ตัวอย่างรายงานสำรวจตัวอย่าง

32 ตาราง 3.17 จาํ นวนและรอยละของลกู จา ง จาํ แนกตามระดับคา จา ง/เงินเดอื น เพศ และเขตการปกครอง ระดับคา จางรายเดอื น/ ท่ัวราชอาณาจักร ในเขตเทศบาล นอกเขตเทศบาล เงนิ เดือน (บาท) รวม รฐั บาล เอกชน รวม รฐั บาล เอกชน รวม รฐั บาล เอกชน ยอดรวม 8,156.6 1,687.0 6,469.6 ไมเกนิ 2,500 18,022.6 3,520.2 14,502.5 จํานวน ('000) 203.8 2.2 201.5 2,501-5,500 253.1 4.1 249.0 974.3 69.3 905.0 5,501-10,000 93.8 1,221.7 9,866.1 1,833.2 8,032.9 1,315.5 3,849.0 567.0 3,282.1 ตงั้ แต 10,001 ขึ้นไป 7,108.2 899.1 6,209.0 49.4 1.9 47.5 3,106.0 1,044.1 2,061.9 ไมทราบ 9,226.0 2,499.5 6,726.5 341.3 24.6 316.7 ชาย 23.6 4.5 19.1 ไมเ กนิ 2,500 119.9 23.6 96.2 3,259.2 332.2 2,927.0 4,601.5 829.1 3,772.4 2,501-5,500 9,804.6 1,713.3 8,091.3 5,501-10,000 6,120.0 1,455.4 4,664.6 93.7 1.4 92.3 ต้งั แต 10,001 ขึน้ ไป 115.3 3.0 112.3 553.9 43.5 510.4 ไมทราบ 730.2 57.2 672.9 96.3 19.2 77.1 2,239.2 319.6 1,919.6 หญงิ 3,913.6 505.9 3,407.8 1,704.9 464.1 1,240.8 ไมเกิน 2,500 4,987.6 1,135.3 3,852.3 5,203.1 884.2 4,318.9 2,501-5,500 57.8 11.9 45.9 9.9 0.6 9.3 5,501-10,000 8,218.0 1,806.9 6,411.2 21.7 1.6 20.1 3,555.1 857.9 2,697.2 ตง้ั แต 10,001 ขนึ้ ไป 137.8 1.1 136.7 ไมท ราบ 585.4 36.6 548.8 176.3 13.8 162.5 110.1 0.8 109.2 3,194.5 393.3 2,801.3 420.4 25.8 394.6 ยอดรวม 4,238.4 1,364.2 2,874.1 1,674.5 186.3 1,488.2 1,609.9 247.4 1,362.5 ไมเกิน 2,500 62.0 11.7 50.3 1,401.1 580.0 821.0 2,501-5,500 3,282.7 671.2 2,611.5 13.7 3.8 9.8 5,501-10,000 ตง้ั แต 10,001 ขึ้นไป 48.0 11.3 36.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 2.5 0.1 3.1 ไมทราบ 4,663.0 949.0 3,714.0 11.9 4.1 14.0 ชาย 47.2 33.6 50.7 ไมเ กิน 2,500 27.7 0.3 27.5 38.1 61.9 31.9 2,501-5,500 0.3 0.3 0.3 5,501-10,000 165.0 10.8 154.2 ตั้งแต 10,001 ขึ้นไป 100.0 100.0 100.0 ไมท ราบ 1,584.7 145.9 1,438.8 2.0 0.2 2.5 หญงิ 12.0 5.2 13.5 ไมเ กิน 2,500 2,837.3 784.2 2,053.1 48.7 38.5 50.9 2,501-5,500 37.1 56.0 32.9 5,501-10,000 100.0 100.0 100.0 48.3 7.9 40.5 0.2 0.1 0.3 ต้ังแต 10,001 ข้ึนไป 1.4 0.1 1.7 100.0 ไมท ราบ 7.3 2.7 8.4 รอยละ 100.0 100.0 100.0 39.4 25.5 42.8 3.1 0.1 4.1 51.2 71.0 46.4 100.0 100.0 11.8 3.0 14.6 0.7 0.7 0.7 45.3 28.8 50.5 0.5 0.1 0.6 39.4 67.6 30.4 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.4 0.5 0.4 1.2 0.2 1.4 3.5 1.3 3.9 7.5 3.3 8.3 39.9 29.5 42.1 33.0 18.1 36.4 50.9 66.3 47.6 0.6 0.7 0.6 62.0 79.4 58.1 100.0 100.0 100.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.7 0.1 2.1 7.1 2.0 8.6 100.0 100.0 100.0 38.9 21.8 43.7 51.6 75.5 44.8 0.4 0.2 0.5 0.8 0.7 0.8 3.4 1.6 3.8 32.2 21.1 34.5 63.1 75.9 60.5 0.9 1.3 0.9 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.6 0.0 0.7 3.5 1.1 4.2 34.0 15.4 38.7 60.9 82.6 55.3 1.0 0.8 1.1

33 3.3.8 ผลประโยชนเ พิม่ เติม โบนัส คา ลวงเวลา อาหารหรอื เงนิ คาอาหาร เสื้อผา และ คาท่ีอยูอาศัย เปนตน ขอมูลเก่ียวกับจํานวนลูกจาง น อ กเห นื อจ ากข อมู ล เกี่ ยว กั บ ค าจ างแ ล ะ ทไ่ี ดร บั ผลประโยชนเ พิม่ เตมิ นี้ไดสรปุ ไวใ น ตาราง 3.18 เงินเดอื น ไดมีการรวบรวมขอ มูลเกี่ยวกับผลประโยชน ที่ไดรับเพิ่มทั้งที่เปนตัวเงินและไมเปนตัวเงิน เชน ตาราง 3.18 จาํ นวนและรอ ยละของลูกจาง ภาคเอกชนและภาครัฐบาล ทไ่ี ดรบั ผลประโยชนเพิม่ เติม จาํ แนกตามเพศ และเขตการปกครอง หนวย : พนั คน (รอยละ) เขตการปกครอง จํานวน ประมาณจํานวนลูกจา งที่ไดรบั ผลประโยชนเ พิ่มเตมิ 1/ และเพศ ลกู จา ง โบนสั คาลว งเวลา เงินสดอืน่ ๆ อาหาร เส้อื ผา ทีอ่ ยูอาศยั อนื่ ๆ ยอดรวม 3,700.0 17.9 790.9 1,886.3 1,033.4 29.7 671.5 404.3 ชาย 1,910.9 (0.8) (18.1) (10.9) หญงิ 1,789.1 (0.5) (21.4) (51.0) (27.9) 13.2 402.3 200.8 2,827.7 (0.7) (21.1) (10.5) ภาคเอกชน 1,492.7 11.3 422.6 975.6 449.9 16.5 269.2 203.5 ชาย 1,335.0 (0.9) (15.0) (11.4) หญิง 872.3 (0.6) (22.1) (51.1) (23.5) 25.3 508.6 380.7 (0.9) (18.0) (13.5) ภาครฐั บาล 418.2 6.5 368.3 910.7 583.5 ชาย 454.1 9.9 312.4 187.9 หญงิ (0.4) (20.6) (50.9) (32.6) (0.7) (20.9) (12.6) 1,623.6 15.5 196.3 192.8 ภาคเอกชน 855.9 14.9 658.9 1,222.3 1,013.5 (1.2) (14.7) (14.4) ในเขตเทศบาล 767.7 4.4 162.8 23.7 (0.5) (23.3) (43.2) (35.8) (0.5) (18.7) (2.7) ชาย 3.3 89.9 12.9 หญงิ 9.4 380.3 652.0 446.4 (0.8) (21.5) (3.1) 1.1 72.9 10.7 (0.6) (25.5) (43.7) (29.9) (0.2) (16.1) (2.4) 5.6 278.6 570.3 567.1 16.9 381.5 155.1 (1.0) (23.5) (9.6) (0.4) (20.9) (42.7) (42.5) 4.7 218.8 77.9 2.9 132.0 664.0 19.9 (0.5) (25.6) (9.1) 12.2 162.7 77.2 (0.3) (15.1) (76.1) (2.3) (1.6) (21.2) (10.1) 2.0 42.3 323.6 3.5 (0.5) (10.1) (77.4) (0.8) 0.9 89.8 340.3 16.4 (0.2) (19.8) (75.0) (3.6) 6.5 320.1 660.9 595.5 (0.4) (19.7) (40.7) (36.7) 3.3 196.2 356.6 254.3 (0.4) (22.9) (41.7) (29.7) 3.1 124.0 304.3 341.3 (0.4) (16.1) (39.6) (44.5)

34 ตาราง 3.18 จาํ นวนและรอ ยละของลกู จา ง ภาคเอกชนและภาครัฐบาล ทไ่ี ดร ับผลประโยชนเพมิ่ เตมิ จําแนกตามเพศ และเขตการปกครอง (ตอ) หนวย : พันคน (รอยละ) เขตการปกครอง จํานวน ประมาณจํานวนลกู จางท่ีไดรบั ผลประโยชนเพิม่ เติม และเพศ ลูกจา ง โบนสั คาลวงเวลา เงินสดอน่ื ๆ อาหาร เสอื้ ผา ทอ่ี ยอู าศยั อนื่ ๆ นอกเขตเทศบาล 1,204.1 ชาย 8.5 338.8 561.4 418.0 8.5 127.2 225.6 หญงิ 636.7 (0.7) (28.1) (46.6) (34.7) (0.7) (10.6) (18.7) 192.2 110.0 ภาครฐั บาล 567.3 6.0 184.2 295.4 (30.2) 5.2 93.6 (17.3) ในเขตเทศบาล (0.9) (28.9) (46.4) 225.9 (0.8) (14.7) 115.6 2.4 154.6 266.0 (39.8) 3.3 33.6 (20.4) ชาย (0.4) (27.3) (46.9) (0.6) (5.9) หญงิ นอกเขตเทศบาล 445.7 1.7 77.9 330.2 6.0 0.9 110.6 11.8 ชาย หญิง (0.4) (17.5) (74.1) (1.4) (0.2) (24.8) (2.6) 212.8 0.7 21.9 162.6 1.1 0.7 58.0 7.2 (0.3) (10.3) (76.4) (0.5) (0.3) (27.2) (3.4) 232.8 0.9 56.0 167.6 5.0 0.2 52.6 4.6 (0.4) (24.0) (72.0) (2.1) (0.1) (22.6) (2.0) 426.7 1.2 54.1 333.8 13.9 3.5 52.3 11.9 (0.3) (12.7) (78.2) (3.2) (0.8) (12.2) (2.8) 205.4 1.2 20.3 161.0 2.5 2.6 32.0 5.8 (0.6) (9.9) (78.4) (1.2) (0.0) (15.6) (2.8) 221.3 - 33.8 172.8 11.4 0.9 20.3 6.1 (0.0) (15.3) (78.1) (5.2) (0.4) (9.2) (2.8) 1/ ลกู จาง 1 คน สามารถไดร บั ผลประโยชนเ พิ่มเตมิ ไดมากกวา 1 ประเภท เมื่อพิ จารณารอยละของลูกจางที่ไดรับ ในขณะท่ีลูกจางเอกชนในเขตเทศบาลไดรับอาหาร ผลประโยชนเพิ่มเติม พบวา ลูกจางท่ีไดรับคาอาหาร รอ ยละ 36.7 คาท่ีอยอู าศัยรอยละ 23.5 และคาเสอื้ ผา คาลวงเวลา คาเส้ือผา และโบนัส ในภาคเอกชน รอยละ 1.0 มากกวานอกเขตเทศบาล สําหรับลูกจาง มีมากกวาในภาครัฐบาล แตท่ีไดรับผลประโยชน รัฐบาลนั้นผูที่อยูในเขตเทศบาลไดรับผลประโยชน เพิ่มเติมอื่น คือ เงินสดอ่ืนๆ และที่อยูอาศัย ลูกจาง เพิ่มเติมประเภท คาท่ีอยูอาศยั คาลวงเวลา และโบนัส ในภาครัฐบาลไดรับมากกวาในภาคเอกชน เม่ือ มากกวาผูท่ีอยูนอกเขตเทศบาล กลาวคือ ลูกจาง เปรียบเทียบสัดสวนของลูกจางที่ไดรับผลประโยชน รัฐบาลที่อยูในเขตเทศบาลไดรับคาท่ีอยูอาศั ย เพิ่มเติมระหวางเขตการปกครอง พบวา ลูกจางเอกชน รอยละ 24.8 คาลวงเวลารอยละ 17.5 และโบนัส ท่ี อยู นอ กเขต เทศ บ าลได รั บ ผล ป ระโย ช น เพิ่ มเติ ม รอยละ 0.7 สวนลูกจางรัฐบาลท่ีอยูนอกเขตเทศบาล ประเภท เงินสดอ่ืนๆ คาลวงเวลา และโบนัส มากกวา ไดรับผลประโยชนประเภทเงินสดอ่ืน ๆ รอยละ 78.2 ลูกจางเอกชนท่ีอยูในเขตเทศบาล กลาวคือ ลูกจาง คาอาหารรอยละ 3.2 และคาเสื้อผารอยละ 0.8 เอกชนนอกเขตเทศบาล ไดรับเงินสดอ่ืนๆ รอยละ 46.6 มากกวาในเขตเทศบาล คาลวงเวลารอยละ 28.1 และ โบนัสรอยละ 0.7

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background since September 2001, data were presented monthly. Beginning from the survey in Labor force statistics have been January 2001, 5 items has been revised; age compiled by the National Statistical Office of persons in labor force was adopted from since 1963 when the survey was initiated. 13 years of age and over to 15 years of age The year 1984-1997 three rounds of the and over in order to agree with the child survey for the whole kingdom had been labor law. The standard classification of conducted each year; the first round occupation, industry and employment enumeration is held in February coinciding status were adopted, and area of local with the non-agricultural season, the administration which the former sanitary second round is normally held in May in which were included in non-municipal area with new labor force come from students were presently included in municipal area. who just finish their schooling and the third round is held in August, during the 1.2 Concepts/Regulations agricultural season. Commencing from the year 1998, another round of the survey in Labor force statistics survey November has been conducted. according to concepts and principles of International Labour Organization (ILO) and Due to the increasing demand of United Nation (UN). National Statistical data for formulating plans and policy at Organization of Thailand has adopted provincial level, the National Statistical concepts and definitions since the first time Office has expanded sample size to propose in 1993 to make consistency according to statistical data at provincial level the real social and economic situations of commencing from survey in February and Thailand even though user requirements. August, 1994. For the fourth round in The improvement thas continued since the November 1998, data was presented at the first quarter in 2011 and determined the first time and presentation data at provincial minimum age of labour force at 15 years level. old. After the economic crisis in the mid 1.3 Objectives of 1997, the need of labor force data for planning and policy making were more in The main objective of this survey is demand. In the year of 2001, the survey to estimate the number and characteristics was conducted monthly. The survey data of of the labor force in the country and in three months were combined to present different regions periodically.The statistical the quarterly. Data of February, May and data derived from this quarter of the survey August were presented in order to compare include: with the previous labor force survey and

36 2) To be indies for macroeconomics 2.1) To be basic information which 1. the number of persons in and out of the working age (15 years and over) by show size and structure of manpower of sex contry 2. the number of working age 2.2) To be available for assessing population by labor force status, age, sex, and analyzing for macroeconomics of marital status, educational attainment country by analyzing together with other information 3. the number of employed persons by interesting characteristics such as age, 2.3) Jobless rate was available to be sex, educational attainment, occupation, potential indicator of country industry, work status, hours work, 3) Others 4. the number of unemployed persons 3.1) To be use for considering by interesting characteristics e.g. duration of searching for job, type of previous work. minimum wage and structure of income in each occupation 1.4 Benefits 3.2) To be used for analysis or The information this survey were research in several areas for instance, to be used to plan and strategy as following used to explain the previous economic growth, used to research related population 1) To be used to plan for developing that impacts to social and economic of size manpower and structure of manpower etc 1.1)To be used as basic information 3.3) To be estimated manpower for to measure demand of labor and be useful for social and economic planning approaching manpower including raising production process by developing unemployment workers or workers who works lower than their ability 1.2)To be important information for planning and assessing for policies of government related to promoting and supporting job hiring 1.3)To point direction and trend as well as changing of labor market and employment conditions because this information were from surveys constructed from periods consecutively.

CHAPTER 2 STATISTICAL METHODOLOGY 2.1 Target Population 1. worked for at least one hour for wages/salary, profits, dividends or any other Population reside in the private and kind of payment, in kind; or group of employees household (Worker’ s household). 2. did not work at all or worked less than one hour but 2.2. Reference Period 2.1 receives wage/salary, profits from business enterprise or farm during the Reference week refer to seven days period of absence; or before the interviewing date for example if the interviewing date was September 9, 2.2 not receive wage/salary, profits from 2020 “ during 7 days before interviewing business enterprise or farm during the date “ was during September 2 nd - 8 th, period of absence but had regular jobs or 2020. business that they would be return to work. 2.3. Definition 3. worked for at least one hour The National Statistical Office has without pay in business enterprises or on adapted and changed the concepts and farms owned or operated by household definitions used in the Labor Force Survey heads or members. (LFS) Project many times since the initial year. The purposes of changes were to Unemployed persons improve the completeness of the collected data with respect to the real socio- Persons, 15 years of age and over economic situation of the country and to who during the survey week did not work serve for users requirement. In this report, even for one hour, had no jobs, business the concepts and definitions used have enterprise or farms of their own. been introduced since 1983 and some definitions together with the minimum age Persons in this category include : limit which have been changed to 15 years 1. those who had been looking for is adopted since 2001. work, applying for a job or waiting to be call to work during the last 30 days before The revised definitions used in the interview’s date. survey are listed in following. 2. those who had not been looking for work during the last 30 days before Employed persons interview’s date but available for work Persons, 15 years of age and over during the last 7 days before interview’s date. who during the survey week,

38 5. voluntarily idle, 6. working without pay, profits, Current labor force dividends or other payments for persons who were not members of the same All persons 15 years of age and over household, who, during the survey week, were either 7. working without pay, profits, employed or unemployed as defined dividends or any other payments for above. charitable organizations and institutions, 8. otherwise not available for employment. Seasonally inactive labor force Job Persons 15 years of age and over, who during the survey week, were neither A job is defined as any of the employed nor unemployed as definedabove, following: but were waiting for the appropriate season, being persons who usually worked without 1. Work for cash wages, salaries or pay on farms, or in business enterprises for pay \"in kind,\" or engaged in seasonal activities owned or operated by the head of the household or 2. Work for profit on own farm or in any other member of the household. own or partly own business, or Total labor force 3. Work without pay or profit on a farm or in a business owned or operated by All persons 15 years of age and over, the head or any member of the household. who during the survey week, were in the current labor force as defined above or Occupation were classified as seasonally inactive labor force as defined above. Occupation refers to the kind of work performed by a person at his job. Most Persons not in the labor force persons generally hold only one job. For a person having more than one job, only the Persons classified in this category are job at which he worked for the greater those who were neither employed nor number of hours during the survey week unemployed during the survey week, nor was recorded. If the number of working classified as seasonally inactive labor force hours for each job was exactly the same, as defined above. They include: the job which gave him the higher income was recorded. If the number of working Persons who, during the survey week hours and the income earned from each job were 15 years of age and over, but were were the same, the job for which he had neither employed nor available for preference was recorded. If the respondent employment because they were could not give his preference, the job at which he had been working for the longest 1. engaged in household work, time was the one recorded. 2. engaged in studies 3. too young or too 4. incapable of work because of physical or mental disability or chronic illness,

Before 2010, the survey used the 39 classification which was suitable to Thailand’s occupation based on International Standard 3. A private employee is a person Classification of Occupation, 1988 (ISCO-88). who works for pay a non-governmental Since January 2011, the survey used municipal officers, and employees or International Standard Classification of government enterprises. Occupation, 2008 (ISCO-08) of the International Labor Organization (ILO). 4. An own account worker is a person who operated an enterprise on his own Industry account or jointly with others in the form of a partnership either for profit or dividends but The term \"industry\" as herein used without engaging any employees. refers to the nature of economic activity undertaken in the establishment in which a 5. An unpaid family worker is a person worked or the nature of business in person who works without pay on a farm or which he was engaged during the survey in a business enterprise owned or operated week. If a person had more than one job, by the household head or any other member. the industry corresponding to the occupation recorded was asked. 6. A member of a producers’ cooperative is a person who hold a “self- Before 2010, the survey used the employment” job in a cooperative producing classification which was suitable to goods and services, in which each member Thailand’s industry based on International takes part on an equal footing with other Standard Industrial Classification, (ISIC) 1989. members in determining the organization of Since January 2011, the survey used the production, sales and/or other work of the third revision of the Thailand Standard establishment, the investments and the Industrial Classification, (TSIC) 2009. distribution of the proceeds of the establishment amongst their members. Work status Since January 2001, the survey used Work status refers to the status of the International Classification of Status in person’s occupation in the survey week. Employment, 1993 (ICSE-93) of the Work status was classified as follows : International Labor Organization (ILO) which add one more status to those used in the 1. An employer is defined as a previous year, that is a member of a person who operates his own enterprise for producers’ cooperative. profit or dividends and hires one or more employees in his enterprise. Hours worked 2. A government employee is Hours worked mean hours actually defined as a person who works for pay in a worked during the survey week. For a person government agency or government enterprise. holding more than one job, his hours worked Included in this category, therefore are civil would be the sum total of hours worked on servants, police, enterprise owned and all jobs. For a person who had a regular job operated by an employer. but was not at work during the survey week, the hours worked would

40 or other essentials for living, residing in any of the following types of housing: wooden be recorded zero. Before 2001, for a person dwellings, cement dwellings, row houses, who had a regular job but was not at work apartments, boats, rafts, etc. during the survey week, the number of hours normally worked in a week is taken as 2. Collective households the hours worked 2.1 Group of employees households Wage or salary which include persons living in group living quarters within the compound of a factory. Wages or salaries mean basic wages or salaries payable for the specified time or 2.2 Institutional households piece of work, not including overtime Household not included in the payments, bonuses or other fringe benefits. above mentioned types, e.g. inmates of penal institutions, priests, soldiers living in Duration of looking for work military barracks, students living in dormitories, etc., were classified as institutional households Duration of looking for work is the and not covered in the survey. length of time during which an unemployed person had been looking for work. It is Level of educational attainment counted from the day he started looking for work to the end of the survey week. Educational levels are classified as follows: Survey week 1. None means all persons who A survey week is the reference have never attended school or had no period of last 7 days before interview’s date education. which information on labor was obtained. 2. Less than elementary means all Enumeration period persons who have completed a grade lower than Pratom 6 (or formerly Pratom 7 or The enumeration period is the 1st- Matayom 3). 12th for each month which actual interviews were conducted. 3. Elementary level means all persons who have completed Pratom 6 (or Types of households included in the formerly Pratom 7 or Matayom 3) or higher survey but not lower secondary level. Households included in the scope of 4. Lower secondary level means all the survey can be divided into two types: persons who have completed Matayom 3 (formerly Matayom 3 or Matayom 6) or 1. Private households which include higher but not upper secondary level. one person household, i.e. single persons who make provision for their own food or 5. Upper secondary level other essentials of living without combining 5.1 Academic means all with any other persons, or multi person households, i.e. groups of two or more persons who completed Matayom 5 or persons making common provision for food Matayom 8) in general education schools or completed higher but not higher level.

5.2 Vocational and technical 41 means all ersons who have completed a lower secondary and have then completed 2.4 Sample Design the three year course required for this level in vocational and technical colleges or A stratified two-stage sampling was completed higher but not higher level. Adopted to the survey (see details in Appendix A). Bangkok Metroplois and 5.3 Teacher training means all provinces were constituted strata. There persons who have completed the teacher were altogether 77 strata. Each stratum training course and receiving a certificate (excluding Bankgok Metropolis) was divided equivalent to upper secondary level or into two parts according to the type of local completed higher but not hither level. administration, namely municipal areas and non-municipal areas. The primary and 6. Higher level secondary sampling units were enumeration 6.1Academic means all persons areas (EAs) for municipal areas and non- municipal areas and private households and who completed a course receiving persons in the collective households academic diploma, bachelor, master and respectively. doctoral degree leve. At the first stage, the EAs based on 6.2 Higher technical education the 2010 census frame was updated from means all persons who completed other sample surveys and selected vocational or technical education, and separately and independently in each receiving vocational diploma and the degree stratum by using probability proportional to of bachelor. zero, giving the total number of households. 6.3 Teacher training means all The total number of sampled EAs persons who completed a course receiving was 5,970 from 127,460 EAs. educational diploma, bachelor degree level. At the second stage, private 7. Short course vocational training households and persons in the collective means all persons who have completed a households were our ultimate sampling vocational course of less than twelve units. A new listing of private households months duration and have received a was made for every sampled EAs to serve certificate of other document certifying as the sampling frome. In each sampled EAs, completion of such a course. The a systematic sample of private households educational requirements for persons taking were selected with the following sample such courses vary, but the minimum size: Municipal areas : 16 sample households requirements are completion of at least per EAs and Non-municipal areas : 12 sample grade 4 (Pratom 4) or the equivalent. households per EAs. 8. Other means all persons who have completed types of education other than the aforementioned.

42 2.5 Data Items Before selecting sample private Questionnaie in this project includes households in each sampled EAs, the list of 5 major sections : private households was rearranged by household’s size which was the member of Section 1 : Characteristics of member the household. household In the case of collective households, Section 2 : Education each household member from every Section 3 : Work household were selected systematically. Section 4 : The Need of additional work Since 2002, Labor force Survey has Section 5 : Income of employee used a rotating sample design to improve the quality of estimators. The 4 rotation 2.6 Data Collection groups and 2-2-2 pattern was adopted to the survey from 2002 to 2011. After which, a Labor force information for this new rotation pattern has been applied to survey quarterly which was conducted this survey for the next ten years. The during the 1st-12th of July - September 2020 primary sampling units (PSUs) have been was obtained through interviews head or divided into eleven PSU sets, four sets of member of households of 48,960 households have been selected to give a households in municipal areas (4,800 total of 44 household sample sets. households in Bangkok) and 34,920 households in non-municipal areas or a In each year, two PSU sets were total of 83,880 households throughout the used and 50% of these were used kingdom. Fourty four enumerators with repeatedly for the following year. previous experience in survey operations were employed in the Bangkok, while in the The Rotation 2-2-2 pattern is repeated other provinces (changwats), the field staff as follows: comprised 830 enumerators. - Each household sample was used Face-to-face data collection was for 2 consecutive quarters. historically paper-based, but in 3rd quarter of 2013, NSO has started using tablet offering - After that it was omit for 2 the advantages of data entry during the interview and consistency. consecutive quarters then it was used for 2.7 Data Processing next 2 further quarters. This survey was a sample survey. So - In each year, between consecutive to refer to population, a weight for each sample unit was needed. There were 3 quarters, 100% PSUs and 50% of households steps: were used repeatedly. - For consecutive year of same quarter, both 50% of PSUs, and households were used repeatedly.

1. Calculation design weight or 43 base weight and inverse selection probabilities for each state of selected sampling unit were calculated. 2. Adjustment for non-response and base weights were adjusted to compensate for non-response households. 3. Post-stratification calibration adjustment was the final step. The base weight adjusted by non-response data was further adjusted by using projected population , classified by grouped age, sex, region and administration. Before the weighting process, row data was checked relating to structural check and possible code checks. All fields were then checked by a data dictionary which included. Each record was checked by certain conditions. Any error would be listed for correction, ensuring both accuracy and completeness. 2.8. Limitations of statistical data In round figures in the statistical tables, all absolute figures are independently rounded to the nearest thousand; hence the group total may not always be equal to the sum of the individual figures. The published figures should be utilized with full awareness that the survey was based on the sample estimates, and would be subject to both sampling and non-sampling errors.

CHAPTER 3 MAJOR FINDINGS 3.1 Response Rate Table 3.1 Sample Size and Response Rate Enumeration Area Bangkok Region Northeast South Total Municipal Non- Central North municipal Response 41,857 31,979 4,141 22,383 16,084 18,846 12,382 73,836 289 59 8 12 348 Refusal 113 161 54 Not contact, 1,366 538 168 327 1,904 Unidentified 174 1,149 86 Unoccupied/ 4,875 2,138 280 2,465 1,452 1,485 1,331 7,013 Demolished, 573 206 92 266 180 133 108 779 Burnt 4,800 26,424 17,856 48,960 34,920 91.62 93.42 98.05 20,640 14,160 83,880 other 94.95 97.55 98.39 96.52 96.06 Household sample Household RR (%)1 1 Calaulated household response rete by : Number of complete HH x 100 (Number of sample) – (Unoccupied/Demolished, Burnt)

46 3.2 Characteristics of Survey Respondent Table 3.2 Characteristics of Survey Respondent Unweighted Weighted population estimates sample count Characteristics Number 95% Confidence Interval Lower bound Upper bound Whole Kingdom 180,912 56,883,777 56,305,560 57,461,994 15-17 7,958 2,560,633 2,479,709 2,641,557 18-19 4,386 1,806,020 1,727,478 1,884,562 20-24 9,885 4,868,595 4,702,399 5,034,791 25-29 11,406 4,958,283 4,802,455 5,114,111 30-34 12,537 4,608,550 4,474,545 4,742,555 35-39 14,160 4,709,984 4,577,004 4,842,964 40-49 32,765 10,391,132 10,198,097 10,584,167 50-59 36,536 10,233,104 10,063,153 10,403,055 60 and over 51,279 12,747,476 12,553,554 12,941,398 Male 84,072 27,435,850 27,119,639 27,752,061 15-17 3,951 1,302,331 1,245,170 1,359,492 18-19 2,282 915,895 863,355 968,435 20-24 4,979 2,461,227 2,355,911 2,566,543 25-29 5,601 2,503,796 2,408,005 2,599,587 30-34 6,064 2,314,531 2,230,323 2,398,739 35-39 6,775 2,330,856 2,248,487 2,413,225 40-49 15,293 5,038,735 4,926,143 5,151,327 50-59 16,629 4,859,688 4,760,968 4,958,408 60 and over 22,498 5,708,791 5,608,376 5,809,206 Femal 96,840 29,447,927 29,121,095 29,774,759 15-17 4,007 1,258,302 1,204,940 1,311,664 18-19 2,104 890,125 835,593 944,657 20-24 4,906 2,407,368 2,300,446 2,514,290 25-29 5,805 2,454,487 2,358,008 2,550,966 30-34 6,473 2,294,019 2,207,478 2,380,560 35-39 7,385 2,379,128 2,297,402 2,460,854 40-49 17,472 5,352,397 5,239,186 5,465,608 50-59 19,907 5,373,416 5,271,835 5,474,997 60 and over 28,781 7,038,685 6,919,339 7,158,031

47 Table 3.2 Characteristics of Survey Respondent (cont.) Characteristics Unweighted Weighted population estimates sample count Number 95% Confidence Interval Lower bound Upper bound Municipal 100,255 25,916,285 25,461,603 26,370,967 15-17 4,214 1,027,887 976,269 1,079,505 18-19 2,392 749,782 701,547 798,017 20-24 5,558 2,144,802 2,035,057 2,254,547 25-29 6,517 2,393,368 2,281,871 2,504,865 30-34 7,185 2,385,700 2,280,347 2,491,053 35-39 8,018 2,412,229 2,306,428 2,518,030 40-49 18,171 4,973,872 4,824,242 5,123,502 50-59 19,827 4,539,676 4,417,453 4,661,899 60 and over 28,373 5,288,969 5,150,344 5,427,594 Male 45,981 12,378,877 12,137,557 12,620,197 15-17 2,085 514,447 479,126 549,768 18-19 1,237 373,695 341,886 405,504 20-24 2,746 1,065,187 997,322 1,133,052 25-29 3,148 1,194,210 1,127,521 1,260,899 30-34 3,457 1,172,340 1,108,498 1,236,182 35-39 3,808 1,176,641 1,112,452 1,240,830 40-49 8,490 2,405,266 2,319,939 2,490,593 50-59 8,830 2,140,452 2,069,094 2,211,810 60 and over 12,180 2,336,639 2,266,872 2,406,406 Female 54,274 13,537,408 13,281,785 13,793,031 15-17 2,129 513,440 479,214 547,666 18-19 1,155 376,087 341,911 410,263 20-24 2,812 1,079,615 1,012,010 1,147,220 25-29 3,369 1,199,158 1,130,574 1,267,742 30-34 3,728 1,213,360 1,142,869 1,283,851 35-39 4,210 1,235,588 1,170,080 1,301,096 40-49 9,681 2,568,606 2,480,931 2,656,281 50-59 10,997 2,399,224 2,325,940 2,472,508 60 and over 16,193 2,952,330 2,869,042 3,035,618

48 Table 3.2 Characteristics of Survey Respondent (cont.) Unweighted Weighted population estimates sample count Characteristics Number 95% Confidence Interval Lower bound Upper bound Non-Municipal 80,657 30,967,492 30,610,282 31,324,702 15-17 3,744 1,532,746 1,470,423 1,595,069 18-19 1,994 1,056,238 994,252 1,118,224 20-24 4,327 2,723,793 2,598,985 2,848,601 25-29 4,889 2,564,915 2,456,054 2,673,776 30-34 5,352 2,222,850 2,140,037 2,305,663 35-39 6,142 2,297,755 2,217,195 2,378,315 40-49 14,594 5,417,260 5,295,303 5,539,217 50-59 16,709 5,693,428 5,575,339 5,811,517 60 and over 22,906 7,458,507 7,322,902 7,594,112 Male 38,091 15,056,973 15,706,863 16,114,175 15-17 1,866 787,884 742,942 832,826 18-19 1,045 542,200 500,383 584,017 20-24 2,233 1,396,040 1,315,505 1,476,575 25-29 2,453 1,309,586 1,240,822 1,378,350 30-34 2,607 1,142,191 1,087,280 1,197,102 35-39 2,967 1,154,215 1,102,596 1,205,834 40-49 6,803 2,633,469 2,560,009 2,706,929 50-59 7,799 2,719,236 2,651,019 2,787,453 60 and over 10,318 3,372,152 3,299,931 3,444,373 Female 42,566 15,910,519 6,919,339 16,114,175 15-17 1,878 744,862 703,923 785,801 18-19 949 514,038 471,544 556,532 20-24 2,094 1,327,753 1,244,916 1,410,590 25-29 2,436 1,255,329 1,187,473 1,323,185 30-34 2,745 1,080,659 1,030,456 1,130,862 35-39 3,175 1,143,540 1,094,674 1,192,406 40-49 7,791 2,783,791 2,712,168 2,855,414 50-59 8,910 2,974,192 2,903,849 3,044,535 60 and over 12,588 4,086,355 4,000,876 4,171,834

3.3 Major Findings 49 seasonally inactive labor force was about This chapter presents a summary of the 61,144 persons. This number will increase results of the labor force survey conducted when the survey is conducted in non- nation-wide during the 1-12 of July - September agricultural season. 2020 which is the fourth quarter of the year. The results obtained from this survey showed FIGURE 3.1 NUMBER OF EMPLOYED PERSONS BY REGION the number of employed, unemployed and interesting characteris tics of the labor force The current labor force was largely during July - September 2020. employed, however around 1.9% or about 0.74 million were unemployed. Of these, The number of population base used 0.4% were looking for jobs and the rest in the estimation procedure was changed from 1.6% were not, but available for work. the survey first quarter 2014 to the new series of Population Projection for Thailand, 2010- There were about 18.16 million 2040 which was revised by Office of National persons, aged 15 years and over or 31.9% Economic and Social Development Council. not in the labor force. With these, about 5.04 million were housewifes, 4.35 million 3.3.1 Structure of the labor force were students and 6.95 million were children/older/ill or disable people and The total estimated population of others 1.82 million. about 38.72 million, were in the labor force. Of these, about 54.6% were residing in non-municipal areas and about 54.2% were males. The “current labor force”, that is the currently active; either employed or was available for employment during July - September 2020, was about 38.66 million. Since the survey period was in the agricultural season, the number of the

50 TABLE 3.3 NUMBER AND PERCENTAGE OF POPULATION BY LABOR FORCE STATUS, AREA AND SEX LABOR FORCE STATUS Whole kingdom Municipal areas Non - municipal areas Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Number ('000) Persons over 15 years 56,883.8 27,435.9 29,447.9 25,916.3 12,378.9 13,537.4 30,967.5 15,057.0 15,910.5 Total labor force 38,725.8 21,006.2 17,719.6 17,576.7 9,329.1 8,247.7 21,149.1 11,677.2 9,471.9 Current labor force 38,664.7 20,962.2 17,702.5 17,555.8 9,313.7 8,242.1 21,108.8 11,648.5 9,460.3 -Employed 37,927.0 20,560.6 17,366.4 17,186.5 9,109.9 8,076.6 20,740.6 11,450.8 9,289.8 At work 37,453.2 20,292.5 17,160.6 16,971.3 8,994.0 7,977.3 20,481.8 11,298.5 9,183.3 With job but not at work 473.8 268.1 205.7 215.1 115.9 99.2 258.7 152.2 106.5 -Unemployed 737.7 401.6 336.1 369.4 203.8 165.5 368.3 197.7 170.6 Looking for a job 135.0 70.6 64.5 77.9 40.2 37.7 57.2 30.4 26.8 Not looking /Available for 602.6 331.0 271.6 291.5 163.7 127.9 311.1 167.4 143.8 woSrkeasonally inactive labor 61.1 44.0 17.1 20.9 15.4 5.6 40.2 28.7 11.6 Nfoortcein labor force > 15 years of 18,158.0 6,429.6 11,728.4 8,339.6 3,049.8 5,289.8 9,818.4 3,379.8 6,438.6 ageHousehold work 5,035.8 267.9 4,767.9 2,237.0 128.3 2,108.8 2,798.8 139.6 2,659.2 Studies 4,349.3 2,055.8 2,293.4 2,081.8 989.7 1,092.1 2,267.4 1,066.2 1,201.3 Too young/old or incapable to 6,954.7 3,003.0 3,951.8 2,942.3 1,267.4 1,674.9 4,012.4 1,735.6 2,276.8 worOk thers 1,818.2 1,102.9 715.3 1,078.4 664.5 413.9 739.8 438.5 301.4 รอ ยละ Persons over 15 years 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Total labor force 68.1 76.6 60.2 67.8 75.4 60.9 68.3 77.6 59.5 Current labor force 68.0 76.4 60.1 67.7 75.2 60.9 68.2 77.4 59.5 -Employed 66.7 74.9 59.0 66.3 73.6 59.7 67.0 76.1 58.4 At work 65.8 74.0 58.3 65.5 72.7 58.9 66.1 75.0 57.7 With job but not at work 0.8 1.0 0.7 0.8 0.9 0.7 0.8 1.0 0.7 -Unemployed 1.3 1.5 1.1 1.4 1.7 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.1 Looking for a job 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 Not looking /Available for 1.1 1.2 0.9 1.1 1.3 0.9 1.0 1.1 0.9 worSkeasonally inactive labor 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.1 Nfoortcein labor force > 15 years of 31.9 23.4 39.8 32.2 24.6 39.1 31.7 22.5 40.5 ageHousehold work 8.9 1.0 16.2 8.6 1.0 15.6 9.0 0.9 16.7 Studies 7.7 7.5 7.8 8.0 8.0 8.1 7.3 7.1 7.6 Too young/old or incapable to 12.2 11.0 13.4 11.4 10.2 12.4 13.0 11.5 14.3 worOk thers 3.2 4.0 2.4 4.2 5.4 3.1 2.4 2.9 1.9

TABLE 3.4 NUMBER AND PERCENTAGE OF POPULATION BY LABOR FORCE STATUS, SEX, REGION AND AREA Labor Force Status Whole Kingdom Bangkok Central Region Northern Region Northeastern Region Southern Region and Sex Total M.A. Non-M.A. Total M.A. Non-M.A. Total M.A. Non-M.A. Total M.A. Non-M.A. Total M.A. Non-M.A. Total 56,883.8 25,916.3 30,967.5 7,651.4 17,247.5 Number ('000) 15,006.0 4,401.4 10,604.6 7,495.0 2,534.3 4,960.8 In the labor force 9,766.7 2,774.6 6,992.1 5,221.6 1,700.0 3,521.6 Not in the labor force over 15 years 8,000.9 9,246.6 9,483.9 3,328.4 6,155.5 5,239.2 1,626.7 3,612.5 2,273.5 1,439.2 7,198.7 2,090.0 5,108.7 3,645.6 834.3 2,438.7 Male 38,725.8 17,576.7 21,149.1 5,404.9 12,026.1 5,561.0 6,465.1 6,306.5 2,136.2 4,170.4 5,334.8 1,480.6 3,854.2 2,880.7 1,206.9 1,971.6 In the labor force 1,863.9 1,254.5 Not in the labor force over 15 years 18,158.0 8,339.6 9,818.4 2,246.4 5,221.4 2,439.9 2,781.5 3,177.4 1,192.2 1,985.2 7,807.2 609.4 5,495.9 765.0 909.1 467.2 4,431.9 2,311.3 3,137.9 3,849.4 297.8 2,522.1 Female 27,435.9 12,378.9 15,057.0 3,670.8 8,360.6 3,841.8 4,518.9 4,560.1 1,569.4 2,990.7 3,375.4 1,294.0 2,358.0 2,340.9 1,327.3 1,550.0 In the labor force 1,017.3 1,508.5 790.9 Not in the labor force over 15 years 21,006.2 9,329.1 11,677.2 2,843.0 6,529.3 2,979.0 3,550.3 3,418.4 1,117.4 2,301.0 536.4 972.1 Total 6,429.6 3,049.8 3,379.8 827.8 1,831.3 862.8 968.5 1,141.7 452.0 689.7 In the labor force Not in the labor force over 15 years 29,447.9 13,537.4 15,910.5 3,980.6 8,886.9 4,159.1 4,727.7 4,923.8 1,759.0 3,164.8 Male 17,719.6 8,247.7 9,471.9 2,561.9 5,496.8 2,582.0 2,914.7 2,888.1 1,018.8 1,869.3 In the labor force Not in the labor force over 15 years 11,728.4 5,289.8 6,438.6 1,418.7 3,390.1 1,577.1 1,813.0 2,035.7 740.2 1,295.5 Female Percentage In the labor force Not in the labor force over 15 years 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 65.1 63.0 65.9 69.7 67.1 71.0 68.1 67.8 68.3 70.6 69.7 69.5 69.9 66.5 64.2 67.8 34.9 37.0 34.1 30.3 32.9 29.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 31.9 32.2 31.7 29.4 30.3 30.5 30.1 33.5 35.8 32.3 74.1 70.8 75.4 79.0 75.3 80.8 25.9 29.2 24.6 21.0 24.7 19.2 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 56.8 56.0 57.1 60.8 59.6 61.5 76.6 75.4 77.6 77.5 78.1 77.5 78.6 75.0 71.2 76.9 43.2 44.0 42.9 39.2 40.4 38.5 23.4 24.6 22.5 22.6 21.9 22.5 21.4 25.0 28.8 23.1 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 60.2 60.9 59.5 64.4 61.9 62.1 61.7 58.7 57.9 59.1 39.8 39.1 40.5 35.6 38.2 37.9 38.4 41.3 42.1 40.9 51

52 and over. It was observed the participation rate in non-municipal areas was higher than 3.3.2 Labor force participation municipal areas (68.3% compared with 67.8%). Table 3.5 shows the labor force participation rate, which was 68.1%. The participation rate was defined as the percentage of the population in the total labor force to the population 15 years TABLE 3.5 LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION RATES BY AGE GROUP, SEX, REGION AND AREA Age group Whole kingdom Bangkok Central region Northern region Northeastern (Percentage) region Southern region (Years) and Total M.A. Non- Total M.A. Non- Total M.A. Non- sex M.A. M.A. M.A. Total M.A. Non- Total M.A. Non- M.A. M.A. Total 68.1 67.8 68.3 70.6 69.7 69.5 69.9 66.5 64.2 67.8 65.1 63.0 65.9 69.7 67.1 71.0 15-19 15.5 12.3 17.8 11.8 16.0 14.4 17.3 15.7 10.6 18.4 15.1 11.6 16.6 17.5 11.6 20.5 20-24 64.1 58.7 68.3 54.5 66.4 64.1 68.3 66.1 55.9 71.8 63.1 57.0 65.7 66.6 59.9 70.1 25-29 86.2 88.0 84.4 90.2 89.0 89.4 88.6 83.0 84.4 82.2 81.8 84.0 80.9 85.6 86.0 85.4 30-34 88.9 90.1 87.7 90.4 91.0 90.9 91.0 86.4 88.0 85.6 85.5 89.2 84.0 88.3 89.3 87.8 35-39 89.3 90.0 88.5 90.5 89.4 89.5 89.2 90.5 90.9 90.4 87.3 89.5 86.4 88.6 89.4 88.2 40-49 88.7 88.6 88.8 89.5 87.7 87.8 87.7 89.0 88.6 89.3 88.9 88.6 89.0 89.4 88.0 90.1 50-59 82.2 80.3 83.7 78.2 79.3 79.0 79.5 84.1 83.3 84.6 85.1 83.5 85.8 83.7 79.9 85.6 60 and over 37.1 30.6 41.6 22.2 32.2 27.8 35.6 42.2 37.8 44.5 41.0 35.7 43.2 41.0 35.4 43.7 Male 76.6 75.4 77.6 77.5 78.1 77.5 78.6 75.0 71.2 76.9 74.1 70.8 75.4 79.0 75.3 80.8 15-19 21.4 16.5 24.6 15.5 21.1 19.0 22.7 21.0 12.5 25.3 21.3 17.5 22.8 25.5 15.1 30.5 20-24 72.3 64.6 78.2 57.7 73.1 70.5 75.2 77.5 64.0 84.8 71.6 61.5 75.7 77.5 70.1 81.3 25-29 93.8 93.4 94.1 93.3 95.3 95.5 95.1 92.5 91.6 93.0 92.6 91.1 93.2 94.0 92.0 95.0 30-34 95.3 95.6 95.0 96.4 95.9 95.3 96.5 94.7 95.4 94.4 92.3 94.1 91.6 96.2 95.4 96.7 35-39 95.7 96.2 95.1 95.7 96.5 97.1 95.8 96.3 95.0 96.9 92.9 95.1 92.0 96.4 97.3 95.9 40-49 95.7 95.9 95.5 96.6 95.7 96.1 95.3 94.5 94.1 94.7 94.9 95.1 94.8 97.2 95.9 97.8 50-59 91.6 89.8 93.0 87.8 89.9 89.2 90.5 92.0 90.9 92.6 94.1 92.8 94.7 93.0 90.1 94.4 60 and over 47.3 38.4 53.4 27.9 40.4 34.4 45.0 52.3 46.2 55.4 53.8 46.3 56.9 51.6 43.4 55.4 Female 60.2 60.9 59.5 64.4 61.9 62.1 61.7 58.7 57.9 59.1 56.8 56.0 57.1 60.8 59.6 61.5 15-19 9.5 8.1 10.5 8.1 10.8 10.0 11.5 10.3 8.8 11.1 8.7 5.5 10.0 9.2 8.1 9.7 20-24 55.6 52.9 57.8 51.2 59.3 57.7 60.9 54.5 48.2 58.3 54.5 52.6 55.4 55.2 49.9 58.1 25-29 78.4 82.6 74.3 87.1 82.3 83.3 81.3 73.3 77.4 70.9 71.5 77.4 68.9 77.0 80.2 75.2 30-34 82.6 84.8 80.0 84.9 85.8 86.4 85.2 77.8 80.6 76.2 78.6 84.3 76.2 80.2 83.3 78.4 35-39 83.0 84.0 81.9 85.6 82.5 82.3 82.7 84.7 86.9 83.5 81.8 84.1 80.8 80.7 81.6 80.2 40-49 82.1 81.7 82.5 82.6 80.1 79.9 80.3 83.9 83.7 84.1 83.4 82.8 83.7 82.0 80.8 82.7 50-59 73.7 71.9 75.2 69.5 69.7 69.9 69.5 77.2 76.8 77.4 77.0 75.3 77.7 75.1 70.8 77.3 60 and over 28.8 24.5 31.9 17.8 25.8 22.8 28.3 33.6 30.9 35.1 30.3 27.0 31.7 32.5 29.2 34.1

The participation rates were relatively 53 high in most aged-group, except the student group, aged 15-19 years, however they could Considering sex differentials, it is also help family in their own account business. found that males participated in the labor Particularly, agriculture households with farming force more than females (76.6% and 60.2% business residing in non-municipal area. It was respectively). It was true in both areas and in observed that higher participation rate in non- every region. municipal areas than in municipal areas, where students mostly study only . Table 3.6 presents the participation rates with marital status, the separated in FIGURE 3.2 LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION RATES BY AGE the labor force with the highest rate (78.1%). GROUP (YEARS) Considering by sex, Male with divorced and female with separated status in labour force with highest rate of 84.2% and 73.7% respectively. Considering by area, divorced participated in the labour force highest rate in municipal area (76.9%), male with married and female with divorced status in municipal area 82.1% and 73.8% respectively and non- municipal area separated status with highest rate (79.5%) male with divorced and female with separated highest rate of non-municipal 86.0% and 75.0% respectively. (Exculding the smallest number of unknown current marital status). TABLE 3.6 LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION RATES BY MARITAL STATUS, SEX AND AREA (Percentage) Area and sex Total Marital status Single Married Widowed Divorced Separated Married do not know status Total 68.1 60.1 75.7 30.3 77.4 78.1 81.9 Male Female 76.6 65.2 84.0 34.0 84.2 83.4 91.7 Municipal areas Male 60.2 54.0 67.6 29.4 73.0 73.7 71.5 Female Non-municipal areas 67.8 63.1 74.4 28.8 76.9 76.3 88.0 Male Female 75.4 66.4 82.1 31.1 82.0 81.7 93.2 60.9 59.4 66.9 28.3 73.8 72.3 81.4 68.3 56.9 76.6 31.4 77.9 79.5 71.5 77.6 63.9 85.5 35.9 86.0 84.7 88.5 59.5 47.2 68.1 30.2 72.3 75.0 58.0

54 The participation rates in non-municipal Table 3.7 illustrates the participation areas were higher than in municipal areas; except no schooling and lower secondary rates by educational attainment, area and level. sex. It shows that persons with higher education, primary education and upper secondary education were in labour force. Those who lower secondary level and incompleted primary level seemed to be still in school and taking up employment. FIGURE 3.3 LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION RATES BY LEVEL OF EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT TABLE 3.7 LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION RATES BY LEVEL OF EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT, AREA AND SEX (Percentage) Level of educational attainment Area and Total No Income Primary Lower Upper secondary level Higher level Others 1/ Unknown sex secon- schooling plete General/ Voca- Teacher Academi Higher Teacher dary training primary academic tional training c technical education Total 68.1 49.7 52.8 77.6 63.9 69.2 70.9 63.5 83.7 85.6 69.3 94.6 80.6 Male 76.6 64.4 64.3 85.3 73.3 77.0 75.2 53.8 85.5 90.5 65.4 96.9 85.1 Female 60.2 40.7 44.2 68.9 53.1 61.7 65.4 73.4 82.3 79.7 71.0 91.2 75.2 M.A. 67.8 53.1 48.9 75.2 63.7 63.8 71.3 76.1 82.5 83.6 63.8 96.7 77.1 Male 75.4 69.3 59.8 83.6 72.6 70.4 75.0 81.5 84.5 88.6 62.3 97.4 80.8 Female 60.9 43.0 41.4 66.3 53.3 57.4 67.0 71.7 81.0 77.9 64.6 95.8 73.2 Non-M.A. 68.3 47.6 54.8 79.1 64.0 74.5 70.4 43.3 86.4 87.8 75.6 90.5 87.0 Male 77.6 61.4 66.5 86.3 73.8 83.5 75.4 20.4 87.9 92.6 69.3 96.0 92.0 Female 59.5 39.4 45.8 70.7 52.9 65.8 63.6 77.1 85.3 81.9 78.3 83.0 79.5 1/ Including short course vocational

3.3.3 Employed labor force 55 3.3.3.1 Work status : Table 3.8 with non-municipal area (12.2% and 21.8% illustrated that almost half (about 47.6%) of the respectively). total employed person were employees. Of these member 4 out of 5 were employes of Considering by region, it was found that private sector, followed by own account the percentages of those employed in Bangkok, workers (32.5%). The unpaid family workers for the Central and the South were employees, 17.5% and 2.4% of Employer, while the followed by own account workers. In contrast, percentage of members of producers’ the majority of employed persons in the cooperatives was very small of about 0.1% of Northeast were own account workers. the total employed persons. 3.3.3.2 Industry : (Table 3.9) About FIGURE 3.4 PERCENTAGE OF EMPLOYED PERSONS BY 33.1% of the total employed persons worked WORK STATUS in agricultural sector and about 66.9% in non-agricultural sector ; the highest proportions 0.1% 2.4% of the employed persons was in wholesale 17.4% 9.3% and retail trade (16.5%), followed by manufacturing (15.2%), accommodation and food service activites 38.3% (7.6%), contruction (5.7%), Public administration and defence, compulsony social security 32.5% (4.3%), transportation and storage (3.6%), and education (3.1%).The rest shared in the other Employers Government employees industries. Private employees Own - account workers Unpaid family workers Coperatives Most employed persons (85.4%) in municipal area worked in non-agricultural sector, The majority of employed persons in the principal activities were wholesale and retail both areas were employees, followed by own trade (20.7%), followed by manufacturing (17.8%), account workers. In municipal area, about accommodation and food service activites (10.6%). 57.6% were employees, among these, And most of those in non-municipal area worked mostly working in private sector (46.9%). in non-agricultural sector (51.6%). Only 10.7% were government employees, followed by own account workers 27.1%. Considering regional differentials, it Non-municipal area, about 39.4% were showed that the majority of employed employees, among these, 31.3% working in persons in the region were in non-agricultural private sector and 8.1% in government sector. sector, especially the Central (82.5%), the Followed by 36.9% were own account workers. South (58.3%), the North (53.6%) and the For the proportion of unpaid family workers Northeast (42.9%). It was clearly seen that the in municipal area was rather low compared majority of employed persons in Bangkok were in non-agricultural sector (99.5%).

56 TABLE 3.8 NUMBER AND PERCENTAGE OF EMPLOYED PERSONS BY WORK STATUS, REGION AND AREA Whole Kingdom Bangkok Central Region Northern Region Northeastern Region Southern Region Total M.A. Non- Total M.A. Non- Total M.A. Non- WORK STATUS Total M.A. Non- Total M.A. Non- M.A. M.A. M.A. M.A. M.A. Number ('000) Total 37,927.0 17,186.5 20,740.6 5,287.7 11,779.1 5,443.4 6,335.6 6,189.4 2,086.5 4,102.9 9,598.6 2,731.4 6,867.2 5,072.3 1,637.4 3,434.8 Employers 893.7 521.2 372.4 214.1 306.8 159.0 147.8 93.1 46.3 46.8 95.0 38.3 56.7 184.8 63.7 121.1 Government employees 3,520.3 1,833.3 1,687.0 496.7 998.5 482.8 515.7 628.5 284.0 344.5 931.0 379.3 551.7 465.6 190.5 275.2 Private employees 14,546.4 8,062.1 6,484.3 3,189.3 6,175.7 3,017.2 3,158.5 1,600.3 650.2 950.1 1,742.3 550.8 1,191.4 1,838.9 654.6 1,184.3 Own - account workers 12,314.7 4,660.8 7,653.9 1,069.6 2,950.0 1,271.2 1,678.8 2,382.7 721.6 1,661.0 4,129.4 1,077.9 3,051.5 1,783.0 520.4 1,262.6 Unpaid family workers 6,619.1 2,100.6 4,518.5 318.1 1,346.0 513.0 833.0 1,484.3 384.2 1,100.1 2,676.5 677.7 1,998.8 794.4 207.7 586.7 Members of Producers 32.9 8.5 24.4 - 2.2 0.2 1.9 0.5 0.2 0.3 24.6 7.5 17.1 5.6 0.6 5.0 Cooperatives Percentage Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Employers 2.4 3.0 1.8 4.1 2.6 2.9 2.3 1.5 2.2 1.1 1.0 1.4 0.8 3.6 3.9 3.5 Government employees 9.3 10.7 8.1 9.4 8.5 8.9 8.1 10.2 13.6 8.4 9.7 13.9 8.0 9.2 11.6 8.0 Private employees 38.4 46.9 31.3 60.3 52.4 55.4 49.9 25.9 31.2 23.2 18.2 20.2 17.4 36.3 40.0 34.5 Own - account workers 32.5 27.1 36.9 20.2 25.0 23.4 26.5 38.5 34.6 40.5 43.0 39.5 44.4 35.2 31.8 36.8 Unpaid family workers 17.5 12.2 21.8 6.0 11.4 9.4 13.2 24.0 18.4 26.8 27.9 24.8 29.1 15.7 12.7 17.1 Members of Producers 0.1 0.1 0.1 - 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.2

TABLE 3.9 NUMBER AND PERCENTAGE OF EMPLOYED PERSONS BY INDUSTRY, REGION AND AREA Whole Kingdom Bangkok Central Region Northern Region Northeastern Region Southern Region Total M.A. Non- Total M.A. Non- Total M.A. Non- INDUSTRY Total M.A. Non- Total M.A. Non- M.A. M.A. M.A. M.A. M.A. Number ('000) Total 37,927.0 17,186.5 20,740.5 5,287.7 11,779.0 5,443.4 6,335.6 6,189.4 2,086.5 4,102.9 9,598.6 2,731.4 6,867.2 5,072.3 1,637.5 3,434.9 2,874.7 585.5 2,289.2 5,484.9 1,155.4 4,329.5 2,115.2 335.4 1,779.8 Agricultural 12,560.2 2,517.9 10,042.3 25.3 2,060.1 416.3 1,643.8 2,874.7 585.5 2,289.2 5,484.9 1,155.4 4,329.5 2,115.2 335.4 1,779.8 3,314.7 1,813.7 4,113.7 1,576.1 2,537.7 2,957.1 1,655.1 Agriculture, forestry and fishing 12,560.2 2,517.9 10,042.3 25.3 2,060.1 416.3 1,643.8 1,501.0 1,302.0 21.6 4.3 17.3 5.8 1.5 4.3 13.4 6.3 7.1 Non-Agricultural 25,366.8 14,668.6 10,698.2 5,262.3 9,718.9 5,027.2 4,691.8 539.8 287.6 650.7 188.9 461.8 392.8 235.1 16.5 252.1 22.7 13.3 157.7 Mining and quarrying 61.5 20.3 41.1 - 20.7 8.2 12.5 17.3 8.9 7.6 11.5 9.4 7.3 4.5 2.9 5.3 12.1 4.0 7.5 6.6 2.9 3.7 Manufacturing 5,750.9 3,066.7 2,684.2 902.0 3,265.7 1,566.0 1,699.7 Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply 112.7 69.0 43.7 19.8 46.4 22.5 23.9 Water supply; sewerage, waste management 94.7 53.5 41.2 25.4 33.9 15.9 18.0 and remediation activities Construction 2,160.3 1,034.9 1,125.5 356.6 701.8 328.7 373.1 366.6 121.0 245.6 436.6 115.4 321.2 298.7 113.2 185.5 945.4 425.3 520.1 1,163.9 485.9 678.0 865.4 356.9 508.5 Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor 6,252.8 3,557.8 2,695.0 1,232.8 2,045.3 1,057.0 988.3 vehicles and motorcycles Transportation and storage 1,350.1 936.7 413.4 463.1 605.9 355.0 250.8 88.9 37.4 51.6 83.8 30.1 53.7 108.4 51.1 57.2 372.6 190.0 182.6 Accommodation and food service activities 2,872.3 1,821.0 1,051.3 590.5 1,000.0 589.3 410.7 435.9 205.4 230.5 473.4 245.8 227.6 9.0 5.4 3.6 Information and communication 209.9 181.9 28.0 119.8 54.2 40.1 14.0 59.2 31.9 27.4 13.2 6.5 6.6 13.7 10.0 3.7 8.3 4.7 3.6 Financial and insurance activities 524.0 398.7 125.3 220.1 146.5 94.4 52.1 26.5 18.1 8.5 55.7 30.7 25.1 42.5 21.8 20.7 40.4 20.4 20.0 Real estate activities 221.5 187.1 34.4 108.5 79.6 57.8 21.8 304.4 139.4 165.0 11.8 5.5 6.3 13.3 10.6 2.7 Professional, scientific and technical activities 363.3 288.3 75.1 177.0 112.9 70.7 42.2 188.8 88.4 100.5 20.3 11.7 8.6 26.6 10.8 15.8 122.3 58.2 64.1 Administrative and support service activities 528.1 373.8 154.2 184.4 218.0 129.0 89.0 36.5 15.8 20.6 35.7 15.3 20.5 49.5 24.8 24.7 122.8 61.0 61.8 Public administration and defence; compulsory 1,636.4 847.9 788.5 221.9 445.1 225.7 219.4 27.7 13.5 14.2 456.0 170.2 285.8 209.0 90.7 118.3 social security Education 1,163.7 601.2 562.6 180.0 326.0 148.8 177.2 294.0 121.9 172.1 175.0 62.1 112.8 146.8 69.5 77.2 87.2 50.7 36.6 Human health and social work activities 669.2 385.7 283.5 101.1 211.8 106.2 105.6 62.8 16.1 46.7 20.8 11.3 9.5 179.6 70.4 109.3 137.1 59.0 78.1 Arts, entertainment and recreation 245.7 129.4 116.3 55.5 70.1 30.7 39.5 27.1 13.9 13.2 16.3 11.8 4.5 Other service activities 880.6 500.6 379.9 165.1 275.9 145.1 130.8 Activities of households as employers ; 227.9 175.1 52.8 107.8 49.1 28.1 20.9 undifferentiated goods and services producing activities of households for own use Activities of wxtraterritorial organizations and bodies 1.7 1.5 0.1 1.4 0.1 0.1 - 0.1 - 0.1 -- - --- - -- -- - --- Unknown 39.6 37.4 2.2 29.6 10.0 7.9 2.2 57

58 TABLE 3.9 NUMBER AND PERCENTAGE OF EMPLOYED PERSONS BY INDUSTRY, REGION AND AREA (Contd.) Whole Kingdom Bangkok Central Region Northern Region Northeastern Region Southern Region Total M.A. Non- Total M.A. Non- Total M.A. Non- INDUSTRY Total M.A. Non- Total M.A. Non- M.A. M.A. M.A. M.A. M.A. 100.0 100.0 100.0 Percentage 46.5 28.1 55.8 46.5 28.1 55.8 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 53.6 72.0 44.2 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.4 0.2 0.4 57.1 42.3 63.1 41.7 20.5 51.8 Agricultural 33.1 14.7 48.4 0.5 17.5 7.7 26.0 8.7 12.1 7.0 57.1 42.3 63.1 41.7 20.5 51.8 0.3 0.4 0.2 42.9 57.7 37.0 58.3 79.5 48.2 Agriculture, forestry and fishing 33.1 14.7 48.4 0.5 17.5 7.7 26.0 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.4 0.2 6.8 6.9 6.7 7.7 9.6 6.8 Non-Agricultural 66.9 85.4 51.6 99.5 82.5 92.4 74.1 5.9 5.8 6.0 0.2 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.1 15.3 20.4 12.7 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 Mining and quarrying 0.2 0.1 0.2 - 0.2 0.2 0.2 1.4 1.8 1.3 Manufacturing 15.2 17.8 12.9 17.1 27.7 28.8 26.8 6.0 9.1 4.5 Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.1 1.0 1.5 0.7 Water supply; sewerage, waste management 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.4 0.9 0.2 and remediation activities 0.7 1.0 0.5 4.9 6.7 4.0 Construction 5.7 6.0 5.4 6.7 6.0 6.0 5.9 4.6 4.2 4.7 5.9 6.9 5.4 3.1 4.2 2.5 12.1 17.8 9.9 17.1 21.8 14.8 Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor 16.5 20.7 13.0 23.3 17.4 19.4 15.6 2.0 2.8 1.6 0.6 0.8 0.5 vehicles and motorcycles 2.0 2.9 1.5 0.5 0.7 0.4 Transportation and storage 3.6 5.5 2.0 8.8 5.1 6.5 4.0 0.9 1.1 0.8 2.1 3.1 1.7 0.0 - 0.0 4.5 7.5 3.4 9.3 15.0 6.6 Accommodation and food service activities 7.6 10.6 5.1 11.2 8.5 10.8 6.5 - -- 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.6 0.1 0.6 1.1 0.4 0.8 1.3 0.6 Information and communication 0.6 1.1 0.1 2.3 0.5 0.7 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.7 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.1 0.5 0.7 0.5 Financial and insurance activities 1.4 2.3 0.6 4.2 1.2 1.7 0.8 0.4 0.6 0.3 1.0 1.5 0.7 4.8 6.2 4.2 4.1 5.5 3.4 Real estate activities 0.6 1.1 0.2 2.1 0.7 1.1 0.3 Professional, scientific and technical activities 1.0 1.7 0.4 3.4 1.0 1.3 0.7 Administrative and support service activities 1.4 2.2 0.7 3.5 1.9 2.4 1.4 Public administration and defence; compulsory 4.3 4.9 3.8 4.2 3.8 4.2 3.5 social security Education 3.1 3.5 2.7 3.4 2.8 2.7 2.8 3.1 4.5 2.5 3.5 3.8 3.3 1.5 2.6 1.1 1.7 3.1 1.1 Human health and social work activities 1.8 2.2 1.4 1.9 1.8 2.0 1.7 0.7 0.6 0.7 0.4 0.7 0.3 1.9 2.6 1.6 2.7 3.6 2.3 Arts, entertainment and recreation 0.7 0.8 0.6 1.1 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.3 0.5 0.2 0.3 0.7 0.1 Other service activities 2.3 2.9 1.8 3.1 2.3 2.7 2.1 Activities of households as employers ; 0.6 1.0 0.3 2.0 0.4 0.5 0.3 undifferentiated goods and services producing activities of households for own use Activities of wxtraterritorial organizations and bodies 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 - -- - --- -- - --- Unknown 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.6 0.1 0.1 0.0

TABLE 3.10 NUMBER AND PERCENTAGE OF EMPLOYED PERSONS BY OCCUPATION, REGION AND AREA Whole Kingdom Bangkok Central Region Northern Region Northeastern Region Southern Region Total M.A. Non- Total M.A. Non- Total M.A. Non- OCCUPATION Total M.A. Non- Total M.A. Non- M.A. M.A. M.A. Total M.A. M.A. Manage, senior officials Number ('000) 37,927.0 17,186.5 20,740.6 5,287.7 11,779.1 5,443.4 6,335.6 6,189.4 2,086.5 4,102.9 9,598.6 2,731.4 6,867.2 5,072.3 1,637.4 3,434.8 and legislator 1,460.4 925.8 534.6 446.6 122.3 62.1 60.2 279.6 86.3 193.4 131.4 57.2 74.2 Professionals 480.5 273.7 206.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 Technicians and associate 379.8 183.5 196.3 2,146.0 1,426.1 719.9 640.0 640.3 359.2 281.1 270.0 145.8 124.2 179.7 86.8 92.9 215.8 97.5 118.3 professionals 1,697.0 1,136.4 560.6 540.2 664.7 353.7 311.0 162.7 82.2 80.5 149.7 73.5 76.2 Clerks Service workers and shop and market 1,643.3 1,038.3 604.9 430.9 645.1 346.1 299.0 179.0 92.4 86.6 209.7 88.0 121.7 178.6 80.9 97.7 7,662.1 4,466.2 3,195.8 1,439.6 2,556.2 1,375.8 1,180.4 1,155.4 533.0 622.5 1,385.3 605.7 779.5 1,125.6 512.2 613.4 sales workers Skilled agricultural and fishery 11,713.0 2,382.8 9,330.3 38.6 1,722.1 359.1 1,363.0 2,592.1 523.6 2,068.6 5,384.5 1,140.3 4,244.2 1,975.7 321.2 1,654.5 0.0 202.9 289.3 workers 4,087.2 2,114.4 1,972.8 595.4 1,614.7 790.9 823.8 686.6 289.4 397.3 698.2 235.9 462.4 Craftsmen and related trades 492.3 workers 3,509.7 1,919.1 1,590.6 634.3 1,972.6 979.8 992.8 288.4 113.3 175.1 390.2 103.2 287.0 224.1 88.5 135.7 Plant and machine operators 3,984.8 1,755.8 2,229.0 504.5 1,476.9 601.4 875.5 732.7 244.7 488.0 691.5 201.7 489.9 579.1 203.5 375.6 and assemblers 17.6 6.0 3.9 2.1 --- --- --- Elementary occupations 23.6 21.5 2.1 Percentage Workers not classifiable by occupation 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 8.5 4.1 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Total 3.9 5.4 2.6 5.0 3.3 2.0 3.0 1.5 2.9 3.2 2.8 2.6 3.5 2.2 Manage, senior officials 5.7 8.3 3.5 12.1 5.4 6.6 4.4 4.4 7.0 3.0 4.0 6.7 2.9 4.3 6.0 3.4 and legislator 4.5 6.6 2.7 10.2 5.6 6.5 4.9 2.6 3.9 2.0 1.9 3.2 1.4 3.0 4.5 2.2 Professionals Technicians and associate 4.3 6.0 2.9 8.2 5.5 6.4 4.7 2.9 4.4 2.1 2.2 3.2 1.8 3.5 4.9 2.8 20.2 26.0 15.4 27.2 21.7 25.3 18.6 18.7 25.5 15.2 14.4 22.2 11.4 22.2 31.3 17.9 professionals Clerks 30.9 13.9 45.0 0.7 14.6 6.6 21.5 41.9 25.1 50.4 56.1 41.8 61.8 39.0 19.6 48.2 Service workers and shop and market 0.0 sales workers Skilled agricultural and fishery 10.8 12.3 9.5 11.3 13.7 14.5 13.0 11.1 13.9 9.7 7.3 8.6 6.7 9.7 12.4 8.4 workers 9.3 11.2 7.7 12.0 16.8 18.0 15.7 4.7 5.4 4.3 4.1 3.8 4.2 4.4 5.4 4.0 Craftsmen and related trades 0.0 10.5 10.2 10.8 9.5 12.5 11.1 13.8 11.8 11.7 11.9 7.2 7.4 7.1 workers 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.0 --- --- 11.4 12.4 10.9 Plant and machine operators --- and assemblers Elementary occupations Workers not classifiable by occupation 59

60 TABLE 3.11 NUMBER AND PERCENTAGE OF EMPLOYED PERSON BY LEVEL OF EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT, REGION AND AREA LEVEL OF EDUCATIONAL Whole Kingdom Bangkok Central Region Northern Region Northeastern Region Southern Region ATTAINMENT Total M.A. Non- Total M.A. Non- Total M.A. Non- Total M.A. Non- Total M.A. Non- Total M.A. M.A. M.A. M.A. No schooling M.A. Incomplete primary Primary Number ('000) Lower Secondary Upper Secondary Level 37,927.0 17,186.5 20,740.6 5,287.7 11,779.1 5,443.4 6,335.6 6,189.4 2,086.5 4,102.9 9,598.6 2,731.4 6,867.2 5,072.3 1,637.4 3,434.8 1,044.3 422.7 621.6 124.0 349.5 87.1 262.4 70.7 16.0 54.8 146.4 41.3 105.1 General/Academic 6,698.2 295.6 353.7 154.3 199.4 466.6 595.3 803.4 227.0 576.4 Vocational 8,228.8 2,136.7 4,561.5 821.3 1,587.5 350.0 1,120.9 2,488.9 674.6 1,893.6 322.2 914.0 Teacher Training 6,485.1 3,095.5 5,133.3 822.7 1,522.8 552.3 970.6 1,244.7 268.6 894.7 2,665.8 405.5 1,991.2 1,236.2 265.9 616.4 Higher Level 6,595.4 2,822.3 3,662.8 963.3 339.3 655.5 1,553.9 462.0 1,148.3 882.3 304.8 617.5 Academic 5,138.5 3,131.6 3,463.8 674.5 2,260.7 927.3 1,333.4 924.1 260.4 591.8 1,556.3 390.4 1,094.4 922.2 242.1 513.6 Higher Technical Education 1,452.4 2,343.0 2,795.5 287.9 931.2 78.6 480.2 1,342.6 71.2 755.7 62.7 103.6 Teacher Training 4.6 0.9 2,302.3 1,059.6 1,242.6 740.6 0.3 111.4 0.3 952.2 166.3 - 0.2 Others 1/ 8,526.0 785.2 667.2 190.0 570.1 0.3 213.1 577.8 141.9 0.2 454.0 587.6 Unknown 5,414.6 3.4 1.2 2,231.4 2,222.5 1,062.3 1,160.2 351.4 568.4 0.7 312.3 271.0 327.7 2,340.5 1,816.6 0.6 157.4 298.6 182.7 0.3 1,041.6 130.8 189.2 Total 770.8 5,353.8 3,172.2 1,625.1 775.7 849.5 1,138.6 61.4 201.7 1,262.5 82.7 684.7 598.7 52.2 70.8 No schooling 123.8 3,736.8 1,677.8 322.6 3.1 68.1 617.4 - 305.1 320.0 7.1 3.9 Incomplete primary 225.4 1,230.2 1,110.4 92.2 595.1 284.8 310.3 650.0 1.6 5.2 413.7 0.3 231.0 122.9 15.2 14.1 Primary 359.1 4.0 231.4 148.7 10.9 Lower Secondary 386.8 384.0 - 2.2 1.8 0.4 129.4 - 29.3 Upper Secondary Level 83.6 40.2 29.4 0.5 - 140.3 85.1 2,851.9 1,520.5 1,331.4 8.3 0.2 General/Academic 5.6 Vocational 1,732.0 985.5 746.4 Teacher Training Higher Level 925.1 436.6 488.4 Academic Higher Technical Education 194.9 98.4 96.5 Teacher Training Others 1/ 104.6 73.5 31.2 Unknown 160.6 93.7 66.9 Percentage 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 2.8 2.5 3.0 2.3 3.0 2.8 3.2 5.7 4.2 6.4 0.7 0.6 0.8 2.9 2.5 3.1 17.7 12.4 22.0 5.6 12.9 10.2 15.3 25.7 22.4 27.3 25.9 21.8 27.6 15.8 13.9 16.8 21.7 18.0 24.8 15.5 19.2 17.0 21.1 20.1 16.8 21.8 27.8 24.7 29.0 24.4 19.7 26.6 17.1 16.4 17.7 15.6 19.6 19.5 19.6 14.9 12.9 16.0 16.2 14.9 16.7 17.4 16.2 17.9 17.4 18.2 16.7 18.2 18.9 19.5 18.3 15.0 16.3 14.4 16.2 16.9 15.9 18.2 18.6 18.0 13.6 13.6 13.5 12.8 13.8 14.3 13.4 12.0 12.5 11.7 14.0 14.3 13.9 14.9 14.8 15.0 3.8 4.6 3.2 5.4 5.1 5.2 4.9 3.1 3.8 2.7 2.2 2.6 2.1 3.3 3.8 3.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 - 0.0 22.5 31.2 15.3 42.2 24.2 27.9 21.0 18.4 27.3 13.9 13.2 21.2 10.0 20.5 27.7 17.1 14.3 21.7 8.1 34.4 14.7 18.1 11.8 10.5 16.8 7.3 6.4 11.4 4.4 11.8 16.6 9.5 6.2 7.2 5.4 6.1 7.9 8.0 7.7 5.8 7.5 4.9 4.3 6.7 3.4 6.3 8.0 5.5 2.0 2.3 1.9 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.5 2.1 2.9 1.7 2.4 3.0 2.2 2.4 3.2 2.1 0.3 0.5 0.2 - 0.9 1.4 0.5 0.1 0.2 0.1 --- 0.2 0.4 0.1 0.6 0.8 0.4 0.6 1.4 1.7 1.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.9 0.4

3.3.3.3 Occupation : the distribution of 61 employed persons by occupation (table 3.10), showed that skilled agricultural forest and sales goods constituted about 27.2% of the fishery workers constituted the bulk of the total employed, followed by around 12.1% employed labor force (30.9%). The occupation were professionals, plant and machine group with the next largest number of service operators and assemblers 12.0% , craftsmen workers and sales goods which accounted for and related trade workers 11.3%, technicians 20.2%, crafts and associate professionals about and associate professionals 10.2% and 10.8%, elementary occupations workers 10.5%, elementary occupations 9.5% and the rest and the rest were the other occupations. were the other occupations. The pattern of occupation in municipal 3.3.3.4 Education : The distribution of area was quite different from that of non- employed persons by level of educational municipal area and the whole kingdom. In attainment (Table 3.11) illustrated that municipal area, about 26.0% of the total majority of employed people were with employed were service workers and sell goods, rather low level of education (42.1% ; only 13.9% were skilled agricultural and fishery some primary level or no schooling), while workers, 12.3% were crafts and associate those of 34 .5% were with secondary level, professionals. The occupational patterns in 22.5% with higher level and the rest were non-municipal area were similar to the whole others. kingdom, which the largest number of workers were skilled agricultural and fishery workers Employed people resided in 45.0%, followed by service workers and sell municipal areas completed higher than goods 15.4% and elementary occupations primary level (secondary and higher level) 10.7%. with higher rate than those lived in non- municipal areas (65.8% and 49.7% respectively). In almost region, the occupational In municipal area, 34.6% secondary level, patterns were not very different. That was 32.9% of employed persons held some the principal occupation was agricultural primary level or no schooling, and 31.2% with occupation, especially in the Northeast, higher level, whereas the corresponding comprised (56.1%), the next was the North educational level for employed persons in (41.9%), the South (39.0%) and the Central non-municipal area were 49.7%, 34.4% and (14.6% ). But in Bangkok, service workers and 15.3% respectively.

62 the labor force expressed as a percentage. It depends, therefore, on the definition of The majority of employed persons in unemployment as well as of the labor force every region were with some primary level adopted in the survey. Beginning from the or no schooling, especially in the Northeast survey in August 1982, unemployment has (about 54.4%), followed by the North (51.4%), been measured, for a better understanding of the South (43.1%) and the Central (35.1%). the situation, in terms of persons available for It was observed that there were relatively works, including not only those actively looking high number of employed people with for work but also those not looking for but secondary and higher levels in the Central available for work. As well, the classification of (38.4%) and the South (35.6%) the labor force status or activity has been revised to include, the current labor force, the In Bangkok, most of employed persons seasonally inactive labor force, to constitute completed higher than primary education what is described as the total labor force. (76.0%), especially there was the highest Different unemployment rates can be rate of those with higher level of education computed for purpose of comparative analysis, (42.2%). using different measures of unemployment and labor force as given in Table 3.12. 3.3.4 Unemployment The unemployment rate is the ratio of the number of unemployed persons to TABLE 3.12 DIFFERENT RATES OF UNEMPLOYMENT, QUARTER 3 : JULY - SEPTEMBER 2020 Labor force Actively looking for work (Percentage) Total available for work Current labor force 0.4 1.6 Total labor force 0.4 1.6 In general, during the agricultural but in the slack season the rates are quite season, the unemployment rate calculated different. from the total labor force is very close to that obtained from the current labor force At this quarter of the survey, the rate of total unemployment or percentage

of the total labor force who did not work 63 but were available for work (total available for work) was about 1.6% while the open young population aged 15-29 years or those unemployment which measured from those who just entered in the labor force. who were actively looking for work was Of these the population aged 15-24 years 0.4%. Generally, any measurement of (include males and females) had very high rates uemployment shows that the number of of unemployment, especially the population unemployed persons was among the off- aged 20-24 years had the highest rates (7.9%). season of agriculture are more than the This reflects an increasingly widespread numbers among agricultural season of the problem of unemployment among the young same year. population with middle and high level of educational attainment since the young with Table 3.13 reveals that the rate of secondary level, higher level or equivalent unemployment was rather high among the educational levels begin to enter the labor market at around this age-group. FIGURE 3.5 UNEMPLOYMENT RATES BY AGE GROUP (YEARS)

64 TABLE 3.13 UNEMPLOYMENT RATES BY AGE GROUP, SEX, REGION AND AREA (Percentage) Sex and Whole kingdom Bangkok Central region Northern region Northeastern Southern region age group region (years) Total M.A. Non- Total M.A. Non- Total M.A. Non- Total M.A. Non- Total M.A. Non- M.A. M.A. M.A. M.A. M.A. Total 1.9 2.1 1.7 2.0 1.9 2.1 1.8 1.5 2.0 1.2 1.6 1.4 1.6 2.8 3.7 2.4 15-19 9.4 11.3 8.6 11.5 11.2 13.1 10.0 5.4 10.3 3.8 8.5 7.5 8.8 11.7 13.9 11.1 20-24 7.9 8.6 7.5 9.1 7.6 7.5 7.7 6.8 10.3 5.2 6.7 6.7 6.7 11.6 12.2 11.3 25-29 3.6 3.9 3.4 4.1 3.0 3.4 2.7 2.9 4.8 1.8 3.6 2.7 3.9 5.4 5.7 5.2 30-34 1.9 2.2 1.6 2.1 1.5 1.8 1.3 2.1 3.1 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.4 3.0 4.1 2.3 35-39 1.4 1.5 1.2 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.3 0.8 0.9 0.7 1.3 1.1 1.4 1.8 3.0 1.1 40-49 0.8 1.0 0.6 1.0 0.9 1.1 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 1.0 1.9 0.6 50-59 0.6 0.7 0.5 0.7 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.7 1.8 0.2 60 and over 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.2 Male 1.9 2.2 1.7 - 0.4 0.3 0.5 1.5 2.0 1.3 1.5 1.4 1.6 2.5 3.0 2.3 15-19 7.8 11.5 6.2 2.2 2.0 2.3 1.7 5.8 13.5 3.8 5.9 8.6 5.1 11.6 12.6 11.3 20-24 7.3 7.8 7.0 12.0 8.0 12.6 5.1 5.8 7.5 5.0 6.3 5.0 6.7 9.1 6.6 10.2 25-29 3.9 4.7 3.1 10.1 7.4 8.3 6.7 3.0 4.8 2.0 3.4 3.3 3.4 5.1 6.5 4.5 30-34 1.6 2.0 1.2 5.0 3.5 4.4 2.8 2.1 3.9 1.2 0.7 0.9 0.7 1.9 2.7 1.6 35-39 1.5 1.6 1.4 1.8 1.6 1.9 1.4 1.2 1.4 1.1 2.0 1.5 2.2 1.7 2.9 1.1 40-49 0.8 1.0 0.6 1.4 1.4 1.6 1.1 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.8 1.7 0.3 50-59 0.6 0.8 0.5 1.0 1.0 1.1 0.8 0.5 0.2 0.7 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.7 1.8 0.2 60 and over 0.3 0.1 0.3 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.0 - Female 1.9 2.0 1.8 1.4 2.0 1.1 1.6 1.3 1.7 3.2 4.4 2.7 15-19 13.1 10.7 14.4 - 0.4 0.1 0.6 4.5 5.8 3.9 15.0 4.0 17.6 12.2 16.4 10.3 20-24 8.8 9.6 8.2 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.9 8.3 13.9 5.6 7.3 8.7 6.8 15.1 19.8 12.9 25-29 3.3 3.0 3.7 10.5 17.6 14.0 20.2 2.9 4.8 1.6 3.8 2.1 4.6 5.7 4.8 6.3 30-34 2.2 2.4 2.0 7.9 7.8 6.5 9.0 2.0 2.1 1.9 2.2 1.8 2.4 4.2 5.7 3.3 35-39 1.2 1.4 1.0 3.2 2.4 2.2 2.6 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.5 0.6 0.4 1.8 3.1 1.1 40-49 0.8 1.0 0.6 2.4 1.4 1.6 1.3 0.5 0.3 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.5 1.3 2.2 0.8 50-59 0.5 0.6 0.5 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.5 0.5 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.7 1.8 0.2 60 and over 0.3 0.3 0.2 1.1 0.9 1.2 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.4 - 0.5 0.8 0.8 0.8 - - 0.6 0.8 0.5 - 0.4 0.5 0.3

Considered unemployment rate by 65 sex, it was found that, unemployment rate of male, (1.9%) and female (1.9%). secondary level lower and secondary level The unemployment rate in municipal areas were rather high. were 2.1%, non-municipal areas were 1.7%. Similar pattern appeared in most regions, FIGURE 3.6 UNEMPLOYMENT RATES BY LEVEL OF the highest rates of unemployment in the EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT South with 2.8% , follow by Bangkok with 2.0%, the Central with 1.9%, the Northeast with 1.6% and the North with 1.5%. Considering on levels of educational attainment of the unemployed persons (Table 3.14), it was found that the unemployment rates of persons attained higher level, upper TABLE 3.14 UNEMPLOYMENT RATES BY LEVEL OF EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT, SEX AND AREA (Percentage) Level of educational attainment Area and Total No Incom Primary Lower Upper secondary level Higher level Others1/ sex schooling plete secon- General/ Voca- Teacher Academic Higher Teacher and primary dary academic tional training technical training unknown education Total 1.9 1.3 0.5 1.2 2.2 2.4 2.8 - 3.3 2.7 2.6 2.4 Male 1.9 0.9 0.6 1.3 2.5 2.6 2.3 - 3.1 2.6 2.5 2.0 Female 1.9 1.6 0.4 1.1 1.9 2.2 3.5 - 3.4 2.7 2.7 3.0 M.A. 2.1 1.1 0.7 1.6 2.4 2.3 2.2 - 3.1 2.2 2.1 2.5 Male 2.2 0.7 0.7 1.5 2.7 2.7 2.1 - 3.3 2.2 1.7 2.1 Female 2.0 1.5 0.7 1.7 2.0 1.7 2.2 - 3.0 2.3 2.2 2.9 Non-M.A. 1.7 1.3 0.4 1.0 2.1 2.5 3.5 - 3.7 3.2 3.1 2.3 Male 1.7 1.1 0.5 1.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 - 2.6 3.1 3.4 1.8 Female 1.8 1.6 0.3 0.7 1.8 2.5 5.2 - 4.5 3.3 3.0 3.1 1/ Including short course vocational

66 3.3.5 Characteristics of the unemployed labor force Table 3.15 illustrates that the of the total unemployed in municipal area unemployed persons were largely males, and non-municipal area respectively which (54.4%) whereas the corresponding percentage was higher than the female (44.8% and for females were 45.6%. The percentage of 46.3% respectively.) unemployed male were 55.2% and 53.7% TABLE 3.15 NUMBER AND PERCENTAGE OF UNEMPLOYED PERSONS BY LEVEL OF EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT, SEX AND AREA Level of educational attainment Area and Total No Incom Primary Lower Upper secondary level Higher level Others 1/ sex Schoo plete secon- General/ Voca- Teacher Academic Higher Teacher and Total Male ling dary academic tional training . technical training unknown Female education Municipal areas primary Male 183.4 64.4 20.5 5.5 Female 737.7 13.3 33.1 Number ('000) - 74.8 36.5 5.7 2.6 Non-municipal 401.6 4.9 19.1 - 108.6 27.8 14.8 2.9 areas 336.1 8.4 13.9 101.0 148.9 125.9 41.8 - 119.1 28.1 8.1 3.5 Male 369.4 4.8 14.7 62.4 100.5 74.4 20.6 - 56.0 15.9 2.1 1.6 Female 203.8 1.6 7.6 38.5 48.5 51.5 21.2 - 49.3 69.8 54.7 17.3 Total 26.0 47.4 35.8 9.8 Male Female 165.5 3.2 7.1 23.3 22.3 18.8 7.5 - 63.1 12.2 6.0 1.9 Municipal areas Male 368.3 8.5 18.4 51.6 79.2 71.2 24.5 - 64.3 36.2 12.4 2.0 Female Non-municipal 197.7 3.3 11.6 36.4 53.1 38.6 10.8 - 18.8 20.6 3.6 1.0 areas 170.6 5.1 6.8 15.2 26.1 32.7 13.7 - 45.5 15.6 8.8 1.0 Male Female Percentage 1.8 4.5 13.7 20.2 17.1 5.7 - 24.9 8.7 2.8 1.8 0.7 1.2 4.8 15.5 25.0 18.5 5.1 - 18.6 9.1 1.4 1.2 0.6 2.5 4.1 11.5 14.4 15.3 6.3 - 32.3 8.3 4.4 2.5 0.9 1.3 4.0 13.4 18.9 14.8 4.7 - 32.3 7.6 2.2 1.3 1.0 0.8 3.7 12.8 23.3 17.6 4.8 - 27.5 7.8 1.1 0.8 0.8 1.9 4.3 14.1 13.5 11.4 4.5 - 38.1 7.4 3.6 1.9 1.2 2.3 5.0 14.0 21.5 19.3 6.7 - 17.5 9.8 3.4 2.3 0.5 1.7 5.9 18.4 26.8 19.5 5.5 - 9.5 10.4 1.8 1.7 0.5 3.0 4.0 8.9 15.3 19.2 8.0 - 26.7 9.2 5.2 3.0 0.6 1/ Including short course vocational The majority of the unemployed area while it was 50.8% of males. However, persons (50.1%) were in municipal area the percentage of unemployed males and because these area constituted a larger part females were lower in busy season than the of the total labor force. About 49.2% of the slack season. total unemployed females were in municipal

The unemployed persons with low level 67 of education, i.e. some primay education and no schooling was about 20.0% of the total question on hours worked was interpreted unemployed, those with the higher level, as the zero hour per week. The data on i.e. secondary and higher level were about hours worked included hours worked on all 42.9% and 36.4% respectively. Non - municipal occupations ; principal as well as others. area accounted higher than municipal area for some primary and no schooling (21.3% The data summarized in Table 3.16 compared with 18.6%). While municipal showed that about 14.8% of the employed area accounted higher proportion than non- persons worked 50 hours or more per week. municipal area for higher level (42.1% About 65.3% of employed persons worked compared with 30.7%). 35-49 hours per week. On the other hand, about 80.1% of employed person worked 3.3.6 Hours worked 35 hours or more per week and they might be classified as fully employed. About Data on number of hours worked 18.6%, worked less than 35 hours per and additional hours available for work week ; may be treated as under-employed. obtained from all employed persons. In the Employed persons, with regular job but did case of persons who had job but did not not work during the survey week (0 hour), work at all during the survey week, the accounted only 1.3%. TABLE 3.16 NUMBER AND PERCENTAGE OF EMPLOYED PERSONS BY HOURS WORKED PER WEEK Hours worked Employed persons Persons available for additional work per week Number Percentage Number Percentage Total (in thousands) (in thousands) (as compared to employed) 0 hour 1 - 9 hours 37,927.0 100.0 645.9 1.7 10 - 19 hours 20 - 29 hours 473.8 1.3 128.7 27.2 30 - 34 hours 156.8 0.4 17.8 11.3 35 - 39 hours 952.8 2.5 70.7 7.4 40 - 49 hours 3,178.9 8.4 150.4 4.7 50 hours and over 2,757.9 7.3 74.6 2.7 4,639.6 12.2 43.9 1.0 20,139.6 53.1 134.0 0.7 5,627.7 14.8 25.9 0.5

68 The percentage of employed persons (see Appendix B: statistical tables 15 - 16). who were available for additional work, In this chapter, data on the number of male which is also an indicator for under- and female employees by wages le vel or employment, accounted for about 1.7%. Of salaries (not including supplementary earnings) the employed persons who worked less and area are presented in Table 3.17. than 35 hours per week, 4.4 % desired and were available for additional work. The details On the whole, about 51.2% of 18.0 of hours worked by occupation, industry and million employees had monthly wages or work status are presented in the statistical salaries of had over 10,000 Baht, around tables (Appendix C : Statistical tables 8-10 ). 39.4% had 5,501-10,000 Baht per month, 7.3% had 2,501-5,500 Baht and about 1.4% The majority of employed person received less than 2,500 Baht per month. who were available for additional work about 646 thousand or 1.7% of employed The majority of employees in person. In these have employed person not municipal area had higher level of wages or working at full capucity (working 1-34 hours salaries than their counterpart in the other per week) about 314 thousand. That is area. For instance, only about 4.0% of underemployment worker 0.8% employees in municipal area received monthly wages or salaries, below 5,501 Baht 3.3.7 Wages and salaries whereas the corresponding figure in non- municipal area was 14.4%. Around 95.0% of Data on wages and salaries have been employees in municipal area earned more collected in respect of all employees in than 5,500 Baht compared with 85.3% in non- accordance with the system applicable to each municipal area. Moreover, about 62.0% of case and converted into the equivalent monthly employees in municipal area earned more wages and salaries. The data have been than 10,000 Baht a month, while the tabulated by industry, sex and area separately percentages in non-municipal area was only for government and private employees 38.1%. FIGURE 3.7 PERCENTAGE OF EMPLOYEES BY WAGE OR SALARY / MONTH Remark : Exclude employees who unknown wage or salary per month

69 TABLE 3.17 NUMBER AND PERCENTAGE OF EMPLOYEES BY WAGE/SALARY, SEX AND AREA Monthly wage/ Whole kingdom Municipal areas Non- municipal areas Salary level (Baht) Total Government Private Total Government Private Total Government Private Total sector sector sector sector sector sector Up to 2,500 2,501-5,500 Number ('000) 5,501-10,000 10,001 & Over 18,022. 3,520.2 14,502.5 9,866.1 1,833.2 8,032.9 8,156.6 1,687.0 6,469.6 Unknown 253.1 4.1 249.0 49.4 1.9 47.5 203.8 2.2 201.5 Male Up to 2,500 1,315.5 93.8 1,221.7 341.3 24.6 316.7 974.3 69.3 905.0 2,501-5,500 5,501-10,000 7,108.2 899.1 6,209.0 3,259.2 332.2 2,927.0 3,849.0 567.0 3,282.1 10,001 & Over Unknown 9,226.0 2,499.5 6,726.5 6,120.0 1,455.4 4,664.6 3,106.0 1,044.1 2,061.9 Female 119.9 23.6 96.2 96.3 19.2 77.1 23.6 4.5 19.1 Up to 2,500 2,501-5,500 9,804.6 1,713.3 8,091.3 5,203.1 884.2 4,318.9 4,601.5 829.1 3,772.4 5,501-10,000 10,001 & Over 115.3 3.0 112.3 21.7 1.6 20.1 93.7 1.4 92.3 Unknown 730.2 57.2 672.9 176.3 13.8 162.5 553.9 43.5 510.4 Total Up to 2,500 3,913.6 505.9 3,407.8 1,674.5 186.3 1,488.2 2,239.2 319.6 1,919.6 2,501-5,500 5,501-10,000 4,987.6 1,135.3 3,852.3 3,282.7 671.2 2,611.5 1,704.9 464.1 1,240.8 10,001 & Over Unknown 57.8 11.9 45.9 48.0 11.3 36.7 9.9 0.6 9.3 Male 8,218.0 1,806.9 6,411.2 4,663.0 949.0 3,714.0 3,555.1 857.9 2,697.2 Up to 2,500 2,501-5,500 137.8 1.1 136.7 27.7 0.3 27.5 110.1 0.8 109.2 5,501-10,000 10,001 & Over 585.4 36.6 548.8 165.0 10.8 154.2 420.4 25.8 394.6 Unknown 3,194.5 393.3 2,801.3 1,584.7 145.9 1,438.8 1,609.9 247.4 1,362.5 Female Up to 2,500 4,238.4 1,364.2 2,874.1 2,837.3 784.2 2,053.1 1,401.1 580.0 821.0 2,501-5,500 5,501-10,000 62.0 11.7 50.3 48.3 7.9 40.5 13.7 3.8 9.8 10,001 & Over Unknown Percentage 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 1.4 0.1 1.7 0.5 0.1 0.6 2.5 0.1 3.1 7.3 2.7 8.4 3.5 1.3 3.9 11.9 4.1 14.0 39.4 25.5 42.8 33.0 18.1 36.4 47.2 33.6 50.7 51.2 71.0 46.4 62.0 79.4 58.1 38.1 61.9 31.9 0.7 0.7 0.7 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.3 0.3 0.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 1.2 0.2 1.4 0.4 0.2 0.5 2.0 0.2 2.5 7.5 3.3 8.3 3.4 1.6 3.8 12.0 5.2 13.5 39.9 29.5 42.1 32.2 21.1 34.5 48.7 38.5 50.9 50.9 66.3 47.6 63.1 75.9 60.5 37.1 56.0 32.9 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.9 1.3 0.9 0.2 0.1 0.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 1.7 0.1 2.1 0.6 0.0 0.7 3.1 0.1 4.1 7.1 2.0 8.6 3.5 1.1 4.2 11.8 3.0 14.6 38.9 21.8 43.7 34.0 15.4 38.7 45.3 28.8 50.5 51.6 75.5 44.8 60.9 82.6 55.3 39.4 67.6 30.4 0.8 0.7 0.8 1.0 0.8 1.1 0.4 0.5 0.4

70 96.5% of the total government employees and the private employees accounted for It was observed that, as a whole, 89.2%. government employees got higher level of monthly wages or salaries than the private 3.3.8 Supplementary benefits ones. This partly because, in this survey, the private employees included also those of daily Apart from data on basic wages and wages employees and laborers who usually salaries, information such as receipt of earned rather low income. About 10.1% of the supplementary benefits in cash i.e. bonuses private employees earned less than 5,501 Baht and overtime payments, and in kind i.e. food, a month as compared with 2.8% of the clothing, housing, and others was also government employees. On the other hand, collected. The data on number of employees the government employees who received over receiving benefits are summarized in Table 3.18. 5,500 Baht per month accounted for about TABLE 3.18 NUMBER AND PERCENTAGE OF PRIVATE EMPLOYEES AND GOVERNMENT EMPLOYEES BY RECEIVING SUPPLEMENTARY BENEFITS, AREA AND SEX Unit : In thousands (percentage) 1/ Sector, area and Total Number of employees receiving supplementary benefits sex employees Bonus Overtime Other Food Clothing Housing Others Cash Total 3,700.0 17.9 790.9 1,886.3 1,033.4 29.7 671.5 404.3 (0.5) (21.4) (51.0) (27.9) (0.8) (18.1) (10.9) Male 1,910.9 11.3 422.6 975.6 449.9 13.2 402.3 200.8 (0.6) (22.1) (51.1) (23.5) (0.7) (21.1) (10.5) Female 1,789.1 6.5 368.3 910.7 583.5 16.5 269.2 203.5 (0.4) (20.6) (50.9) (32.6) (0.9) (15.0) (11.4) Private sector 2,827.7 14.9 658.9 1,222.3 1,013.5 25.3 508.6 380.7 (0.5) (23.3) (43.2) (35.8) (0.9) (18.0) (13.5) Male 1,492.7 9.4 380.3 652.0 446.4 9.9 312.4 187.9 (0.6) (25.5) (43.7) (29.9) (0.7) (20.9) (12.6) Female 1,335.0 5.6 278.6 570.3 567.1 15.5 196.3 192.8 (0.4) (20.9) (42.7) (42.5) (1.2) (14.7) (14.4) Government sector 872.3 2.9 132.0 664.0 19.9 4.4 162.8 23.7 (0.3) (15.1) (76.1) (2.3) (0.5) (18.7) (2.7) Male 418.2 2.0 42.3 323.6 3.5 3.3 89.9 12.9 (0.5) (10.1) (77.4) (0.8) (0.8) (21.5) (3.1) Female 454.1 0.9 89.8 340.3 16.4 1.1 72.9 10.7 (0.2) (19.8) (75.0) (3.6) (0.2) (16.1) (2.4)

71 TABLE 3.18 NUMBER AND PERCENTAGE OF PRIVATE EMPLOYEES AND GOVERNMENT EMPLOYEES BY RECEIVING SUPPLEMENTARY BENEFITS, AREA AND SEX (Cont.) Unit : In thousands (percentage) 1/ Sector, area and sex Total Number of employees receiving supplementary benefits employees Bonus Overtime Other cash Food Clothing Housing Others Private sector 1,623.6 6.5 320.1 660.9 595.5 16.9 381.5 155.1 Municipal areas 855.9 767.7 (0.4) (19.7) (40.7) (36.7) (1.0) (23.5) (9.6) Male 3.3 196.2 356.6 254.3 4.7 218.8 77.9 Female 1,204.1 (0.4) (22.9) (41.7) (29.7) (0.5) (25.6) (9.1) Non-municipal areas 636.7 3.1 124.0 304.3 341.3 12.2 162.7 77.2 567.3 (0.4) (16.1) (39.6) (44.5) (1.6) (21.2) (10.1) Male 8.5 338.8 561.4 418.0 8.5 127.2 225.6 Female (46.6) (34.7) (0.7) (10.6) (18.7) (0.7) (28.1) 295.4 192.2 5.2 93.6 110.0 6.0 184.2 (46.4) (30.2) (0.8) (14.7) (17.3) (0.9) (28.9) 266.0 225.9 3.3 33.6 115.6 2.4 154.6 (46.9) (39.8) (0.6) (5.9) (20.4) (0.4) (27.3) Government sector 445.7 1.7 77.9 330.2 6.0 0.9 110.6 11.8 Municipal areas (0.4) (17.5) (74.1) (1.4) (0.2) (24.8) (2.6) Male Female 212.8 0.7 21.9 162.6 1.1 0.7 58.0 7.2 (0.3) (10.3) (76.4) (0.5) (0.3) (27.2) (3.4) Non-municipal areas Male 232.8 0.9 56.0 167.6 5.0 0.2 52.6 4.6 Female (0.4) (24.0) (72.0) (2.1) (0.1) (22.6) (2.0) 426.7 1.2 54.1 333.8 13.9 3.5 52.3 11.9 (0.3) (12.7) (78.2) (3.2) (0.8) (12.2) (2.8) 205.4 1.2 20.3 161.0 2.5 2.6 32.0 5.8 (0.6) (9.9) (78.4) (1.2) (0.0) (15.6) (2.8) 221.3 - 33.8 172.8 11.4 0.9 20.3 6.1 (0.0) (15.3) (78.1) (5.2) (0.4) (9.2) (2.8) 1/ One employee can receive more than 1 type of supplementary benefits.

72 The private employees in municipal area received more supplementary benefits Considered percentage of employee such as food, housing and clothing than those receiving supplementary benefits found that in non-municipal area (about 36.7%, 23.5%, food, overtime, clothing and bonus seem to be 1.0%). The government employees in municipal more common in the private sector than in the area received more supplementary benefits government sector. However supplementary such as housing, overtime and bonus than benefits, such as other cash and housing seem those in non-municipal area (about 24.8%, to be more common in the government sector 17.5%, 0.7% respectively). The government than in the private sector. The private employees in non-municipal area received employees in non-municipal area received more supplementary benefits, such as other more supplementary benefits such as other cash (78.2%), food (3.2%) and clothing (0.8%) cash, overtime and bonus than those in than those in municipal area. municipal area (about 46.6%, 28.1% and 0.7%).

ภาคผนวก ก แบบแผนการเลือกตัวอยาง 1. แผนการสมุ ตวั อยา ง แผนการสุมตัวอยางที่ใชเปนแบบ Stratified Two – Stage Sampling โดยมีจังหวัดเปน สตราตมั เขตแจงนับ ( ในเขตเทศบาล และ นอกเขตเทศบาล ) เปน หนวยตวั อยางขั้นที่หนงึ่ ครัวเรอื นสวนบุคคล และสมาชกิ ในครวั เรอื นกลุมบุคคลประเภทคนงาน เปนหนวยตัวอยา งขน้ั ท่ีสอง การจดั สตราตมั จังหวัดเปนสตราตัม ซ่ึงมีท้ังสิ้น 77 สตราตัม และในแตละสตราตัม ไดทําการแบงออกเปน 2 สตราตมั ยอ ย ตามลกั ษณะการปกครองของกรมการปกครอง คือ ในเขตเทศบาล และนอกเขตเทศบาล การเลือกตัวอยางขน้ั ทห่ี นึง่ จากแตละสตราตัมยอย หรือแตละเขตการปกครอง ไดทําการเลือกเขตแจงนับตัวอยาง อยาง อสิ ระตอกนั โดยใหความนาจะเปนในการเลอื กเปนปฏภิ าคกับจํานวนครัวเรือนของเขตแจงนับตัวอยางน้ัน ๆ ได จํานวนตัวอยางทั้งส้ิน 5,970 เขตแจงนับตวั อยาง จากท้ังสิ้นจํานวน 127,460 เขตแจงนับตัวอยาง ซึ่งกระจาย ไปตามภาค และเขตการปกครอง เปนดงั น้ี ภาค รวม ในเขตเทศบาล นอกเขตเทศบาล กรงุ เทพมหานคร 300 300 - กลาง ( ยกเวน กรุงเทพมหานคร ) 1,902 900 เหนอื 1,278 630 1,002 ตะวนั ออกเฉียงเหนือ 1,476 732 648 ใต 1,014 498 744 5,970 516 รวมทัว่ ราชอาณาจกั ร 3,060 2,910

74 การเลือกตัวอยา งขัน้ ที่สอง ในขน้ั นี้เปน การเลอื กครวั เรอื นตัวอยา งจากครัวเรอื นสว นบคุ คลทัง้ สิ้น ในบัญชรี ายชือ่ ครวั เรอื นซ่ึง ไดจ ากการนับจดในแตล ะเขตแจงนับตวั อยา ง ดวยวิธีการสุมแบบมรี ะบบ โดยกาํ หนดขนาดตัวอยา งเปนดงั นค้ี อื ในเขตเทศบาล : กาํ หนด 16 ครัวเรือนตัวอยาง ตอ เขตแจงนบั ตวั อยา ง นอกเขตเทศบาล : กําหนด 12 ครัวเรอื นตัวอยา ง ตอ เขตแจงนบั ตัวอยา ง กอนที่จะทําการเลือกครัวเรือนตัวอยาง ไดมีการจัดเรียงรายชื่อครัวเรือนสวนบุคคลใหมตาม ขนาดครวั เรอื น ซึ่งวดั ดว ยจํานวนสมาชิกในครัวเรือน ในกรณีของครัวเรือนกลุมบุคคลประเภทคนงาน ในข้ันนี้เปนการเลือกสมาชิกตัวอยางจาก ครวั เรอื นกลมุ บุคคลประเภทคนงานทุกครวั เรอื นในแตละเขตแจงนับตัวอยาง ดว ยวธิ ีการสุมแบบมีระบบ จํานวนครัวเรือนสวนบุคคลตัวอยางท้ังส้ินที่ตองทําการแจงนับ จําแนกตามภาค และเขตการ ปกครอง เปน ดังนค้ี ือ ภาค รวม ในเขตเทศบาล นอกเขตเทศบาล กรุงเทพมหานคร 4,800 4,800 - กลาง ( ยกเวน กรุงเทพมหานคร ) 26,424 14,400 เหนือ 17,856 10,080 12,024 ตะวันออกเฉยี งเหนอื 20,640 11,712 7,776 ใต 14,160 7,968 8,928 83,880 48,960 6,192 รวมท่ัวราชอาณาจักร 34,920

75 2. วธิ กี ารประมาณผล การเสนอผลของการสํารวจไดเสนอผลการสํารวจในระดับจังหวัด สวนในระดับภาค คือ กรุงเทพมหานคร ภาคกลาง ( ยกเวนกรุงเทพมหานคร ) ภาคเหนือ ภาคตะวันออกเฉียงเหนือ และภาคใต น้ัน ไดเสนอผลในระดับเขตการปกครอง คอื ในเขตเทศบาล และนอกเขตเทศบาล ในการประมาณคา กําหนดให g = 1 , 2 , 3 , ... , 20 ( หมวดอายุ - เพศ ) k = 1 , 2 , 3 , ... , mhij ( เขตแจงนับตัวอยาง ) j = 1 , 2 ( เขตการปกครอง ) i = 1 , 2 , 3 , ... , Ah ( จังหวัด ) h = 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ( ภาค ) การประมาณคา ยอดรวม 1. สูตรการประมาณคายอดรวมท่ีปรบั แลวของจํานวนประชากรท่ีมลี ักษณะท่ีตองการศึกษา X สาํ หรับ หมวดอายุ - เพศ g เขตการปกครอง j จังหวดั i ภาค h คอื xhijg  xhijg Yhijg  rhijg Yhijg ....................... (1) yhijg โดยที่ xhijg คือ คาประมาณยอดรวมโดยปกติจากการเลือกตัวอยางสองขั้นตอน ของจํานวน ประชากรทั้งสิ้นท่ีมีลักษณะที่ตองการศึกษา X สําหรับหมวดอายุ - เพศ g เขตการปกครอง j จงั หวดั i ภาค h yhijg คือ คาประมาณยอดรวมโดยปกติจากการเลือกตัวอยางสองขั้นตอน ของจํานวน ประชากรท้ังสิ้น สําหรับหมวดอายุ - เพศ g เขตการปกครอง j จังหวัด i ภาค h Yhi/jg1 คือ คาประมาณจํานวนประชากรท้ังสิ้นท่ีไดจากการคาดประมาณประชากรของ ประเทศไทย สําหรับหมวดอายุ - เพศ g เขตการปกครอง j จังหวัด i ภาค h rhijg คือ อัตราสวนของคาประมาณจํานวนประชากรทั้งสิ้นที่มีลักษณะที่ตองการ ศึกษา X กับคาประมาณจํานวนประชากรทั้งสิ้น สําหรับหมวดอายุ - เพศ g เขตการปกครอง j จังหวัด i ภาค h / 1 การคาดประมาณประชากรของประเทศไทย พ. ศ. 2553 - 2583 สํานักงานสภาพัฒนาการเศรษฐกิจและสังคม แหง ชาติ แผนพฒั นาเศรษฐกจิ และสงั คมแหง ชาติ ฉบับท่ี 11 ( กุมภาพนั ธ 2556 )

76 สูตรการคาํ นวณคา ประมาณยอดรวมโดยปกติ จากการเลอื กตวั อยางสองขัน้ ตอน คือ i) xhijg  1 kmhij1Ph1ijk N hijk xhijkg ....................... (2) mhij nhijk โดยที่ xhijkg คือ จํานวนประชากรที่แจงนับไดท้ังส้ิน ที่มีลักษณะที่ตองการศึกษา X ใน ห มวดอายุ - เพ ศ g เขตแจ งนั บตัวอย าง k เขตการป กครอง j จังหวดั i ภาค h Nhijk คือ จํานวนครัวเรือนที่นับจดไดทั้งส้ิน ในเขตแจงนับตัวอยาง k เขตการ ปกครอง j จังหวัด i ภาค h nhijk คือ จํานวนครัวเรือนตัวอยางท้ังสิ้น ในเขตแจงนับตัวอยาง k เขตการ ปกครอง j จังหวดั i ภาค h Phijk คือ โอกาสในการเลอื กเขตแจงนบั ตัวอยาง k เขตการปกครอง j จังหวัด i ภาค h mhij คอื จาํ นวนเขตแจงนับตวั อยา งท้งั สน้ิ ในเขตการปกครอง j จงั หวดั i ภาค h ii) yhijg  1 kmhij1Ph1ijk N hijk yhijkg ....................... (3) mhij nhijk โดยท่ี yhijkg คอื จํานวนประชากรที่แจงนับไดทั้งสิ้น ในหมวดอายุ - เพศ g เขตแจงนับ ตัวอยาง k เขตการปกครอง j จังหวดั i ภาค h 2. สูตรการประมาณคายอดรวมท่ีปรับแลวของจํานวนประชากร ที่มีลักษณะท่ีตองการศึกษา X สําหรบั เขตการปกครอง j จงั หวดั i ภาค h คอื xhij  20 xhijg ....................... (4)  g 1

77 3. สูตรการประมาณคายอดรวมทปี่ รับแลวของจํานวนประชากร ที่มีลักษณะที่ตองการศึกษา X สําหรับ หมวดอายุ – เพศ g จงั หวัด i ภาค h คอื xhig  j2 1xhijg ....................... (5) 4. .สตู รการประมาณคา ยอดรวมท่ปี รับแลวของจาํ นวนประชากร ทีม่ ลี ักษณะท่ตี อ งการศึกษา X สาํ หรบั จังหวดั i ภาค h คือ xhi  j2 1xhij  g201xhig ....................... (6) 5. สตู รการประมาณคายอดรวมทป่ี รับแลว ของจาํ นวนประชากร ทมี่ ีลกั ษณะท่ตี องการศึกษา X สําหรับหมวดอายุ – เพศ g เขตการปกครอง j ภาค h คอื xhjg  Ah xhijg ....................... (7)  i 1 โดยท่ี Ah คือ จาํ นวนจังหวัดทงั้ สน้ิ ในภาค h และ h5 1Ah  76 6. สูตรการประมาณคา ยอดรวมทีป่ รบั แลว ของจาํ นวนประชากร ท่ีมีลกั ษณะท่ีตอ งการศกึ ษา X สาํ หรบั เขตการปกครอง j ภาค h คอื xhj  Ah xhij  20 xhjg ....................... (8)   i1 g1 7. สตู รการประมาณคา ยอดรวมท่ปี รับแลว ของจํานวนประชากร ที่มีลักษณะทีต่ อ งการศกึ ษา X สาํ หรบั หมวดอายุ – เพศ g ภาค h คือ xhg  Ah xhig  2 xhjg ....................... (9)   i1 j1

78 8. สูตรการประมาณคา ยอดรวมที่ปรบั แลว ของจาํ นวนประชากร ทีม่ ีลักษณะท่ตี องการศึกษา X สําหรบั ภาค h คือ xh  Ah xhi  2  20 ..................... (10)   xhj  xhg i1 j1 g1 9. สูตรการประมาณคา ยอดรวมท่ีปรับแลว ของจํานวนประชากร ทม่ี ีลักษณะท่ีตอ งการศึกษา X สําหรับเขตการปกครอง j ทวั่ ราชอาณาจกั ร คอื xj  5 xhj ..................... (11)  h1 10. สูตรการประมาณคายอดรวมท่ปี รบั แลว ของจํานวนประชากร ทมี่ ลี ักษณะทตี่ อ งการศึกษา X สําหรบั หมวดอายุ – เพศ g ท่วั ราชอาณาจกั ร คือ xg  5 xhg ..................... (12)  h1 11. สูตรการประมาณคายอดรวมท่ปี รับแลว ของจาํ นวนประชากร ทีม่ ีลกั ษณะท่ตี อ งการศกึ ษา X สาํ หรบั ท่วั ราชอาณาจกั ร คือ x  5 xh  2 xj  20 xg ..................... (13)    h1 j1 g1 การประมาณคา ความแปรปรวนของคาประมาณยอดรวม 1. สตู รการประมาณคาความแปรปรวนของ xhijg คอื Vˆ( xhijg )   Yhijg 2 mhij 1 mhij zh2ijkg ..................... (14)  yhijg  mhij     k 1 โดยท่ี zhijkg  xhijkg  rhijg yhijkg xhijkg  1 1 N hijk xhijkg mhij Phijk nhijk

yhijkg  1 1 N hijk yhijkg 79 mhij Phijk nhijk ......................... (15) 2. สูตรการประมาณคาความแปรปรวนของ xhij คอื ....................... (16) ........................ (17) 20 ........................... (18) ............ ......... (19) Vˆ( xhij )  Vˆ( xhijg ) ....................... (20) g 1 3. สูตรการประมาณคาความแปรปรวนของ xhig คอื Vˆ( xhig )  2 Vˆ( xhijg )  j 1 4. สตู รการประมาณคา ความแปรปรวนของ xhi คอื Vˆ( xhi )  2 Vˆ( xhij )  20 Vˆ( xhig )   j1 g1 5. สตู รการประมาณคาความแปรปรวนของ xhjg คอื Vˆ( xhjg )  Ah Vˆ( xhijg )  i 1 6. สูตรการประมาณคา ความแปรปรวนของ xhj คอื Vˆ( xhj )  Ah Vˆ( xhij )  20 Vˆ( xhjg )   i1 g1 7. สูตรการประมาณคา ความแปรปรวนของ xhg คือ Vˆ( xhg )  Ah Vˆ( xhig )  2  Vˆ( xhjg ) i1 j1

80 8. สูตรการประมาณคา ความแปรปรวนของ xh คอื Vˆ( xh )  Ah Vˆ( xhi )  2 20 ..................... (21)  Vˆ( xhj )  Vˆ( xhg ) i1 j1 g1 9. สูตรการประมาณคา ความแปรปรวนของ xj คือ Vˆ( xj )  5 Vˆ( xhj ) ..................... (22)  h1 10. สตู รการประมาณคา ความแปรปรวนของ xg คือ Vˆ( xg )  5 Vˆ( xhg ) ..................... (23) h1 11. สูตรการประมาณคา ความแปรปรวนของ x คอื Vˆ(x)  5 Vˆ( xh )  2 Vˆ( xj )  20 Vˆ( xg ) ..................... (24)   h1 j1 g1 การประมาณคา สมั ประสิทธ์ิของความแปรผันของคาประมาณยอดรวม 1. สูตรการประมาณคาสัมประสิทธ์ิของความแปรผันของ xhijg คอื cv( xhijg )  Vˆ( xhijg )  100 % ..................... (25) xhijg

81 2. สตู รการประมาณคาสมั ประสิทธ์ขิ องความแปรผันของ xhij คอื cv( xhij )  Vˆ( xhij )  100 % ..................... (26) xhij 3. สตู รการประมาณคา สัมประสิทธิ์ของความแปรผนั ของ xhig คือ cv( xhig )  Vˆ( xhig )  100 % ..................... (27) xhig 4. สูตรการประมาณคาสมั ประสิทธิ์ของความแปรผันของ xhi คือ cv( xhi )  Vˆ( xhi )  100 % ..................... (28) xhi 5. สตู รการประมาณคา สมั ประสิทธิ์ของความแปรผันของ xhjg คอื cv( xhjg )  Vˆ( xhjg )  100 % ........................ (29) xhjg 6. สตู รการประมาณคาสมั ประสทิ ธ์ขิ องความแปรผันของ xhj คอื cv( xhj )  Vˆ( xhj )  100 % .......................... (30) xhj 7. สตู รการประมาณคาสมั ประสทิ ธิ์ของความแปรผันของ xhg คือ cv( xhg )  Vˆ( xhg )  100 % ........................... (31) xhg

82 8. สูตรการประมาณคาสมั ประสทิ ธข์ิ องความแปรผนั ของ xh คือ cv( xh )  Vˆ( xh )  100 % ................................. (32) xh 9. สตู รการประมาณคา สัมประสิทธข์ิ องความแปรผนั ของ xj คอื cv( xj )  Vˆ( xj )  100 % ................................... (33) xj 10. สตู รการประมาณคา สมั ประสทิ ธิ์ของความแปรผนั ของ xg คือ cv( xg )  Vˆ( xg )  100 % ..................... (34) xg 11. สูตรการประมาณคา สมั ประสทิ ธ์ขิ องความแปรผันของ x คือ cv( x)  Vˆ( x)  100 % ........................... (35) x