Life in Ancient Greece Section23

ISSUEIENQUIRY Section 23 SERIES i虜察 約 m Authors LIFEINAN Rita K.L. Cheng GRECO-ROMANCIVILIZATIO Hui Ka Yin ----- — __ ~ -

Looking Backat Histo严 The spread of early civilizations • The Fertile Crescent civilization and the Nile Valley civilization started in about 4000 BC and 3500 BC respectively. • Their people traded with other places. Their civilizations spread and encouraged the rise of civilization around the Mediterranean Sbea and the Aegean Sea. 2 The ancient Greek civilization ■ In about 3000 BC, the Minoans on Crete developed their civilization. Later, the Mycenaeans conquered Crete and developed their civilization. The Minoan civilization and the Mycenaean civilization were the origins of the later ancient Greek civilization. a The ancient Roman civilization From around the 8th century BC, the ancient Romans lived in Italy in the Mediterranean Sea. They gradually mixed with other peoples, including the Etruscans. The ancient Romans learnt about ancient Greek civilization from the Etruscans and gradually deve丨叩ed the ancient Roman civilization. The Greco-Roman civilization was an important early civilization in the West. 2 _______________________________

A. Introduction to the ancient Greco-Roman civilization

!l嚇S}I # Cient History Starter Learning objectives: / T o understand the legacies of the ancient Greeks / T o understand the difficulties of Greek government faces in conserving ancient monumenl This famous Athenian temple was built more than 2000 years ago. It is o f great value to the study of ancient Greek history. r d --W---e-s-t-e--r-n--c-i-v-i-l-iz--a-t-i-o-n---w--a-s--g--r-e-a-t-l-y- The stoiy of a famous The Greek government Japanese comic book is also lacks money to repair influenced by the ancient Greek related to ancient Greek historical monuments. civilization. Western art7philosophy, myths. ... mathematics, and the present-day Some foreign lenders even Olympic Games are examples. ^Coemol^ ask the government to sell the monuments. This greatly hurts the pride o f the Greeks. pride ~自尊

The ancient Greco-Roman civilization and Western civilization 1. According to the cartoons, what is the value of the Athenian temple? Circle the correct answers. (a) It helps scholars study the history of ancient Greece. historical I artistic I economic value (b) It is a great building. historical I artistic I economic value 2. With reference to the cartoons, which of the following descriptions of the ancient Greek civilization is / are correct? Put a V in the appropriate box(es). (Hint: There may be more than one answer.) | \\ The ancient Greek civilization influenced Western art, philosophy and sports. The ancient Greek civilization influenced the development of Eastern and Western civilizations. ] Ancient Greek myths have become the themes of literary works later on. | \\ Ancient Greek historical sites have become important cultural heritages. 3. If you were Greek, would you ask your government to sell historical monuments to help repay national debts? Explain your argument. intmcluctiontothe/ancientCrecOfRomancMIization w The ancient Greco-Roman civilization and Western civilization Both the ancient Greeks and Romans started their civilizations around 800 BC. Together, historians call them the ancient Greco-Roman civilization. It represents the origins of Western civilization. Unlike the four early civilizations which started in river valleys, the ancient Greco-Roman civilization started along coasts of the Aegean Sea and the Mediterranean Sea. The ancient Greeks and Romans learnt from other civilizations (such as the ancient Egyptian civilization) and spread their civilization to other places through trade and conquest. Aegean Sea ~ 愛琴海 Mediterranean Sea 〜地中海 A Greek merchant ship on cm ancient Greek vase

A ncient C reek civilization 1^1 How do we learn about the ancient Greco-Roman civilization? (a) Written records The ancient Greeks and Romans invented their own writing systems. The ancient Greeks made written records of their history, astronomy, mathematics and philosophy. The ancient Romans studied the Greek civilization and further developed it. They recorded their own civilization with their own writing. These records enable us to learn the ancient Greco-Roman civilization. (b) Historical remains and artifacts Many ancient Greek and Roman buildings including temples, coliseums, bathhouses and streets still survive. Archaeologists have also discovered a lot of weapons, pottery and musical instruments. These remains and archaeological finds enable us to reconstruct the life of the ancient Greeks and Romans. A brief introduction to the ancient Greco- Roman civilization Began: 800 BC Began: 753 BC Ended: In 146 BC (conquered by the ancient Ended: The Western Roman Empire ended in Romans) AD 476 (conquered by the Visigoths); the Eastern Roman Empire ended in AD The Greek peninsula 1453 (conquered by the Ottoman Turks) The Italian peninsula Ancient Greeks Ancient Romans Greek, 24-letter alphabet Latin, 23-letter alphabet Ancient Greeks worshipped many gods. • Ancient Romans worshipped many gods and Ancient Greek gods looked like human beings also their emperors. and had human emotions. • Ancient Roman gods were similar to the ancient Greek gods, with only slightly different names. • Christianity became the official religion of the Roman Empire in the 4th century AD. Democracy, drama, philosophy, astronomy, Republican system, laws, calendar, language, mathematics, physics, medicine, architecture, numerals, art, architecture, etc. the Olympic Games, etc. alphabet〜字母 coliseums ~ 體育館 Visigoths〜西哥特人

Origins of the ancient Greek civilization Ancient Creek civilization Origins of the ancient Greek civilization Ancient Greece covered the east, west and south of the Aegean region. This region is in present-day Greece and Turkey. Before they developed the ancient Greek civilization, the ancient Greeks learnt from the civilizations of two earlier peoples, namely the Minoan civilization and Mycenaean civilization. (a) The Minoan civilization (around 3000-1450 BC) (i) Birth and features of the Minoan civilization Around 3000 BC, the Minoans started the Minoan civilization on the island of Crete (see the map on p.10). Minos was a famous ruler at that time. The Minoans bartered with other peoples for food and necessities. They learnt from the great civilizations of the ancient Egyptians and the Babylonians, and developed their own civilization. Modern archaeological finds show that the Minoans had advanced skills in architecture, copper making and pottery. Bull leaping was a popular pastime amongst the Minoans Young players held onto a bull's horns and then jumped over the bull. Crete ~ 克里特島 .... *An artist's impression oJ^buM^eap'ng Minoan civilization〜米諾斯文明

AA n»\"\\c广iIe广\\nr»t+ GI r»*e/~\\e/~»k1，rc iIvw iIlIiIz- »a•_*t'fiIo/~ nv r\\ ■ Remains of the Palace of Knossos mm Knossos is located in the north of Crete. Archaeologists foimd the remains of the Palace of Knossos here and many artifacts. (ii) End of the Minoan civilization The Minoan civilization reached its peak around 1600 BC. In about 1450 BC, Crete was conquered by the Mycenaeans, a people from the Greek peninsula. The Minoan civilization came to an end. The Lion Cate was the entrance to the (b) The Mycenaean civilization (around 1450-1100 BC) city of Mycenae. Historians state that (i) Birth and features of the Mycenaean civilization the Mycenaeans would celebrate their Around 2000 BC, the Achaeans built m any cities on the victories under the gate. southern part of the Greek peninsula. One of these cities was Mycenae. The Mycenaeans learnt from the Minoan civilization and developed their own civilization. They were famous for their skills in ship-building, metal-work and pottery. The Mycenaean civilization reached its peak in about 1300 BC. The Mycenaeans had a strong army and good weapons. They conquered Crete and many territories on the Greek peninsula. According to records, they invaded Troy in Asia Minor and won the Trojan War'. Achaeans ~ 阿該亞人 Knossos〜諾薩斯 Mycenaean civilization 〜邁錫尼文明 Troy ~ 特洛伊

Orisins of the ancient Greek civilization □ j As Comics Say Think about it: 抛 物 j姐 辭 / According to your own judgement, which parts of the story of the Trojan Homer's records state that Prince War may be historical facts? Paris of Troy fell in love with Queen Helen of Sparta. Helen then left her husband. The Mycenaecm king The allied forces of Greece Agamemnon was the elder failed to take Troy. The war ^ Let me tell you brother of the Spartan king. lasted for 10 years. To take Helen back, he formed thele^ena (ii) End of the Mycenaean civilization In about 1200 BC, Mycenae started to decline. In about 1100 BC, the Mycenaean civilization came to an end. Historians have still not discovered the exact cause of the end of the Mycenaean civilization. They generally believe that the most likely cause was the invasion of the Dorians. Agamemnon〜阿伽門農 Dorians〜多利安人 Homer ~ 荷馬 Paris〜帕里斯 Schliemann， Heinrich ~施里曼

1， The rise and development of Greek city-states After the end of the Mycenaean civilization, ancient Greece entered its Dark Ages (around 1100 BC-800 BC). Civilization stagnated. Independent city-states began to appear on the Greek peninsula in the late 8th century BC. The ancient Greeks gradually developed the famous ancient Greek civilization'. 1. With reference to the map, which of the following is a correct description of the Greek landscape? Put a V12in the appropriate box. Q It has a lot of flat land. Q It is mountainous. 2. Based on your understanding of the map, complete the following paragraph. According to the map, the Greek city-states were separated by natural relief. For examples, Olympia and Mycenae were separated b y ...............................while Sparta and Knossos were separated by............................. This led to the separate development of the city-states. stagnated〜停滯不前

3. Based on your answers to Questions 1 and 2, do you think that the relief of the Greek peninsula would mean cultural differences among the city-states? City-statesO were a main feature of the ancient Greek civilization. City-states appeared in ancient Greece for the following reasons: ■ Geographical barriers: Ancient Greek cities were cut off from one another by sea and mountains. Each then set up its own government and was independent. ■ Cultural differences: The ancient Greeks were made up of different tribes. They had different cultures. Therefore, they set up separate governments. After the end of the 'Dark Ages' in ancient Greece, the city-states developed rapidly. According to historical studies, there were several hundred city-states on the Greek peninsula. The ancient Greek civilization developed rapidly with the rise of the city-states. Ancient Greece entered the 'Classical Age* around the 5th-4th centuries BC. This was marked by the expansion of ancient Greece and the ancient Greek civilization beyond the Greek peninsula (see p.22). A/lount Olympus is the highest mountain in Greece. It is the second highest mountain in the Balk祕 . O A city-state comprised a city and the surrounding land, _________________________________________________ and had an independent government and army. Mount Olympus〜奧林帕斯山

Ancient G reek civilization During the Classical Age of Greece, Athens and Sparta were the two most important city-states. They were different in terms of government, ways of living and achievements. Both contributed to the golden age of the ancient Greek civilization. Lying on the southeastern coast of the Greek Lying on the southern inland area of the Greek peninsula peninsula • Democracy • Oligarchy • All male citizens could join the Assembly and • All male citizens could take part in government discuss politics affairs • The Assembly was the highest authority • The Council of Elders was the highest authority • Farming, fishing, making pottery and trading • Mainly farming • People loved education • People were warlike and loved sports • Children were sent to school at an early age • Children were sent to army-training barracks at an early age • Was the most • Won many prizes important port in sports festivals and richest city- state in ancient • Had a strong army Greece • Had a strong navy • Had many great thinkers • Built many great temples and open-air theatres 籲 Life in the Greek city-states (a) Government Ancient Greek city-states had three main forms of government: ■ Monarchy: rule by kings; ■ Oligarchy: rule by a group of nobles; ■ Democracy: rule by the people. Athens〜雅典 barracks〜軍營 democracy〜民主制 m o n a rc h y 〜君主制 oligarchy ~ 寡頭制 Sparta ~ 斯巴達

(i) From monarchy to oligarchy By the 8th century BC, most ancient Greek city-states were ruled by kings with absolute power. The kings also controlled the army and led the people in performing religious rituals. Still, the kings relied on nobles to help rule the city-states. Nobles were the elites in ancient Greece and were influential. They owned most of the land and wealth in the city-states. They also provided the city-states with money and weapons in times of wars. After the 8th century BC, most ancient Greek city-states were ruled by nobles. This form of government led by a small group of powerful people was called an ’oligarchy'. Leonidas I was a famous Spartan king. Spartan oligarchy Council of Elders Ephors Two kings were chosen from two This consisted of twenty-eight elders Five overseers were elected by the citizens royal families. They were only chosen from nobles aged over 60. every year. They supervised the kings given power in time of war. They served the Council for life. The and helped run the government. They Council was the highest decision­ always followed the instructions of making body in the city-state. the Council of Elders. absolute power ~ 絕對權力 Council of Elders ~ 長老院 e lite s 〜精英 over Ephors〜五長官 Leonidas丨~ 李奧尼大一世 18 were citizens. They had the right to vote and take part in government affairs. Conquered peoples did not have these rights,

(ii) Athenian democracy Athens was the birthplace of democracy. The word 'democracy' is formed from the ancient Greek words 'demos' (people) and 'kratia' (rule), meaning rule by the people'. Around the 6th century BC, the Athenians overthrew the monarchy and oligarchy. They set up a government by lots or through elections. All citizens (adult male freemen) regardless of wealth could speak and vote in the Assembly. Athenian democratic Formed by all Athenian citizens aoiiernnient; (adult males aged over 20). Conquered peoples and slaves could not join it. The Assembly would hold regular meetings to discuss proposals from the Council. This consisted of 500 citizens They were chosen by lots from among 6,000 jurors were chosen from with 50 from each of the ten the citizens. They served no longer among the citizens by lots. Each tribes. It drafted bills for the than one year. They had to report group (formed by 600 jurors) Assembly to vote on. on their work to the citizens at the would be in charge of a court. end of the year. PFrom the Source Based on your understanding of the governments of Sparta and Athens, circle the correct answer to each question. Sparta set up a /a n oligarchic / democratic government; Athens set up a/an oligarchic / democratic government. In an oligarchy, political power was in the hands of the majority / minority, namely nobles / commoners. In a democracy, more / fewer people could take part in politics and elect their government representatives. Political power was in the hands of nobles / commoners. Assembly〜公民大會 lots ~ 抽籤

Life in the Greek city-states (b) Society (i) Citizens Greek citizens were free adult men who were born in and lived in the city states. They were protected by the law and enjoyed many rights. At the same time, they had to pay taxes and serve in the army. (ii) Status and life of women In ancient Greece, men had a higher social status than women. Women had to obey their fathers or husbands. They did not have the right to vote or to take part in politics. Women from poor families worked at home. Women from rich families usually stayed at home and seldom went outside alone. (iii) Slaves Slaves were at the bottom of the Greek society. They A day board showing an ancient were mostly former criminals, prisoners of war or children Greek woman doing housework (above) sold by their parents. Slaves could be bought and sold at and a sculpture showing ancient markets. They were not protected by the law and had no Greek women playmg a game (below) rights. Most ancient Greek families owned slaves. History Extra In ancient Greece, besides former criminals and prisoners of war, many abandoned babies became slaves when they grew up. Slaves worked as cooks, barbers, miners, etc. They were owned by their masters. Their masters could punish them at will. Many slaves in ancient Greece fled because of hard work or punishment. Some rebelled. In 464 BC, Messenian slaves revolted against Sparta, leading to the largest slave uprising in ancient Greek history. The uprising ended in failure, but the 10-year long war was a crisis for Sparta. Messenian ~ 麥西尼亞

Ai collecting olives (c) Economic activities Olive trees were commonly grown (i) Farming and fishing in cmcient Greece. The fmit was pressed to make olive oil, which Most ancient Greeks were farmers. They grew wheat, barley, is one of the finest edible oils. grapes and olives for a living. Some farmers also kept livestock. Some ancient Greeks fished for a living in the Aegean Sea or the Mediterranean Sea. (ii) Trade Ancient Greek merchants traded w ith other city-states. Some merchants would even travel to Egypt, the Middle East and Asia. Gold and silver coins were used in ancient Greece. This helped promote the development of commerce and trade. (iii) Handicrafts There were many great craftsmen in ancient Greece. They could make fine wooden furniture, pottery, sculptures and jewellery. However, most craftsmen were foreigners or slaves. They did not have a high social status. (d) Culture (i) Education Only boys could receive an education in ancient Greece. Some city-states set up public schools. Students there learnt how to read, write, sing and play sports. However, education was mostly private. Rich students would study with famous teachers. Painting on cm ancient Greek vase Study Source 11. What did the ancient showing students having lessons Greek students learn? edible o ils 〜食用油

麵 Data-based Questions ① Life in the Greek city-states ■m Study the source below and answer the questions that follow. Source: A passage about Spartan education At the age of 6 or 7, Spartan boys would be sent to barracks to receive tough military training. They learnt survival and fighting skills in order to become outstanding soldiers. They also learnt simple reading and writing skills, so that they would be able to communicate with their companions and commanders in their barracks. To develop will power and survival skills among Spartan boys, they were not given enough clothes and food in the barracks. T hey were allowed to steal. However, if they were caught stealing, they would be severely punished for failing to steal well. There was a famous story in Sparta：A boy had stolen a little fox. He met a Spartan soldier on his way home. The boy hid the little fox under his clothes quickly. The little fox bit and scratched him, but he talked to the soldier as if nothing had happened. W hen the soldier left, the boy was found dead by the roadside with deep wounds to his belly. 1. What were the features of Spartan education? Fill in the blanks with appropriate words. Spartan boys received tough....................... training and hoped to become outstanding soldiers........................ and........................ skills were less important. Students only needed to know how to communicate with companions and commanders in the barracks. 2. Based on your understanding of the story, answer the following questions. (a) Why did the boy behave as if nothing had happened even though he had been bitten and scratched by the little fox? (b) Do you think modern society would accept Sparta-style education? Use your own words to explain your answer. scratched 〜抓

(ii) Sports The ancient Greek men loved sports. They liked to develop strong and muscular bodies. Every city-state had coliseums and held sports competitions. Sports competitions were also held to worship the gods. For example, athletes from different city-states would join sports competitions in Olympia to pay respect to the god Zeus (see p.37-38). (iii) Religion and myths There were twelve major gods on ■ Gods: The ancient Greeks w orshipped many gods and A/lownt 0\\ympus. They controlled goddesses. They believed that there were twelve major gods different aspects of people's lives. who lived on Mount Olympus. Zeus was the head of the gods. The gods and goddesses had hum an feelings and often behaved like humans. Aphrodite〜阿芙洛狄蒂 Apollo ~ 阿波羅 Ares ~ 阿瑞斯 Artem is〜阿耳忒彌斯 Athena〜雅典娜 Demeter\"〜得墨忒耳 Hades〜哈蒂斯 Hephaestus〜赫淮斯托斯 Hera〜赫拉 Hermes〜赫耳墨斯 Poseidon ~波塞冬 Zeus ~宙斯

Life in the Greek city-states B ■■■■■M Each city-state worshipped a particular god or goddess as its guardian. For example, Athena was the goddess that protected Athens. The ancient Greeks believed that the gods would punish people who did not respect them. Therefore, they would make offerings to the gods and follow religious customs strictly. For example, during the Olympic Games, all city-states would stop fighting so that athletes could reach the arena of the games. ■ Heroes and myths: Greek myths and the ancient Greek religion were closely related. Besides myths about the gods, there were also myths about heroes who were half-god and half-man. The myths also explained the origins of the world. The Parthenon in Athens. Heracles was a famous hero in ancient It was built around Greek mythology. He was regarded as the 5th century BC to an outstanding representative figure worship Athena, the of ancient Greek men. guardian of Athens. Remains'ofr the Parthheennoonn! Buildings of the Acropolis in modern Athens Acropolis ~衛城 Heracles ~ 赫拉克勒斯 Parthenon ~ 巴特農廟

History in Depth ^Jihe R^athejriaea . ;^Astatu? Athens was named after Athena, the Goddess of Wisdom In ancient Greece, the Athenians celebrated the birthday of Athena every year. From 566 BC, big celebrations lasting six days (or twelve days) were held every four years. This event was called the Great Panathenaea (the English word 'pan' means big). During the Great Panathenaea, Athenians held large-scale music and sports competitions, parades and worshipful activities. The following drawing shows the Athenians celebrating the last day of the Great Panathenaea. \\W ooden ship and long robe Young Athenian men paraded with a big wooden ship and carried it to the Parthenon. A long robe was weaved by women in the city as an offering to Athena. It would be put on a statue of Athena in the temple. The Athenians lined up to offer livestock, such as bulls, pigs and sheep, crops wine and bread to Athena.

^The Irech th eio n /A lta r Life in the Greek city-states Legend says that Athena competed with The Athenians made Hie Parthenon was built Poseidon, the God of the Sea, to be offerings to Athena to worship Athena. It the guardian of Athens. The statue of at the altar. still survives today. Athena in the temple was the blueprint for all other statues of Athena. Great Panathenaea〜泛雅典娜節 altar ~ 祭壇 Erechtheion ~ 伊 瑞 克 提 翁 神 廟

Ancient Greek civilization Relationships with other peoples (a) Ancient Greek colonies As the Greek population continued to grow, there was not enough flat land or food. Starting from about the 8th century BC, the ancient Greeks began to settle and set up colonies along the Black Sea and the Mediterranean Sea. They did not rule these colonies strictly. Native peoples in the colonies enjoyed freedom and were willing to accept the ancient Greek civilization. (b) Rivalry between ancient Greece and Persia Starting from about the 6th century BC, the Persians in Central Asia expanded their influence to Asia Minor. However, the people there did not accept Persian rule. They asked the ancient Greeks for help. Early in the 5th century BC, the people in Asia Minor revolted against the Persians with the help of the ancient Greeks. Relationships between the ancient Greek city-states and Persia worsened. The Persian Wars (499 BC-449 BC)© broke out between them. (c) The Persian Wars In about 490 BQ the Persian king Darius I sent troops to suppress the revolts in Asia Minor and invade the Greek peninsula. Three major battles were fought in the early stages of the war. I.1,Battle of Marathon (490 BC) Persia invaded Athens after finding out a rebellion happening there. Athens asked Sparta for help but was attacked before the Spartan army arrived. The Athenians finally defeated the Persians. © The ancient Greek city-states expelled Persia from the Greek Peninsula in 479 BC. Later, they mounted a counterattack in Asia Minor. Finally, they signed a peace treaty with Persia to end the Persian Wars in 449 BC. Battle of Marathon〜馬拉松戰役 D a riu s 丨〜大流士一世 Persian Wa「s ~波斯戰爭

The Persians attacked Greece again. The Greek city-states Relationships with other peoples formed an allied army under the command of Sparta. The Spartan king Leonidas I led a few hundred r n i - ....... soldiers (mainly Spartans) to defend Thermopylae. They successfully stopped the Persian army though they ^ Battles were vastly outnumbered. Then a Greek traitor led the Sea battles Persians to the rear of Leonidas Is army. Leonidas I and Route of the Persian army his soldiers fought to the death. Their sacrifice gave other oute of the Persian navy Greek allied soldiers to have enough time to retreat. ] Persia A map showing the three major battles in the early st零 s of the ASIA Persian Wars (490 BC-480 BC) MINOR ANCIENT , Marathon GREECE Mediterranean Sea Battle of Salamis ~ 薩拉米灣戰役 The Persians invaded Athens after the Battle of Thermopylae ~ 德爾摩比利戰役 Battle of Thermopylae. The Athenians traitor ~ 叛逆者 abandoned the city and fought against the Persians on the sea. They finally defeated the Persian navy in the Battle of Salamis. By 479 BC, Greece had successfully driven the Persians out of the Greek peninsula.

Decline of the Greek city-states The alliance of the Greek city-states expelled the Persians from the Greek peninsula. However, they fought against each other later. This led to the decline of the Greek city-states. They were finally conquered by Macedonia. (a) The war between Athens and Sparta After the Persian Wars, Athens and Sparta became the two strongest city- states. From 461 BC to 429 BC, Athens was ruled by Pericles. He turned Athens into a centre of art, learning and trade during the 'Classical Age'. Nevertheless, Athens and Sparta had more and more conflicts. In about 431 BC, a war broke out between the alliances of Athens and Sparta. This was known as the Peloponnesian War. The war ended with the defeat of Athens in 404 BC. Sparta then dominated the Greek peninsula. History In 478 BC, Athens formed the Delian League with some city-states. Later, the Delian League was turned into the 'Athenian Empire1. The expansion of Athens worried Sparta and many other city-states. In 431 BC, Sparta and its allies declared war on Athens. With the help of Persia, they defeated Athens. The 'Athenian Empire' collapsed. The dominance of Sparta was short-lived. Over many years of fighting, Sparta and the Greek city-states were greatly weakened, and were finally conquered by Macedonia. Pericles was a famous ancient Greek politician and general. He rebuilt Athens after the Delian League ~ 提洛同盟 Macedonia〜馬其頓 Peloponnesian War ~ 伯羅奔尼撒戰爭 Pericles〜培里克里斯

(b) Rule of Philip II After the Peloponnesian War, the Greek city-states continued to fight against one another. They were greatly weakened, even Sparta. At the same time, Macedonia, a city-state in northern central Greece, became stronger. In 338 BC, Macedonia under Philip II conquered the whole of the Greek peninsula. Philip II (above) had great military talents. He invented the famous Macedonian phalanx (left) which helped A/lcicedom.a win many battles. (c) Rule of Alexander the Great In about 336 BC, Phillip II was killed. He was succeeded by his son Alexander. Alexander ruled Greece and continued his father's plan of territorial expansion. He set up a large empire that covered Europe, Asia and Africa. He spread the Greek civilization to the places he conquered. Historians call him Alexander the Great to show his great achievements. 画 ................................| EUROPE The empire of Alexander the Great Atlantic Ocean 一 ► Alexander the Great's route of conquest f X Battle of Issus (333 BC) (see p.27) ASIA The empire of Alexander phalanx〜方陣 Philip I I 〜腓力二世 (336 BC-323 BC) Alexander the Great〜亞歷山大大帝 —

History in 行 345 BC Wisdom and bravery Alexander was clever and brave. At the age of 12, he successfully tamed a wild Alexander the Great was a legendary person. He horse. This surprised people. became the king of Macedonia at the age of 20. Later, he started his famous expeditions. He wanted to find the ends of the land and ocean. He died young after defeating all his strong enemies, and 334 BC left a great empire. When expanding his empire, he also spread the Greek Expedition started civilization to the places he conquered Alexander started his eastward expedition as he wanted to carry out his father's last wish: 'to free all those Greeks under the rule of the Persian Empire in Asia Minor'. 332 BC 326 BC Conquered Egypt Expedition ended Alexander conquered Egypt and was regarded as Alexander's army defeated a pharaoh'. He built the great city of Alexandria the Indian army. However, in Egypt. His aim was to link the Greek peninsula his soldiers did not want with the rich Nile Valley. to go further eastward. Alexander decided to return home. U i here is nothing impossible to those willing to try. Alexander the Great made this famous saying when he attacked a stronghold Alexandria〜亞歷山大港 Battle of Issus〜伊蘇斯戰役

333 BC Decline of the Greek city-states Was the immediate collapse of \\ ______________________ Alexander's empire after his death related to his rapid conquests? Father was killed Philip II was killed by his guard. Alexander became the king of Macedonia. He was called Alexander III, but was more popularly known as Alexander the Great. Defeated Persia The Battle of Issus broke out. The Persian army was defeated after King Darius III fled during the battle. This war led to the end of the Persian Empire in 330 BC. 323 BC Died in Babylon Alexander and his army returned to Babylon after the invasion of India, but he soon fell seriously ill. On June 10, he died at the age of 32. His empire then collapsed. Alexander the Great

Study the source below and answer the questions that follow. 麵 丄 4 Source: A passage about Alexander the Great Macedonia was situated in the border areas of ancient Greece and was not recognized by the other Greek city-states. Although born a Macedonian and not a Greek, Alexander contributed more than any Greek to the spread of the ancient Greek civilization. Influenced by his famous private teacher, the philosopher Aristotle, Alexander loved the Greek civilization. He encouraged his generals and soldiers to marry local women in the conquered territories. This helped preserve and spread Greek lineages and civilization there. The Greek civilization spread throughout the great empire of Alexander. The case of Alexander shows that military glory does not last long. The great empire of Alexander ended when he died. However, this was not the same for the ancient Greek civilization, which was represented by the learning and art of Athens, rather than the bravery and military skills of the Spartans. 1. Fill in the blanks with suitable words to complete the following description of Alexander. Alexander was influenced by his teacher................................. He loved th e ............................ civilization and contributed greatly to spreading it. 2. With reference to the Source, answer the following questions. (a) Why did Alexander encourage his generals and soldiers to marry local women in the conquered territories? (b) Some historians state that the ‘greatness’ of Alexander is shown by 'cultural conquest’ rather than 'military conquest'. Explain your view of this statement with reference to the Source. A ris to tle 〜亞里士多德 philosopher〜哲學家

Decline of the Greek city-states 1 History in Depth A (e > < m d ^ ia Alexandria is a famous port in the Mediterranean Sea in present-day Egypt. In 332 BC, Alexander conquered Egypt and built a city named after himself. After Alexander died, a general named Ptolemy set up a dynasty in Egypt with Alexandria as the capital. During the rule of the Ptolemaic dynasty, Alexandria developed into a cultural centre. The city attracted many ancient Greek scholars. This contributed greatly to the spread of the ancient Greek civilization and knowledge. According to historical records, Alexandria had the world's largest library and research institute at the time. The latter was called the 'Musaeum1, and was built as a tribute to the Goddesses of Art and Science Muses. The An artist's impression of the Library of word 'Musaeum' was the origin of the English word 'Museum1. Alexandria (left) cmd the new Library of Alexcmdria completed in 2002 (right) (d) Spread and end of the ancient Greek civilization In 323 BC, Alexander the Great died and his empire was then divided. As most of the territories of the former empire were ruled by the Greeks, the Greek civilization still influenced the whole of the M editerranean region, and West and Central Asia. Therefore, historians call the period from 323 BC to 146 BC the 'Hellenistic Age'. From the 3rd century BC, Rome, on the Italian peninsula became strong and conquered many territories that belonged to the ancient Greeks. In 146 BC, the ancient Romans conquered Macedonia and the whole Greek peninsula. The ancient Greek civilization came to an end. Hellenistic Age ~ 希臘化時代 Muses ~ 繆斯 Ptolemy ~ 托勒密

The capital of a Corinthian p\\\\\\ar fj decorated with carvings of leaves 〇) Legacies of the ancient Greek civilization (a) City planning and architecture Ancient Greek cities were better planned than other ancient cities. Most cities had forums, theatres, coliseums, libraries, etc. to meet the demands of the residents. In architecture, the ancient Greeks liked to use marble as a building material. Ancient Greek buildings had great artistic value. Pedim ents of im portant buildings (such as temples) were supported by rows of tall stone pillars. The capitals (tops) of the pillars were carved with beautiful patterns. This unique architectural style spread with the ancient Greek civilization to other places. Many buildings nowadays still copy this style. The Supreme Court Building of the united States was built in 1935. It copied the ancient Greek architectural style. With reference to Source 21 and your understanding of ancient Greek architecture, complete the following exercise. ■ The ancient Greeks used as a main building material. ■ As reflected in Source 21, the Supreme Court Building of the United States was influenced by Greek architectural style. It has huge.............................................. (marked A) and rows of ta ll................................................ (marked B). Corinthian ~ 科斯林式 pediments ~ 三角楣 Supreme Court Building of the United States ~ 美國最高法院大樓

Legacies of the ancient Greek civilization (b) Democracy Ancient Greek ballots (below) were put in a jflr (above) to Athens was the birthplace of democracy. guarantee their secrecy. The elected government had to make its documents public at fixed intervals. This enabled people to know more about the work of the government. The Athenians also invented the secret ballot and the jury system to make sure that elections and trials were fair. Political systems in many countries learnt from the democratic system of the Athenians. (c) Language and writing With the expansion of ancient Greece and development of trade, the Greek language became the common language of the Mediterranean region. Many ancient classics were written in Greek. It was important for scholars studying the history of ancient Europe. The spread of the Greek language affected the development of many early European languages. For example, about 12% of the English vocabulary in use today came from ancient Greek words. Many present-day units and symbols still use ancient Greeks letters, such as 'n in mathematics. Ancient Greek Alphabet English Alphabet Sm all letters C apital letters Sm all letters C apital letters The ancient Greek language has 24 letters. The table on the left is ci compcm.soKi of the a A a A ancient Greek and English alphabets. B h B p g G Do you know the relationship between 厂 e E the English word 'alphabet' and the first 7 L Z two ancient Greek letters 'a' and 'P'? e E m ; Z i M M i 1 jury ~ 陪審團 secret ballot〜秘密投票/ 不記名投票

Painting of the blindpoet Homer (left) (d) Literature, drama and philosophy and statue of Herodotus (right) (i) Literature ■ Epics: They recorded history or myths. The Iliad and the Odyssey written by Homer are classics of Western literature. ■ Fables: Aesop's Fables is lively and educational. It is still popular today. ■ History: The Histories of Herodotus records the Persian Wars. This has been an important source for studying ancient Greek history for a long time. Herodotus has therefore been called the 'Father of History'. (ii) Drama Western drama originated from ancient Greek dramas. Ancient Greek dramas began as a form of religions ritual. They were divided into comedies and tragedies. The former were mainly about people's lives and social injustices. The latter were about gods and heroes. The Greek methods of writing plays or dramas influenced present-day playwrights. Ancient Greek theatres were semi­ circular in shape. Many modern theatres follow this design. in ancient Greek, drama means 'action'. Remains of fln ancient Greek theatre. Actors wore masks when they performed Most ancient Greek theatres were and would not speak. They would only semicircular in shape. This increased express their feelings through actions. the volume of performances and let the audience at the back hear the choir. The narrations wo副 be sung by a Choir- 如 sop's 心 /es〜《伊索寓言》 epics ~ 史詩 Herodotus〜希羅多德 Histories〜 //加 ~ 《伊利亞特》 ~ 《奧德賽》

Legacies of theancient Greekcivilization (iii) Philosophy 'Philosophy' comes from a Greek w ord meaning 'the love of wisdom'. Ancient Greek thinkers inquired into different aspects of life, e.g. politics (how to rule a city-state), morality (how to have high moral values) and the universe. They asked many questions and tried to find the answers through methods such as rational argument. This gave birth to Western philosophy. Socrates, Plato and Aristotle, known as the 'three Greek sages of philosophy', were regarded as the founders of Western philosophy. Socrates Plato Aristotle • Athenian Athenian Thracian j Spent his life studying A student of Socrates A student of Plato, teacher Recorded conversations of Alexander the Great philosophy and teaching between Socrates and his Besides philosophy, also students students had great knowledge of • Was sentenced to death for Set up a school in Athens scientific subjects; was dishonouring the gods and called the 'Academy' regarded as the most spreading shocking ideas knowledgeable man at among young people; later \"One of the penalties for the time ordered to kill himself by refusing to participate in drinking poison politics is that you end up \"A friend in need being governed by your is a friend indeed.\" \"I know that inferiors.” I know nothing.\" Information about the 'three Greek sages of philosophy P la to 〜柏拉圖 sages ~ 智者 Socrates ~ 蘇格拉底 —

Ancient Greek civilization Think about it: wm m m / What is the spirit of philosophy? As Comics Say t l Socrates was the founder of Biirtk ofrGireek sclyolairs philosophy. He always discussed his ideas with people. a The Amcierit Greeks loved to observe the universe and to think about the origins of human beings. Later, some scholars started to think about the The fate of Socrates made his student Plato disappointed. He I Athens and visited many places. Later, Plato returned to Athens and Greek scholars applied their set up an academy. Freedom in learning spirit of inquiry in philosophy to was encouraged there. Aristotle was one other subjects. This encouraged of the best students in the academy. the development of astronomy, He always debated with Plato. mathematics and physics.

(e) Astronomy, mathematics and physics The ancient Greeks learnt astronomy, mathematics and physics from the Babylonians and ancient Egyptians. They then created many important theories of their own. They had more academic achievements than their predecessors. (i) Astronomy The earliest knowledge about the constellations and meteorology came from the poet Aratus. Aristarchus was the first scholar to state that the Sun, rather than the Earth, was the centre of the Universe. Ancient Greek astronomy influenced the astronomical development of Arabia and Europe. (ii) Mathematics and physics There were many great mathematicians in ancient Greece. Among them, Thales, Euclid and Pythagoras were the most famous. Thales and Euclid were called the 'Father of Mathematics' and the Tather of Geometry* respectively. Archimedes was known as the 'Father of Physics'. His theories are still used today. Thales was called the 'Father of Mathematics'. Aratus ~ 阿拉托斯 Archimedes ~阿基米德 The Pythagorean Theorem Aristarchus〜阿里斯塔克斯 constellations ~ 星座 is ci basic but importcmt Euclid ~歐幾里德 Geometry〜幾何學 theory in plane geometry meteorology 〜氣象 Pythagoras〜畢達哥拉斯 Thales〜泰勒斯

■ 」 History Extra 'Eureka' is an ancient Greek exclamation, meaning \"I have found it!\" One day, Archimedes thought of an idea while he was having a bath. When he stepped into the bath, it occurred to him that the volume of water being displaced must be equal to the volume of the part of his body in the water. This meant that the volume of irregular objects could be measured by this method (known as the Archimedes' principle). He leapt out of the bathtub and ran through the streets naked, shouting \"Eureka! Eureka!\" to share his joy with other people. Eureka was then used as an exclamation to express the discovery of other ideas or truths. Besides 'Eureka' and the 'Archimedes' principle1, A 16th-century artist's impression of Archimedes Archimedes also left many other important discovering the Archimedes' principle mathematical and physical theories, which inspired later scholars including Newton. After swearing the 'Hippocratic (f) Medicine Oath', new doctors must promise to follow professional and moral The ancient Greeks corrected many incorrect ideas about medicine and greatly increased medical rules, such as trying their best to cure knowledge. Hippocrates, the Tather of Medicine', patients and protecting their privacy. proposed many ?advancedTideas about medicine. He stated that sickness, living environment, diet and lifestyle were related. Illness had nothing to do with the gods, he said. In addition to proposing many medical theories, Hippocrates also established a set of medical ethics, which had great significance for later ages. Eureka ~ 尤 里 卡 （我發現了） Hippocrates ~ 希波革拉第 Newton, Isaac 〜牛頓

Lesacies of theancient Greekcivilization (g) Olympic Games Statue of an ancient Greek athlete (i) Ancient Olympic Games The Ancient Olympic Games were held by the ancient Greeks to honour Zeus. The games began in about 776 BC and were held every four years. In ancient Greece, only male Greek freemen were allowed to take part in the Olympic Games. Foreigners and slaves were excluded. Winners received a crown made from olive leaves and were seen as heroes in their city-states. The Greek city-states would stop fighting when the games were being held. (ii) Modern Olympic Games The Ancient Olympic Games ended in Roman times. In 1896, they were held again in Athens as the first M odern Olympic Games1. The Modern Olympic Games follows the traditions of the Ancient Olympic Games. They are also held every four years. The main aim is to promote peace and cultural exchange through sports. Therefore, they are held in different countries. Athletes from all over the world take part in the games. The first Modern Olympic Games 觀 s held in Athens in 1896. Fourteen countries took part and 241 athletes competed in 43 events.

Origin of the Olympic Games According to written records, in about 884 BC, a war broke out between the Greek city-states of Elis and Sparta over the control of Olympia. Finally, they signed the Holy Treaty, making Olympia the holy place for worshipping the gods. The Olympic Games began as activities to worship Zeus in the worshipping ceremony there. Development and changes in the Ancient Olympic Games At first, other city-states held similar games. In about 776 BC, the Greek city-states joined together to hold the games in Olympia. The scale of the competition increased. ■ Duration of competition: The Ancient Olympic Games lasted five days: the first two days were for worshipping the gods; the third and fourth days were for holding the competitions; the last day was for holding the awards-giving ceremony and celebrations. ■ Competition events: At first, the Ancient Olympic Games only had a sprinting event (Hoplitodromos). Later, long-distance running, long jump, javelin, discus, wrestling and pentathlon were added. Though some of these events are still part of the Olympics today, the form competitions take are different. For example, today the long jumpers do not need to hold two dumbbells during the competition. Athletes (left) and sprinters (above) in the Ancient Olympic Games. Sprinters had to wear ci helmet cmd hold a mwnd shield in the competition. dumbbells ~ 啞鈴 Elis ~ 伊利斯 Ho/y 《神聖條約》 Hoplitod「om os〜行軍賽跑

Linking Concepts Government: Society: Economic activities: • Three main forms of • Adult male freemen Farming, fishing, trade city-state government: were citizens and handicraft industries monarchy, oligarchy and democracy • Slaves were at the bottom of society • Democracy refers to 'rule by the people' Life in ancient Greece civilization Urban planning and architecture: Legacies of the ancient Pediments of important buildings were Greek civilization supported by tall stone pillars Democracy: Athens was the birthplace of democracy Language and writing: Influenced the formation of early European languages Literature, drama and philosophy: Epics, fables and historical works Origin of Western drama • Three Greek sages of philosophy: founders of Western philosophy Astronomy, mathematics and physics: Introduced important theories, enjoyed more achievements than people in the past Medicine: Introduced important medical theories and a medical code Olympic Games: Foreigners and slaves could not take part in the Ancient Olympic Games; Athletes from all over the world can take part in the Modern Olympic Games

^ S e lfim sA m e jii fm lj Concept checking^ Related topic：The ancient Greco-Roman civilization and W estern civilization; Origins of the ancient Greek civilization 1. (a) The ancient Greco-Roman civilization started along the coasts of the Aegean Sea and Black Sea. T / F (b) The Minoans learnt the civilizations of the ancient Egyptians and the Babylonians through conquest. T / F (c) Which of the following is the correct sequence of the ancient civilizations? Q (i) Minoan civilization Mycenaean civilization -►ancient Greek civilization ->ancient Roman civilization (ii) Minoan civilization -►ancient Greek civilization -►Mycenaean civilization -►ancient Roman civilization (iii) Ancient Greek civilization Minoan civilization ->Mycenaean civilization -►ancient Roman civilization (iv) Ancient Roman civilization -►Minoan civilization -►Mycenaean civilization ->ancient Greek civilization Refer to p .5 -9 to get them all correct. Related topic：The rise and developm ent of Greek city-states; Life in th e G reek city-states 2. (a) The ancient Greek civilization entered the 'Dark Ages' with the rise of city-states. T/ F (b) After the 8th century BC, most ancient Greek city-states were ruled by nobles. T/ F This system was known as an 'oligarchy'. (c) Olympia was the birthplace of democracy. T /_E (d) Most ancient Greek families had slaves. L /_ F (e) In ancient Greece, both boys and girls could go to school. LZ_£ (f) The ancient Greeks worshipped many gods and goddesses. They believed that ten major gods T/ E lived on Mount Olympus, the highest mountain in Greece. (g) Which of the following descriptions about the ancient Greek religion is INCORRECT? (i) The ancient Greeks held sports competitions to worship the gods. (ii) The ancient Greeks believed that the gods acted like human beings and had human feelings. (iii) Athena was the head of the Greek gods. (iv) Besides the gods, Greek myths were also about heroes who were half-god and half-man. Refer to p. 10-21 to get them all correct.

Related topic：R elationships with other peoples; D ecline of the Greek city-states 3. (a) Starting from the 8th century BC, the ancient Greeks began to set up colonies around the Red Sea and the Mediterranean Sea. (b) In 490 BC, Persia sent troops to suppress the revolts in Egypt and invade the Greek peninsula. (c) In 431 BC, the Peloponnesian War broke out between the two alliances led by Athens and Sparta. (d) Under the rule of Philip I, Macedonia conquered the whole of the Greek peninsula in about 338 BC. (e) Alexander set up a large empire that covered Europe, Asia and Africa. (f) Which of the following descriptions about the spread and end of the ancient Greek civilization is correct? (i) After the breakup of Alexander's empire, most of its territories were ruled by the Egyptians. (ii) Historians call the period 323 -146 BC the 'Hellenistic Period'. (iii) Alexandria contributed greatly to the spread of the ancient Persian civilization and its knowledge. (iv) In 146 BC, the Aryans conquered Macedonia and the whole Greek peninsula. • Refer to p.2 2 - 2 9 to get them all correct. Related topic: Legacies of the ancient Greek civilization 4. (a) The ancient Greeks mainly used granite as a building material. (b) Important Greek buildings (such as temples) were supported by rows of tall stone pillars. (c) Homer is known as the 'Father of History'. (d) Ancient Greek dramas were mainly divided into comedies and tragedies. (e) Socrates, Plato and Herodotus were the 'three Greek sages of philosophy'. (f) In ancient Greece, only male Greek freemen were allowed to take part in the Olympic Games. Foreigners and slaves were excluded. (g) Which of the following statements about Hippocrates is INCORRECT? (i) He was called the 'Father of Medicine'. (ii) He stated that sicknesses had nothing to do with punishments from the gods. (iii) He set up the 'Academy' in Athens. (iv) He made the 'Hippocratic Oath', a moral code for doctors. ， Refer to p .3 0 -3 8 to get them all correct.

A ncient Greek civilization A d v a n c e d t e s t in g ^ Data-based^Questions Study Sources A and B, and answer the questions that follow. (10 marks) Source A: The remains of the Source B: The British Museum was temple of Athens built in the 18th century 1. What is the temple in Source A? What features of ancient Greek architecture does the temple show? (1+2 marks) 2. What was the influence of ancient Greek architecture on the architecture of later ages? Explain your answer with reference to Source B. (3 marks) 3. Besides architecture, in what other ways is the modern world still influenced by the ancient Greek civilization? Cite ONE influential area and explain with examples. (4 marks) Refer to p .3 0 -3 7 to get them all correct.

Multi-media Checklist P.7-12 Ancient Greece http ://w w w .aristo.com .hk/rsc/?id= jrhistb1 ch4u1 i001 &lang=eng P.12 C (xte q o ry 0 Athens and Sparta (Chinese version) Bjj | 3 | Wedsite http://www.aristo.com.hk/rsc/?id=jrhistb1 ch4u1 i002&lang=eng 警 句 Giime P.12-21 \\ m Life in ancient Greece I http://www.aristo.com.hk/rsc/?id=jrhistb1 ch4u1 i003&lang=eng Video Clip Animation P.30-38 A n cie n t Greek cu ltu re (Chinese subtitles and narration) http ://w w w .aristo.com .hk/rsc/?id= jrhistb1 ch4u1 i007& lang=eng P.36 Archim edes (English narration; Chinese subtitles) http://www.aristo.com.hk/rsc/?id=jrhistb1 ch4u1 i004&lang=eng

Life in ancient Greece Greece希臘 Knossos諾 薩 斯 \\^sSb Macedonia馬 其 頓 M arathon馬 拉 松 Great Panathenaea 泛 雅 典 娜 節 Mediterranean Sea 地 中 海 Issus, Battle o f 伊 蘇 斯 戰 役 M essenia麥 西 尼 亞 Marathon, Battle of 馬 拉 松 戰 役 Middle East 中東 Modem Olympic Games 現 代 奧 運 會 Mount Olympus奧 林 帕 斯 山 Olympic G am es奧 林 匹 克 運 動 會 M ycenae邁 錫 尼 Peloponnesian War■伯羅奔尼撒戰爭 Sparta斯巴達 Persian W ars波 斯 戰 爭 Therm opylae德 爾 摩 比 利 Salamis, Battle o f 薩 拉 米 灣 戰 役 Troy特洛伊 Thermopylae, Battle o f 德 爾 摩 比 利 戰 役 Turkey 土 耳 其 Trojan W a r特 洛 伊 戰 爭 Aegean S e a 愛 琴 海 Achaean阿該亞人 Alexandria亞 歷 山 大 港 Agamemnon阿伽門農 Asia M inor小 亞 細 亞 Alexander the G reat亞 歷 山 大 大 帝 Athens雅典 Ap hrodite阿 芙 洛 狄 蒂 Babylon巴比倫 Apollo阿波羅 Black Sea 黑 海 Aratus阿拉托斯 O lym pia奧 林 比 亞 A re s阿瑞斯 C orin th 科 林 斯 Aristarchus阿 里 斯 塔 克 斯 Crete克里特島 Aristotle亞 里 士 多 德 D e lo s提 洛 島 A rtem is阿 耳 或 彌 斯 E lis 伊 利 斯 Athena雅典娜 Europe歐洲 Babylonian巴 比 倫 人

Darius i 大 流 士 一 世 Academy 學院 Darius I I I 大 流 士 三 世 acropolis 衛 城 Demeter 得 墨 ;Et耳 D o ria n 多 利 安 人 《伊 索 寓 言 》 Etruscan伊 特 拉 人 alphabet 字母 E u c lid 歐 幾 里 德 ancient Greek civilization 古 希 臘 文 明 Hades哈蒂斯 ancient Roman civilization 古 羅 馬 文 明 Hephaestus赫 淮 斯 托 斯 Archimedes'principle 浮 力 原 理 H era赫 拉 assem bly議 事 會 Heracles赫 拉 克 勒 斯 astronom y天 文 學 Herm es赫 耳 墨 斯 citizen 公民 Herodotus希 羅 多 德 city-state ±成邦 Hippocrates希 波 革 拉 第 Classical Age of Greece 希 臘 古 典 時 代 Homer荷馬 co liseu m 體 育 館 Leonidas I 李 奧 尼 大 一 世 co lo n y殖 民 地 M in o an 米 諾 斯 人 comedy 喜虜ij M inos米諾斯 constellation 星 座 Muses繆斯 Council of Elders 長 老 院 M ycenaean邁 錫 尼 人 Dark A g e s黑 暗 時 代 Newton, Isaac 牛 頓 Delian League提 洛 同 盟 Pericles培里 克 里 斯 dem ocracy民 主 制 P ersian 波 斯 人 d ram a戲劇 Philip I I 腓 力 二 世 Ephors五長官 Plato柏拉圖 Erechtheion伊 瑞 克 提 翁 神 殿 Poseidon波 塞冬 Fertile Crescent civilization 新 月 沃 土 文 明 P to lem y托 勒 密 Hellenistic A g e 希 臘 化 時 代 Pythagoms畢 達 哥 拉 斯 Hippocratic O ath 希 波 革 拉 第 誓 言 Schliemann, Heinrich 施 里 曼 H/sfor/es《歷 史 》 Socrates蘇 格 拉 底 Ho/y7?eafy《神 聖 條 約 》 T h a le s泰 勒 斯 ///ad《伊 利 亞 特 》 Zeus宙斯 independent 獨立 ju ry 陪審團 Lion G a te 獅子門

literature 文學 meteorology 氣 象 Minoan civilization 米 諾 斯 文 明 monarchy君主制 Mycenaean civilization 邁 錫 尼 文 明 m yth神話 Nile Valley civilization 尼 羅 河 流 域 文 明 Odyssey《奧 德 賽 》 o ligarchy寡 頭 制 o liv e 橄 攬 Palace of Knossos諾 薩 斯 皇 宮 Parthenon巴特農廟 ped im en t三 角 楣 Pentathlon五 項 全 能 People's Court 民 眾 法 庭 phalanx 方 陣 philosophy 哲 學 prisoners-of-war 戰 俘 Pythagorean Theorem 畢 氏 定 理 secret ballo t秘 密 投 票 /不 記 名 投 票 slave奴隸 tragedy 悲劇 uprising 起 義

丨_ Data-based Questions 1 (p.17) 勢 Eife, in>,ancient Greeeej Vicki Greer, Tanya Appleby, Ann Wyatt, U nderstanding the A ncient a n d M edieval Worlds, 1997 Looking Back at History - Above picture (p.2) Source 13 (p.19) archaicwonder.tumblr.com http://archaicwonder.tumblr.com/post/126845959666/ http://tw. 123rf.com/ egyptian-harp-new-kingdom-mid-2nd-ml-bc-from-the Source 14 - Above picture (p.19) Looking Back at History - Middle picture (p.2) Wikipedia Wikimedia Commons https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthenon https://commons.wikimedia.Org/wiki/File:Knossos_-_ N orth_Portico_02 .jpg Source 14 - Below picture (p.19) Looking Back at History - Below picture (p.2) http://tw.123rf.com/ http://tw.123rf.com/ Double-page spread picture (p.20-21) Source 4 - Above picture (p.8) Roy Burrell, F irst A n cien t H istory, 1994 www.dilos.com Picture of Battle of Marathon (p.22) http://www.dilos.com/region/crete/knossos_palace_ artist_impression.html Roy Burrell, F irst A n cien t H istory, 1994 Source 5 (p.8) Picture of Battle of Thermopylae (p.23) Wikipedia Vatican History https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lion_Gate Roy Burrell, F irst A ncient H istory, 1994 Source 6 (p .ll) Picture of Battle of Salamis (p.23) http://tw. 123rf.com/ Silverfish Press http://www.silverfishpress.com/sm+original+art/id/30/ Source 9 - Below picture (p.15) gr_id/18/ BBC History in Depth - Below picture (p.24) http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/primaryhistory/ancient_ greeks/growing_up_in_greece/ WIKIMEDIA COMMONS https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sacred_Way,_ Source 10 (p.16) Delos_04.jpg Wikipedia Source 17 - Left picture (p.25) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_ancient_ Greece Alan Fildes http://alanfildes.com/plogger/?level=picture&id=59 Source 11 (p.16) quatr.us http://quatr.us/greeks/people/school.htm

History in Focus (p.26-27) Source 19 - Right picture (p.29) ■ Picture 1 andrewsfabuloustravelguide.blogspot.hk Wikimedia Commons http://andrewsfabuloustravelguide.blogspot.hk/2010/06/ https ://commons .wikimedia. org/wiki/File:The— egypt.html taming_of_Bucephalus_by_Andre_Castaigne_( 1898- 1899).jpg Source 20 (p.30) ■ Picture 2 http://tw. 123rf.com/ imgur http://imgur.com/gallery/QDsOB Source 21 (p.30) ■ Picture 3 http://tw. 123rf.com/ photosnack http://www.photosnack.com/bumzy45/alexander-the- Source 22 - Below picture (p.31) great-top-10.html Wikipedia ■ Picture 4 https://en.wikipedia.0 rg/wiki/Ballot#/media/ Wikimedia Commons File:Athenian—Secret_Ballot.jpg https://upload.wikimedia.Org/wikipedia/commons/e/ e 1/Alexander_the_Great_mosaic.jpg Source 25 (p.32) ■ Picture 5 Richard, Step into ...A ncient G reece, 1999 Wikimedia Commons https://commons.wikimedia.0rg/wiki/File:Alexander_ Source 26 (p.32) the_Great_Founding_Alexandria.jpg http://tw.123rf.com/ ■ Picture 7 Wikimedia Commons Source 29 (p.35) https://commons.wikimedia.0rg/wiki/File:The_Death_ of_Alexander_the_Great_after_the_painting_by_ ZME SCIENCE Karl_von_Piloty_( 1886) .jpg http://www.zmescience.com/other/science-abc/thales- milet-changed-world/ Data-based Questions 2 (p.28) Source 31 (p.36) Vicki Greer, Tanya Appleby, Ann Wyatt, U nderstanding the A n cien t a nd M edieval Worlds, 1997 Wikimedia Commons https://commons.wikimedia.0rg/wiki/File:Archimede_ Data-based Questions 2 - Picture (p.28) bainjpg http://tw.123rf.com/ Source 32 - Above picture (p.36) Source 19 - Left picture (p.29) American Physiological Society http ://advan.physiology. org/content/3 8/2/109 acecomments.mu.nu http://acecomments.mu.nu/?post=360536 Source 32 - Below picture (p.36) http://tw.123rf.com/

Source 33 (p.37) Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discobolus Source 34 (p.37) http://tw.123rf.com/ Source 35 - Above picture (p.38) Richard, Step into ...A ncient Greece, 1999 Source 35 - Below picture (p.38) hellenic-art.com http://www.hellenic-art.com/olympian-athletes-relief- size-2.html Advanced testing - Source A (p.42) Wallpapercave http://wallpapercave.com/wp/AthQ52h.jpg Advanced testing - Source B (p.42) Wikimedia Commons https://commons.wikimedia.Org/wiki/File:British_ Museum from NE 2JPG