computer science

COMPUTER NETWORKS (CS610) VU • ATM Data Transmission and AAL5 • Critique of ATMNETWORK CHARACTERISTICS: OWNERSHIP, SERVICEPARADIGM AND PERFORMANCE • Network Ownership • Privacy and Public Networks • Advantages and Disadvantages • Virtual Private Networks • Guaranteeing Absolute Privacy • Service Paradigm • Connection-Oriented Service Paradigm • Connectionless Service Paradigm • Interior and Exterior Service Paradigm • Comparison of Service Paradigm • Addresses of Connection Identifiers • Network Performance Characteristics o Delay o Throughput • JitterINTERNETWORKINGIn this portion the following chapters were covered. The topics are also given below:INTERNETWORKING: CONCEPTS, ARCHITECTURE, ANDPROTOCOLS • The Motivation for Internetworking • The Concept of Universal Service • Universal Service in a Heterogeneous World • Internetworking • Physical Network Connection with Routers • Internet Architecture • Achieving Universal Service • A Virtual Network • Protocols for Internetworking • Layering and TCP/IP Protocols • Host Computers, Routers and Protocol Layers 151© Copyright Virtual University of Pakistan

COMPUTER NETWORKS (CS610) VU 152IP: INTERNET PROTOCOL ADDRESSES • Addresses for the Virtual Internet • The IP Addressing Scheme • The IP Address Hierarchy • Original Classes of IP Addresses • Computing the Class of an Address • Dotted Decimal Notation • Classes and Dotted Decimal Notation • Division of the Address Space • Authority for Addresses • A Classful Addressing Example • Subnet and Classless Addressing • Address Masks • CIDR Notation • A CIDR Address Block Example • CIDR Host Addresses • Special IP Addresses • The Berkeley Broadcast Address Form • Routers and the IP Addressing Principle • Multi-Homed HostsBINDING PROTOCOL ADDRESSES (ARP) • Protocol Addresses and Packet Delivery • Address Resolution • Address Resolution Techniques • Address Resolution with Table Lookup • Address Resolution with Closed-Form Computation • Address Resolution with Message Exchange • Address Resolution Protocol • ARP Message Delivery • ARP Message Format • Sending an ARP Message • Identifying ARP Frames • Caching ARP Responses • Processing an Incoming ARP Message • Layering, Address Resolution, Protocol Addresses © Copyright Virtual University of Pakistan

COMPUTER NETWORKS (CS610) VU 153IP DATAGRAMS AND DATAGRAM FORWARDING • Connectionless Service • Virtual Packets • The IP Datagram • Forwarding an IP Datagram • IP Addresses and Routing Table Entries • The Mask Field and Datagram Forwarding • Destination and Next-Hop Addresses • Best-Effort Delivery • The IP Datagram Header FormatIP ENCAPSULATION, FRAGMENTATION, ANDREASSEMBLY • Datagram Transmission and Frames • Encapsulation • Transmission across an Internet • MTU, Datagram Size, and Encapsulation • Reassembly • Identifying a Datagram • Fragment Loss • Fragmenting a FragmentTHE FUTURE IP (IPv6) • The Success of IP • The Motivation for change • A Name and a Version Number • IPv6 Datagram Format • IPv6 Base Header Format • How IP v6 handles Multiple Headers • Fragmentation, Reassembly, and Path MTU • The Purpose of Multiple Headers • IPv6 Addressing • IPv6 Colon Hexadecimal Notation © Copyright Virtual University of Pakistan

COMPUTER NETWORKS (CS610) VU 154UDP: DATAGRAM TRANSPORT SERVICE • Need for End-to-End Transport Protocols • The User Datagram Protocol • Connection-less Paradigm • Message Oriented Interface • UDP Communication Semantics • Arbitrary Interaction • End Point Identification with Protocol Port Numbers • UDP Datagram FormatTCP: RELIABLE TRANSPORT SERVICE • The Need for Reliable Transport • The Transmission Control Protocol • The Service TCP Provides to Applications • End-To-End Service and Datagrams • Achieving Reliability • Packet Loss and Retransmission Times • Adaptive Retransmission • Buffers, Flow Control, and Windows • Three-Way Handshake • Congestion Control • TCP Segment FormatINTERNET ROUTING • Static Vs Dynamic Routing • Static Routing In Hosts and a Default Route • Dynamic Routing and Routers • Routing in the Global Internet • Autonomous System Concept • The Two Types of Internet Routing Protocols (IGP & EGP) • Routes and Data Traffic • Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) • The Routing Information Protocol (RIP) • RIP Packet Format © Copyright Virtual University of Pakistan

COMPUTER NETWORKS (CS610) VU • The Open Shortest Path First Protocol (OSPF) • An Example OSPF Graph • OSPF Areas • Multicast Routing 155© Copyright Virtual University of Pakistan