GENERAL PHYSICS 1

GENERAL PHYSICS 1 General Physics Dictionary JOHNESIS HOPE T. LACAYANGA 12- ST. AGATHA

A B ACCELERATION- is a vector quantity that is defined as the BERNOULLI'S EQUATION- is a different way of the rate at which an object changes its velocity. conservation of energy principle, applied to flowing fluids. ACCURACY- indicates the degree of closeness or proximity BOLTZMANN'S CONSTANT- is the proportionality factor that between a measured value, or a series of observed values, with relates the average relative kinetic energy of particles in a gas the actual value of something. with the thermodynamic temperature of the gas. AMPLITUDE- the maximum displacement or distance moved BOYLE'S LAW- a statement in physics: the volume of a gas at by a point on a vibrating body or wave measured from its constant temperature varies inversely with the pressure equilibrium position. exerted on it. ANTINODES- the point that represents the highest amplitude BUNGEE CORD- is an elasticized cord used especially as a in a pattern of constructive interference. fastening or shock-absorbing device. ARCHIMEDES- is a law of physics fundamental to fluid BUNGEE JUMPING - is one of the high adrenaline rush and dynamics. adventurous act which involves lot of physics and calculations. ATOMIC MASS- the quantity of matter contained in an atom of BUOYANT FORCE- is the upward force exerted on an object an element. that is wholly or partly immersed in a fluid. AVERAGE FORCE- is the force exerted by a body moving at a defined rate of speed (velocity) for a defined period of time. AVOGADRO'S LAW- a statement that under the same conditions of temperature and pressure, equal volumes of different gases contain an equal number of molecules.

CD CALORIE- A unit of heat and energy equal to the amount of DAMPING- in physics, restraining of vibratory motion, such as energy requires to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by mechanical oscillations, noise, and alternating electric 1° Celsius. currents, by dissipation of energy. CALORIMETRY- is a method of measuring the heat transfer DECIBEL- unit for expressing the ratio between two physical within a chemical reaction or other physical processes, such as quantities, usually amounts of acoustic or electric power, or for a change between different states of matter. measuring the relative loudness of sounds. CENTER OF MASS- is a position defined relative to an object or DENSITY- is the mass per unit volume of any object. It is system of objects. It is the average position of all the parts of calculated by dividing the mass of an object by its volume. the system, weighted according to their masses. DIESEL ENGINE- also known as the compression-ignition CHARLES'S LAW- gives the relationship between the volume engine, is a heat engine that runs off of the energy provided by and the temperature of a fixed mass of gas at constant pressure. the combustion of diesel fuel under high pressure and temperature. COMPRESSIVE FORCE- occurs when a physical force presses DISPLACEMNENT- is a vector quantity that refers to \"how far inward on an object, causing it to become compacted. out of place an object is\"; it is the object's overall change in position. CONDENSATION- is the change of the physical state of matter DOPPLER EFFECT- refers to the change in wave frequency from the gas phase into the liquid phase, and is the reverse of during the relative motion between a wave source and its vaporization. observer. CONVECTION- process by which heat is transferred by DOPPLER SHIFT- This change in observed wavelength, or movement of a heated fluid such as air or water. frequency, is known as the Doppler shift. CONVERSION- a change between different units of measurement for the same quantity.

EF ELASTIC COLLISION- is a collision in which there is no net FAHRENHEIT SCALE- The Fahrenheit scale is a temperature loss in kinetic energy in the system as a result of the collision. scale based on one proposed in 1724 by the physicist Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736). ELASTIC FORCES- The elastic force occurs as a deformed object (think spring) tries to return to its original shape. FORCE- is a push or pull which changes or tries to change the state of rest, the state of uniform motion, size or shape of a body. ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION- radiation consisting of electromagnetic waves, including radio waves, infrared, visible FREE FALL- in mechanics, state of a body that moves freely in light, ultraviolet, x-rays, and gamma rays. any manner in the presence of gravity. EMISSIVITY- is defined as the ratio of the energy radiated from a FREE BODY DIAGRAM- are diagrams used to show the relative material's surface to that radiated from a a perfect emitter, magnitude and direction of all forces acting upon an object in a known as a blackbody, at the same temperature and wavelength given situation. and under the same viewing conditions. FREQUENCY- in physics, the number of waves that pass a fixed ENERGY- in physics, the capacity for doing work. It may exist in point in unit time; also, the number of cycles or vibrations potential, kinetic, thermal, electrical, chemical, nuclear, or other undergone during one unit of time by a body in periodic motion. various forms. FRICTION- is the resistance to motion of one object moving ENTROPY- the measure of a system’s thermal energy per unit relative to another. It is not a fundamental force, like gravity or temperature that is unavailable for doing useful work. electromagnetism . ESCAPE VELOCITY- the minimum speed that an object at a given FUNDAMENTAL FREQUENCY- The lowest frequency produced distance from a gravitating body must have so that it will by any particular instrument is known as the fundamental continue to move away from the body instead of orbiting about it. frequency EXTERNAL FORCE- are forces caused by external agent outside of the system.

GH GAS- a substance possessing perfect molecular mobility and the HARMONIC MOTION- occurs when the force F acting on an property of indefinite expansion, as opposed to a solid or liquid. object is directly proportional to the displacement x of the object, but in the opposite direction. GAUGE PRESSURE - is the pressure relative to atmospheric pressure. Gauge pressure is positive for pressures above HARMONIC SEQUENCE- is a sequence such that each term atmospheric pressure, and negative for pressures below it reciprocal form an arithmetic sequence (or sequence that has a common difference, common number added or subtracted to GAUSIAN SYSTEM- is sometimes called the cgs system because each term). it uses the centimeter, gram, and second as the base mechanical units. HEAT- is what scientists call the form of energy that is transferred between two materials of different temperature. GAY-LUSSAC'S LAW- The pressure of an ideal gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature when the volume is held HEAT CAPACITY- the heat required to raise the temperature of constant. a substance by unit temperature interval under specified conditions, usually measured in joules per kelvin. GRAVITATIONAL FORCE- is a force that attracts any two objects with mass. HEAT CONDUCTION- Thermal conduction, also called heat conduction, occurs within a body or between two bodies in GRAVITY- Is one of the four fundamental forces in the contact without the involvement of mass flow and mixing. universe, alongside electromagnetism and the strong and weak nuclear forces. HOOKE'S LAW- is an approximation of the response of elastic (i.e., springlike) bodies. It states: the extension of a spring is in direct proportion with the load applied to it. For instance, the spring is pulled downwards with either no load, F p, or twice F p. HYDRAULICS- the branch of physics having to do with the mechanical properties of water and other liquids in motion and with the application of these properties in engineering. Origin of hydraulics.

IJ IDEAL FLUIDS- is said to be ideal when it cannot be compressed JOULES- is a derived unit of energy in the International System and the viscosity doesn’t fall in the category of an ideal fluid. of Units . It is equal to the energy transferred to (or work done on) an object when a force of one newton acts on that object in IDEAL GAS LAW- the law that the product of the pressure and the direction of the force's motion through a distance of one the volume of one gram molecule of an ideal gas is equal to the metre (1 newton metre or N⋅m). product of the absolute temperature of the gas and the universal gas constant. JOULES PER SECOND- is a unit of action or of angular momentum. The joule-second also appears in quantum IMPULSE- equals the force applied multiplied by the time it was mechanics within the definition of Planck's constant. Angular applied. momentum is the product of an object’s moment of inertia, in units of kg⋅m 2 and its angular velocity in units of rad⋅s −1. INELASTIC COLLISION- a collision in which the total kinetic energy of the colliding bodies or particles is not the same after the collision as it was before (opposed to elastic collision). INERTIA- is a quality of all objects made of matter that possess mass. They keep doing what they are doing until a force changes their speed or direction. INTETNSITY- is the power transferred per unit area, where the area is measured on the plane perpendicular to the direction of propagation of the energy. INTERFERENCE- the net effect of the combination of two or more wave trains moving on intersecting or coincident paths. INTERNAL FORCE- is the energy contained within it. It is the energy necessary to create or prepare the system in any given internal state. It is the energy necessary to create or prepare the system in any given internal state.

KL KELVIN SCALE- a thermodynamic temperature scale based LATENT HEAT- the heat evolved or absorbed by unit mass upon the efficiencies of ideal heat engines. The zero of the scale (specific latent heat) or unit amount of substance (molar latent is absolute zero. heat) when it changes phase without change of temperature. KILOGRAM- is defined in terms of three fundamental physical LAW OF ACCELERATION- is Newton's second law of motion, constants: The speed of light c, a specific atomic transition which is when a body will accelerate with acceleration frequency Δν Cs, and the Planck constant h. The formal definition proportional to the force and inversely proportional to the mass is: The kilogram, symbol kg, is the SI unit of mass. is referred as law of acceleration. KINETIC ENERGY- the kinetic energy ( KE) of an object is the LAW OF INERTIA - also called Newton ’s first law, postulate in energy that it possesses due to its motion. physics that, if a body is at rest or moving at a constant speed in a straight line, it will remain at rest or keep moving in a straight KINETIC FRICTION- is defined as a force that acts between line at constant speed unless it is acted upon by a force. moving surfaces. A body moving on the surface experiences a force in the opposite direction of its movement. LENGTH- can be defined as a measurement of the physical quantity of distance. Many qualitative observations fundamental KINETIC THEORY- A theory of the thermodynamic behavior of to physics are commonly described using the measurement of matter, especially the relationships among pressure, volume, length. and temperature in gases, based on the dependence of temperature on the kinetic energy of the rapidly moving LIQUID NITROGEN- is nitrogen in a liquid state at low particles of a substance. temperature (−195.79 °C (77 K; −320 °F) boiling point at sea level). ... It is a colorless, low viscosity liquid that is widely used as a coolant. LONGITUDINAL WAVES- are waves in which the displacement of the medium is in the same direction as, or the opposite direction to, the direction of propagation of the wave.

MN MASS- in physics, quantitative measure of inertia, a NATURAL FREQUENCY- Also known as eigenfrequency, is the fundamental property of all matter. frequency at which a system tends to oscillate in the absence of any driving or damping force. MEASUREMENTS- is the determination of the size or magnitude NEGATIVE TORQUE- is just torque applied in the opposite of something. By comparing that unknown quantity with some direction, using the vehicle deceleration to drive the engine. standard quantity of equal nature, known as measurement unit. \"Comparison of an unknown quantity with some known quantity NODES- Point on a wave where there is no displacement. of the same kind\". NONCONSERVATIVE FORCES- a force whose work depends on MECHANICAL ENERGY- is the sum of potential energy and the path followed between the given initial and final kinetic energy. configurations. friction: the force between surfaces that opposes one sliding on the other; friction changes mechanical energy into MECHANICAL WAVES- wave is a wave that is an oscillation of thermal energy. matter, and therefore transfers energy through a medium. NONUNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION- denotes a change in the MECHANICS- is the area of physics concerned with the motions speed of a particle moving along a circular path. of physical objects. ... It can also be defined as a branch of science which deals with the motion of and forces on bodies not NORMAL FORCE- is the force that surfaces exert to prevent in the quantum realm. solid objects from passing through each other. MEDIUM- is defined as the substance that transfers the energy, or light from one substance to another substance or from one place to another or from one surface to another. MOMENTUM- can be defined as \"mass in motion.\" All objects have mass; so if an object is moving, then it has momentum. MOTION- is the phenomenon in which an object changes its position over time. Motion is mathematically described in terms of displacement, distance, velocity, acceleration, speed, and time.

OP ONE DIMENSIONAL MOTION- is motion along a straight line. PASCAL- is the SI derived unit of pressure used to quantify The line used for this motion is often the familiar x-axis, or x internal pressure, stress, Young's modulus and ultimate tensile number line. strength ORDER OF MAGNITUDE- is its magnitude in powers of ten when PASCAL'S PRINCIPLE- change in pressure applied to an enclosed the physical quantity is expressed in powers of ten with one digit fluid is transmitted undiminished to all portions of the fluid and to the left of the decimal. to the walls of its container. OSCILLATION- can be a periodic motion that repeats itself in a PENDULUM- is a weight suspended from a pivot so that it can regular cycle, such as a sine wave —a wave with perpetual swing freely. motion as in the side-to-side swing of a pendulum, or the up- and-down motion of a spring with a weight. PERPETUAL MOTION- the action of a device that, once set in motion, would continue in motion forever, with no additional OSCILLATORS- is a device that exhibits motion around an energy required to maintain it. equilibrium point. PITCH- is a term used to describe how high or low a note a being played by a musical instrument or sung seems to be. OSCILLATORY MOTION- is the repeated to and fro movement of a system from its equilibrium position. POWER- is the amount of energy transferred or converted per unit time. PRECISION- is the amount of information whose conveyance takes place by a number in terms of its digits PRESSURE- is simply defined as the amount of force per unit area.

Q R QUANTIZED- a quantity that cannot be divided into smaller RADIANS- The angle subtended at the centre of a circle by an increments forever, for which there exists a minimum, arc of the circle of the same length as the circle's radius. quantum increment. RAREFACTION- in the physics of sound, segment of one cycle of a longitudinal wave during its travel or motion, the other QUANTUM MECHANIC- study of properties of matter using its segment being compression. . wave properties. REFLECTION- is the change in direction of a wavefront at an QUANTUM MODEL OF ATOM- atomic model in which only interface between two different media so that the wavefront probability of locating electron is known. returns into the medium from which it originated. QUANTUM NUMBER- integer ratio of energy to its quantum increment. RELATIVE VELOCITY- is the velocity of an object or observer B QUARK- basic building block of protons, neutrons, other in the rest frame of another object or observer A. baryons, and mesons. RESONANCE- describes the phenomenon of increased QUARK MODEL- model in which all particles that interact via amplitude that occurs when the frequency of a periodically the strong interaction are composed of two or three quarks. applied force is equal or close to a natural frequency of the system on which it acts. ROLLING - is a type of motion that combines rotation and translation of that object with respect to a surface, such that, if ideal conditions exist, the two are in contact with each other without sliding.

S T SCALAR- quantity, like distance, that has only a magnitude, or TEMPERATURE- measure of hotness of object on a quantitative size. scale. In gases, proportional to average kinetic energy of molecules. SCIENTIFIC NOTATION - numbers expressed in form M * 10 ^ THERMAL ENERGY- internal energy. Sum of kinetic and n , where 1< M < 10, and n is an integer. potential energy of random motion of particles making up object. THERMAL EQUILIBRIUM- is a state between two or more SEMICONDUCTOR- material in which electrical conduction is bodies where temperatures do not change. smaller than that in a conductor, but more than in insulator. SLOPE- ratio of the vertical separation, or rise to the horizontal THERMAL EXPANSION- increase of length or volume of object separation, or run. due to change in temperature. SPECTROSCOPE- device used to study spectrum of material. THERMOMETER- is a device used to measure temperature. SPECTRUM- collection of wavelengths in electromagnetic TIMBRE- sound quality or tone color; spectrum of sound spectrum. frequencies that produce a complete wave. SPEED- ratio of distance traveled to time interval. TONE COLOR-itimbre or tone quality. SURFACE WAVE- wave on surface of liquid with characteristics TORQUE- iproduct of force and the lever arm. of both longitudinal and transverse waves.

UV UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLE- Any of a variety of mathematical VACUUM- An area of space which contains no matter. inequalities asserting a fundamental limit to the precision with which certain pairs of physical properties of a particle, such as VALENCE ELECTRON- An electron that is associated with an position x and momentum p, can be known simultaneously. atom and can participate in the formation of a chemical bond. UNIFORM MOTION- along a line is the very special kind of VALENCE SHELL- the outermost electron shell of an atom. motion that occurs when an object moves with unvarying speed in a fixed direction. VECTOR- Any quantity that has both magnitude and direction. UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION- is describes the motion of a VECTOR SPACE- A mathematical structure formed by a body traversing a circular path at constant speed. collection of elements called vectors, which may be added together and multiplied (\"scaled\") by numbers called scalars. UNIT VECTOR- in a normed vector space is a vector (often a spatial vector) of length. VISIBLE LIGHT- A form of electromagnetic radiation generally defined as the range of wavelengths visible to the average UTILITY FREQUENCY- The frequency of the oscillations of human eye. alternating current (AC) in an electric power grid transmitted from a power plant to the end-user. VOLT- The SI derived unit for electric potential, electric potential difference, and electromotive force, defined as the difference in electric potential between two points of a conducting wire when an electric current of one ampere dissipates one watt of power between those two points. VOLMETER- An instrument used for measuring the difference in electrical potential between two points in an electric circuit. Analog voltmeters move a pointer across a scale in proportion to the voltage of the circuit.

WX WATT- A derived unit of power in the International System of X-RAY- high- energy photons; high- frequency, short- Units (SI) defined as one joule per second. The watt measures wavelength electromagnetic waves. the rate of energy conversion or transfer. X-RAY DIFFRACTION- A complicated technique using x-rays to WAVE- A disturbance or oscillation that travels through \"create an image\" where no lense to focus the light rays is spacetime accompanied by a transfer of energy. available. WAVELENGTH- A measure of the distance traversed by a single X-RAY IMAGES- Images such as photographs or computer spatial period of a sinusoidal wave, i.e. the distance over which enhanced images produced by bombarding a target with x-rays. the wave's shape repeats. WEDGE- A triangular round tool in the form a compound and portable inclined plane; one of six classical simple machines. WHEEL AND AXLE - A wheel attached to an axle so that these two parts rotate together in which a force is transferred from one to the other; one of six classical simple machines. WHITE BODY- A hypothetical idealized physical body that reflects all incident electromagnetic radiation completely and uniformly in all directions; the opposite of a black body. WIND- The flow of gases on a large scale. WIND SHEAR- A difference in wind speed and direction over a relatively short distance in the atmosphere. Wind shear can be broken down into vertical and horizontal components, with horizontal wind shear seen across fronts and near the coast, and vertical shear typically near the surface, though also at higher levels in the atmosphere.

YZ YOUNG'S MODULUS- A measure of the stiffness of a solid ZEEMAN EFFECT- The effect of splitting a spectral line into material which defines the relationship between mechanical several components in the presence of a static magnetic field by stress and strain. A constant of proportionality associated with the lifting of degeneracy in electronic states. the change in length of a material according to its elastic properties. ZERO-POINT ENERGY- The lowest energy state of molecular vibration

GENERAL PHYSICS 1 General Physics Dictionary JOHNESIS HOPE T. LACAYANGA 12- ST. AGATHA