‰  uw ‘r ‰ qv ’ us u w t ‡w “ qv ‘ t ‡‘ v  FD HE p B t ˜ o CHD BC CP D ™E C EF E oI s s ss ‡w w r ”v t ‡r w• ‡w – r q— • r DI Ep Bt B p˜ FB d H te t HF D s DQGKLVKLJKDৼHFWLRQDQGUHVSHFWIRUPH Dedication by Prof. K G Guptha  ¡ ¢ £ ¤ ¥ ¦§ ¨ ©          ! !\"  # $ %  $ $ &  ' § ¦§ ¥ ¡ ¨ ¡( ) '¥ © 0 1 §2¡ 3 § ©¡ 4 ¥£ &  ' ¥ ¨ 5 ( ¡ ¦ £ ¡6 ¦ 7 ¦§ ¥ © 6 8 8 ¡ ¦© ¥ ¨4 2¡ ¨ ©9 ¨ 6 ¡ 6 2¥ ¦§ Dedication by Prof. Purnanand P Savoikar ‚ ƒ„ … †„ ‡ ‡ˆ ‰ A D˜ H™ B CD ˜ CE de f HF D g hi j k lm kn k p tE u Hp q d D d E Ie EF d er B ID p C Š s FE I P DI op Dp ˜ Hp q r B CHD p ™D B p˜ h {i ‹ k} kŒ kl  hi Ž | l  k Œ ~i zz or r E I CF E I B tt d e ID DB I™ P B ™ CHu T s s j k ‘  k h f PE B ™ CD ˜ tH’ D B q o H˜ Hp q HCHD BC CP D ™E C EF Eo IF B d H te B p˜ s s € DB ™E p Hp de t HF D Hp P Br Hp q de t HF D s r DI Ep Bt t HF D v s B p˜ ™B ID D I v













”¡ –™ ®¦ ¦§ ¯ –žž ®˜ Ÿœ Ÿ ™ ™˜ ” ”¦ ”¡ ˜ ˜œ • –œ ˜ ˜   –œ •   ¦ °˜ ™ ™ –¦ œ Ÿ ž™ ¯ ¦  § –œ • –œ ”¡ ˜ ©¦ œ ™ ”  š © ”–¦ œ ™ ˜ © ”¦  ™ Ÿœ ¬ Ÿ© Ÿ ¬ ˜› –Ÿ ­ £ ¡˜ ® ¦¦ § ©¡ Ÿ ”˜  ™ Ÿ  ˜ Ÿ ž™ ¦    ¦ — –¬ ˜ ¬ ¯ –”¡ › š ž”– ž˜ ”ª  ˜ ² š ˜ ™ ”–¦ œ ™ Ÿœ ¬  ˜ °˜  ˜ œ ©˜ ² š ˜ ™ ”–¦ œ ™ ¯ ¡ –© ¡ °š   ”¡ ˜  Ÿ¬ ¬™ — Ÿ žš ˜ ”¦ ”¡ ˜ ® ¦¦ § ˜ ™ ˜ © –Ÿ žžª °¦   ™ ”š ¬ ˜œ ”™ Ÿœ ¬ –œ ™ ”  š © ”¦  ™ Ÿ ™™¦ © –Ÿ ”˜ ¬ ¯ –”¡ ¬ ˜ ž–— ˜   ª ¦° ”¡ ˜ ©¦ š  ™ ˜ ­ “ DP LQGHHG YHU\\ KDSS\\ WR VHH WKH GHGLFDWLRQ VLQFHULW\\ HQWKXVLDVP DQG ¬ ˜— ¦ ”–¦ œ ®ª Ÿ žž ”¡ ˜  ˜ ™ ˜ © ”˜ ¬ Ÿš ”¡ ¦  ™ –œ   ˜  Ÿ   –œ • ”¡ ˜ ® ¦¦ § ©¡ Ÿ ”˜  ™ Ÿœ ¬ ® ¦¦ § Ÿ™ Ÿ ¯ ¡¦ ž˜ ­ “ ©¦ œ•  Ÿ ”š žŸ ”˜ Ÿ žž ”¡ ˜ Ÿš ”¡ ¦  ™ °¦   ”¡ –™ œ –© ˜ ¯ ¦  § °¦   H൵HFWLYH WHDFKLQJ UHVHDUFK DQG IRU LQGXVWULDO FRPPXQLW\\ EHQH¿WV ZLWK  ˜ • Ÿ  ¬ ”¦ ¬ –™ ™˜ › –œ Ÿ ”–œ • § œ¦ ¯ ž˜ ¬ • ˜ Ÿœ ¬ ™§ –žž™ °¦   ©¦ œ ©  ˜ ”˜ ¬ ˜— ˜ ž¦ › ˜œ ” °¦   © –— –ž ˜œ • –œ ˜ ˜   –œ • –œ °  Ÿ ™ ”  š © ”š  ˜ ™ –œ • ˜ œ ˜  Ÿ ž Ÿ œ ¬ ™ ”  š © ”š  Ÿ ž ©¦ › ¦ œ ˜ œ ”™ –œ  Ÿ   ”–© š žŸ  ­ )LQDOO\\ , DP YHU\\ FRQ¿GHQW WKDW WKLV ERRN ZLOO EH XVHIXO IRU VWXGHQWV DWDOODFDGHPLFVWDQGDUGVUHVHDUFKFRPPXQLW\\DQGSUDFWLWLRQHUVIRUWKH ª ˜ Ÿ  ™ ”¦ ©¦ › ˜­ “ Ÿ› Ÿ ž™ ¦ °˜ ˜ ž–œ • ¡ Ÿ  ª ”¦ ¯   –”˜ ”¡ –™ °¦  ˜ ¯ ¦  ¬ °¦   ™š ©¡ Ÿ ¯ ¦ œ¬ ˜  ° š ž ¬ ˜ ”Ÿ –ž˜ ¬ ”˜ ¤ ” ®¦ ¦§ ¦œ ©¦ œ ©   ˜ ”˜ ”˜ © ¡ œ ¦ ž¦ •ª ¯   –””˜ œ ®ª ž˜ Ÿ   œ ˜¬ SURIHVVLRQDOVLQWKHLUUHVSHFWLYH¿HOG Î  ÍÏ Ç   $  Ð  # É    Ñ Ò Ë Ë  ÍÏ  Í   Ó Ì Ô Õ Ñ    Ñ Ö × Í $ Ø # ÍÏ Ó Ì Ô Õ Ñ    Ñ Å Ê   !$  !Ù Ð ÚÛ  ÙË Ô   Ç

About the Authors Æ   \"  ÈÇ Æ \" % –™ Ÿ — ˜ ”˜   Ÿ œ –œ ”¡ ˜ ©¦ œ ™ ”  š © ”–¦ œ –œ ¬ š ™ ”  ª ­ Ä ˜ ¡ Ÿ™ Ÿ ™ ”  ¦ œ• Ÿœ ¬ ®   –• ¡” Ÿ ©Ÿ ¬ ˜› –© © Ÿ  ˜ ˜   Ÿ™ ¯ ˜ žž Ÿ™ Ÿ   –© ¡ Ÿœ ¬ — ˜  ™ Ÿ ”–ž˜    Ÿ © ”–© Ÿ ž ˜¤  ˜   –˜ œ ©˜ ¦° › ¦  ˜ ”¡ Ÿœ ™ –¤ ¬ ˜ © Ÿ ¬ ˜ ™­ Ä ˜ –™ Ÿœ LQQRYDWLYH HQJLQHHU DQG KDV DQ HYHUWKLQNLQJ ®  Ÿ –œ °¦    ˜ ™˜ Ÿ  © ¡ Ÿœ ¬ ™ –›  ž˜ ©¦ › › ¦œ ™˜ œ ™˜ ® Ÿ ™˜ ¬ –œ œ ¦— Ÿ ”–¦ œ ™ ”¡ Ÿ” Ÿ  ˜ ˜ Ÿ ™ª °¦   –›  ž˜ › ˜œ ”Ÿ ”–¦ œ ­ Ę •  Ÿ ¬ š Ÿ ”˜ ¬ –œ ¨ –— –ž Ü œ • –œ ˜ ˜   –œ • ° ¦ › ”¡ ˜ Ý œ –— ˜  ™ –”ª ¦° µ š› ® Ÿ– –œ ”¡ ˜ ª ˜Ÿ   ÂÞ ß Þ Ä˜ ­ ™˜ © š  ˜ ¬ ¡ –™ µ ­ £ ˜© ¡ °  ¦ › ““ £ ¥ ¦› ® Ÿª Ÿœ ¬ 3K ' IURP 8QLYHUVLW\\ :LVFRQVLQ 86$ +H KDV VHUYHG IRU 7DWD &RQVXOWLQJ(QJLQHHUV$)&216DQG*DPPRQDQGLVSUHVHQWO\\3ULQFLSDO $GYLVRUDW*DPPRQ,QGLD/WG+HKDVSXEOLVKHGPRUHWKDQUHVHDUFK SDSHUVLQ1DWLRQDODQG,QWHUQDWLRQDO-RXUQDOV+HLVWKHDXWKRUFRDXWKRU ˜¬ –”¦   ¦° ”¡ ˜ °¦ žž¦ ¯ –œ • °¦ š  ® ¦¦ §™ à )RXQGDWLRQ'HVLJQ0DQXDO±WK(GLWLRQ +DQGERRNRQ$GYDQFHG&RQFUHWH7HFKQRORJ\\ &RQFUHWH6XVWDLQDELOLW\\ ½­ Ä Ÿœ ¬® ¦¦ § ¦œ á š Ÿ ž–”ª Ÿœ ¬ ±  ¦ ¬š © ”–— –”ª “›   ¦ — ˜ › ˜œ ” ¦° ¨ ¦ œ ©  ˜ ”˜ ­ +HLVWKHUHFLSLHQWRI.XHFNHOPDQQ$ZDUG)LUVWIURPWKH&RQVWUXFWLRQ ,QGXVWU\\ ,*6$QQXDO /HFWXUHU  )LUVW IURP &RQVWUXFWLRQ ,QGXVWU\\ .DQDUD 5DWQD $ZDUG )LUVW &LYLO (QJLQHHU WR EH $ZDUGHG /LIH 7LPH $FKLHYHPHQW$ZDUGE\\$&,,QGLD&KDSWHU/LIH7LPH$FKLHYHPHQW $ZDUGE\\,QGLDQ&RQFUHWH,QVWLWXWH/LIH7LPH&RQWULEXWLRQ$ZDUG E\\'),,QGLD(3,&216)HOLFLWDWLRQIRU³([HPSODU\\&RQWULEXWLRQ WR &LYLO (QJLQHHULQJ )UDWHUQLW\\´  5HFLSLHQW RI SUHVWLJLRXV *RSDO 5DQMDQ 7HFKQRORJ\\$ZDUG  RI ,,7 5RRUNHH 5HFHLYHG VXFFHVVLYHO\\ IRU WZR \\HDUV  DQG  WKH $&&(, 1$*$', $ZDUG IRU %HVW ± š® ž–© Ÿ ”–¦ œ –œ ¥ ¦ ¦§ ¨ Ÿ ”˜ • ¦  ª ®ª ”¡ ˜ · ™™ ¦ © –Ÿ ”–¦ œ ¦° ¨ ¦ œ ™š ž”–œ • ¨ –— –ž Ü œ • –œ ˜ ˜   ™ »“ œ ¬ –Ÿ Á­

ÉÊ !  ¡ Ÿ™ •  Ÿ ¬ š Ÿ ”˜ ¬ –œ ¨ –— –ž Ü œ• –œ ˜ ˜   –œ • IURP 9LMD\\DQDJDUD (QJLQHHULQJ &ROOHJH %HOODU\\ .DUQDWDND LQ WKH \\HDU  DQG 3RVW JUDGXDWHG IURP 3'$ &ROOHJH RI (QJLQHHULQJ LQ  +H ™ ”¦ ¦ ¬ ß Ÿœ ¬ ¸ ¬ ”¦ ”¡ ˜ š œ –— ˜  ™ –”ª  ˜ ™ ˜ © ”–— ˜ žª ”¡ œ DW 8* DQG 3* GHJUHH FRXUVH IURP *XOEDUJD XQLYHUVLW\\ +H JRW KLV 3K ' GHJUHH LQ &LYLO Ü œ • –œ ˜˜   –œ • °  ¦ › “ “£ ¥ ¦› ® Ÿª –œ ”¡ ˜ ª ˜ Ÿ  ¸ ß ­ À À Ä ˜ ¡ Ÿ™ –œ ¬ š ™ ”  –Ÿ ž ˜¤  ˜   –˜ œ ©˜ ¦°  ª ˜Ÿ   Ÿœ ¬ ”˜ Ÿ © ¡ –œ • ˜¤  ˜   –˜ œ ©˜ ¦— ˜  ¼¼ ª ˜ Ÿ  ™ ­ Ä ˜ ¡ Ÿ™  š® ž–™ ¡ ˜¬ ¦— ˜   SXEOLFDWLRQV  6SULQJHU %RRN &KDSWHUV +H KDV D SDWHQW KLV ZRUN RQ VXVWDLQDELOLW\\ ZDV UHFRJQL]HG E\\ WKH +ROFLP Ÿ¯ Ÿ  ¬ •  ¦ š °¦   ™š ™ ”Ÿ –œ Ÿ® ž˜ ”˜ © ¡ œ ¦ ž¦ • –˜ ™ –œ ”¡ ˜ ª ˜ Ÿ  ¸  Ÿ™ ”¦   šœ ¬ ˜  À ½ À WKH 6RXWK$VLDQ UHJLRQ +H KDV SXEOLVKHG D ERRN RQ (QYLURQPHQWDO (QJLQHHULQJWRR+HLVVHUYLQJ*RD(QJLQHHULQJ&ROOHJHVLQFHDQG LVWKH+HDGRI'HSDUWPHQWRI&LYLO(QJLQHHULQJVLQFH+HKDVVHUYHG RQVHYHUDOFRPPLWWHHVDV&KDLUPDQDSSRLQWHG0HPEHUE\\*RYWRI*RD Ÿœ ¬ ¦ ”¡ ˜  š œ –— ˜  ™ –”–˜ ™­ Ä ˜ –™ ©š   ˜ œ ”žª ¯ ¦  § –œ • ¦œ ¨ ¦ œ ©   ˜ ”˜ £ ˜©¡ œ¦ ž¦ • ª DQG H[WHQGHG FRQVXOWDQF\\ WR PDMRU LQGXVWULHV LQ *RD +H LV D PHPEHU RI$,&7( 1%$ DQG MXU\\ RI$,&7(¶V 8WNULVKWD 6DQVWKDQ 9LVZDNDUPD $ZDUG &OHDQ DQG *UHHQ &DPSXV $ZDUG +H KDV KDQGOHG VHYHUDOSURMHFWV02'52%6DQG536RI$,&7( Ë É    # ËÇ   Ì Í %  ¡ Ÿ™ •  Ÿ ¬ š Ÿ ”˜ ¬ –œ ¨ –— –ž (QJLQHHULQJ IURP *RD (QJLQHHULQJ &ROOHJH LQ ÂÞ Þ Â Ÿœ ¬ ± ¦ ™” •  Ÿ ¬ š Ÿ ”˜ ¬ °  ¦ › ”¡ ˜ ™Ÿ › ˜ ¨ ¦ žž˜ • ˜ –œ ´ ¦ š œ ¬ Ÿ ”–¦ œ Ü œ • –œ ˜ ˜   –œ • –œ ÂÞ Þ ½­ Ä ˜ ™˜ © š  ˜ ¬ ¡ –™ ±¡ 3K' LQ *HRWHFKQLFDO (DUWKTXDNH (QJLQHHULQJ ““ –œ ”¡ ª ˜Ÿ  ¸Þ ˜ ¬š ™ ”  °  ¦ › £ ¥ ¦› ® Ÿª ˜ ÀÀ ­Ä ¡ Ÿ™ –œ –Ÿ ž ˜¤  ˜   –˜ œ ©˜ ¦° ¦ — ˜  ß ª ˜ Ÿ  ™ Ÿœ ¬ ”˜ Ÿ © ¡ –œ • ˜¤  ˜   –˜ œ ©˜ ¦° ¦— ˜  ¸¸ ª ˜Ÿ  ™ ­ Ä ˜ ¡ Ÿ™ ¡ ˜ ž¬ Ÿ¬ ¬ –”–¦ œ Ÿž ©¡ Ÿ  • ˜™ Ÿ™ 6HFUHWDU\\ %7( *RD DQG 'HSXW\\ 'LUHFWRU RI 7HFKQLFDO(GXFDWLRQLQ*RD&XUUHQWO\\KHLV3URIHVVRUDW*RD(QJLQHHULQJ &ROOHJH)DUPDJXGL*RDDQGKDGDEULHIVWLQWDVYLVLWLQJIDFXOW\\LQ1,7 *RD DQG ,,7 *RD +H KDV JXLGHG RYHU  0DVWHUV GLVVHUWDWLRQV DQG FXUUHQWO\\JXLGLQJ3K'VFKRODUVXQGHU*RD8QLYHUVLW\\ +H KDV SXEOLVKHG RYHU  SDSHUV LQ UHSXWHG ,QWHUQDWLRQDO -RXUQDOV 1DWLRQDO DQG ,QWHUQDWLRQDO &RQIHUHQFHV +H KDV EHHQ D 3K' H[DPLQHU °¦   ¿ “£ ⟠– š   Ÿœ ¬ ¶ Ÿ— –”  –® Ÿ– ± ¡š ž˜ ± š œ˜ Ý œ –— ˜  ™ –”ª ­ Ä ˜ –™ Ÿ › ˜› ® ˜  ¦° £ ˜©¡ œ –© Ÿ ž ¨ ¦› › –””˜ ˜ £¨  ¾ ¦° à Ÿ ”˜   –”–© Ÿœ ¬  ˜ ™ –¬ š Ÿž ¶ ¦ –ž™ ¦° À ,QWHUQDWLRQDO6RFLHW\\IRU6RLO0HFKDQLFVDQG*HRWHFKQLFDO(QJLQHHULQJ Ä ˜ ¡ Ÿ™ ® ˜˜œ ”¡ ˜  ˜ — –˜ ¯ ˜  ¦° › Ÿœ ª “œ ”˜  œ Ÿ ”–¦ œ Ÿž ⦠š  œ Ÿ ž™ Ÿœ ¬ “œ ”˜  œ Ÿ ”–¦ œ Ÿž ¨ ¦œ °˜  ˜ œ © ˜ ™­ Ę ¡ Ÿ™ ® ˜˜œ Ÿ¯ Ÿ  ¬ ˜¬ ”¡ ˜   ˜ ™ ”–• –¦ š™ · ”žŸ ™ ·¯ Ÿ  ¬ ®ª (OVHYLHU6FLHQFH'LUHFWIRUKLVUHVHDUFKSDSHURQWKHXWLOL]DWLRQRISODVWLF ZDVWHLQFRQFUHWHLQDUHVHDUFKSURMHFWZLWKWKH8QLYHUVLW\\RI%DWK8. +HKDVEHHQWKH&R(GLWRURI3URFHHGLQJVRI,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFHRQ $GYDQFHV LQ &RQFUHWH7HFKQRORJ\\ 0DWHULDOV  &RQVWUXFWLRQ 3UDFWLFHV &70&DQG,660*(7&6\\PSRVLXPRQ/DWHULWHVDQG/DWHULWLF 6RLOVDW*RD

Acknowledgements £ ¡˜ Ÿš ”¡ ¦  ™ ˜¤   ˜ ™™ ”¡ ˜ –  ¡ ˜Ÿ   ”° ˜ ž” ”¡ Ÿœ §™ ”¦ ã äå æ ç èé êç ëä ì èç èí î ä æ ïð ñç ò ó äô õë ê êô äò èð í ö ÷ øù ëè í ôõ ã ëú è ä ûé ëð û ôõ ü ïý ïþ ö ð ñ ïð ë ë ä ïð ñ ò ì ÿ  æ ò ó ïþè ð ïò °¦   •¦ –œ • ”¡  ¦ š •¡ ”¡ ˜ ”˜ ¤ ” ¦° ”¡ ˜ ®¦ ¦§   –• ¦  ¦ š ™ žª Ÿœ ¬ ¯   –”–œ • ”¡ ˜ — Ÿ žš Ÿ® ž˜ ¡¢ £ ö¤ ¢ £ã °¦   ”¡ ˜ ®¦ ¦§ ­ 7KHDXWKRUVH[SUHVVJUDWLWXGHWRWKH0DQDJHPHQWRI*DPPRQ(QJLQHHUV &RQWUDFWRUV3ULYDWH/LPLWHGDQG*DPPRQ,QGLD/LPLWHGSDUWLFXODUO\\ ”¦ ¥ äå ¦ § ç ï¨ ïû £ è¨ è ð ò ó äô é ô ûë äò èð í ö÷ ü¥ ã ôõ © èé é ôð ÿð í ïè  ïé ïû ë í ò °¦     ¦ — –¬ –œ • °Ÿ © –ž–”–˜ ™ ”¦ š ™˜ ”¡ ˜ –    ˜ › –™ ˜ ™ Ÿœ ¬ ž–®  Ÿ  ª ° Ÿ © –ž–”–˜ ™ ¬ š   –œ • ¯   –”–œ • ”¡ –™ ® ¦¦ §­ £ ¡˜ Ÿš ”¡ ¦  ™ Ÿ ž™ ¦ ˜¤   ˜ ™™ ”¡ ˜ –  •  Ÿ ”–”š ¬ ˜ °¦   ”¡ ˜ ˜œ ©¦ š  Ÿ • ˜› ˜œ ” • –— ˜œ ®ª © ôè ü ô þþë ñ ë ôõ ö ð ñ ïð ë ë ä ïð ñ Ÿœ ¬ © ôý ûå ôõ © ôè –œ • ˜œ ˜  Ÿ ž Ÿœ ¬ ¨ –— –ž HQJLQHHULQJ'HSDUWPHQWLQSDUWLFXODULQFRPSOHWLQJWKLVWDVN £ ¡˜   ë÷ û§ ôô  ôõ ü ôð  ä ë ûë   ë ç ð ô þô ñ  ¯ ¦ š ž¬ œ¦ ” ¡ Ÿ— ˜ ® ˜˜œ Ÿ® ž˜ ”¦ ™˜ ˜ ”¡ ˜ ž–• ¡” ¦° ”¡ ˜ ¬ Ÿª ¯ –”¡ ¦ š” ”¡ ˜ Ÿ © ”–— ˜ Ÿœ ¬ ˜œ ”¡ š ™ –Ÿ ™ ”–© ™š  ¦  ” ¦° ¥ äå æ î ð ïþ ã èç ï è ôõ ü äë è û ïý ë ì ô ô êò  ë ã ë þç ïå £ ¡˜ ± š ® ž–™ ¡ ˜  ™ ¡ Ÿ— ˜ UHSRVHGWKHLUIXOOFRQ¿GHQFHLQWKHVXEMHFWDVZHOODVWKHFRQWHQWVRIWKH ® ¦¦ §­ £ ¡ ˜ª ¡ Ÿ— ˜ ® ˜˜ œ Ÿ® ž˜ ”¦    –œ ” ”¡ ˜ ®¦ ¦§ –œ Ÿ — ˜  ª ™¡ ¦  ” ¬š  Ÿ ”–¦ œ Ÿ™ ZHOO DV OHVVHU PDQSRZHU DYDLODELOLW\\ GXH WR WKH &29,' SDQGHPLF £ ¡˜ Ÿš ”¡ ¦  ™ ¯ –™ ¡ ”¦  š” ¦ œ  ˜ © ¦  ¬ ”¡ ˜ –  Ÿ   ˜ © –Ÿ ”–¦ œ °¦   ®   –œ • –œ • ”¡ ˜ ®¦ ¦§ –œ ”¡ ˜   ˜ ™˜ œ ” °¦  › Ÿ ”­ £ ¡˜ Ÿš ”¡ ¦  ™ ˜¤   ˜ ™™ ”¡ ˜ –  ”¡ Ÿœ §™ ”¦ ¥ äå æ ç ä ïí ç è ä ì ëç è äë ò æ ëð ïô ä ¥ èð èñ ëä   ëç ð ï è þ   äè ïð ïð ñ ôõ © èé é ôð ö ð ñ ïð ë ë ä ê ü ôð ûä è  ûô äê ó ä ïý è ûë  ïé ïû ë í ò IRUKLVFRPPLWWHGDQGGHYRWHGSDLQVWDNHQLQW\\SLQJ UHW\\SLQJSURRIUHDGLQJRIWKHPDQXVFULSWDQGSURYLGLQJHYHU\\VXSSRUWLQ EULQJLQJWKHZRUNWRWKH¿QDOSULQWLQJOHYHO 7REULQJRXWWKLVERRNDXWKRUVKDYHOLEHUDOO\\XVHGYDULRXVSXEOLFDWLRQV LQFOXGLQJ DUWLFOHV MRXUQDOV ERRNV HWF (YHU\\ DWWHPSW LV PDGH WR Ÿ©§ œ¦ ¯ ž˜ ¬ •˜ ”¡ ˜ ™Ÿ › ˜ –œ ”¡ ˜ ”˜ ¤ ” Ÿ” ”¡ ˜ Ÿ   ¦    –Ÿ ”˜  žŸ © ˜ ™ ­ “° Ÿœ ª ”¡ –œ • LVOHIWRXWLWLVLQDGYHUWHQWDQGZHDSRORJL]HIRUWKHVDPH:HWKDQNWKH Ÿš ”¡ ¦  ™ Ÿœ ¬ š ® ž–™ ¡ ˜  ™ ¦° ™š ©¡ š ® ž–© Ÿ ”–¦ œ™ › ˜œ ”–¦ œ ˜¬ ¦  ¦ ”¡ ˜  ¯ –™ ˜ ­













11.4 Sprinkling of water 286 11.5 Membrane curing 287 11.6 Curing by curing compounds 287 Steam curing 288 Chapter 12 Curing by formwork 290 Internal curing or self-curing 290 12.1 Concluding remarks 292 12.2 Descriptive questions 293 12.3 Multiple choice questions 293 12.4 References 296 12.5 12.6 CONCRETE TEMPERATURE DEVELOPMENT 297-310 12.7 AND CONTROL PARTICLARLY AT EARLY AGE 12.8 297 12.9 Introduction 297 Mass concrete 298 Chapter 13 Causes of thermal stresses and cracks in concrete 303 Measures to control heat in mass concrete 304 13.1 Hot and cold weather concreting 305 13.2 Typical calculation for rising in temperature control 306 13.3 Concluding remarks 307 13.4 Descriptive questions 307 13.5 Multiple choice questions 309 13.6 References 13.7 311-326 PRESCRIPTIVE AND PERFORMANCE BASED Chapter 14 SPECIFICATIONS 311 14.1 312 14.2 Introduction 316 14.3 Basic requirements of prescriptive specifications 320 14.3.1 Limitations of prescriptive specifications 322 14.3.2 Main requirements of performance based specifications 323 14.3.3 Concluding remarks 323 14.3.4 Descriptive questions 325 14.3.5 Multiple choice questions 14.3.6 References 327-354 14.3.7 14.3.8 FORMWORK FOR CONCRETE 327 14.4 327 14.4.1 Introduction 328 14.4.2 General requirements of formwork 329 14.4.3 Types of formwork 332 14.4.4 Timber formwork 333 14.5 Plywood formwork 334 14.5.1 Steel formwork 335 Aluminium formwork for speedy construction 336 Plastic formwork 338 Fabric formwork 340 Slipforming 341 Climbing formwork 341 Formwork face material 342 Wood/plywood material 342 Metal form face material 343 Plastic face formwork material 344 Controlled permeability formwork 344 Formwork ties Continuous single member type

14.5.2 Internal disconnecting type ties 346 14.6 Formwork release agents 347 14.7 Striking of formwork and safety measures 348 14.7.1 Striking period of formwork 348 14.7.2 Safety measures 349 14.8 Care and maintenance of formwork 349 14.9 Concluding remarks 350 14.10 Descriptive questions 351 14.11 Multiple choice questions 352 References 354 Chapter 15 15.1 RHEOLOGY OF CONCRETE 355-374 15.2 15.2.1 Introduction 355 15.2.2 Factors affecting rheological properties 356 15.2.3 Mix proportion 357 15.2.4 Aggregate gradation, size and type 357 15.2.5 Water:binder ratio 357 15.3 Special types of cements and concretes 358 15.3.1 Use of admixtures 358 Measurement of rheology 359 15.3.2 Various models used to describe rheology 360 Bingham model 360 15.4 Herschel-Bulkley model 361 15.5 Newtonian model 361 15.6 Casson model 361 15.7 Rheometers 362 BTRHEOM Rheometer 363 Chapter 16 IBB Rheometer 364 16.1 CEMAGREF-IMG Rheometer 364 16.2 BML Rheometer 365 16.2.1 UIUC Rheometer 366 16.2.2 ICAR Rheometer 366 16.2.3 Factors of mixture adjustment to get required rheology 367 16.2.4 Concluding remarks 369 16.2.5 Descriptive questions 370 16.2.6 Multiple choice questions 370 16.2.7 References 372 16.2.8 16.2.9 DURABILITY OF CONCRETE 375-418 16.2.10 16.2.11 Introduction 375 16.3 Factors affecting concrete durability 376 16.4 Cement content 377 Water:binder ratio 377 Aggregate quality 378 Water quality 378 Compaction of concrete 378 Curing period 379 Shape and size of member 379 Cover to the concrete 380 Permeability 380 Abrasion 381 Moisture and temperature 381 Producing durable concrete in marine environment 381 Producing durable concrete against carbonation 383

16.5 Controlling alkali-silica reaction to produce durable 389 16.6 concrete 391 16.7 Producing durable concrete in industrially polluted area 392 16.8 Protecting concrete against sulphate attack 395 16.9 Making concrete durable under fire 398 Producing durable concrete against frost 16.10 Moving from prescriptive specification to performance 399 based specification for durable concrete 16.11 400 Link between water:binder ratio and concrete 16.12 permeability versus concrete durability 402 16.13 Significance of concrete cover on durability 403 Guidelines for ensuring durability of concrete including 16.14 provision of coatings 406 Cracks in concrete and durability 16.15 409 Various tests related to durability, permeability and their 16.16 significance 410 16.17 411 16.18 Concluding remarks 412 Descriptive questions 416 Chapter 17 Multiple choice questions References 17.1 17.2 QUALITY CONTROL AND QUALITY ASSURANCE 419-468 17.3 IN CONCRETE 17.4 419 17.5 Introduction 422 17.6 Quality Assurance (QA) 422 17.7 Need for quality assurance 423 17.8 Quality Control (QC) 427 17.9 How QA differs from QC 432 17.10 Quality control flow diagram for concrete 433 17.11 Statistical Quality control (SQC) 436 17.12 Strength variations 438 17.13 Interpretation of statistical parameters 17.14 Field control and quality management in concrete 439 17.15 construction 17.15.1 Data used to establish the minimum average strength 441 17.15.2 Criteria for strength requirements 442 17.15.3 Mandatory tests 444 17.15.4 Construction deficiencies 453 17.16 Documentation 455 17.17 Daily record keeping 456 17.18 Daily construction report 456 Preparation of as-built drawings 457 Chapter 18 Control of quality records 457 18.1 Concluding remarks 457 18.2 Descriptive questions 463 18.3 Multiple choice questions 463 18.4 References 466 18.4.1 18.4.1.1 REPAIRS OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES 469-532 Introduction 469 Need of repair 470 Concrete repair conceptualisation 471 Symptoms and diagnosis of distress 472 Concrete distressed by reinforcement corrosion 476 Carbonate-induced corrosion 476

18.4.1.2 Chloride-induced corrosion 480 18.4.1.3 Sulphate induced corrosion 481 18.4.1.4 Concrete distressed by alkali aggregate reaction (AAR) 482 18.4.2 Alkali-carbonate reaction 482 18.4.3 Concrete affected by cracks 485 18.4.3.1 Plastic shrinkage cracks 486 18.4.3.2 Settlement cracks 487 18.4.4 Concrete distressed by excessive loads 488 18.4.5 Repairs of road by overlay 490 18.4.6 Surface coatings 492 18.4.6.1 Protective coatings 493 18.4.6.2 Coating types 495 18.4.7 Terrace water proofing 501 18.4.7.1 Usual practice 502 18.4.7.2 Problems 503 18.4.7.3 Types of system 504 18.4.8 Methods of water proofing 505 18.4.9 Types of water proofing methods 506 18.4.10 Stages of water proofing 512 18.5 Introduction to terrace garden waterproofing 514 18.6 Special features of underwater repairs 516 18.6.1 Modifications in mix designs for underwater repairs 519 18.7 Repairs of structures damaged due to fire 520 18.8 Effects of fire on concrete 520 18.8.1 Temperature effects on concrete 522 18.8.2 Temperature effects on steel 522 18.8.3 Investigation and assessment of fire damaged concrete 523 18.8.4 Repairs of fire damaged concrete 524 18.9 Concluding remarks 525 18.10 Descriptive questions 525 18.11 Multiple choice questions 526 References 529 Chapter 19 NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING OF CONCRETE 533-620 19.1 19.2 Introduction 533 19.3 When and where to use NDT 534 19.4 Classification of NDT methods 535 19.4.1 NDT Equipment 537 19.4.2 Visual inspection 537 Tools and equipment for visual inspection 554 19.4.3 The general procedure of visual inspection before any visual test is made, the engineer must peruse 555 19.4.4 Half-cell electrical potentiometer 19.4.5 Carbonation depth measurement 559 19.4.6 Permeability test 566 19.4.7 Initial surface absorption test 569 19.4.8 Modified Figg permeability test 570 19.4.9 In-situ rapid chloride ion permeability test 571 19.4.10 Penetration resistance or Windsor probe test 573 19.4.11 Reliability and limitations 576 19.5 Electromagnetic methods of testing concrete 579 19.6 Radiographic testing 580 19.7 X-ray equipment 583 19.8 Ultrasonic testing 584 19.8.1 Factors influencing pulse velocity measurements 587 592

19.9 Sonic methods 596 19.10 Tomographic modeling 598 19.11 Ground penetrating radar 603 19.12 Infrared thermography 610 19.13 Concluding remarks 612 19.14 Descriptive questions 614 19.15 Multiple choice questions 614 References 618 Chapter 20 SUSTAINABLE CONCRETE – BROAD 621-652 20.1 GUIDELINES 20.2 621 20.3 Introduction 624 20.3.1 Sustainable concrete 625 20.3.2 Factors contributing to sustainability of concrete 626 Use of supplementary cementing materials (SCMs) 627 20.3.3 Reduced water:binder ratio Use of aggregates derived from industrial and 628 20.3.4 construction waste 20.3.5 Use of maximum size aggregates 629 Cover blocks in concrete 630 20.3.6 Temperature control measures particularly in mass concrete 632 20.3.7 Adequate and continuous (12x7) curing 20.3.8 Performance-based specifications 634 20.3.9 Timely repair and maintenance of concrete 635 20.4 Some sustainable materials used in concrete 635 20.4.1 Ground granulated blast furnace slag 637 20.4.2 Metakaolin 637 20.4.3 Plastic waste 638 20.4.4 Tyre waste 640 20.4.5 Glass waste 642 20.4.6 Construction demolition waste 642 20.4.7 Geopolymer concrete 644 20.4.8 Other green materials 644 20.5 Concluding remarks 645 20.6 Descriptive questions 645 20.7 Multiple choice questions 646 References 647 Chapter 21 649 SPECIAL TYPES OF CONCRETES 21.1 653-686 21.2 Introduction 21.3 High volume fly ash concrete 653 21.4 Silica fume concrete 654 21.5 Ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) concrete 656 21.6 Ternary blend concrete 658 21.6.1 Light weight concrete 661 21.6.2 No fines concrete or pervious concrete 662 21.6.3 Structural lightweight concrete 664 21.7 Foam concrete 666 21.8 Polymer concrete 668 21.9 Self-compacting concrete (SCC) 674 21.10 Coloured concrete 675 21.11 Fibre reinforced concrete 678 21.12 Concluding remarks 680 21.12 Descriptive questions 683 Multiple choice questions 684 References 684 686

Chapter 22 FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE 687-702 22.1 Introduction 687 22.2 Different types of fibres 688 22.2.1 Steel fibres 688 22.2.2 Glass fibres 690 22.2.3 Synthetic fibres 691 22.2.4 Natural fibres 692 22.2.5 Basalt fibres 693 22.2.6 Asbestos fibres 693 22.2.7 PET waste fibres 694 22.3 Factors affecting behaviour of fibre reinforced concrete 694 22.3.1 Aspect ratio of the fibre 695 22.3.2 Relative fibre matrix stiffness 695 22.3.3 Orientation of fibres 695 22.3.4 Volume of fibres 696 22.3.5 Mixing 696 22.3.6 Size of coarse aggregates 696 22.4 Influence of fibres on various characteristics of concrete 696 22.4.1 Workability and compaction of concrete 697 22.4.2 Abrasion and impact resistance 697 22.4.3 Strength and durability 697 22.4.4 Drying shrinkage 698 22.5 Concluding remarks 698 22.6 Descriptive questions 698 22.7 Multiple choice questions 699 References 701 Chapter 23 HIGH-PERFORMANCE CONCRETE 703-718 23.1 23.1.1 High-performance concrete (HPC) 703 23.1.2 Characteristics of HPC 704 23.1.3 Cement 706 23.1.4 Supplementary cementing materials 707 23.1.5 Aggregates 707 23.1.6 Admixtures 708 23.1.7 Proportioning 708 23.1.8 Mixing 708 23.2 Placing, consolidation and curing 709 23.3 Reactive powder concrete 710 23.3.1 Ultra-high-performance concrete 712 23.3.2 UHPC working principle 712 23.4 Typical property comparison and design of mixes 713 23.5 Other high-performance concretes 715 23.6 Concluding remarks 715 23.7 Descriptive questions 715 Multiple choice questions 716 Chapter 24 References 717 24.1 SELF-COMPACTING CONCRETE 719-758 24.2 24.2.1 Introduction 719 Advantages and disadvantages of using SCC 721 Materials used in SCC 722

24.2.2 Aggregates 723 24.2.3 Admixtures 723 24.2.4 Viscosity modifying agents (VMA) 723 24.3 Mixture proportioning methods 724 24.3.1 Filling ability 724 24.3.2 Resistance to segregation 725 24.3.3 Passing ability 726 24.4 Self-compatibility tests 726 24.5 Construction issues 728 24.6 Hardened concrete properties of SCC 728 24.6.1 Uniformity 728 24.6.2 Creep and shrinkage of SCC 728 24.6.3 The durability of hardened SCC 729 24.7 Concluding remarks 729 24.8 Descriptive questions 730 24.9 Multiple choice questions 730 References 731 Chapter 25 TESTS ON CONCRETE AND ITS MATERIALS 759-822 25.1 25.2 Introduction 759 25.3 Tests on materials used in concrete 760 25.3.1 Tests on cement 760 25.3.2 Field tests 761 25.3.3 Fineness test 762 25.3.4 Consistency test 763 25.3.5 Setting time test 764 25.3.6 Compressive strength test 765 25.3.7 Soundness test 765 25.3.8 Specific gravity test 766 25.3.9 Heat of hydration test 767 25.3.10 Tensile strength test 768 25.3.11 Chemical composition test 768 25.4 Drying shrinkage test 769 25.4.1 Tests on fine aggregates 771 25.4.2 Sieve analysis and fineness modulus 771 25.4.3 Specific gravity and water absorption 772 25.4.4 Bulking of sand 773 25.4.5 Silt content in sand 775 25.5 Aggregate soundness test 775 25.5.1 Tests on coarse aggregates 776 25.5.2 Fineness modulus and grading of coarse aggregates 777 25.5.3 Bulk density of coarse aggregates 779 25.5.4 Specific gravity and water absorption 780 25.5.5 Elongation index and Flakiness index test 781 25.5.6 Aggregate crushing value test 782 25.5.7 Aggregate impact value test 782 25.5.8 Aggregate abrasion value test 783 25.6 Aggregate soundness test 784 25.6.1 Tests on water 786 25.6.2 pH value test 786 25.6.3 Acidity test 786 25.6.4 Alkalinity test 786 25.7 Percentage of solids test 786 25.7.1 Tests on admixtures 786 Tests on fresh concrete with admixtures 787

25.7.2 Test for workability 787 25.7.2.1 Test for air content 788 25.7.2.2 Test for time of setting 788 25.7.2.3 Test for bleeding 788 25.7.3 Test for water content 788 25.7.3.1 Testing of hardened concrete with admixtures 788 25.7.3.2 Test for compressive strength 788 25.7.3.3 Test for flexural strength 788 25.7.3.4 Test for length change (Drying shrinkage) 789 25.7.3.5 Test on admixtures 789 25.8 Dry material content 789 25.8.1 Ash content 790 25.8.1.1 Relative density of liquid admixture 790 25.8.1.2 Chloride ion concentration 790 25.8.1.3 Hydrogen ion concentration 790 25.8.1.4 Tests on fresh concrete 790 25.8.1.5 Tests on conventional concrete 790 25.8.1.6 Slump cone test 791 Compacting factor test 792 25.8.1.7 Flow test 793 Vee-bee consistometer test 793 25.8.2 Kelly Ball test 794 25.8.2.1 Analysis of freshly mixed concrete 795 25.8.2.2 25.8.2.3 Determination of weight per cubic metre, yield of 795 25.8.2.4 concrete, cement factor and air content of freshly mixed 25.8.2.5 concrete 797 25.8.3 797 25.9 Tests on self compacting concrete 797 25.9.1 Slump flow test 798 25.9.2 J-ring test 798 25.9.3 L-box test 798 25.9.4 U-box test 799 25.10 Orimet test 800 25.10.1 Tests on ready mixed concrete 800 25.10.1.1 Tests on hardened concrete 800 25.10.1.2 Compressive strength test 801 25.10.1.3 Splitting tensile strength test 803 25.10.1.4 Flexural strength test 803 25.10.2 Fire testing of concrete 803 25.10.2.1 Advanced tests on concrete 804 25.10.2.2 Non-destructive tests 804 25.10.3 Fresh concrete tester 804 25.10.3.1 Rebound hammer test 804 25.10.3.2 Ultrasonic pulse velocity test 805 25.10.3.3 Covermeter test 805 25.10.3.4 Partially destructive test 805 25.10.3.5 Core test 806 25.11 Pull-out test 806 25.12 Test for durability 806 25.13 Mercury intrusion porosimetry 807 Carbonation test 809 Permeability test 810 Corrosion tests 811 Impedance spectroscopy 812 Concluding remarks 813 Descriptive questions 818 Multiple choice questions References

Chapter 26 Summary of relevant standards/codes and constituent 823-874 materials for concrete 26.1 823 26.2 Introduction 825 26.3 Background 825 26.3.1 Brief history of building and other infrastructure codes 826 26.3.2.1 How codes become law 827 26.4 Limitations of Indian Standard Codes 828 26.5 The need for Standards 829 26.6 Concluding remarks 829 26.7 Descriptive questions 830 Multiple choice questions 832 Subject Index References 833 Relevant National and International Standards/Codes on 875-890 concrete and related materials

TEXT BOOK OF CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY Narayan V. Nayak K. G. Guptha Purnanand P. Savoikar About the Book This book is basically meant for the students of Civil Engineering undertaking a basic course in Concrete Technology. The contents of the subject have been covered thoroughly which have been spread over 26 chapters. Concepts and applications of concrete technology have been illustrated with lucid language and simple figures which will surely make the students comfortable in understanding the subject easily. For the benefits of the students, 216 descriptive questions as well as 347 objective questions (Multiple Choice) with answers have been included. This book will not only be useful for the students but also the practicing engineers as it is consisting of so many practical innovations that have been successfully implemented on construction sites by the first author in his vast practical experience. To satisfy the students' curiosity about some ad- vanced topics while reading, the students can also click easily on the audio-video links of reputed companies which will create interest in their minds. Some advanced topics of the subject have made the book state-of-the-art and will definitely help the readers develop a serious concern about the sustainability of concrete and the environment. VideoReferences Name of Video Name of Company Video Link Mapei Construction Products MAPEI https://bit.ly/31khcal India Private Limited JSW https://bit.ly/3axuPbd https://bit.ly/37liEMY JSW Cement Ultra Tech https://bit.ly/3nDnHxB Ultra Tech Rediplast Ultra Tech https://bit.ly/3SesBto Krishna Conchem Private Ultra Tech Concrete Decor Limited Introduction to Speciality Con- struction chemicals Krishna Conchem Private https://bit.ly/3o4UsEJ Limited Advanced corrosion mitigation systems Counto Microfine Products Pvt | https://bit.ly/3giqo4M Alccofine Mineral Admixtures LTD(CMPPL) CREOTIVE BOOKS COWERD 978-81-948633-0-4 creativebooks con authorvT