WARRIORS (1)

TCET- NCC UNIT AY 22-23 WARRIORS “This is the fight for freedom, freedom from yesterday, for tomorrow!” —Mangal Pandey VOLUME 2 “Don’t see others doing better than you beat your own records everyday, because success is a fight between you and yourself” -Shahid Chandra Shekhar Azad Patriotism & Togetherness

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INDEX 1. Vision , Mission & objectives of NCC 2.Words of wisdom 3. All time Heroes - Field Marshal Sam Manekshaw & Field Marshal K.M Kariappa 4. Why do we celebrate (Army, Navy, Air Force Day) 5. Achievements and Credentials 6. Valour (Distinguished operations of Army, Navy & Air force). 7. Technology & Defence. 8. Deadliest Enemy of Enemy. 8. Latest in news 9. Creative hands at work 10. Acknowledgement 11. Contributors

VISION AND MISSION VISION: To Provide a Suitable Environment to Motivate the Youth to Take Up a Career in the Armed Forces. To Develop Character, Comradeship, Discipline, Leadership, Secular Outlook, Spirit of Adventure, and Ideals of Selfless Service amongst the Youth of the Country. MISSION: To transform the youth into disciplined and patriotic citizens. The aim of NCC is to inculcate among the young citizens the ideals of discipline, character development, brotherhood, spirit of adventure and selfless service. NCC's aim is to instil leadership skills in the youth to be successful in their lives no matter what career they choose. The purpose of the NCC is also to motivate the youth to choose a career in the army or other armed forces. The main objective of NCC is to motivate the youth from different domains to contribute their part of experience and knowledge for the betterment of the nation. 1

NATIONAL CADET CORPS The National Cadet Corps (NCC) is a youth development movement that has immense potential for nation building. NCC provides opportunities to the youth of the country for their all-round development with a sense of duty, determination, dedication, discipline and moral values t​ o become capable leaders and useful citizens. It provides exposure to cadets in a wide range of activities. NCC is open to all regular school and higher vocational students who are willing to develop a kind of uncivil attitude and excel anywhere. Cadets have no liability for active military service. Role of NCC : National Cadet Corps (NCC) aims to develop character, discipline, camaraderie, secular outlook, spirit of adventure and most importantly a sense of selfless service among the young citizens of India. It plays a crucial role in determining the future of our nation. A sense of patriotism is instilled in the cadets. They are taught skills like never give-up attitude, time management, sacrifice, decision making, team spirit etc. which proves to be beneficial in all walks of life. It further aims to create a group of organised, trained and motivated youth with leadership qualities who will serve the nation. These cadets will further lead the country towards a better and bright future. Objectives of NCC : 1. To transform the youth into disciplined and patriotic citizens. 2. The aim of NCC is to inculcate among the young citizens the ideals of discipline, character development, brotherhood, spirit of adventure and selfless service. 3. NCC's aim is to instil leadership skills in the youth to be successful in their lives no matter what career they choose. 4. The purpose of the NCC is also to motivate the youth to choose a career in the army or other armed forces. 5. The main objective of NCC is to motivate the youth from different domains to contribute their part of experience and knowledge for the betterment of the nation. NCC is one of the best platforms to improve life skills and serve the nation in all dimensions by being limitless. - Cadet Shreyash Sharma 2

DEAN'S MESSAGE DR. LOCHAN JOLLY WARRIORS MAGAZINE 2022 Warriors Magazine 2022 Dear students, It gives me immense pleasure to get this opportunity to talk to you all. Through this platform, I want to put forth one point that you are the future of the nation and thereforethere is lot of responsibility on your shoulders amidst this crisistime when Indiais fighting against pandemic which has taken the form of monster and causing large loss of life. Did it come as a surprise? Were we not aware that second wave of COVID will be more fatal? Have you thought about being in such a situation in your wildest dreams? What is your responsibility as the future of India? This is a reminder to all of us that we are responsible for being in such a situation and nature is more powerful than us. Today we all are in this situationbecause we forgot three basic principles of life: 1.Be disciplined 2.Do not be greedy 3.Care for others If we follow these basic principles all our problems will be reduced and we can use our energies to make this world a more beautiful place to live i.e. make it Vasudhaiva Kutumbakamin real sense. Think it over. God bless you all! Take care Dr. Lochan Jolly Dean SSW 3

MENTOR'S MESSAGE CDR. VIJAY PRATAP SINGH It is the moment of great pleasure for me to be Mentor of NCC unit in TCET, which has been instituted on 14 October 2021 in TCET after continuous coordination and persuasion with NCC directorate of Indian Army. NCC unit has opened a great opportunity for engineering students to enhance their mental/physical fitness and also get an opportunity to join Indian Armed forces under NCC entry scheme. NCC programmes focusses on personal, behavioural, physical and mental growth of students who opt to join NCC training. While serving in Indian Armed forces for 35 years, came across many great personalities, bureaucrats, technocrats and foreign dignitaries, realized that the sound personality traits along with positive attitude and physicalimen fitness are key to achieve success in any field or career. As students come from differ family backgrounds and environments, they carry different personalities and behav with them. Poor personality traits are stumbling blocks in students' career. It is observ that the students lack essential personality attributes to deal with day to problem in th respective career goals. Streamlining of personal characteristics and traits is essenti required. NCC gives many such opportunities to improve personal qualities, physical mental fitness. Also, NCC teaches duties and responsibilities of every individual tow the nation building and follow the ethos of National Integration and Patriotism.. NCC unit is responsible for overall development of students with the help of vario activities and programmes as promulgated by Indian Army during Academic Year. S platform is highly beneficial for students who associate themselves with NCC. Students get opportunities to learn various skills such as human behaviour development, personal hygiene & grooming, event management, organizing skills, writing skills, public speaking, leadership qualities, mental and physical competence etc. In addition, NCC unit motivates students to build their career in Indian Armed Forces and conducts career-oriented workshop regularly. The magazine 'Warriors' is an attempt of NCC unit to showcase the roles, responsibilities, aim, objectives, features and special benefits of NCC training. The magazine is an outcome of a dynamic team and editorial board of NCC cadets. I wish that such an attempt will continue in future to enlighten the students and cadets with many more untold, unseen facts and features of our great country.. Jai Hind. All the Best! Cdr Vijay Pratap Singh, Adjunct Professor EBTC and Mentor (NCC Training) 4

ASSOCIATE NCC OFFICER DR.NIVANT KAMBLE The premier technical institute Thakur College of Engineering and Technology strives to focus on multidisciplinary holistic education for its engineering students. The autonomous institute has pioneered many co-curricular and extracurricular activities that help students to develop their personalities. The out of turn gesture of the institute to get approval for the National Cadet Corps unit is another milestone as it is a matter of great pride and satisfaction that the institute became one of the first colleges in Maharashtra in Engineering education to start the National Cadet Corps for its students. TCET- NCC unit conducted various activities which include beach cleaning drive, patriotic Run, Republic Day Parade, and many with the guidance of 3 Maharashtra Battalion officials, the support of TCET management and Principal. The College has achieved another milestone in providing cadets with a platform to share their ideas, thoughts, opinions, and experiences in the form Magazine. The first issue of this magazine reflects various articles, poems and interviews penned down by our cadets, veterans, and faculties. I congratulate the Editorial Board of this magazine who have played a wonderful role in accomplishing the task on time. My heartfelt Congratulations to veterans, faculty members and cadets for their fruitful effort. With Best Wishes. Jai Hind. Dr. Nivant Kamble Associate NCC Officer (NCC-TCET) 5

FIELD MARSHALS 1.Field Marshal Cariappa Field Marshal Kodandera Madappa Cariappa OBE (28 January 1899 – 15 May 1993) was the first Indian Commander-in-Chief (C-in-C) of the Indian Army. He led Indian forces on the Western Front during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947. He was appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Indian Army in 1949. His distinguished military career spanned almost three decades. Born on 28 January 1899, in Madikeri, Kodagu, Cariappa joined the British Indian Army shortly after the end of World War I, and was commissioned as a temporary first lieutenant into the 2/88 Carnatic Infantry. He was transferred between multiple regiments early in his career before settling on 1/7 Rajputs, which became his permanent regiment. He was the first Indian military officer to attend the Staff College, Quetta, the first Indian to command a battalion, and was also one of the first two Indians selected to undergo training at the Imperial Defence College in Camberley. He served in various staff capacities at various unit and command headquarters (HQ) and also at the General HQ, New Delhi. Before taking over as the C-in-C of the Indian Army, Cariappa served as the commander of the Indian Army's Eastern and Western Commands. World war 2 :- In 1939, the Skeen Committee was set up to examine the options for the Indianisation of the Indian Army's officer ranks. As Cariappa was one of the most senior Indian officers with about 19 years of service, the committee held several discussions with him. He expressed his displeasure at the treatment of Indian officers in the Army. After World War II began, Cariappa was posted as Brigade Major to the 20th Indian Brigade stationed in Derajat. Later he was appointed as the DAQMG of 10th Indian Division which was stationed in Iraq. He earned a Mention in Despatches as DAA and quartermaster general of General (later Field Marshal) William Slim's 10th Division. On 1 April 1943, he was appointed as the assistant quarter master general (AQMG) in the headquarters of Eastern Command. Though Cariappa wished to serve in combat, chance did not favour him. In August 1943, when the South East Asia Command was formed, and the Fourteenth Army was placed under it, Cariappa volunteered for active service in the war. But he was again posted as AQMG of the 26th Indian Division stationed at Buthidaung in Burma.Post-Independence, Cariappa was appointed as deputy chief of the general staff. In November 1947, on being promoted to the rank of lieutenant general, he was appointed as the Eastern Army commander.Post-Independence, Cariappa was appointed as deputy chief of the general staff. In November 1947, on being promoted to the rank of lieutenant general, he was appointed as the Eastern Army commander. When Lieutenant General Sir Roy Bucher's appointment as the C-in-C of the Indian Army was about to expire in January 1949, it was decided to replace him with an Indian. Cariappa, Shrinagesh, and Nathu Singh were the contenders for the post. Though Shrinagesh was six months older than Cariappa, he had not served as long as Cariappa had; Nathu Singh had served two-and-a-half years less. But the Interim Government's Defence Minister Baldev Singh was not in favour of Cariappa. He contacted Shrinagesh and Nathu Singh asking for their opinion of being appointed as C-in-C. Since both declined the offer, Cariappa took over as the first native Commander-in-Chief of the Indian Army. The day Cariappa took over the reins of the Indian Army, 15 January 1949, was marked as official Army Day and celebrated annually. 6

FIELD MARSHALS 2.Field Marshal Sam Manekshaw Field Marshal Sam Hormusji Framji Jamshedji Manekshaw MC (3 April 1914 – 27 June 2008), widely known as Sam Manekshaw and Sam Bahadur (\"Sam the Brave\"), was the Chief of the Army Staff of the Indian Army during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, and the first Indian Army officer to be promoted to the rank of field marshal. His active military career spanned four decades and five wars, beginning with service in the British Indian Army in World War II. Manekshaw joined the first intake of the Indian Military Academy, Dehradun, in 1932. He was commissioned into the 4th Battalion, 12th Frontier Force Regiment. In World War II, he was awarded the Military Cross for gallantry. Following the partition of India in 1947, he was reassigned to the 8th Gorkha Rifles. Manekshaw was seconded to a planning role during the 1947 Indo-Pakistani War and the Hyderabad crisis, and as a result, he never commanded an infantry battalion. He was promoted to the rank of brigadier while serving at the Military Operations Directorate. He became commander of 167 Infantry Brigade in 1952 and served in this position until 1954 when he took over as the Director of Military Training at Army Headquarters. Sam Manekshaw was born on 3 April 1914 in Amritsar, Punjab, to Hormizd Manekshaw (1871–1964), who was a doctor, and Hilla, née Mehta (1885–1973), both Parsis who moved to Amritsar from the city of Valsad in the coastal Gujarat region. Manekshaw's parents had left Mumbai in 1903 for Lahore, where Hormizd had friends and where he was to begin practising medicine. However, by the time their train halted at Amritsar (trains used to make very long halts in those days), Hilla, who was pregnant, found it impossible to travel any further. During the Second World War, Hormusji Manekshaw served in the British Indian Army as a captain in the Indian Medical Service (IMS; now the Army Medical Corps). Manekshaw was selected as part of the first batch of cadets. Called \"The Pioneers\", his class also produced Smith Dun and Muhammad Musa Khan, future commanders-in-chief of Burma and Pakistan, respectively. Although the academy was inaugurated by Chetwode on 10 December 1932, the cadets' military training commenced on 1 October 1932. Manekshaw proved to be witty during his stay at IMA and went on to achieve a number of firsts: the first graduate to join one of the Gorkha regiments; first to serve as the Chief of the Army Staff of India; and first to attain the rank of field marshal. Of the 40 cadets inducted, only 22 completed the course, and they were commissioned as second lieutenants on 1 February 1935 with antedated seniority from 4 February 1934. 7

FIELD MARSHALS CONTINUE.... At the time of Manekshaw's commissioning, it was standard practice for newly commissioned Indian officers to be initially attached to a British regiment before being sent to an Indian unit. Thus, Manekshaw joined the 2nd Battalion, Royal Scots, stationed at Lahore. He was later posted to the 4th Battalion, 12th Frontier Force Regiment, stationed in Burma. On 1 May 1938, he was appointed quartermaster of his company. Already fluent in Punjabi, Hindi, Urdu, English and his parental language of Gujarati, in October 1938 Manekshaw qualified as a Higher Standard army interpreter in Pashto. Because of a shortage of qualified officers on the outbreak of war, in the first two years of the conflict Manekshaw was appointed to the acting or temporary ranks of captain and major before promotion to substantive captain on 4 February 1942. He saw action in Burma in the 1942 campaign at the Sittang River with the 4th Battalion, 12th Frontier Force Regiment, and was recognised for bravery in battle. On the Partition of India in 1947, Manekshaw's unit, the 4th Battalion, 12th Frontier Force Regiment, became part of the Pakistan Army, so Manekshaw was reassigned to the 8th Gorkha Rifles. While handling the issues relating to partition in 1947, Manekshaw demonstrated his planning and administrative skills in his capacity as GSO1. At the end of 1947, Manekshaw was posted as the commanding officer of the 3rd Battalion, 5 Gorkha Rifles (Frontier Force) (3/5 GR (FF)). Before he moved on to his new appointment on 22 October, Pakistani forces infiltrated Kashmir, capturing Domel and Muzaffarabad. The following day, the ruler of the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir, Maharaja Hari Singh, appealed for help from India. On 25 October, Manekshaw accompanied V. P. Menon, the secretary of the States Department, to Srinagar. While Menon was with the Maharaja, Manekshaw carried out an aerial survey of the situation in Kashmir. According to Manekshaw, the Maharaja signed the Instrument of Accession on the same day, and they flew back to Delhi. Lord Mountbatten and the Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru, were briefed, during which Manekshaw suggested immediate deployments of troops to prevent Kashmir from being captured. Gen. P. P. Kumaramangalam, retired as chief of army staff (COAS) in June 1969. Though Manekshaw was the most senior army commander, Defence Minister Sardar Swaran Singh favoured Lt. Gen. Harbaksh Singh, who had played a key role as the GOC-in-C of Western Command during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965. 8

FIELD MARSHALS CONTINUE.... After the war, Gandhi decided to promote Manekshaw to the rank of field marshal and appoint him as the Chief of the Defence Staff (CDS). However, after several objections from the commanders of the navy and the air force, the appointment was dropped. It was felt that, because Manekshaw was from the army, the comparatively smaller forces of the navy and air force would be neglected. Moreover, bureaucrats felt that it might challenge their influence over defence issues. Though Manekshaw was to retire in June 1972, his term was extended by a period of six months, and \"in recognition of outstanding services to the Armed Forces and the nation,\" he was promoted to the rank of field marshal on 1 January 1973. For his service to the Indian Nation, the President of India awarded Manekshaw the Padma Vibhushan in 1972. Manekshaw retired from active service on 15 January 1973 after a career of nearly four decades; he settled with his wife, Silloo, in Coonoor, the civilian town next to Wellington Cantonment where he had served as commandant of the Defence Services Staff College earlier in his career. Popular with Gurkha soldiers, Nepal fêted Manekshaw as an honorary general of the Nepalese Army in 1972. “If a man says he’s not afraid of dying, he’s either lying or he’s a Gurkha”. -Field Marshal Sam Manekshaw (First Field Marshal) 9

WHY IS NAVY-DAY CELEBRATED? Every year, Indian Navy Day is celebrated on 4th December to respect the Indian Navy's counter-attack in Operation Trident during the Indo- Pakistan war in 1971. Navy Day in India originally coincided with the Royal Navy's Trafalgar Day. On 21 October 1944, the Royal Indian Navy celebrated Navy Day for the first time. The idea behind celebrating Navy Day was to boost outreach and increase awareness about the Navy amongst the general public. Navy Day celebrations traditionally witnessed parades at various port cities as well as organizing public meetings at inland Naval establishments. From 1945 onwards, after World War 2, Navy Day was celebrated on 1 December. On the night of 30 November 1945, on the eve of the Navy Day celebrations, Indian ratings painted the slogans such as Inqualab Zindabad. In due course and until 1972, given the enthusiasm among the public, Navy Day was celebrated on 15 December, and the week in which 15 December fell was observed as Navy Week. In 1972, old traditions gave way to new reasons to celebrate the day. At the Senior Naval Officer's Conference in May 1972, it was decided that Navy Day would be celebrated on 4 December to commemorate the actions of the Indian Navy during the 1971 Indo-Pakistan War, and Navy Week would be observed from 1 to 7 December. Navy Day in India is now celebrated to commemorate Operation Trident, which was the attack on the Karachi harbor during the Indo-Pakistan war (on 4 December 1971) by the Indian Naval Missile boats as well in to reverence all the martyrs of that war. During the attack, Indian sailors communicated in Russian to avoid detection. No Indian sailors were killed in the attack. The theme of Navy Day 2021 is \"Swarnim Vijay Varsh\". \"Covid-19 and Chinese attempts to change status quo along northern borders have posed new challenges. The Navy is ready to face both these challenges,\" Admiral Karambir Singh, the Navy chief said at a press conference on the eve of Navy Day, 2020. 10

WHY IS ARMY-DAY CELEBRATED? 1.Every year, 15 January is commemorated as “Army Day” to remember the occasion when General (later Field Marshal) KM Cariappa took over the command of the Indian Army from General Sir FRR Bucher, the last British Commander-in- Chief in 1949 and became the first Indian Commander-in-Chief of Independent India. 2. Kodandera M. Cariappa took over as the Commander-in-Chief of the Indian Army from General Butcher. He was an army officer with a distinguished career in the British Indian Army and later the Indian Army. In 1919, he joined the army when he received the King’s Commission with the first group of Indian cadets. 3. In 1933, he became the first Indian officer to attend the Staff College at Quetta (Pakistan). He was also the first Indian to command a battalion. In 1986, he was made a Field Marshal, which is a five-star general officer rank and the highest rank in the army. It is a ceremonial post that is awarded to an officer who has had an illustrious service. 4. Field Marshal Cariappa was also appointed a member of the Army Sub Committee of the Forces Reconstitution Committee during the country’s partition. He secured a harmonious settlement for the army’s division between India and Pakistan. 5. In 1965, the post of the Commander-in-Chief was renamed as the Chief of the Army Staff. The current Chief of the Army Staff is General Manoj Mukund Naravane. 6. On this day, every year, the country joins the army in observing ‘Army Day’. 7. A grand parade is held at the Cariappa Parade Ground at New Delhi. The parade is reviewed by the current Chief of Army Staff. 8.The Army Chief also presents gallantry and other awards to army personnel. 9.The Indian Army, headquartered in New Delhi, has 6 operational commands and 1 training command. Each headquarter command and HQs of other wings also showcase parades and celebrations. 10.The Indian Army is a completely voluntary service. It is the second largest army in the world. Currently, there are over 12 lakhs active personnel and under 10 lakhs reserve personnel. 11.The Indian Army’s motto is “Service Before Self”. 11

WHY IS AIR FORCE-DAY CELEBRATED? Air Force Day is observed on 8 October every year because it was on this day in the year 1932 that the Indian Air Force was officially founded as a supporting force for the Royal Air Force of the United Kingdom. Although the first operational squadron of the Indian Air Force came into being the following year, 8 October came to be known as Air Force Day. Things changed a lot after the force's participation in World War II. Since then and right up to the late 1940s when India became a republic, the Indian Air Force came to be called the Royal Indian Air Force. Air Force Day is an annual celebration that is observed by several nations with an armed force. It is a military holiday that recognises a country's air force India celebrates Air Force Day on October 8 to raise awareness about the Indian Air Force (IAF) as an organisation that strives to strengthen national security and authority. The Indian Air Force is the fourth largest air force in the world. its Hindon Air Force Station located in UP's Ghaziabad is the largest in Asia. The motto of the IAF is 'Nabha Sparsham Deeptham', which means 'touch the sky with glory'. It was taken from the 11th chapter of the Bhagavad Gita, which comprises the discourse given by Lord Krishna on the battlefield of Kurukshetra. 12

Achievement and Credentials SELECTIONS IN ARMED FORCES LT. TANMAY PHALKE CDT Utkarsh Dubey CDT. Abhishek Shukla INDIAN ARMY INDIAN ARMY INDIAN NAVY (AIR-2) ACHIEVEMENTS DURING CAMP 2021-22 COMBINE ANNUAL TRANING CAMP(CATC)-405 13

Siachen Glacier: The World’s Highest Battleground Siachen (the place of roses) glacier, 72 km, in the East Karakoram is one of the longest glaciers in the Himalaya and Karakoram. The Siachen Glacier is part of Ladakh which has now been converted into a Union Territory. It has number of peaks, side valleys and at its head lies the Indira Col, the divide between South and Central Asia. The Nubra river drains the glacier and ultimately joins the Shyok river near Khalsar. On the west lies the West Karakoram (now under Pakistani control) and towards the east is the Shyok basin, forming the border with China. The northern slopes of the Indira Ridge leads to the Shaksgam valley. Although India controls the entirety of the Siachen Glacier since 1984, Pakistan still has territorial claims over it, controls the region west of Saltoro Ridge, lying west of the glacier and operates many outposts there. The lowest temperature to be reported for Siachen was minus 57 degree Celsius. What is the history of Siachen? In 1984, India launched Operation Meghdoot to capture the 76.4 km-long glacier on the Saltoro ridge. The operation continues till date, making it the longest continuing one of its kind in the world. But there has been no shooting following the 2003 ceasefire along the Line of Control (LoC) and the Actual Ground Position Line (AGPL) across the Siachen. Siachen is a legacy of Partition. While the LoC was delineated and accepted by India and Pakistan up to point NJ9842, the glacier was left unmarked. India claims the area based on the Jammu and Kashmir Instrument of Accession (1947) and the Karachi Agreement of 1949, which define the ceasefire line beyond NJ9842 as “running Northwards to the glaciers”. Facts about Siachen Glacier The Siachen Glacier is the longest glacier in the Karakoram range and the second longest in the world outside of polar regions. Including all tributary glaciers, the Siachen Glacier system covers about 700 km2 . At the height of 6000 ft, the Siachen Glacier is the world’s highest battleground. Siachen is the world’s largest non-polar glacier and thus is sometimes referred to as the Third Pole. 14

Siachen Glacier Environmental Concerns in the Siachen Glacier 1.Uninhabited before 1984, the heavy military presence has led to environmental degradation at the Siachen Glacier. 2.Satellite images indicate that the glacier is melting away by 110 metres a year and the glacier size decreased by 35%. 3.One of the reasons believed for the high-rate of glacial reduction is attributed to chemical blasting meant for construction of camps and outposts. 4.Waste generated by the military presence is dumped in the crevasses of the glacier. The waste consists of empty ammunition shells, parachutes, garbage, not all of them are biodegradable. And due to the sub-zero temperatures it is next to impossible to burn them. 5.The Indian Army is planning a cleanup campaign called ‘Green Siachen, Clean Siachen’ to clear the region of biodegradable wastes with the use of biodigesters in the absence of oxygen and freezing temperatures. At least 40% of the wastes left at the glacier is of plastic and metal (The metals like cobalt, cadmium and chromium.) 6.This is dangerous as the Indus River being in close proximity to the Siachen Glacier, the metals will find their way into the water of its tributaries such as the Shyok River and can poison the entire water supply. Why is Siachen Important? The Siachen glacier demarcates central Asia from the Indian subcontinent, and separates Pakistan from China in the region. The Saltoro Ridge of the Siachin glacier serves as a divide that prevents direct linking of PoK with China, stopping them to develop geographical military linkages in the area. Siachen also serves as a watchtower for India to keep a deep watch on Gilgit and Baltistan regions of Pakistan. If Pakistan gets the location advantage in Siachen, it would become a big threat to India from the west in Ladakh in addition to Chinese threats from Aksai Chin of the east. Due to its control over Saltoro Ride, India is better placed to strike a bargain while settling bilateral territorial disputes with Pakistan in the future. Siachen also helps India to keep a close watch on China ’s activities as Beijing has vastly improved its infrastructure in this region. China has developed all weather rail and road links in the Shaksgam region, which was ceded to China by Pakistan in 1960s. Ceding Indian- controlled Karakoram Pass triangle region to Pakistan would have further strengthened the Sino-Pakistan footprints on these strategic heights. 15

Siachen Glacier Indian Army on Patrol “The highest battlefield in the world tests not only physical but also mental strength for soldiers guarding India “ -The Quint . For more than 17 blustery, shivering years, the Indian and Pakistani armies have been fighting a \"No-Win\" war on the 20,000-foot-high Siachen Glacier, the world's highest battleground. Pakistan, like India, has about 10,000 soldiers camped on this glacier. For a soldier, this is where hell freezes over, a 46-mile river of slow-moving ice surrounded by stupendous towers of snow. Temperatures swoon to 50 below, and sudden blizzards can bury field artillery in minutes. Men sleep in ice caves or igloos and breathe air so spare of oxygen that it sends their hearts into a mad gallop. Fainting spells and pounding headaches are frequent. Frostbite chews its way through digits and limbs. They are prepared, both sides say, to battle on the roof of the world forever. How and why India occupied Siachen through ‘Operation Megahdoot’? Pakistan was first to see the potential of this strategically-important unoccupied area. However it didn’t deploy troops till 1970 but used to send mountaineering expeditions to the glaciers. In early 1981, Indian Army Col Narinder Bull Kumar sounded the alarm over Pakistan’s expeditions in the region. After that the army gave him the permission to map the entire region. Sensing Indian Army’s interest in the region, Pakistan Army planned a mission to occupy the area but was hit by an intelligence failure. Pakistan had ordered mountaineering gears from a London company who was also a supplier for India. India got the information about Pakistan’s acquisitions. In April 1984, India urgently dispatched troops to Siachen under secret Operation Meghadoot. Indian troops reached the glacier a week earlier than Pakistan. By the time Pakistan soldiers reached the region, India had already got control of the glacier and the adjacent Saltoro ridge, using Col Kumar's maps. One of the key Indian installations in Siachen is named Kumar Base after him - Cadet Jagriti Gupta 16

AKSAI CHIN-GLACIER About:- Aksai Chin is a region administered by China as part of HotanCounty, Hotan Prefecture, Xinjiang and Rutog County, Ngari Prefecture, Tibet. It is claimed by India to be a part of its Leh District, Ladakh Union Territory. It is a part of the eastern portion of the Kashmir region and has been a subject of dispute between India and China since the late 1950s. Aksai Chin is first mentioned by Muhammad Amin, the Yarkandi guide of the Schlagintweit brothers. He explained its meaning as \"the great white sand desert\". Geography:- Aksai Chin is one of the two large disputed border areas between India and China. India claims Aksai Chin as the easternmost part of the union territory of Ladakh. China claims that Aksai Chin is part of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region and Tibet Autonomous Region. The line that separates Indian-administered areas of Ladakh from Aksai Chin is known as the Line of Actual Control (LAC) and is concurrent with the Chinese Aksai Chin claim line. 17

AKSAI CHIN-GLACIER Aksai Chin covers an area of approximately 38,000 square kilometres (15,000 sq mi). The area is largely a vast high-altitude desert with a low point (on the Karakash River) at about 4,300 m (14,100 ft) above sea level. In the southwest, mountains up to 7,000 m (23,000 ft) extending southeast from the Depsang Plains form the de facto border (Line of Actual Control) between Aksai Chin and Indian-controlled Kashmir. Aksai Chin area has number of endorheic basins with many salt or soda lakes. The nearby Trans-Karakoram Tract is also the subject of ongoing dispute between China and India in the Kashmir dispute. China National Highway 219 runs through Aksai Chin connecting Lhatse County (Lhazê, Lazi) and Xinjiang in the Tibet Autonomous Region. Because of its 5,000-metre (16,000 ft) elevation, the desolation of Aksai Chin meant that it had no human importance other than as an ancient trade route, which provided a temporary pass during summer for caravans of yaks between Xinjiang and Tibet. THE JOHNSON LINE William Johnson, a civil servant with the Survey of India proposed the \"Johnson Line\" in 1865, which put Aksai Chin in Kashmir. This was the time of the Dungan revolt, when China did not control most of Xinjiang, so this line was never presented to the Chinese. Johnson presented this line to the Maharaja of Kashmir, who then claimed the 18,000 square kilometres contained within and by some accounts territory further north as far as the Sanju Pass in the Kun Lun Mountains. 18

AKSAI CHIN-GLACIER The Maharajah of Kashmir constructed a fort at Shahidulla (modern-day Xaidulla), and had troops stationed there for some years to protect caravans. Eventually, most sources placed Shahidulla and the upper Karakash River firmly within the territory of Xinjiang (see accompanying map). According to Francis Younghusband, who explored the region in the late 1880s, there was only an abandoned fort and not one inhabited house at Shahidulla when he was there – it was just a convenient staging post and a convenient headquarters for the nomadic Kirghiz. The abandoned fort had apparently been built a few years earlier by the Kashmiris. In 1878 the Chinese had reconquered Xinjiang, and by 1890 they already had Shahidulla before the issue was decided. By 1892, China had erected boundary markers at Karakoram Pass. In 1897 a British military officer, Sir John Ardagh, proposed a boundary line along the crest of the Kun Lun Mountains north of the Yarkand River. At the time Britain was concerned at the danger of Russian expansion as China weakened, and Ardagh argued that his line was more defensible. The Ardagh line was effectively a modification of the Johnson line, and became known as the \"Johnson-Ardagh Line\". 19

AKSAI CHIN-GLACIER MILITARY OPERATIONS For military campaigns, the region held great importance, as it was on the only route from the Tarim Basin to Tibet that was passable all year round. The Dzungar Khanate used this route to enter Tibet in 1717. One of the earliest treaties regarding the boundaries in the western sector was signed in 1842. Ladakh was conquered a few years earlier by the armies of Raja Gulab Singh (Dogra) under the suzerainty of the Sikh Empire. Following an unsuccessful campaign into Tibet in 1840, Gulab Singh and the Tibetans signed a treaty, agreeing to stick to the \"old, established frontiers\", which were left unspecified. The British defeat of the Sikhs in 1846 resulted in the transfer of the Jammu and Kashmir region including Ladakh to the British, who then installed Gulab Singh as the Maharaja under their suzerain. British commissioners contacted Chinese officials to negotiate the border, who did not show any interest. The British boundary commissioners fixed the southern end of the boundary at Pangong Lake, but regarded the area north of it as terra incognita. Aksai Chin is almost the size of Bhutan and little smaller than Switzerland. Most of it is in occupation of China, which captured the region during 1950s and consolidated its military grip over the area during the 1962 India-China war, rejecting all Indian attempts to settle border disputes peacefully. It is a cold desert flatland that does not receive rain or snow. Mostly uninhabited, its water sources are the Karakash river and brackish lakes. China occupied Aksai Chin claiming that it was part of ancient and medieval Chinese empire. It is a convenient claim from an era when boundaries did not have the same sanctity as they do in the times of nation-states. 20

AKSAI CHIN-GLACIER The Macartney–Macdonald Line In 1893, Hung Ta-chen, a senior Chinese official at St. Petersburg, gave maps of the region to George Macartney, the British consul general at Kashgar, which coincided in broad details. In 1899, Britain proposed a revised boundary, initially suggested by Macartney and developed by the Governor General of India Lord Elgin. This boundary placed the Lingzi Tang plains, which are south of the Laktsang range, in India, and Aksai Chin proper, which is north of the Laktsang range, in China. This border, along the Karakoram Mountains, was proposed and supported by British officials for a number of reasons. The Karakoram Mountains formed a natural boundary, which would set the British borders up to the Indus River watershed while leaving the Tarim River watershed in Chinese control, and Chinese control of this tract would present a further obstacle to Russian advance in Central Asia. The British presented this line, known as the Macartney–MacDonald Line, to the Chinese in 1899 in a note by Sir Claude MacDonald. The Qing government did not respond to the note. According to some commentators, China believed that this had been the accepted boundary. 21

AKSAI CHIN-GLACIER 1899 to 1947 Both the Johnson-Ardagh and the Macartney-MacDonald lines were used on British maps of India. Until at least 1908, the British took the Macdonald line to be the boundary, but in 1911, the Xinhai Revolution resulted in the collapse of central power in China, and by the end of World War I, the British officially used the Johnson Line. However they took no steps to establish outposts or assert actual control on the ground. In 1927, the line was adjusted again as the government of British India abandoned the Johnson line in favor of a line along the Karakoram range further south. However, the maps were not updated and still showed the Johnson Line. From 1917 to 1933, the Postal Atlas of China, published by the Government of China in Peking had shown the boundary in Aksai Chin as per the Johnson line, which runs along the Kunlun mountains. The Peking University Atlas, published in 1925, also put the Aksai Chin in India. When British officials learned of Soviet officials surveying the Aksai Chin for Sheng Shicai, warlord of Xinjiang in 1940–1941, they again advocated the Johnson Line. At this point the British had still made no attempts to establish outposts or control over the Aksai Chin, nor was the issue ever discussed with the governments of China or Tibet, and the boundary remained undemarcated at India's independence. 22

AKSAI CHIN-GLACIER Since 1947 Upon independence in 1947, the government of India used the Johnson Line as the basis for its official boundary in the west, which included the Aksai Chin. From the Karakoram Pass (which is not under dispute), the Indian claim line extends northeast of the Karakoram Mountains through the salt flats of the Aksai Chin, to set a boundary at the Kunlun Mountains, and incorporating part of the Karakash River and Yarkand River watersheds. From there, it runs east along the Kunlun Mountains, before turning southwest through the Aksai Chin salt flats, through the Karakoram Mountains, and then to Panggong Lake. On 1 July 1954, Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru wrote a memo directing that the maps of India be revised to show definite boundaries on all frontiers. Up to this point, the boundary in the Aksai Chin sector, based on the Johnson Line, had been described as \"undemarcated\". In August 2017, Indian and Chinese forces near Pangong Tso threw rocks at each other. On September 11, 2019, People's Liberation Army troops confronted Indian troops on the northern bank of Pangong Lake. A continued face-off in the 2020 China–India skirmishes of May and June 2020 between Indian and Chinese troops near Pangong Tso Lake culminated in a violent clash on 16 June 2020, with at least 20 deaths from the Indian side and no official reported deaths from the Chinese side. In 2021, Chinese state media reported 4 Chinese deaths. Both sides claim provocation from the other. - Cadet MANASI KARANGUTKAR 23

“Yeh Dil Mangey More”. -Capt. Vikram Batra PVC (Operation Vijay 1999) 24

-CDT. SUDHA SHUKLA 25

LATEST IN NEWS 1) Defence Acquisitions 2) Economy 3) Agniveer 4) INS Vikrant - Indigenously Built by Cochin Shipyard, Kochi Kerala under guidance of INDIAN NAVY 34

INS VIKRANT : NEW AVTAR INS Vikrant is an aircraft carrier constructed by the Cochin Shipyard Limited (CSL) at Kerala for the Indian Navy. It is the first aircraft carrier to be built in India. It is named Vikrant as a tribute to India's first aircraft carrier, INS Vikrant (1961). The name Vikrant means \"courageous\" in Sanskrit. The motto of the ship, \"Jayema Saṁ Yudhi Spr̥ dhaḥ\", means 'I defeat those who fight against me'. Up to 26 MiG-29K fighter jets along with 4 Kamov Ka-31 helicopters or 2 HAL Dhruv NUH utility helicopters or 4 MH-60R multi-role helicopters will fly from INS Vikrant. At a 262- metre (860 ft) length, with a top speed of 28 knots (52 km/h; 32 mph), and endurance of 7,500 nautical miles (13,900 km; 8,600 mi), the ship has 2,300 compartments manned by 1700 seamen. It has a hospital complex, cabins for female officers, two football field-sized flight decks, eight kilometres (5.0 mi) of corridors, and eight generators capable of lighting up a city of 2 million people. 34

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Indian Submarines “Deadliest enemy of enemy” Cdr Vijay Pratap Singh Types of Indian Submarines Kalvari Class Shishumar Class Sindhughosh class Arihant Class (Nuclear Submarine) Nuclear powered Submarines 26

Kalvari class indigenously built submarine Internal View of Kalvari class submarine Internal Profile of Sindhughosh class submarines 27

Shishumar Class submarine Internal profile of Arihant Class submarine (nuclear powered) 28

-Cdr.VijayPratap Singh 29

ECONOMY India’s economy showed signs of slowing-but-steady growth last month, with businesses holding on to optimism that domestic demand will revive as the peak shopping season approaches. India had grown at 8.7 per cent in the 2021-22 fiscal (April 2021 to March 2022). India has been doing very well in 2022 and is expected to grow fairly robustly in 2023.The expected growth rate is 6.8 per cent for this year, and the projection for the country is 6.1 per cent for the next year. Inflation is still above the central bank target in India. The expected India's inflation is 6.9 percent in 2022-23, which is likely to come down to 5.1 per cent next year. So, the overall stance of the fiscal and monetary policy should be probably on the tightening side. The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) expects India’s economy to grow 5.7% in 2022 and 4.7% in 2023. India’s gross domestic product (GDP) grew 8.7% in FY22. In its annual Trade and Development Report 2022 released on Monday, it said that world economy is expected to grow 2.6% in 2022 which is 0.9 percentage points below the rate projected in last year’s report.: India’s services sector growth slowed to a six month low in September, but remained in expansionary mode, a private survey showed Thursday. The S&P Global India Services Purchasing Managers’ Index dropped to 54.3 from August’s robust 57.2 level. A reading above 50 on the index indicates expansion in activity. 34

AGNIVEER Tour Of Duty What is Agni-veer: Agniveer comes under Agnipath scheme which is a tour of duty style scheme introduced by the Government of India on 14 June 2022, for recruitment of soldiers below the rank of commissioned officers into the three services of the armed forces. Those who will recruited under this system are to be called Agniveers. In this, the recruiters will trained by the armed forces in the skills required. The youths falling in the age group of 17.5 years to 23 years (revised upper age limit) who favour patriotism, teamwork, enhancement of physical fitness, ingrained loyalty to the country and availability of trained personnel to boost national security in times of external threats, internal threats and natural disasters can apply through Agneepath Yojna to become Agniveers. 30

AGNIVEER How do I join Agniveer scheme: To apply for Agnipath Recruitment,visit joinindianarmy.nic.in, indianairforce.nic.in, www.joinindiannavy.gov.in. The Agniveer aspirants have to enroll in this service for four years, and the contenders who are willing to serve the country have to fill out the application form for that. There are various benefits under this scheme for the youths with some backlashes. The scheme was previously named “Tour of Duty” but it was later renamed Agnipath. This is the time for our youth to be a part of our Indian armed forces and serve for our country. The youth had more technical ideas, more techniques and many more things, which makes our Indian armed force more strong in every situation. ▪Benefits : Upon the completion of the 4-years of service, a one-time ‘Seva Nidhi’ package of ₹11.71 lakhs will be paid to the Agniveers ▪that will include their accrued interest thereon. They will also get a ₹48 lakh life insurance cover for the four ▪years. In case of death, the payout will be over ₹1 crore, including ▪pay for the unserved tenure. The government will help rehabilitate soldiers who leave the services after four years. They will be provided with skill certificates and bridge courses. 31

AGNIVEER What was the need for such a Scheme? Lower the median age: One of the reasons for implementation of the Agnipath Yojana is to lower the median age of our personnel. In the Indian Army today, only 19% of the personnel are below 25 years of age and a whopping 19% are in the age group of 36-40. In China and Pakistan most of the region are mountaneous terrain, units with a lower age profile will work better. Future ready Soldiers: Nature of warfare is changing and is becoming increasingly multi- domain and becoming increasingly evolving in different aspects of warfare, be it cyber, space, information warfare. There are new technological infusions in terms of recruitment and systems. So the forces need to leverage this technology to come up with a future-ready fighting force. Focus on research and development: More than half the defence budget is allocated for pensions every year while less than 5% is allocated for research and development. One key reason for the Agnipath scheme, which aims to recruit defence personnel in short-term contracts, could be to reduce increasing pension payments in the Army, Navy, and Air Force. It will enable more investment in R&D of the Defence Sector. 32

AGNIVEER Advantages Of Agniveer Scheme: 1)This is a very unique policy of the youth to serve the country. 2)There is an attractive financial package for all the Agniveers. 3)Availability of well-disciplined and skilled youth with military ethos in civil society. 4)The best opportunity for all the Agniveers to train in the best institutes. 5)Armed force profile to be youthfully and dynamic. Disadvantages Of Agniveer Scheme: 1)The Agneepath Scheme will provide employment to the candidates only for 4 years. 2)Only 25% of the candidates will be made permanent after the training period and the other 75% will have to leave the job. 3)There will no pension for the candidate appointed during the Agneepath Scheme 2022. 4)The Agniveers will get 11 lakh only of the lump sum amount after 4 years from the government Seva Nidhi Scheme whereas some of the amounts in 11 lakh will be deducted from the recruit’s salary on monthly basis. 5)The selected candidates will be recruited for the non-commissioned ranks only such as Sepoy, Naik, and Lance Naik. Overall, Agniveer make a lightning personality with brave hearted man who can serve for a nation anytime, anywhere. 6)He/She will be of great personality and great mindset who can serve in Indian armed forces and make the Indian armed force best in all conditions (War, Research, Development, Technical and Techniques) by which our armed forces will become more powerful in every field. 'The word “Agniveer” in its describes the powerful energy. “Agni” means “Fire” and “Veer” means “Brave fighter”. The brave fighters with fire in there young bloods make them so powerful, and those brave fighters will stand like a flame and fearlessly stand in front of enemy.' 33

ADVENTURES ACTIVITIES IN NCC (Adventure Based Learning) Youth is nourished by adventure. Cadets that participate in adventure training in the NCC gain understanding of the topography, experience with various weather patterns, and the ability to live adventurously in a camp setting. The overall goal is to develop in NCC cadets a spirit of adventure, exploratory curiosity, stamina, endurance, discipline, courage, determination, comradeship, and leadership, which will foster the growth of self- assurance, team spirit, and spirit of the corps. A variety of adventurous sports, such as Mountain Treks and Expeditions, Trekking, Parasailing, Sailing, Scuba Diving, Kayaking, Camel Safari, White Water Rafting, Hot Air Ballooning etc., are available to NCC cadets. Cadets can develop their character traits and lpeoatdeenrtsiahliparsekigllivsetnhrtohuegchhaadnvceenttou traek-ebapsaerdt activities. Cadets with in expeditions that call for a greater level of competency and expertise. NCC engages in the following adventurous activities: Mountaineering Expeditions: Every year, NCC organises two mountaineering adventures, one for each of the cadet classes: boys and girls. The NCC has led 75 mountaineering expeditions since 1970, 40 of which were for boys and 35 of which were for girls. Among the peaks climbed by NCC cadets are Mt. Rudugaira (5819m), Mt. Deo Tibba (6001m), Mt. Gangotri I (6672m), and Mt. Kamet (7746m). On May 19 and 20, 2013, two groups of NCC Cadets (Boys) made history by ascending Mount Everest on the first-ever expedition. A NCC Girls Expedition was being prepared to summit Mt. Everest (8848m) in 2016. 35

All India Trekking Expedition: There are 29 annual trekking expeditions that 14500 cadets from across all State NCC Directorates participate in. The following are the objectives of these treks: - (a) Encourage the cadets to have an adventurous, exploratory, inquisitive, and practical investigative attitude. (b) Build endurance, self-confidence, stamina, and a sense of unity among teammates. (c) Grow love for the nature, mountains, vegetation, flora and fauna. The following activities are also planned during treks to boost their educational value and prevent them from turning into dull slog marches: - a. Map reading, route marking, and compass use b. Voice/whistle signals and field signals. c. Drill for crossing obstacles, danger prone areas. d. Researching social habits, religious b eliefs, and lifestyle choices. e. Studying the flora and fauna. f. Stopping at historical sites, places of worship, or vacation destinations along the way. g. Community singing, casual cultural performances, and group singing. h. Team activities. i. Visiting defence sites or units. 36

Camel Safari: The Rajasthan Directorate organises a camel safari each year in the Jaisalmer desert. Twenty Indian cadets, two officers, and ten cadets from Singapore, two officers, and twelve cadets from Kazakhstan, all take part in the camel safari Parasailing: The NCC Directorates arrange this adventure activity to provide cadets the thrills and experience of it. This aerial sport is particularly popular among NCC cadets. The least expensive and riskiest airborne sport is parasailing. The parasailing is carried out in accordance with the plans of Group Headquarters. Delhi Dte, under HQ DG NCC, conducts parasailing during the PM's Rally. Para Basic Course: Every year, 40 male and 40 girl cadets enrol in the 24-day Para Basic Course at the Para Training School in Agra. 37

Rallies on bicycles and motorbikes: Various State NCC Directorates organise bicycle and motorbike rallies to inform the public about health, community development, and the eradication of social problems as well as to convey the message of peace, harmony, and national integration. Sailing Expedition: Every year, State NCC Directorates host sailing expeditions. Participating on each expedition are 35 to 60 cadets. Sea Sorties: Cadets are placed on board naval vessels for sea experience. Four maritime sorties with 245 Cadets have taken place in 2015. Slithering: The PARA SLITHERING practise is significant because it offers cadets the confidence they need to fly through the air. Slithering is organised by NCC Dte Delhi at the PM's Rally only. Every year on January 28th, it takes place at the Cariappa Parade grounds with PM rally cadets. The Indian Army engages in this operation to deal with situations when there is simply a forest or no helipad. 38

Glimpse Of Glory Woman’s participation in India’s freedom struggle started as ahead of schedule as in 1817. Bhima Bai Holkar battled intrepidly against the British Colonel Malcolm and vanquished him in guerrilla warfare. Rani Lakshmi-Bai of Jhansi whose bravery and brilliant leadership laid on remarkable case of genuine patriotism. Sarojini Naidu, Kasturba Gandhi , Vijay Lakshmi savant, Annie Besant and so on in the twentieth century are the names which are recalled even today for their particular contribution in the freedom struggle of India. Let us elucidate the role of Indian women who participated in the freedom struggle against British East India Company and British Empire and made great and rich contributions in various ways. Bhima Bai Holkar : (17 Sep.1795-28 Nov.1858) Bhima Bai Holkar, born on 17 Septemb er 1795 was the daughter of Yashwant Rao Holkar, the Maharaja of Indore. In 1817, Bhima Bai fought bravely against the British colonel Malcolm and defeated him in guerilla warfare. At the Battle of Mahidpur, She led a brigade of 2,500 cavalry, sword and lance in hand, into the battle against the British at Mahidpur. It is believed that her act of taking on the East India Company as a soldier inspired Rani Lakshmi Bai of Jhansi in 1858 during the Indian Rebellion of 1857. She died at Indore, 28 November 1858 (Basu, 1976). —------------- Rani Gaidinliu: (26 Jan.1915-17 Feb.1993) Gaidinliu was born on 26 January 1915 at Nungkao (or Longkao) village in the present-day Tousem sub-division of Tamenglong District, Manipur. She was from the Rongmei Naga tribe (also known as Kabui. At the age of 13, she joined the Heraka religious movement of her cousin Haipou Jadonang. The movement later turned into a political movement seeking to drive out the British from Manipur and the surrounding Naga areas (Nag, 1976). 39

Gaidinliu was arrested in 1932 at the age of 16, and was sentenced to life imprisonment by the British Rulers. Jawaharlal Nehru met her at Shillong Jail in 1937, and promised to pursue her release. Nehru gave her the title of “Rani” (“Queen”), and she gained local popularity as Rani Gaidinliu. After the Interim Government of India was set up in 1946, Rani Gaidinliu was released on Prime Minister Nehru’s orders from Tura jail, having spent 14 years in various prisons. She continued to work for the upliftment of her people. An advocate of the ancestral Naga religious practices, sh e staunchly resisted the conversion of Nagas to Christianity. She was honoured as a freedom fighter and was awarded a Padma Bhushan by the Government of India in 1982. In 1991, Gaidinliu returned to her birthplace Longkao, where she died on 17 February 1993 at the age of 78 (Nayya, 2002). -CDT. SHRUTI YADAV 40