7th grade versions

Body systems

Table of ContentsIntegumentary systems Key terms System Research Diseases/Abnormal Conditions Health Careers Associated Plastic surgeonsMusculoskeletal Systems KEY TERMS Systems Research Diseases/Abnormal Conditions Health Careers AssociatedNervous Systems Network of nerve cells and fibers that transmitsnerve impulses between parts of the body. Key terms: System Research Diseases/Abnormal Conditions Health Careers AssociatedSpecial Senses - The senses that have specialized organs devoted to them: vision (the eye)hearing and balance (the ear, which includes the auditory system and vestibular system) smell(the nose) taste (the tongue) Key Terms System Research Diseases/Abnormal Conditions Health Careers AssociatedRespiratory Systems: A series of organs whose job is to take oxygen and expel carbon dioxide. Key terms: System Research: Diseases/Abnormal Conditions: Health Careers Associated:Cardiovascular - Organ system that permits blood to circulate and transport nutrients, oxygen,carbon dioxide, hormones, and blood cells to and from the cells in the body to providenourishment Key terms

System ResearchDiseases/Abnormal Conditions:Health Careers Associated:Work citedDigestive:A group of organs working together to convert food into energy and basic nutrients to feed theentire body. Key terms System Research: Diseases/Abnormal Conditions: Health Careers Associated: Work citedUrinary System - Group of organs in the body concerned with filtering out excess fluid and othersubstances from the bloodstream. Key terms System Research Diseases/Abnormal Conditions: Health Careers Associated:Reproductive system: System of sex organs within an organism which worktogether for the purpose of sexual reproduction.Key termsSystem Research:Diseases/Abnormal Conditions:Health Careers AssociatedWork cited

Integumentary systems It has the skin, hair, nails, glands, and nerves. It’s mainpurpose is to act as a barrier to protect the body from theoutside world. It also functions to protect against disease,eliminate waste products, and regulate body temperature. Major Structures ● Ceruminous Glands- Ceruminous glands are special glands found only in the dermis of the ear canals. ● Sebaceous Glands - Sebaceous glands are exocrine glands found in the dermis of the skin that produce an oily secretion known as sebum. ● Sudoriferous Glands - Sudoriferous glands are exocrine glands found in the dermis of the skin and commonly known as sweat glands. ● Sudoriferous Glands Sudoriferous glands are exocrine glands found in the dermis of the skin and commonly known as sweat glands. ● Hair Hair is an accessory organ of the skin made of columns of tightly packed dead keratinocytes found in most regions of the body.

● Epidermis The epidermis is the most superficial layer of the skin that covers almost the entire body surface. The epidermis rests upon and protects the deeper and thicker dermis layer of the skin. Diseases/Abnormal Conditions ● Skin Cancer: ○ Basal cell carcinoma ​- Over 2 million cases in the USA can either skin color or has a slight pearl color. Rarely spread to other parts of the body. This can be problematic if not treated can destroy skin tissue and bone. ○ Squamous cell carcinoma ​- This is a rough-surfaced skin-colored lesion. Squamous cell skin cancer causes death in about 10 percent of affected patients. ○ Melanoma​ - Most serious skin looks like a dark, changing, bleeding skin spot. ● Warts: Rough bumps caused by a viral infection. They commonly occur on thehands and feet. Sometimes, tiny black dots will be visible in a wart. ● Eczema: ​Also known as Dermatitis, eczema looks like red, itchy, flaky skin. It can occur anywhere. Sometimes, it happens by itself, and other times, it is caused by outside factors such as poison ivy. ● Moles: Moles are normal parts of the skin If a mole start changing in size, color or shape, or if it bleeds it need to be evaluated by a doctor.

Health Careers Associated ● Dermatologists Physicians who have received a Dermatology degree from a medical institution and specializes in the diagnosis and cure of skin disorders. Dermatologists also study the functions of the skin, and the correlation between skin pathologies and disorders of other organs in the body. ● Plastic surgeons Plastic surgeons perform operations that change the appearance or lookof a part of a patient's body. They do not just perform certainsurgeries such as a nose jobsand face lifts, they also perform surgeries of patients that have injuries in a severe accident orwho have birth defects.PictureWork Cited\"Medical Professions.\" ​Integumentary System. N.p., n.d. Web. 07 Oct. 2016.\"Skin: Facts, Diseases & Conditions.\" L​ ive Science. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 Oct. 2016.Biologicals, By Medifit. \"Integumentary System.\" ​Medifit Biologicals. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Oct. 2016.

Musculoskeletal Systems​Provides form, support, stability, and movement to the body. It is made up of the bones ofthe skeleton, muscles, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, joints, and other connective tissue thatsupports and binds tissues and organs together. Major structures ● Skeletal Muscles Skeletal muscles and skeletal muscle tissue are the structures that come to most people's minds when thinking about \"muscles.\" Skeletal muscle tissue is a coarse muscle tissue optimized for contracting and moving body parts. ● Cardiac Muscle Tissue Cardiac muscle tissue is found only in the heart, where cardiac contractions pump blood throughout the body and maintain blood pressure. ● Smooth muscle tissue is associated with numerous organs and tissue systems, such as the digestive system and respiratory system. It plays an important role in the regulation of flow in such systems, such as aiding the movement of food through the digestive system via peristalsis.

Diseases/Abnormal Conditions ● Arthritis​: A​ s​ people age joint tissues become strong to wear and tear and start to degenerate manifesting as swelling, pain, and oftentimes, loss of mobility of joints ● Osteoporosis:​ ​When too much calcium is dissolved from bones or not enough replaced, bones lose density and are easily fractured. Estrogen, the female sex hormone, helps maintain proper calcium levels in bones. Once the ovaries stop producing the hormone, women are at higher risk of developing osteoporosis. ● Osteomalacia: ​ If not enough calcium is deposited during early childhood development, the bones do not become rock-hard, but rubbery. ● Tendonitis​:​ Repeated strain on a tendon, attachment of a muscle to bone, can inflame the tendon resulting in pain and difficulty with movement involving the muscle.Health Careers Associated ● Physical Therapist- H​ elp people who have injuries or illnesses improve their movement and manage their pain. Often an important part of rehabilitation and treatment of patients with chronic conditions or injuries. Promotes balance and posture, along with proper muscle function. Perform many therapies (like range of motion exercises) to ensure full muscle movement. ● Chiropractors​ - ​Treat patients with health problems of the musculoskeletal system, which is made up of the bones, muscles, ligaments, and tendons. Use spinal manipulation and

other techniques to treat patients’ ailments, such as back or neck pain.PictureWork CitedAmbelal, Bijul. \"The Muscular System: Careers & Staying Healthy.\"P​ rezi.com. N.p., 22 Sept. 2013. Web. 10Oct. 2016.@DesMoinesUniv. \"Musculoskeletal System Diseases - Des Moines University.\" ​Des Moines UniversityMusculoskeletal System Diseases Comments. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Oct. 2016.

Nervous SystemsNetwork of nerve cells and fibers that nerve messages between parts of the body. ● The spinal cord The spinal cord is about 45 cms long, extending from the medulla down to the second lumbar vertebrae. It acts as a message pathway between the brain and the rest of the body. ● Lobes of the brain It is important to have an understanding of how the brain functions and which parts control our functioning and behaviour. ● Central Nervous System With a better understanding of how neurons transmit impulses, we can now look at the Central Nervous System, occupied by the brain and spinal cord. Diseases/Abnormal Conditions ● Cerebrovascular accident (CVA)​ –​ the fancy name for a “stroke”. A blood vessel in the brain may burst causing internal bleeding. Or, a clot may arise in a brain blood vessel, or arise elsewhere and travel to get stuck in a brain vessel which then deprives brain tissue of oxygen. Depending upon the

area of the brain involved, the patient may suffer paralysis, loss of speech or loss of vision. ● Epilepsy – a Greek word for “seizure.” Seizures may have many causes and not all seizures are epilepsy. High fevers in young children may trigger seizures which are short in duration, easily controlled and, typically, have no permanent aftereffects. ● Multiple Sclerosis –​ Literally, “many hardenings,” MS is a disease of unknown cause that manifests as multiple hard plaques of degeneration of the insulating layer of nerve fibers in the central nervous system. ● Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA) – “Ischemia” was introduced previously in the circulatory diseases module referring to the heart. It literally means “not quite enough blood”. A short period of insufficient blood supply to the brain can have the same signs and symptoms as a stroke such as weakness in an arm, a partial loss of vision, but the problem lasts less than 24 hours.Health Careers Associated ● Neurologist​ - N​ eurology is the study of disorders of the nervous system. A neurologist is a physician who diagnoses and treats nervous system disorders of the brain, spinal cord and nerves. This specialist deals with problems related to brain disease, disorders of the brain, spinal cord, and the nerves, and the blood vessels that provide circulation to these organs. ● Pediatric Neurology​ - T​ he study and treatment of disorders of the nervous system in infants, children and adolescents. A pediatric neurologist is a physician who diagnoses and treats nervous system disorders of the brain, spinal cord and nerves.

Work cited - By Beverley Henderson, Jennifer Lee Dorsey. \"Medical Terminology for Nervous Conditions and Pathology - Dummies.\" ​Dummies. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 Oct. 2016. - @DesMoinesUniv. \"Nervous System Diseases - Des Moines University.\"​Des Moines University Nervous System Diseases Comments. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 Oct. 2016.

Special Senses​ -​ ​The senses that have specialized organsdevoted to them: vision (the eye) hearing and balance (the ear, which includes the auditory system andvestibular system) smell (the nose) taste (the tongue) Major Structures ● Eyes -​ obviously allow us to see. But if you break it down, they do a more than just that. Using our eyes, we can judge depth, interpret new information, and identify color ● Noses are used to smell scents. They get a sense for what particles are traveling through the air, which can help us identify if dangerous chemicals are nearby. Smell also has the strongest connection to memory; a familiar smell can remind us of things long forgotten. ● Ears allow us to hear sound - to detect vibrations in the air particles around us. But the inner ear also helps us maintain balance and regulate sinus pressure. This is especially useful when you change altitude (like, for example, when you are flying in an airplane). ● Tongues are used to taste foods, allowing us to figure out if something is going to be useful to our bodies or poisonous. They also allow us to sense hot and cold in food and liquids. ● skin, which is responsible for what may be the most important senses in the human body. The skin performs a huge number of functions. These include: Perspiration (sweating) to cool the body Protection from the elements and more.

Diseases/Abnormal Conditions ● Amblyopia​ - ​Lazy eye...when muscles are weaker in eye than the other. ● Astigmatism ​-​ ​Eyeball is not perfectly round, causing the eye to focus improperly. ● Blepharoptosis ​- d​ rooping of the upper eyelid. ● Cataract ​- ​Lens of eye becomes cloud, preventing light from entering makes it difficult to see clearly ....assoc. w/ aging. Health Careers Associated ● Ophthalmologist -​ A physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the eyes and vision ● audiologist​ - ​A Specialist in the measurement of hearing function and in the rehabilitation of persons with hearing impairments Work cited \"Common Diseases & Conditions of the Special Senses.\" ​Flashcards. N.p., n.d.Web. 16 Oct. 2016. \"Medical Terminology, Chapter 11, Special Senses: Eyes and Ears.\" F​ lashcards.N.p., n.d. Web. 16 Oct. 2016.

Respiratory Systems​: ​A series of organs whose job is to takeoxygen and expel carbon dioxide. Major structures ● nose ,nasal cavity - form the main external opening for the respiratory system and are the first section of the body’s airway—the respiratory tract through which air moves. ● Mouth The mouth, also known as the oral cavity, is the secondary external opening for the respiratory tract. Most normal breathing takes place through the nasal cavity, but the oral cavity can be used to supplement or replace the nasal cavity’s functions when needed. ● Pharynx The pharynx, also known as the throat, is a muscular funnel that extends from the posterior end of the nasal cavity to the superior end of the esophagus and larynx. ● Larynx The larynx, also known as the voice box, is a short section of the airway that connects the laryngopharynx and the trachea. The larynx is located in the anterior portion of the neck, just inferior to the hyoid bone and superior to the trachea.

Diseases/Abnormal Conditions: ● Pulmonary Edema​ - ​Accumulation of fluid in the bronchioles and alveoli. ● OSA, Obstructive Sleep Apnea​ - ​pharynx collapse during sleep due to the absences on breath. ● Cor pulmonale​ - ​A serious cardiac disease associated with chronic lung disorders like emphysema. ● Bronchogenic carcinoma​ - ​A cancerous tumor that come into from the bronchus.Health Careers Associated: ● Oncologist -​ A​ doctor who treats cancer the three main oncologist are surgical, medical, radiation. All three of these oncologist work together to help treat a patient with cancer ● Allergist -​ ​A doctor specialized in the diagnosis and treatment of patients who have allergies. They look at the body's immune system and determine what needs to be fixed or improved.

Work cited By Beverley Henderson, Jennifer Lee Dorsey. \"Medical Terminology for RespiratoryConditions, Diseases, and Pathology - Dummies.\"​Dummies. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Oct. 2016. \"Medical Professions.\" ​The Respiratory System. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Oct. 2016. \"Medical Terminology - Respiratory System.\" F​ lashcards. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Oct.2016.

Cardiovascular - ​Organ system that permitsblood to circulate and transport nutrients, oxygen, carbondioxide, hormones, and blood cells to and from the cells in thebody to provide nourishmentMajor structures ● The Heart The heart is a muscular pumping organ located medial to the lungs along the body’s midline in the thoracic region. The bottom tip of the heart, known as its apex, is turned to the left, so that about 2/3 of the heart is located on the body’s left side with the other 1/3 on right ● Blood Vessels Blood vessels are the body’s highways that allow blood to flow quickly and efficiently from the heart to every region of the body and back again. The size of blood vessels corresponds with the amount of blood that passes through the vessel. ● Coronary Circulation The heart has its own set of blood vessels that provide the myocardium with the oxygen and nutrients necessary to pump blood throughout the body. ● Blood The average human body contains about 4 to 5 liters of blood. As a liquid connective tissue, it transports many substances through the body and helps to maintain homeostasis of nutrients, wastes, and gases. Blood is made up of red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and liquid plasma.

System Research ● Atrium upper​ -​ Right or left chamber of the heart. ● Interatrial septum​ - P​ artition between the right and left atria. ● Parietal pericardium​ -​ Outer layer of the pericardium. ● Epicardium​ - M​ embrane forming the outer layer of the heart​. ● Visceral pericardium​ - ​Layer of the pericardium closest to the heart. ● Pericardium​ - P​ rotective sac enclosing the heart; composed of two layers with fluid in between. ● Endocardium​ - M​ embrane lining the cavities of the heart. ● Interventricular septum​ - P​ artition between the right and left ventricles. ● Aortic valve -​ ​Heart valve between the left ventricle and the aorta. ● Pericardial cavity ​- ​Fluid-filled cavity between the pericardial layers.Diseases/Abnormal Conditions: ● Coronary Artery Disease​ ​- The arteries which should be smooth and elastic get plaque in the inner walls. Which can make the more rigid and narrowed. This can restricts blood flow to the heart. Which can then be starved of oxygen. ● Heart Attack​ - The permanent damage to the heart muscle.If you have coronary artery disease, those arteries become narrow and blood cannot flow as well as they should. inflammatory cells build up within the arteries to form plaques of different sizes. Within a short time, death of heart muscle cells occurs, causing permanent damage.

● Heart Failure - The heart can't pump blood so well anymore.The chambers of your heart may respond by stretching to carry more blood to pump through the body. They may become stiffer and thicker. This helps keep blood moving for a while, but in time, the heart muscle walls may get weaker. ● Cardiomyopathy - Heart Muscle Disease is a type of progressive heart disease in which the heart is abnormally enlarged, thickened, and/or stiffened. Health Careers Associated: ● Cardiac and Vascular Surgeons - P​ erform surgeries to repair or limit damage to the heart and its supporting network of blood vessels. ● Cardiologist - ​Combat diseases and conditions of the cardiovascular system. They diagnose and treat heart conditions through a variety of non-surgical means, including medications and management of lifestyle factors.Work cited\"Common Medical Terminology. Suffix, Prefix, and Root Words.\"​Common Medical Terminology.Suffix, Prefix, and Root Words.N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Oct. 2016.\"Medical Terminology- Cardiovascular System.\" F​ lashcards. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Oct. 2016.\"Heart and Cardiovascular Diseases.\" ​WebMD. WebMD, n.d. Web. 27 Oct. 2016\"List of Jobs & Careers Involving the Cardiovascular System.\" Work. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Oct. 2016.

Digestive:A group of organs working together to convert food into energy and basic nutrients to feedthe entire body. Major structures ● Mouth The mouth is the beginning of the digestive tract; and, in fact, digestion starts here when taking the first bite of food. Chewing breaks the food into pieces that are more easily digested. ● Esophagus Located in your throat near your trachea (windpipe), the esophagus receives food from your mouth when you swallow. By means of a series of muscular contractions called peristalsis, the esophagus delivers food to your stomach. ● Stomach The stomach is a hollow organ, or \"container,\" that holds food while it is being mixed with enzymes that continue the process of breaking down food into a usable form ● Small intestine Made up of three segments — the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum — the small intestine is a 22-foot long muscular tube that breaks down food using enzymes released by the pancreas and bile from the liver. ● Pancreas The pancreas secretes digestive enzymes into the duodenum, the first segment of the small intestine. These enzymes break down

protein, fats, and carbohydrates. The pancreas also makes insulin, secreting it directly into the bloodstream. Insulin is the chief hormone for metabolizing sugar. ● Gallbladder The gallbladder stores and concentrates bile, and then releases it into the duodenum to help absorb and digest fats. ● Colon (large intestine) The colon is a 6-foot long muscular tube that connects the small intestine to the rectum. The large intestine is made up of the cecum, the ascending (right) colon, the transverse (across) colon, the descending (left) colon, and the sigmoid colon, which connects to the rectum. ● Rectum The rectum (Latin for \"straight\") is an 8-inch chamber that connects the colon to the anus. It is the rectum's job to receive stool from the colon, to let the person know that there is stool to be evacuated, and to hold the stool until evacuation happens. ● Anus The anus is the last part of the digestive tract. It is a 2-inch long canal consisting of the pelvic floor muscles and the two anal sphincters (internal and external). The lining of the upper anus is specialized to detect rectal contents. It lets you know whether the contents are liquid, gas, or solid.Diseases/Abnormal Conditions: ● Jaundice –​ Literally means “yellow” in French. Yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes from a backup of

bile metabolic by-products from the blood into body tissues. ● Cirrhosis – A degenerative disease of the liver that often develops in chronic alcoholics, but can have other causes. The name refers to the gross appearance of the organ. ● Esophageal varices – Bulging, engorged veins in the walls of the esophagus are often a complication of chronic alcoholism. The thin-walled, swollen veins are at risk of tearing resulting in severe, possibly fatal, bleeding. ● Crohn’s Disease​ – Typical symptoms are abdominal pain, weight loss, diarrhea. There may also be rectal bleeding that can lead to anemia.Health Careers Associated: ● Endoscopy – ​Use of a flexible fiberoptic instrument attached to a video camera that can be used to directly visualize the esophagus, stomach and large bowel.

● Gastroenterologist​ – A physician specializing in diseases of the digestive system including esophagus, stomach and intestines. These specialists do not do surgery. Patients needing surgery are referred to a general surgeon. Work cited -​@DesMoinesUniv. \"Digestive System Diseases - Des Moines University.\" ​Des Moines University Digestive System Diseases Comments. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 Oct. 2016. -@DesMoinesUniv. \"Digestive System Procedures/specialists - Des Moines University.\" D​ es Moines University Digestive System Proceduresspecialists Comments. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 Oct. 2016. -\"Medical Terminology of the Digestive System.\" F​ lashcards. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 Oct. 2016. -\"The Digestive System.\" Rabbits (n.d.): 81-107. WebExtra Info: ● The human brain cell can hold 5 times as much information as the Encyclopedia Britannica. ● The brain itself cannot feel pain. ● The human heart creates enough pressure to squirt blood 30 feet. ● The acid in your stomach is strong enough to dissolve razorblades. ● The human body is estimated to have 60,000 miles of blood vessels ● Your nose can remember 50,000 different scents.