Berita Shell 1994 Part 1

EIITITlII$ OIt & GAS IN MALAYSIA - THE ISSUES AND CHATLENGES Dotuk C J Knight, Choirmon ond Chief Execufive, Shell Componies in Moloysio gives on overview of fhe induslry in fhe current decode. This keynofe oddress wos delivered in o conference, \"Moloysio - Powerhouse of the 90s\", orgonised by the lnternotionol Herald Tribune in Kuolo Lumpur in November lost yeor. 2 RACING DOWN THE MIRI RIVER Shell ond PETRONAS prove, in Miri Regolto '93 held fo commemorofe Sorowok's 30th stote onniversory, Ifhot oil ond wofer con mix for the good of fhe locol community, ENHANCING DEVETOPMENT AND RECOVERY OFFSHORE A quorter of fhe wortd's oil and t5% of its nofurol gos lie offshore. lt is industry's offshore chotlenge fodoy fo find solufions thot combine lifefime cost-effecfiveness ond innovofive technology with improved s ofety ond environmenfol performonce. 12 MATAYSIAN DANCE FORMS Will fhere ever be o single Moloysion donce form? Must there be one lf voriely be fhe spice of our culture? Dominic Abrohom inferuiews some key celebronts of donce in Moloysio. l8 QUARTERLY HIGHTIGHTS A selection of Shell news from Moloysio. 23 WORLD ]N BRIEF A summory of Shell news from oround the world, 24 THE GLOBAT CITIZEN An ospect of fhe Royol Dutch/Shell Group's commitmenf fo sound buslness proctice ond good corporote cifizenship worldwide, 25 COVER: The mongrove forests of Moloysio contoin some six mojor species of trees ond o diverse ronge of onimol life. Mongroves hove o mojor economic ond sociol importonce in supporting fisheries ond in protecting the coostline, lf monoged with core, mongrove forests con produce wood ond seofood permonently (sustoined yield exploitotion). Although presently there ore obout 0.6 million hectores of mongroves in Moloysio, they ore being reduced ot on olorming rote os they ore often perceived os wostelond, to be cleored ond recloimed for development, This isihefirstin o seriesof sixmulti-medio pointingson noturolecosystems byMoloysion ortistOmorbin Osmon, The ortist wos commissioned by Shell Moloysio for its 1994 corporote colendor, themed 'The Environment - Our Floro ond Founo\", J[]|UARY lg$l ilo zB .Editor:Yop Mei Lin Grophic Designer: Rohoyo lsmoil o EditoriolOffice: Public Affoirs Deportment. ShellComponies in Moloysio. P O 5ox11027,50732 Kuolo Lumpur Telephone: 03-2559144 o Telex: MA304]4/MA318.l3 . Focsmile: 03-2512990 Printed by Kum Printers Sdn Bhd, Petoling Joyo Berito Shell is the corporote mogozine of Shell Componies in Moloysio ond is published quorlerly. Opinions expressed in the orticles do not necessorily reflect those of ony Shell compony. Editors of newspopers or mogozines ore welcome to reproduce ony orticle but o prior written opprovol should be obtoined from the editor, except for editors in other Shell Componies who need only to ocknowledge the source, Benm Sxrrl, Jlruulny tggn I

Oil & Gas in M#ysia the issr-res & challenges Dotuk C J Knight, Choirmon ond Chief Executive, Shell Issues for lhe fulure ond Componies in Moloysio, gives on overview of the industry in ingredients for success the current decode. This keynote oddress for the Energy Section wos delivered Marketers tend to talk of their busi- in o conference, \"Moloysio - Powerhouse of the 90s\", ness in terms of war, and whilst this may orgonised by the lnternotionol Herold Tribune in be a shade exaggerated, \"playing for keeps\" would not be an inappropriate Kuolo Lumpur in November lost yeor. prerequisite for success in Malaysia. Shell Malaysia's robust and fast growing markets and requiring an enormously has been here for over a hundred years economy needs no further comment from expensive infrastructure for its develop- now. 102 years tobe precise. Notbecause ment. To realise the full potential of both we had a crystal ball that told us Malaysia me, other than to observe that it has been oil and gas reserves in Malaysia, huge fuelledbyanevenhigher growthinenergy investments and innovative technology would be the growingeconomic success it supply of 9.8Vo per annum over the last are required. five years (1,988-1992). The oil and gas is today, (and there have been lean years sector in particular has also been a major The downstream sector of the busi- along the way) but it is in our nature to contributor to the government revenue, ness is particularly exciting with consid- contributing 29Vo in1,992. It is not surpris- sign up for the long haul when we believe ing therefore, that the oil and gas industry erable growth in demand for more so- the fundamentals;'ustify it - as they clearly has been, and remains, a fascinating and phisticated and environmentally friendly exciting area for investors, old and new products and with fierce competition be- do in Malaysia. alike. tween the various players. Satisfying this The long view The continued development of the nation's hydrocarbon resources is how- demand also requires heavy investments This, to my mind, is the most im- ever not by any means entirely straight- in plant and infrastructure, again a chal- portant factor for any potential foreign forward, and poses considerable challenge lenging prospect in the face of rising costs investor in this business. If you want to to both government and industry. In my succeed in a new country you must be and static prices. talk today, I will speak about Shell's view prepared to take a long view and be of the major issues - which include tech- committed. In many ways, this really nical, financial and fiscal issues and, how means \"putting your money where your we see these issues being addressed. mouth is\". As an example, since 1,976 Let me give you some background. when the first production sharing con- The realities facing Malaysia are that crude tracts (PSCs) were signed, Shell's total oilprices have declined considerably, and investment upstream (projected up to new fields are becoming smaller and of- 7997) represents RM30.7 billion or US$12 ten found in deeper waters. Prospective billion - in sharing new technologies and expertise with the country, such as Liqui- fields are generally becoming harder fied Natural Gas (LNG) and the brand technically to develop and harder to jus- new Shell Middle Distillate Synthesis tify economically as both absolute and unit costs rise. Unless significant addi- (Shell MDS). tions to reserves are made and developed Commitment has many aspects. It soon, the country is likely to become a net importer of oil early in the next century. includes tangible assets, human resource Most of the remaining hydrocarbon po- development, and social responsibility to tential lies in gas and there are indeed the community at large. Most host gov- Iarge volumes of gas, both discovered and ernments will assess foreign investors in remaining to be discovered, but with the terms of whether they are genuinely attendant difficulties of serving far flung committed to adding value in developing 2 Brnrn Snru., Jmurnv reea the local resources or whether they are in the country only to make a quick buck. Malaysia is no exception. In addition, this country is quite unique in my experience inthat it has a clearwell-articulated vision for the future that not only says where we are going, but also how we are to get there )

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As Malaysia moves into the natural gas era, years since 1976, by the successive adjust- ability to adapt incredibly well to high Shell keeps pace with its technological ments of PSC and related terms to ensure technology. The plant is now in partial advances in gas production, development, they provide a suitable environment for operation and undergoing final commis- transpodation and marketing. investment. I would like to take this op- portunity to congratulate the Minister of sioning. and what role foreign investment has to play on that journey. Finance for explicitly recognising these Staff in all our Shell companies have problems in the recent budget. However, also responded well to the international Vision 2020 is not just a dream, it is it is also up to us in industry, both oil quality management and quality assur- well supported by strategies and plans. companies and service companies alike, ance drive. From refineries and lubricat- Shell has found it very encouraging and to keep costs down by improving worker ing blending plants, to product application productivity and applying the best new ind6ed, rewarding, how in a very con- development, chemical and refinery structive way, the government has en- technologies. laboratories, to depots through to our gaged in dialogue with industry in for- Information Technology department, mulating these plans. Even more impor- The humon resource Shell staff took up the challenge of ap- tant is the way that these plans have been Let me take as a good example of plying for and working towards ISO 9000 so successfully communicated to the peo- certification and SAMM accreditation. To ple. Practically everyMalaysianyou meet, the quality of Malaysia's human resources, date,27 such certifications have been re- in whatever walk of life, knows of Vision our experience in setting up and operat- ceived by Shell. The certification for our ing the new RM 2 billion Shell MDS plant Information Technology Department is 2020 and what it represents. I think this infactthefirstsuchcertificationinASEAN. pragmatism and openness will do much in Bintulu, Sarawak, which gives me This says a great deal for the ability and to ensure that the challenges of both our willingness of the local worKorce to re- industry and Vision 2020 ire successfully confidence that we can count on continu- ing productivity enhancement for a long spond to change and to upgrade their mbt. time to come. An early concern in this I have mentioned the challenge of project was whether we would be able to skills. get the right people to run and manage an developing the hydrocarbon resource in entirely new plant that uses new technol- Cosls the face of rising unit costs and falling oil prices. From the starting point that the ogy in what is quite a remote part of Costs are perhaps a thornier issue. investor is in business to make a profit, Malaysia. Experienced people were dif- In our upstream business, we have been both government and PETRONAS have ficult to find where the plant is located. faced with dramatic increases in the costs amply demonstrated their intent to make of fabrication, installation and other es- sure the necessary development takes But we hired mostly Sarawakians, gen- sential support services, increases of be- place. This is well illustrated through the erally inexperienced recruits, often fresh out of school, and put them through in- tween 30-45% in the last four years. 4 Brnrm Sr:1l, Jrruuenv r99n tensive formal and on-the-job training at a local college as well as at various Shell Breakeven reserves are considerably refineries and LNG plants in the region. higher today than they were five years 220 persons went through a total of 400,000 hours of training and have proven their ago. It takes between 100-150 million barrels to break-even today, depending on proximity and existing infrastructure.

For the country to replace its annual pro- ensure that this expertise can be provided Staff in all Shell companies have responded at internationally competitive rates. This well to the international quality management duction of some 230 million barrels I think can be spurred through closer co- and quality assurance drive. through new discoveries or additions to operation between the contracting indus- are clearly many investment opportuni- reserves in existing fields is a formidable try and the oil companies. ties in high technology and specialised task which requires a significant ongoing fields, dedicated equipment and skilled exploration programme and economic Shell is, for example, exploring the manpower. Especiallyif theseare directed use ofincentive-based contracts to further at helping us to work more efficiently at incentives for contractors to invest. our efforts in cost containment. In this lower cost. International companies who approach, contractor and operator alike can bring these things to a locally incor- As I have already mentioned, the work towards the same objective of cost porated joint venture may be sure of a recent budget underlines government's reduction. In our development drilling welcome. willingness to address these problems in a fiscal sense. For its part, Shell has activities in Sarawak, we have had success The United Kingdom's North Sea is launched a massive effort towards cost a very good example, where innovative containment through challenging con- in the implementation of this over the first subsea developments and unmanned ventional development techniques and 15 wells where a total net well cost re- satellite platforms are making possible applying new technology to reduce costs. duction of 10% has been achieved. For the the economic development of smaller drilling cost, a further potential reduction In our upstream business a major effort is of up to 5% canbe expected. We are now accummulations in what is now a mature province. being made to reduce development costs looking into extending this contracting The environmenl by applying satellite or so-called 'Mini- strategy to other areas such as barge-based mum Intervention' technology. This aims Malaysia takes environmental is- maintenance and well services. In addi- sues very seriously both at governmental at developing fields normally unmanned tion, with the eventual acquisition of multi- level and in a popular sense. Sustainable disciplinary expertise, Shell looks towards development is a concept that we in Shell and is expected to achieve gains in excess of RM500 million over the next 10 years. integrated contracts (turnkey) in non- share completely, fully recognising that it ) traditional areas like maintenance and Another challenge to us is to develop Brnrra Srrrr, Jlr{urnv tcca 5 production operations where contractors fields in a shorter time, so that the capital would provide multi-disciplinary serv- investment exposure is reduced. ices, including management of the serv- But in my view it is not enough to ices. ask the oil companies to solve all cost The incentive to save is clear. Our problems through enhanced productiv- forecast capital expenditure over the next ity or technical solutions. The support five years runs at some RM6.0 billion. industries have a vital role to play, and I Even a 10% saving is a massive amount of believe, every reason to play it well. Many money/ and RM600 million would for instance, pay for some 300 large urban Malaysian companies in the industry are, service stations at current prices. For oil quite properly, seeking opportunities industry contractors and suppliers, there outside Malaysia, now that their expertise has reached internationally competitive levels. What still needs to be done is to

places considerable demand onboth tech- talk to two specific areas the industry will over the past 15 years, reflecting the in- nical and financial resources. We believe creased demand for lighter products and the n-ay ahead lies in the progressive re- undoubtedly focus on in the coming years, the need to upgrade the supply barrel. duction of r,r'astes, and the more efficient gas and petroleum refining. However, the region is still forecast to face use of energy and natural resources Gas is the area which probablY of- a shortfall in supply, and much investment through technology and of course, good practice. We look for cleaner technologies fers the greatest potential for the future. will be required to increase capacity. rather than end of pipe treatment, and have shifted emphasis to more environ- The country's gas reserves, totalling some Strong competition exists from our neigh- bours, but Maiaysia is in a good position mentally friendly technologies in the 68 trillion standard cubic feet as at process cycle. This has necessitated to enter the export market because we 1st January 1.993, are expected to see the have good infrastructure, skilled man- something of a shift in the mind set, from dealing with pollution to minimising and country through til1 2030 even with the power and investment incentives for ex- reducing pollution, from the inception of increasing gas demand especially from the process right through to the end of the the LNG and PGU projects. With the port. product's life cycle. Our investment plans therefore call for input from air, water and continuous drive for cleaner fuels, we see Malaysia is strategically located considerable growth in the local gas mar- noise control technologies to environ- between China and the Indian sub-con- ket. As demand increases and environ- tinent, the two areas forecasted to have mental analysis, monitoring and equip- the greatest demand volume. Investments mental concerns exert their influence, the wiII, however, have to be studied carefully ment supplies. against the potentiallv verv large build- The end products of our business gas price should also imProve. up of refining capacitiu of China in the are in turn being designed to meet in- Together with PETRONAS near future. creasingly stringent environmental specifications and our investment pro- Carigali, Shell is actively engaged in de- In conclusion, I should like to say grammes reflect that. Most obvious of veloping fields to supply MLNG Dua. We course is our MDS plant which, for ex- are also involved in other gas development that in my view, there is tremendous po- ample, produces a gas oil with zero sul- projects, especially the Baram Delta and the Balingian gas grids. We shall also be tential for investors in the oil and gas phur. keen to ensure that our Middie Distillate Synthesis plant, the first such plant in the industry in Malaysia. The opportunities Two specific oleos of focus wor1d, is run safely, efficiently, and in the require creativity and courage to exploit but then the best ones always do and I am Let me devote the last Part of this most cost effective manner. sure that the Government of Malaysia will continue to work to provide the sta- In refining, capacity has increased bility and economic climate that investors significantly in the Far East, Middle East and Australasia, mainly at the expense of need to commit the Iarge resources and Western Europe. Conversion capacity has grown steadily by more than 50% effort that these opportJnities merit. O pragmatism and openess will do much to ensure that the challenges of both industry and Vision 2020 are successtully met' 6 Brnrrn SreLL, Jatrunnv tgga

Malaysia takes environmental issues very seriously. Sustainable develoment is a concept that Shell shares completely, fully recognising that it places considerable demand on both technical and financial resources. Brnrn Suru., Jff{urnv tcga 7

Racing down the Miri Riwer By Eddie Abdullah Shell ond PETRONAS prove, in the Miri regotto '93 Lutong awoke once more to the gaY held to commemorote Sorowok's 30th stote onniversory, spirit of the fiesta. The thousands who thot oil ond woter con mix for the good of the hugged the riverbanks over the two days locol community. were easily one of the biggest crowds the Long boat races, dr regattas, were a form and the birthday fiesta in Miri certainly town of Lutong has ever seen. of 'time out' for old Sarawak's warring lived up to its expectations, thrilling both tribes. It was the then Baram Resident, Sarawak Chief Minister, Datuk participants and spectators alike. Charles Hose who suggested the ingen- Patinggi Tan Sri Haji Abdul Taib Mahmud iousidea of afriendlyrivalryon the mighty According to the patron of last year's took to the lively enthusiasm he saw all Baram River around the 1890s to coincide Miri Regatta, Datuk Dr George Chan Hong with a great conference of-tribal chiefs in around him when he attended the re- Nam (the Sarawak Minister of Finance & gatta on the second day with the Head of the Baram area. Public Utilities and Miri State Assembly- man), \"The choice of Miri as the centre of State, Tun Datuk Patinggi Dr Haji Ahmad This untried blueprint for peace the Head of State's 70th birthday celebra- tion was concurrent with our promotion Zaidi Adruce Mohamed Nor. succeeded and the regatta, in fact, became to attract tourists to our Oil Town.\" an annual event on each New Year's Day Writing in the souvenir programme As history would have it, the dis- in conjunction with the event, he urged in Kuching during the reign of Charles covery of oil in Miri was owed to the same the people to maintain and nurture the Brooke, the second White Rajah of State's unique cultures and traditions in Sarawak. On that day, the Rajah's court manwhointroducedtheregattaasapeace and his entourage would watch the races formula. Hose, during his years as Resi- the process of economic development. from the Astana lawn which straddled dent had suspected the presence of oil in Datuk Dr Chan said the regatta, the Sarawak River. large quantities in the Miri area in the besides being a draw for tourists, also encouraged goodwill and team spirit, two In 1918, a long boat called 1880s. important elements in a multi-racial so- ciety such as Malaysia's. He has also \"Ayeshah\" went into the history books The founder of Shell, Sir Marcus suggested that the Miri regatta be staged for being the longest boat put into a race, Samuel reported the company's first oil medsuring 108 feet long and paddled by find in 1909 and Malaysia's first oil well every two years. 99 crew men. It was a crowd puller even Over the two-day meet, race fa- in those times as regatta followers could was discovered on Canada Hill a year compare nothing more exciting or vourites proved themselves one by one exhilirating than the sight of those long later. Called Shell's Miri No 1, the 'Grand as the heats were swePt away on the first boats swishing down the river on the tide. Old Lady' produced 83 barrels per day in day. Two paddling boats, 'Indera Jaya' from Bintulu and 'Daerah Muara' from Even in the old days, the /greasy December that year. pole' had the local community enter- From then on, the company has Brunei, were outstanding and eventually tained. Young men out to impress the ladies, would take on th-e darin$task of played a major role in Miri's economic took a lion's share in the titles at stake. and social development; thelatterthrough 'InderaJaya' owner, HajjahFatimah walking across a greased tree trunk, often with some very amusing results. Shell's many community support activi- bt Yaman and her team of 60 paddlers, ties. Hose would have been proud and With its long history and tradition, landed three major titles in the men's the regatta has remained a feature in happy if he had known that the two Sarawak's celebration. Last year's regatta 10-paddler, 20-paddler and Open events. on the Miri River was the highlight of the matters close to his heart met and merged Sarawak Head of State's official birthday But honours did not come easy as all the celebrations which were centred in Miri on theMiri RiveralongPengkalanLutong. finals were keenly contested affairs. Most in August. After its solo effort in 1 989, upstream races ended in thrilling neck-to-neck The event has lost none of its Shell invited the national oil company, finishes. drawing power, confirming the popular- PETRONAS, as a joint partner in organis- 'Bintulu Racing Team' dominated ity of this traditional riverine pastime; ing the 1993 regatta, which was estimated the power boats while 'Edan Racing 8 Brnrra Sx:u., Jeruurnv tegl would cost some RM100,000 in total Team' from Brunei proved their overall superiority in the higher classes. With sponsorship. their streamlined design and real racing Truly a spectacle sport for the peo- engines inplace, the two red powerboats soon found the competition child's play ple, the two-day event attracted a daily crowd of at least 10,000 people as sleepy in the 30-40 hp and Open events. Our Shell flagbearers, with six boats in the fray, had to be contented with only the plate events, winning once and finish-)

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Above: Special guests at the Miri Regatta'93 were Head of State Tun Datuk Patinggi Dr Haji Ahmad Zaidi Adruce Mohamed Nor (extreme right) and Sarawak Chief Minister, Datuk Patinggi Tan Sri Haji Abdul Taib Mahmud (third from right) Below: The Highlands Bamboo Flute Band turned out in full force to welcome the Regatta's special guests. ing third twice. Team manager Augus- exploits had everyone in stitches! anticipation of future communal gather- Many participants inciuding the tine Bujang remarked that the results were ings such as the regatta. Brunei contingent commented that the not as good as predicted but he expressed Miri regatta was the safest they had ex- Additionally, the esplanade could satisfaction with the level of support and perienced. \"There were no untoward in- cooperation by all sectors, including that also be used as a recreational ground for of the management towards the prepara- cidents among the paddlers, a frequent relaxation or exercise. With Lutong's tion of the team. occurence elsewhere. natural gateway for Brunei visitors into \"I feel we could have done better if We felt secure as control boats en- Miri, a well laid-out waterfront will cer- we had raced with our own boats. As it was, we had to rent (boats) and our sured no other vessels were in the water tainly be a welcome sight. paddlers were not familiar with their during events,\" a team spokesman from Bintulu remarked, adding that \"rescue Organising chairman Datuk James features, etc.\" Augustine added on hind- Ting Sing How who is Sarawak Shell Gen' boats too were always on the ready sight. eral Affairs Manager, had every reason to which reassured us a11.\" Our business partner, PETRONAS, feel happy with his team. They had put in On land, local enterpreneurs seized had boats in the race too and they did time and energy over a period of two rather well on the first day, making their on business opportunities with gusto. Overnight stalls mushroomed all along months prior to the fiesta to see the com- way into four final events. the road leading to the riverbank and The Head of State had a pleasant munity support project through from start business was certainly brisk all around. surprise when the water-skiing team un- to finish. furled birthday greetings as they skied A stall named after the mega sci-fi movie past the grandstand on a lap of honour to \"Credit for the regatta's success \"jurassic Park\" appeared especially welcome His Excellency and the State popular with visitors, many popped in reaily must go to you a11,\" he commended entourage. no doubt out of sheer curiousity! at an appreciation dinner for the It is perhaps time for the local au- Even earlier on arrivai, bamboo fl ute committee members and officials soon thorities to take the cue from all these bands from the Highlands and 'Lun spontaneous actions and reactions to turn after the event. Bawang' groups greeted the guest-of- honour. The side-shows which included the idle riverbank into a beautifully land- A special vote of thanks was re- pillow fights over the water, the greasy scaped waterfront (from the Kampong corded to joint sponsors/ PETRONAS pole (of course!) and the duck-catching Pengkalan Community Hall to the bridge) and Sarawak Shell, as well as to the gov- 0I Brnnn Srru., JnruurnY tssa - complete with cafes and vendor stalls in ernment departments and residents of Kampong Pengkalan Lutong who had all helped to make the Miri Regatta '93 the overwhelming success that it was for the I State and the iommunity.

:-]1:T:.-:.:J:q:e;;3 Shell photographer Lo Soon Ngian captures regatta paddlers in close competition. A page from the past - long boat races enjoy a century-old tradition in Miri. (\"Kuching in Pictures, 1840-1960) B:nrm SnrLl, JrNunBv tcca I I

Enhanclng development and recovery offshore A quorter of the world's oil ond l5% of its noturol gos lie tegic importance of the offshore to these offshore, lt is indusiry's offshore chollenge todoy to find countries, as a means of diversifying and solutions thot combine lifetime cost-effectiveness ond increasing energy supplies. innovotive technology with improved sofety ond The strategic importance of the off- environmentol performonce, shore is also evident in production pat- terns. For instance, western Europe, with Early exploration efforts for oil concen- grown steadily in the past decade: today, only seven per cent of the world's off- several thousand fields have been discov- trated on land . 1n1947 ,production began ered offshore in more than 40 countries. shore oil reserves, is the world's main from wells drilled in the Gulf of Mexico The proportions of reserves found offshore offshore producing region, largely as a from the first 'offshore platform'. The vary from region to region. As Figure 1 result of finds in the North Sea. Produc- tion has increased by 60% in the last dec- 1960s were boom years for the oil indus- shows, less than six per cent of the oil ade. Conversely, the Middle East, with reserves of the former USSR and Eastern about half of the world's offshore oil re- try with many new offshere oil and gas serves, produces just a fifth of the world's Europe lie offshore, compared with almost offshore oil, aboutT\\% of the output of 1 0 provinces being discovered - in the Gulf years ago. As a result of an abundance of 90% for Europe. oil on international markets and disrup- of Mexico, the Southern North Sea, the More than 40Vo of the world's off- tions to oil supply caused by wars in the region, Middle East countries have cut South China Sea, Australia and the Gulf of shore oil reserves are in non-OPEC their output from the offshore and have focused on their vast onshore reserves, Suez. countries (as opposed to only a fifth of which are cheaper to produce. The two 'oiI shocks' of the 1970s led onshore reserves). This indicates the stra- bo to dramatic increases in oil prices and a o perception that oil was in short supply. ! This stimulated world exploration on an unprecedented scale with nearly every o sedimentarybasin being investigated. The o- (D offshore was the source of much of the o_ resulting increase in reserves. High prices oS justified high cost production: the late o 1970s and early 1980s saw the installation o of giant platforms in the Northern North - elo as well as the start of production in Sea <D northern Alaska and the deeper waters of the Gulf of Mexico. Following the oil price collapse of 1986, many projects were curtailed or cancelled as they were no longer viable at prices below $20 a barrel. Since then, with little change anticipated in prices for the foreseeable future, the industry has con- centrated on reducing the high costs of off shore activities without compromising safety and environmental standards. (See The Global Citizen, page 25) The significonce of the offshore More than a quarter of the world's oil and more than 1,5% of its natural gas reserves lie offshore. Provenreserves have l2 Brprrr Snerr, Jrruumv tqqa

Fig, 1 World proven oil reserves Total reserves: Morginol fields ond deep '1000 billion barrels Central and Offshore reserves: woler developments South America 280 billton barrels In recent years, no major offshore Overall, however, offshore produc- Sources: O/ and G as Journal and Offshore. tion has grown over the past two decades oil province has been found on the scale of billion barrels - about 70 times more than (Figure 2). In the early 1970s, some 18 reserves estimates in the early 1970s. the discoveries ofthe 1970s such as Alaska or the North Sea. Although oil fields are countries were involved in offshore pro- The industry is also active in'fron- stilt being found, few are estimated to contain more than 500 million barrels. As duction of some eight million b/d ol o11, tier' areas such as offshore Alaska and the the chances of making a large oil discov- Barents Sea offshore Norway. These areas or about 15Vo oftotal production. Today, are among the world's most hostile envi- ery are slim, the industry is focusing on more than 40 countries produce a total of ronments where remoteness, deep water, identifying smaller fields, many of which almost 20 million b ,/ d offshore, equivalent high winds, floating ice and sub-zero are likely to be in areas already known to to about a third of total production. The temperatures are just some of the chal- the industry. Re-appraisal is therefore a trend for natural gas is similar: from 14 lenges facing the industry. Some arctic key activity. Once discovered, a field will billion cubic feet/ day, or 1,4% of the total regions are frozen for up to 10 months of in the early 1,970s, to 37 bllion cubic feetl the year, putting severe limitations on only be developed if the project can be day (18Vo) today. drilling activities. made economically viable. There are, for Current offshore octivities The opening up of the former USSR instance, at least 1000 small or marginal ond trends to Western companies has led to an up- offshore discoveries around the world as surge of interest in the enormous resources yet undeveloped due to low oil prices, Most offshore activities are concen- high production costs or lack of proven trated in a few basins, notably the North there. Some estimates suggest that the Sea, the Gulf of Mexico, the South China technologies. Russian continental shelf could hold more The other main focus of oil industry Sea and offshore Brazil (Figure 3). The than a fifth of the world's offshore oil and gas resources: to date, only a small part of attention is the deep offshore. The offshore North Sea is the largest producing region the area has been explored. A number of of the offshore oil industry. Most of the oil and gas fields have been discovered in part of the world's sedimentary basins - reservoirs are in water less than 200 me- the Sea of Okhotsk, North of Japan and in those areas likely to contain source rocks tres deep, although some deep water the Barents and Kara Seas in the Russian prospects are being developed offshore Arctic, amongwhichis one of world scale. for oil and gas - is estimated at around 50 Norway. A major feature of production in this region is the development of 'satel- million square kilometres. With two- thirds of this area lying in water depths lite' fields - generally small accummu- greater than 200 metres, the scope for Iations which lie close to existing pro- increased deep water activities is still ductionfacilities. More than 10% of United considerable. Kingdom oil production is now estimated The major difference between find- to come from such fields. ing and producing oil and gas onshore Today, the USA accounts for just five per cent of world offshore oil pro- and offshore is that for land a step-by-step duction as opposed to 20Vo two decades ago. The Gulf of Mexico accounts for approach can be taken to the project de- more than six per cent of US oil and con- densate production and more than a velopment as knowledge of the reservoirs quarter of US natural gas output. Current focus is on the deep offshore area beyond evolves. Offshore, in contrast, the devel- the continental shelf where water depths opment plan needs to be able to accom- reach some 3500 metres. modate all contingencies likely to arise during the life of the field, as any subse- Offshore Brazll - in particular the quent changes may be extremely difficult giant Campos basin - is the location for many record breaking developments in to make. Additionally, all work comes at the deep offshore. Offshore oil reserves a higher cost than onshore, from initial are currently estimated at around seven seismic to locate potential fields through the large - often massive - expenditure required to put platforms and facilities in place. Thus offshore development re-) Fig. 2 World oilond noturol gos production -80 .-.-.-...-..; oit -70 Naturalgas -50 a (U _o oo b(E -30 .9 l E o -20 c (u a=o -co -10 € = -0 .9^'b sso Brnrr Srru, hruurnv rccn l3

A Area of main olfshore activitY Fig, 3 World offshore octivities quires risk management and project life will include, for instance, de-commission- ble following their discovery and then cycle costs to be recognised and handled maximising recovery and economic return ing and, where appropriate, removing off- from these assets. This applies particularly from the outset. shore installations in accordance with the An exploration and production ven- to the increasing number of smaller, mar- guidelines and standards laid down by ginal fields under consideration for devel- ture can be divided into a number of suc- governments and international bodies such opment. cessive stages (Figure 4). At the initial as the International Maritime Organization (rMo). Advonces in technology planning stage, seismic surveys are carried out and analysed to determine whether, Multi-disciplinqry opprooch In the early L970s, an average of one and if so where, an exploratory well should in 10 exploration wells drilled found oil or At one time, these tasks were per- be drilled. If oil and gas are discovered, it gas. Today the figure is one in seven. formed by experts from the various disci- has to be determined whether development plines operating in separate departments. Nowadays, considerable information can is likely to be economically viable. To this be obtained about the subsurface as a result end, appraisalwells are drilled and further They were progressed in sequence, de- of advances inmanyareas of geochemistry, pending on the particular stage of the geophysics and petrophysics coupled with seismic surveys conducted to establish the enormous increases in computing power. estimated size of the reservoir, the likely project. Today, the trend is for companies production rates of wells and the number to establish multidisciplinary teams to in- A challenge through the rest of this tegrate the skills and technologies from a of development wells required. This in- wide range of disciplines. A prime objec- decade will be to identify strategies for formation is used at the field development tive is to ensure that production facilities stage to determine the most appropriate are better matched to the reservoir. The maximising the potential value of the dis- success of such teams depends on an inno- covered reserves whilst optimising the in- production facilities. Once these have been vative management approach and a will- vestment in carrying this out. The explorer, designed, constructed and installed, the ingness to adapt traditional working prac- the petroleum engineer and the production field is brought onstream and production tices such as the sequential execution of engineer must evaluate together the op- starts. During the production phase, re- activities. Since the mid-1980s, integrated tions for drilling and for designing, build- views of field performance may indicate ing and operating fit for purpose facilities that facilities should be enhanced or refur- studies of existing and new fields have that match the oil and gas reserves to be developed - revisiting this throughout the bished. demonstrated the importance of quantify- The venture must also make provi- field life. ing oil and gas accurately as early as possi- sion for the final stage - abandonment. This l l4 Brnrn Su:u., Jrnurnv tega

** +* ir: t! *.51f ;*-*€.e 3D seismic is the most important technological breakthrough in E&P in recent years Integroled bosin modelling lines of detectors. The result is a much development of smaller, marginal fields more accurate and detailed 3D picture of economically viable. The potential gains This technology is helping to under- underlying structures. from such reductions are significant. Fig- stand, and model on computers, the geo- ure 6, developed from a study of poten- logical and physical processes that deter- Today, seismic surveys are used from tially economic offshore oil discoveries, in- mine the generation, migration and en- the earliest stages of exploration through to trapment of oil and gas. mature production phases. Increasingly, dicates that a cost reduction of some 30% 3D rather than 2D seismic is used over a Structurol evoluotion - whole prospect before drilling since the could increase the volumes of economi- 3D seismic cost of a 3D seismic survey, though high, is far less than the cost of one well drilled in cally recoverable oil by some 50%. Once an accumulation pattern in a the wrong place. The new approaches being developed basin has been identified, the three-dimen- lntegroled reservoir by the industry are aimed at combining sional (3D) structure in which the oil and modelling cost-efficiency with improved environ- gas may be trapped must be defined. 3D mental and safety performances. These seismic is the most important technological The decision to develop a field, which include not only improvements in drilling, breakthrough in oil exploration and exploi- will invariably involve substantial invest- design, operations and metocean data ment and much more cost than that of a (Figure 5), but the whole process of field life tation in recent years. Its use, although discovery well, is often made on sparse cycle and project management. By inte- information. Thus, the best available meas- grating a wide range of skills from many costly, must therefore be optimised. urement methods and technology must be disciplines over the whole life of a project, Seismic surveys use waves to exam- used to arrive at a quantification that is as innovative solutions have been found to accurate as possible, while taking into ac- make upstream projects technically and ine the subsurface. Offshore, air guns are count the uncertainties that wili undoubt- used to generate sound waves which are economically viable, while enhancing safety reflected from the various rock strata below edly result. This consistent approach will and environmental performance. (See The the seabed. These reflections are picked up by detectors known as 'hydrophones' and provide the most viable foundation upon Global Citizen, p age 25). which to develop and operate the field and recorded digitally on tape. Groups of its facilities. Drilling technology hvdrophones are located in skeamers sev- The woy oheod Drilling effshore is more expensive eral kilometres long, which are tai-led behind than onshore (Figure 7). For instance, drill- a specially designed seismic survey vessel. Despite the cost savings achieved ing in the harsh environment of the North- following the 1986 oil price collapse, fur- ern North Sea can be five times as expensive A traditional 2D seismic survey is ther reductions are needed to make the as drilling a well (in comparable formations) on land in the Middle East. The deeper the shot along single lines to map supposedly water, the higher the drilling costs. The vertical slices of the subsurface. By con- impact of water depths differs between trast,3D seismic is shot in a closely spaced grid pattern using multiple sound sources exploration drilling ?with mobile drilling I and simultaneous recording by muitiple I5Benrrr SrrLL, JmurnY rcca

Fig; 5 Metoceqn dato from sotellite units) and production drilling (mainly optimal production conduit, can also re- submersible rigs, depending on water from fixed platforms). Drilling an explo- depth) can be used to drill production ration or appraisal well in 500 metres of duce the number of wells needed to wells (with well completion on the sea water can cbst some US$15 million: in bed and production pipelines led to a 1000 metres, costs can rise to US$20 mil- achieve optimum reservoir drainage. nearby facility) where the size and eco- lion or more. The main reasons for the nomics of the reservoir do not justify the Rig automation allows several labour-in- installation of a platform. cost increases are : tensive tasks such as pipe handling to be carried out automatically. For instance, Design proctices r increased daily rig tariff from spe- on the rig package being developed for Norske Shell's Troll platform, the rig floor Today's fixed platforms are lighter, cial requirements for drilling in deep willbe mannedby only one driller and an slimmer and simpler than the giant plat- assistant. (On a conventional rig, between forms built in the 1970s. There is scope for .water. five and seven peoplewould be needed to further simplification, for example of top- sides, which account for more than half of more frequent stoppages from bad carry out equivalent tasks). All pipe handling operations will be carried out the capital cost of a platform. Topside .weather costs can be reduced, for instance by from a specially designed control cabin. increased complexity of the opera- Removing personnel from the drill floor standardising designs and reducing spar- tion in greater water depth. means more cost-effective and potentially ing (duplication of equipment). Another safer operations. option is to examine alternatives to con- The increased costs of production ventional platform designs. Studies of a drilling ir-r deep waters are due to the Temporary (lightweight) topsides on purpose-built production jack-up unit, a larger platform required. Such costs can platforms can make production platforms concrete gravlty structure and a tripod be reduced by using the following means: lighter and cheaper than traditional plat- tower platform have shown that all three forms which include permanent inte- concepts are technically viable and could Horizontal drilling enables more forma- grated drilling facilities. For example, offer cost savings for applications in wa- tion to be exposed for production and Norske Shell's Draugen and Troll plat- ter depths around 100 metres. reduces reservoir problems such as asso- forms are designed so that the derrick set can be removed at the end of the drilling Greater use of subsea satellite tech- ciated gas and water production. It is and completion phase. nology instead ofbuilding a platform can reduce costs, especially where infrastruc- useful for thin and tight low permeability Tender assisted drilling also helps to ture already exists nearby which can be reservoirs. Fewer wells are needed to minimise the weight of the production used as a'host'platform. The capital costs achieve optimum reservoir production of constructing a subsea satellite 20 km than with conventional wells. platform by providing most drilling sup- from an existing platform are much lower port equipment on a floating, anchored, Extended reach drilling can reduce the ship-shaped tender in calm waters or an than the costs of constructing an addi- tional platform. However, in such an number of platforms required to develop anchored semi-submersible unit for instance, the long term technical integrity a field as a greater reservoir area can be of existing facilities, platforms and pipe- drained from one central platform. Hori- deeper water or harsher environments. zontal distances up to 7000 metres have been achieved. Mobile drilling units (jack-up or semi- Slim line well desig+ which involves cost-effective casing design around an 6I Brnrre SHILI, Jl{uenv tcsl

Fig.:6 Potentiol resoUre.es:frorn t reduetiotl$ ..,,.. ii Metoceon technology B1*[', To optimise safe and economic off- shore development, metocean data (me- ff* teorological and oceanographic data eg, winds, waves, currents) are essential at all fleconomc stages of offshore exploration and pro- duction- seismic exploration, drilling, en- 100 vironmental impact assessments, pro- C f] onsnore duction operations planning, right .o (E 80 !orsnore through to field abandonment (See Figure o) 5). For example, where metocean data oo_ have been used in planning 3D seismic operations in areas such as the Southern o) North Sea, tidal currents could be accu- rately predicted before starting the survey Ea 40 to minimise the time spent in re-shooting seismic lines - thus saving considerable 0) costs. x The design loads on offshore struc- c) tures and pipelines are determined by the @ 20 forces generated by extreme storms. In mature areas such as the North Sea, where E datasets of wind and wave parameters o have been collected over fairly long peri- o ods (some 15 years), extreme design pa- o6) co rameters - such as the '100 year wave (-) height' - can be determined relatively ac- curately. The same datasets can usually ,'#mm0) be used to determine prevailing wind and wave conditions when selecting drilling o- East America Alrica North Sea North Sea or hear,y lift vessels. This information is C(theinna dSeera China Sea (jack-up) (subsea critical both to structural integrity and to (jack-up) the safety of personnel on board. assisted completion) These metocean datasets will grow drilling) and be of increasing value to the oil indus- t,y as it moves into the deeper offshore Iines must be ensured, given that they tice operating methods and procedures is and rnore remote areas of the world. I may be in continued use beyond their in itself a signi{icant challenge. The in- creasing use of computer based control This article is an extract t'rom \"The Offshore original design life. and planning systems will assist in allow- Challenge\" , an information briet' published in ing this to happen. 1993 by Shell Group Public Affairs, SIPC, Operotions London. Project monogemenl Reduced manning is one of the key Benrre SxrrL, Jaruurnv :.99n 17 routes to lowering operational costs, whilst The key to success lies in using multi- reducing the level of risk. The main rea- disciplinary, integrated teams, open to son for manning is the high maintenance new technology rather than insisting on workload of current platforms. Simpler proven solutions and being prepared to designs, as discussed above, together with improved equipment and maintenance manage, not avoid, business risk. The planning, can reduce maintenance and therefore manning considerably. trend towards increased dependence on contractors means that the work of the But reduced manning alone will not various parties involved must be co- be sufficient to control operating costs. ordinated from the outset. This ensures, This part of thebusiness must also be well for instance, that fabrication and design managed. Matching hydrocarbon pro- can be more closely integrated, which in duction to targets ata minimum costwhilst turn reduces costs. maintaining full integrity and best-prac-

fltalaysian dance forms By Dominic Abraham Will there ever be o single Moloysion donce form? Must there be one if voriety be the spice of our culture? Dominic Abrohom interviews some key celebronts of donce in the country, Despite several attempts to 'fuse' dance form has yet to emerge. all. As artists, they see all dance forms the various elements of Malay, Chinese, Indian and other ethnic dance forms into Perhaps Malaysian dance will al- as universal expressions and extentions one national expression - a Malaysian ways remain rich, unique but diverse. To of individuals. They see harmony the dancers themselves, it matters least of in diversity. 8I Brnnr Srru, Jeruurnv rsqa

R^*rr\"RAHrM dance has soared to great heights leaving of an intensely personal need to celebrate his audience asking for more. His crea- life in a manner that is at once gratifying to Ramli Ibrahim, a contemporary dancer tive instincts, rigorous training and per- has walked the corridors of fame since his forming experience have been consist- both dancer and spectator. To Ramli, departure from The Sydney Dance Com- ently evolving since his very first show, \"GERHANA\" in 1983. dance is Dance. pany in 1982. The following year he A trained mechanical engineer, Whether it is a gravity-defying bal- formed Sutra (meaning silk), of which he let leap, the poetic sensuality of Odissi, or is the artistic director. A student of Indian Ramli is a dancer by choice; a choice born the mesmerising elegance of Bharata classical dance, Ramli learned Odissi and Bharata Natyam in India. In 1983, Ramli Natyam, Ramli seeks out and attempts to express in his work, a basic, or spiritual, gained national attention with his debut similarity beneath or beyond the specta- of Bharata Natyam and Odissi with a tour of major Malaysian towns including Sin- cle itself. gapore. \"When I dance, I am like a re- His vision is one that approaches ceptacle overflowing with rasa - like an incandescent firefly, glowing pure and the universal and it is because of this that bright. To me, this pure intense fire is the he finds the state of ambivalence truly exciting and essential. Ramli creates his most sacred. It's the time when I celebrate unique, yet contemporary styles out of his belief that all dance forms can thrive Iife with my total being,\" reveals Ramli. harmoniously under the same roof. Perhaps unsurprisingly, the intense fire and devotion are just as evident-whether A serious artist strives to extend Ramli is performing, instructing or sim- and receive his creativity to and back ply choreographing. Infacti{Ramli should be credited for his protean style both as a from the people. Though public response dancer and choreographer in dance tech- niques, it would be due to his mastery of may be arbitrary, SUTRA is expanding to the European ballet, modern dance, Rus- explore new horizons. Ramli's perform- sian ballet and Indian classical dance. ances in New York, London, Japan, Ma- WatchinghimmakesyouawarethatRamli dras,HongKongand Sydney have been memorable events - stirring enthusiasm is prolific in his art. A fusion of these and awareness. styles, Ramli's deep-rooted contemporary Ramli's November 1993 production \"was a collaboration of Malaysia's most artistic peopie\" bringing together a pot- pourri of music, theatre, drama, classical dance and contemporary dance. It was his Iatest celebration o{ harmony. Brnrrr SrrLl, JrruurnY rcqa I 9

UNNY ITOO are required - four girls and four boys. The females represent the river and the Like most lives that 'take off' and somehow males, the wind. The dressing, intensity get out of hand, Sunny Foo's story started of music and expressions may be reduced or enhanced depending on the local crowd on a simple note. After finishing school and location of performance. In a Chinese twenty five years ago, Sunny decided it classical dance, as opposed to other dance was opportune to don the costumes of his styles there's little touching, holding or favourite past thimeew-as Chinese classical caressing. Though this reveals a con- dance. When a small boY, his servative Chinese attitude, techniques and movements are executed with me- grandparents used to take him to watch ticulous precision. the first generation of Chinese dancers in Sad but true, a lack of Chinese dance this country. The lengthyleaps, the swirl- performances locally has probably led to dwindling interest in the dance form. But ing sashes and other bits of ceremonial masters like Sunny even replace the re- costumes added to the heady, magical petitive, monotonous Chinese classical music (and classical orchestra) with more mix of colour and drama. SunnY was fresh and lively contemporary dance hooked. music to revive interest. Usually, the more \"I decided from that moment on familiar Chinese musical instruments are that I would live to dance and maybe get turies old, this dance is widely performed used. throughout China especially during har- to see places. The past 17 years have \"In any dance form, I maY re-work been exciting,\" he says. According to vest time. \"Song of The River\" is in es- a dance using the basic techniques, infus- Sunny, Chinese dances in Malaysia are sence a celebration of life that goes on like a river, flowing continuously, bringing ing them with modern music to emanate significantly different from those of Chi- with it good and bad times and life's ups the different emotions,\" reveals Sunny. na's. This is due to vast differences in and downs. Amonghundreds of Chinese Relaxing at his apartment, SunnY their dialects, customs and traditions, po- classical dances, \"Song of The River\" has tells of the long hours he has spent at- tending dance workshops by some of Iitical scenarios, economic backgrounds, been adapted and flavoured with a China's finest choreographers visiting music and the cultural environment. Ad- Malaysian touch. Singapore. ditionally, Chinese classical dances and This may mean changes in the hand, \"Not many people have the inter- Chinese folk dances are governed Ieg and body movements. However, the est to devote time, funds and effort to largely by the lifestyles of the Chinese fundamental dance techniques remain. keeping Chinese classical dance alive in For \"Song of The River\", eight performers people. Malaysia,\" added Sunny regretfully. A self-styled dancer, Sunny prefers the charismatic movement of classical dances such as \"Song of The River.\" Cen- 20 Brnrr Sxrtr, Jrrurnv tqqa

ZANIN E,ZANE, aces of the sultan, the territorial chiefs hanging gongs (tawak-tawak),\" recounts of Kelantan and in the old kingdom of AHMAD Azanin. Patani,\" says Azanin. It was presented The spike fiddle, the key instru- Malay dance is said to have further four or five nights a week in a ruler's ment in spirit-raising and healing cer- evolved, taking on new forms after the audience hall. two world wars, with local languages, emonies, dominates the Mak Yong. The dialects, customs and traditions playing a Once a Mak Yong performance be- spike fiddle player leads the orchestra major role in its formation. Peter Floris, an English historian and traveller (who gan, it continued until the ruler indicated singers and dancers. arrived atPatani and met its Princess there in1612) wrote that Malay dances were an that he wished to retire. Each play starts with a 20-minute integral partof the royal court with theatre solo, sung by the leading actress and MakYong actresses and comedians (and music) as regularly features. backed by the voices of the entire cast. who performed at the palace lived in \"'ldhat you communicate through The actresses perform an elaborate your dance is an indication of the kind of rooms provided by the ruler. person you are.\" This is especially true in sequence of movements of the fingers the case of AzaninEzane Ahmad, who in The performers were at times given 1978 founded the Suasana Cultural Cen- and arms, and later the body, while they tre. Cradled in the \"kain tenun\" ancestral royal rice fields to cultivate. The most sing. tradition, it was Azanin's great-grand- beautiful and talented Mak Yong actresses No stage props are used other than mother, Opah Wan Som who instilled in were received into the household of the that made from seven strips of split bam- her a steady rhythm that is the heart-beat boo, carriedby the prince and used tobeat of dance. Opah Nengah, her paternal ruler. the comedians. A wooden machete is grandmother repeated stories of odd rath\"er\"Tshloewpa. cTehoef a Mak Yong play is Mak Yong, or main used by one of the comedians to strike his kingdoms while Opah Intan inspired the child's imagination. actress, develops the story, usually partner. Culturally schooled by her great- about princes and princesses, handed Each leading part in Mak Yong plays grandmother and grandmother, it is un- down to generations by word of mouth. is given a special name and a set of cos- derstandable why Azanin should immerse tumes, regardless of the story being per- The drama is backed by an orchestra herself so totally inmusic, song and dance; consisting of a spike fiddle (rebab), formed. The four main roles are that of the and legends and history. A fear of the two double-headed barrel-drums Malay arts disappearing altogether in- ans) and a pair of deep-rimmed Pak Yong or Pak Yong Tua (the ruler), Pak Yong Muda (the prince), Mak Yong (the spired this resolute lady to set up a reposi- ruler's consort) and Puteri Mak Yong (the tory to maintain ancient traditions such as the Mak Yong. princess). The comedians are known as Peran Mak Yong is a combination of ro- mantic drama, dance movements, oper- and the senior comedian as Peran Tua. atic singing and broad comedy. Today, only twelve Mak Yong perform- ances remain as most havebeenforgotten, \"In the 1800's the Mak Yong was popular court entertainment at the pal- says Azanin. It is unlikely that Mak Yong as an ancient Malay dance form would lose its charm or magic as Malaysians become more aware of the importance of preserv- ing traditional arts and performances - as Iong as dance celebrants such as Azanin dedicate their lives to nurturing the young in these dance forms. Brnrr Suru, Jrruurnv tppl 2 I

RI GANE,SAN tation. Ganesan should know. He claims to have experienced \"a feeling of joy , a sense of Bharata Natyam, probably has more practitioners and followers than any other Indian classical dance in Malaysia' And for a good elevation to paradise and peace within.\" While the rewards of this dance is clearly evident, Ganesan stresses that the spirit of reason too. \"It is used both as a vehicle of worship and as an expression of man's most profound emotions : his most subtle dance is inborn and cannot be encouraged or forced' state of mind,\" says Sri Ganesan who studied Bharata Natyam in \"Study the important ragas such as Bhairavi, Kalyani and India. Kambodhiandensuredevotionandyou'llseemarvellousresults,\" Originally from the state of Tamil Nadu in South India reveals Ganesan. centering around Tanjore and Kanchipuram, Bharata Natyam Classical Indian dance is, to some extent, enjoying a revival inspired Ganesan who had gone to Madras to take up profes- sional studies. Arriving thereintgTg,he soon enrolled for dance and is gaining support from enthusiastic parents, generous Pa- classes instead. Returning in 1988 he began teaching and now has trons and corporate sponsors. 100 students. Ganesan's credentials including his winning of the 1985/86 BestMale Dancer in India easily displays the characteristics of this intellectual dancer. One who attributes his dance profession to the celestial powers, Ganesan says that Baharata Natyam is a dedication to the gods and for the gods by their people. In Bharata Natyam, its beauty and grace are secondary to the theme which is principal in every dance. Thus, each move- ment, be it the hand, leg, body or eyes actually conveys different meanings, whether jocular or serious, understood by only the initiated. Traditionally, Bharata Natyam is performed by women as a solo item. A complete performance includes six stages known as Alarippu, Jatiswaram, Sabdam, Varnam, Padam and Thillana. These combine the elements of Nritta or pure dance and Nritya or expressive dance. The Nritta comprises Adavus or basic dance units. Each Adavu consists of three elements : a basic standing position (sthanaka), movements of the legs and feet (chari), and decorative hand gestures (uritta hastas). Timing for Bharata Natyam is based on beats of equal length known as Jatis, the five most common ones being Tisram (3 beats), Chatswa (4 beats), Khanda (5 beats), Misram (7 beats) and Sankirna (9 beats). With such a combination of beats and 2000 year-old dance steps, it is no surprise that an observer may be left in a magnanimous state of mind, body and soul during a presen- 22 Brnrrr Snru., Jrttumv tqqa

'frty iltfrilt First MDS product safety of Shell's bulk lorry ies took 11 out of 16 awards vince the FDA that the drivers, re{inery staff and in this year's Environmental shipment others who are the prime plant meets stringent envi- Management & Research -1000 tonnes of synthetic die- users of this junction Association of Malaysia ronmental and quality sel made historywhen itleft prompted the company's (ENSEARCH) Better Envi- standards. The GMP manual Bintulu on the \"Meridien ronment Awards Competi- now constitutes an impor- decision to sponsor the traffic tion. Sun\" on23Septemberbound light construction. tant part of the Shell In a ceremony held in for its first customer in The refinery and October 1993, Shell refiner- MDS quality management Lutong. Shell MDS's maiden Shell's marketing arm, Shell ies in Lutong and Port system. Malaysia Trading Sdn Bhd shipment marked the suc- (SMTSB) jointly contrjbuted Dickson both received the Shell research labora- cessful start up of the unique the amount while the gov- excellence awards in the re- finery category, while four tories in Amsterdam also technologv. ernment will undertake the The diesel willbe used Shell depots in Pasir thoroughly tested samples remaining RM100,000. as a blending component for Work is expected to be Gudang, Tawau, Sandakan for oil content, ultraviolet making high quality diesel and Labuan won excellence completed before the end of absorptivity, for the presence {uel for sale in Sabah and awards in the depot category the year and ivill include for the petroleum industry. of polynuclear aromatics Sarawak markets. The Shell improvements to the current Certificates of merit and heavy metals which are MDS process converts road conditions such as the were wonby the Bagan Luar, of concern. natural gas into oil products installation of lights around Batu Undan, Kuching, Sibu the junction. and Sapangar Bay installa- None of these could be which can be used as trans- Stote oword for tions, while certificates of detected. Once the commer- port fuels like diesel and Sorowok Shell participation were received cial product is available, kerosene and other products THE inaugural Sarawak similar FDA approval Chief Minister's Award by the Ipoh, Tanjung Gelang, will be sought for three such as waxes. Some100 for Excellence in Manage- rnillion standard cubic feet Lahad Datu and Bintulu other grades of Shell MDS of gas per day will be con- ment 1992 was conferred on depots. waxes. verted to some 500,000 Sarawak Shell Berhad/ The annual competi- Sabah Shell Petroleum Shell pledges RM2 tonnes per year of synthetic tion held in conjunction with Company (SSB/SSPC) the National Environmental million for UNIMAS oil products. 80% of the by Chief Minister YAB Week, honoured industrial SHELL Malaysia has products are for export to worksites with the cleanest Datuk Patinggi Tan Sri Hj and best maintained work pledged RM2 million to the Japan, the US and Europe. Abd Taib Mahmud in late environment. August,1993. Universiti Malaysia Sarawak Shell MDS middle Shell MDS woxes Shell received the (UNIMAS) for engineering distillates are high quality, FDA-opproved research. Chairman Datuk prestigious distinction in the A year's hard work by a environmentally clean Chris Knight announced category of large companies. number of people through- products which are free of the company's contribution In his acceptance speech, out the Shell organisation at the laying of the founda- sulphur and aromatics. They worldwide paid off with the Managing Director Datuk tion stone of the nation's also have very good com- Brian Anderson, attributed recent approval by the bustion properties. Shell the award-winning effort to eighth university at MDS is a joint venture be- the teamwork of the compa- United States Food & Drug tween Shell Gas BV, Dia- ny's 3,000 over employees Administration (FDA) for Samarahan near Kuching on who helped make the Hu- the use of two Shell MDS mond Gas of Mitsubishi, (Malaysia) Sdn Bhd waxes 31 August, man Resource Strategy in food application. PETRONAS and the The ceremony was at- (HRS) a success. These waxes have ap- Sarawak government. tended by the Prime The company's HRS proval to be used as coatings PD refinery sponsors which was adopted in 1991 in indirect food applications Minister YAB Datuk Seri has proven an important troffic light basis for achieving excel- such as fruit boxes, burger Dr Mahathir Mohamad and lence in management with SHELL Refining Company its focus around building r.r,raps and paper cups. (Shell the Chief Minister of and nurturing a creative, Sarawak, YAB Datuk (FOM) Berhad donated MDS had entered into de- RM250,000 towards the ef f ective and ef f icient tailed negotiations with Shell Patinggi Tan Sri Hj Abd Taib Oil Company (SOC) for dis- construction of a RM350,000 r,r'orkforce. tribution of its waxes in the Mahmud. traffic light in the town of Shell sweeps envi- USA in 7992). Shell Oil The setting up of Port Dickson. The cheque UNIMAS was seen as ronmentol owords helped Shell MDS draft a was presented to the Menteri Good Manufacturing Prac- timely as the state was in SHELL depots and refiner- tice (GMP) manual to con- urgent need of science and Besar of Negeri Sembilan, technological expertise to YAB Tan Sri Dato'Mohd Isa fully utilise its natural re- Dato'HjAbd Samad. SOUICES. The traffic light will The State Government be located at the junction of will set up two chairs - the Jalan Pantai, at the entrance Tun Openg Chair and the to the SheII refinery. Traffic Tun Zaidi Chair at on this stretch of road is heavy and concern for the RM2.5 million each for R & D on sago cultivation and herbal/plant medicine respectively. $ Bsnrrl SHTLL, JrHurnv tgct23

wnfrtfr tt frfrftf PHILIPPINES in the past 20 years. Mars has Shell petrol375 times The new plastic is known an estimated ultimate recovery cleoner \"Steword of the Foresl\" in excess of 700 million barrels A new test has provided the as High Modulus Oriented owqrd of oil and gas equivalent. Shell Thermoplastic (HMOTP). IN late September, Shell Gas has a 71.5Vo interest while BP most powerfu I evidence yet that HMOTP's special properties quality petrol containing de- also make it suitable for other Eastern Inc. announced the Exploration holds 28.5%. tergent keeps engines cleaner search for model communities The first discovery well and helps them run better. This applications on the road, in the involved in forestry manage- sets the record straight to su- ment, regeneration and con- was drilled in 1989. Production permarket claims that there is home and in industry from will begin inlate1996, with an no proof that detergent in pet- tough panels to fabric sacks, servation in the Philippines. rol works. from vehicle components to expected daily peak rate of The awards, some Conducted forTheTimes steel and aluminium substitutes about 100,000 barrels of oil and for the aerospace industry. US$10,000, will financially assist 110 million cubic feet of natural by the leading automotive HMOTP is lighter, the forestry management efforts gas. Some $1.2 billion will be laboratory, half an Opel engine of deserving communities' ex- spent on first-phase develop- stronger, less expensive, free emplary stewardship over for- ment designed for an ultimate was fuelled with Shell Ad- from corrosion and completely est lands assigned to them un- recovery of some 500 million der the government's Commu- vanced Petrol containing de- recyclable. nity Forest Programme. barrels. tergent, and half with a leading Thedevelopmentof Mars supermarket's base fuel. At the PUBLICATIONS The yardstick used to end of the test, there was 1.5 Automotive trqnsoort determine the winners will be is a significant step for the in- milligrams of carbon on Shell's the communities' achievement dustry. Shell has designed a valves compared to 563 milli- oplions for developing in reviving and protectingtheir development plan that works couniries forest 1ands. Other factors in- within today's tough economic grams of carbon on the super- clude the group/s ability to de- environment and meets the MANY developing countries velop a system that will ensure technical challenges posed by market's - a build-up of 375 financial sustainability of the the deep water. Installation of face acute air quality problems, schemes; and howwell theyare the permanent platform will be times as much carbon deposit. able to replant new trees and Shell was the first retailer especially in rapidly growing protect old-growth areas. at a record water depth of 2,933 cities, and transportation is a in the UK to introduce detergent AUSTRALIA feet. to all its grades of fuel. (About significant contributor to these lnlernolionol sofety 40V of fuel sold in the UK does oword UK problems. not contain detergent.) The THE Shell refinery in Geelong New-generotion detergent effect of Shell fuels These environmental has become the first Australian unmqnned plotform company to receive the Con- SHELL and Esso will install a includes an av erageZ-3%better challenges faced by developing cerned Company / Corporation countries can only be tackled Award from the World Safety new generation of innovative fuel economy, a quicker re- by a concerted strategy which Organisation. unmanned North Sea platf orms gives priority to options which by 1,997. Known as limited ac- sponse in acceleration and a re- give maximum benefit at mini- The awardwaspresented cess wellhead (LAW), the new mum cost. In the transportation platform concept was devel- duction in carbon monoxide sector, priority should therefore to the refinery for the overall oped by Shell engineers and will be given to vehicle inspection safety performance of the re- be an important contribution in emissions of up to 13Vo plus a and maintenance programmes, finery and for the safety record the drive to ensure that North and to transportation planning during construction and start- reduction in maintenance costs. and traffic management. Sea Oil and gas production up of the Aus$600 residue continues well into the 21st In response to concern As soon as practicable, catalytic cracking unit and about carbon build up in en- improved vehicle technology century. central control room in 1992. gines, 22 motor manufacturers such as more efficient engines The LAW platform will Only six awards are make possible the economic now recommend the use of and exhaust catalysts should be development of small oil and quality fuel containing deter- made each year'worldwide to introduced, together with the gas finds and drain reservoirs gent. corporations with excellent which wouldbeuneconomic to unleaded gasoline which these safety programmes, safety New plostic slops systems require. The cost and records and environmental develop in isolation. benefits of the programmes of bullets today in the developed world practices. TheWorld Safety Or- LAW is the result of a should be evaluated carefully ganisation is a worldwide, non- SHELL has developed a new profitbodybased in the US and radical re-think of conventional plastic tough enough to stop before being considered as op- with members in 150 countries. wellhead platform principles bullets fired from a .M Mag- It has associations with the In- and applies the technique of num handgun. This techno- tions, since the effects of fuel ternational Labour Organisa- logical breakthrough has ena- reformulation on emissions are tion and the World Health Or- zero-based engineering - ie. the only just beginning to be un- ganisation. bled basic polypropylene to be platform will contain only es- derstood. USA sential facilities and will be a processed into a completely The developed world has new material that is of a very Oilond gos develop- remotely controlled (and moni- high tensile strength with ex- a role to play by providing in- ceptional resistance to impact formation on strategies which ment in Mors tored) satellite of an existing or bursting - yet costs a third of have proved successful and the price of existing ballistic- which could be adapted to less SHELL Oil Company plans to platform. developed economies, and by develop Mars - its largest Gulf resistant materials. providing personnel and train- of Mexico oil and gas discovery LAW will bring dra- The first commercial use ing of local staff to assist with the implementation of control matic savings in operating and of the new plastic is under the maintenance costs and a reduc- strategies. trade name Armordon - as This paper by the Interna- tion in safety risks. Existing Iightweight anti-ballistic bandit tional Petroleum Industry Enai- unmanned platforms are main- r onment al Cons era at ion Asso cia- tenance-visited thrice a week. protection screens for shops and A LAW platform has a target of Ition (IPIECA), is aaailable from filling stations. Shellis also in- one maintenance visit a year. stalling Armordon on some of SIPC,London - SMDFl14l15. its own service stations as part of a security strategy against bandit attacks. 24 Bsnrra Srru., Jrnuenv tqsa

fittfrtnfrilEtItffil Heolth,Sofefyondthe . Sofely monogemenl operation would have entailed . gas produced in association Environment Successful safety manage- many helicopter flights by produc- with oil tion and maintenance staff on regu- Offshore operations must ment requires commitment from lar visits to the platform. . water produced with oil take account of the presence of an top management and the creation . chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) unusual combination of risks and of a corporate atmosphere in which Safety related research ac- hazards. safety is regarded by everyone in tivities underline the industry's from fire protection and ihe company and its contractors as commitment to high standards of refrigeration systems. These are largely a result of being of paramount importance. safety. For instance, in the UXi a the concentration of a number of One of the key recommendations of joint industry project is being con- Considerable efforts are be- activities usually kept apart, ex- the Cullen report is the establish- ducted on fire and explosion engi- ing made to reduce flaring of gas treme environmental conditions neering for topside structures. The found associated with oil. The best and remote location. An offshore ment of a system to measure hazards aim of the first phase of the project, solution is to find a market for the production platform is, in effect, an gas - either a domestic market for artificial island with major con- and manage safety for each instal- now completed, was to collect, straints on weight and space. Liv- lation. Such a safety management pipeline gas or an overseas market ing quarters for the work force, high system (SMS) sets out safety objec- evaluate and disseminate informa- pressure systems, quantities of po- tion on blast and {ire loads and to which the gas can be shipped as tentially explosive and flammable tives, how these objectives are to be resistance so that accidents like Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG). In material, large equipment - for in- achieved,.the performance stand- Piper Alpha might be avoided in the fufure, markets may develop ards to be met and the monitoring the future. Shell companies have for gas which has been converted stance, electricity generation required to ensure such standards participated, together with British into liquid products by new proc- equipment sufficient to power a are maintained. The system covers Gas and the Steel Construction In- both design and operation. stitute. This project demonstrates esses such as Shell Middle Distiilate small town - all share the same con- that there should be no secrets in Synthesis (SMDS). fined space. SMS starts from the premise safety. Phase II, which will include that safety is a state or condition Offshore, the water pro- Workers can be exposed to achieved by sound management of Iarge scalefireand explosiontesting, duced with oil is generally treated physicai hazards such as noise, the hazards of the business. There was proposed to industry in Febru- and discharged into the sea. New chemicals and strenuous work as are four essential steps, which re- ary 1,993. Shell companies are ac- methods are being developed to well as to adverse weather condi- tively involved in the planning and tions. quire answers to the following improve the efficiency of this direction of the project. treatment. In the longer term, it Companies have a responsi- questions: bilityto protecttheirmostimportant The environmenl may be possible to iimit the amount o Identification - VVhat could of water brought to the surface in asset - their staff. The health and The right balance between the first place. safety of both employees and con- go wrong? !\\trhat is the root cause? the need for energy - which fuels tractors are therefore of prime economic growth - and the need to . Alternative fire protection . Assessment - How serious protect the environment is always a concern. systems and cooiants for refrigera- would it be? How probable is it? matter of judgement. Nevertheless, Heolth there is growing recognition in the tion plants are now available, ena- . Control - Is there a better oil and gas industry that the envi- bling CFCs to be phased out from In view of the remoteness way? How can it be prevented? ronmental impact of operations existing facilities. and risks, offshore platforms must . Recovery - How can the must be minimised and that envi- r Environmenlol be provided with emergency ronmental values mustbe incorpo- consequences be limited? How to rated into business decisions. plonning medical facilities such as first aid recover? equipment as well as emergency Managing the environment The environmental impact response systems and evacuation By law, a safety case must be goes beyond the stages of awareness of activities can be minimised by procedures. However, the focus on drawn up for each new and existing of the issues and arrangements for good environmental planning. For health goes beyond clinical care to installation in UK waters. Shell has cleaning up following accidents. It example, information gathered on embrace a range of occupational extended this requirement to all its involves active management of en- shipping lanes, fishing areas, fish health issues. A successful occu- critical exploration and production vironmental issues as an integral and other marine life and breeding pational health programme protects operations and installations world- seasons can help to ideniify opti- the health of workers from health part of the business. For each mum siting and timing of a marine wide. A safety case sets specific seismic survey. hazards associated with their project, an envfuonmental strategy working environment and also safety goals and then demonstrates is devised which extends over the . Hondlingemergencies that these are met. whole iifetime of the project from promotes their general health. discovery to abandonment. First, In addition to ensuring that . Design ond operolions an environmental impact assess- Sofety ment (EIA) is conducted to gain an operations are conducted with Many of the technical devel- understanding of the existing en- The risks associated with vironment and identify any envi- minimal environmental impact, working offshore were tragically opments aimed at cost reduction ronmental sensitivities. Thisinfor- demonskated by the destruction of described in the next section also mation is used to design infrastruc- environmental management also the Piper Alpha platform in the resuit in safer designs and opera- ture and operating procedures to tions. Drilling, forinstance, involves have a minimum impact on the involves establishing procedures to North Sea in July 1988 which environment. Increasingly, EIAs heavy equipment in remote, are broadening in scope to include prevent accidental discharges and claimed 767 lives. The findings of social, technicaI and economic con- the ensuring public bnquiry,led by cramped locations. Rig automa- siderations. Once operations have to control them if they do occur. Lord Cullen, were published in a tion can be an important contribu- started, regular environmental au- report two years later. The report is tor to improved drilling safety. dits - critical examinations of the Managers need to ensure that op- a landmark study into offshore site and its operations - are carried safety practices and its recommen- With simpler platforms out to ensure that standards are erating and maintenance proce- dations have influenced attitudes being maintained. to safety not only in the UK but which have fewer and less complex dures and staff training are appro- worldwide. Many of the report's pieces of equipment, the likelihood . Reducing dischorges recommendations for minimising priate. In the design of new facili- risk offshore related to: of human error in operation and An important target of envi- maintenance is reduced. Greater ties, the probability of failures and . improved safety use of subsea technology, ronmentalmanagement is to reduce their possible consequences should management unmanned platforms or platforms discharges, effl uents and emissions be assessed systematically. Emer- . better designs and with smaller crews reduce the which occur during offshore activi ties. These include: gency response plans should be operating practices. number of people exposed to the risks of the offshore. tested by means of regular exer- Quantitative risk assessment cises. In the case of a major oii spill, (QRA) is a tool used to assess the potential safety hazards of a new oil companies can call on specialist project. QRA studies can lead to oil spill response organisations surprising results. For example, one study on a new offshore plat- which have stocks of equipment form which was to have been and trained staff immediately unmanned- and so presumed'safe1 available. I - concluded that a small permanent crew was a safer option. Unmanned (Extracted from \"The affshore Chal- lenge\", an information brief from the Shell Briefing Seroice published by Group Public Aft'airs SIPC, London.) Brnm Snru, Jrr{urny @425

fndurstri Minyak & Gas MalerSrsue- pelbagat isu & cabaran Dotuk C J Knight, pengerusi don ketuo eksekutif, Syorikot- syorikot Shell di Moloysio memberikon pondongon menyeluruh industri podo dekod ini, Ucopon ini teloh disompoikon di dolom persidongon bertojuk \"Moloysio - Powerhouse of the 90's\", onjuron lnternotionol Herold Tribune di Kuolo Lumpur November tohun lepos. Pengenolon Dqtuk C J Knight Kemantapan dan pertumbuhan Malaysia mungkin menjadi pengimport pesat ekonomi Malaysia tidak perlu saya bersih minyak menjelang awal kurun akan perkatakan selanjutnya, tetapi apa yang datang. ingin saya tekankan ialah pertumbuhan Kebanyakan hidrokarbon yang itu didorong oleh kadar pertumbuhan tinggaladalahdalambentukgas. Memang terdapat banyak gas yang telah ditemui bekalan tenaga yang lebih tinggi, iaitu 9.8% setahun, dalam tempoh lima tahun dan boleh ditemui, tetapi pem- yang lalu (1,988-1992). Secara khusus, sektor minyak dan gas juga menjadi bangunannya memerlukan infrastruktur penyumbang utama kepada pendapatan yang sungguh mahal dan bekalannya kerajaan, dengan sumbangan 29% pada sukar dihantar ke pasaran yang jauh. Untuk menggunakan sepenuhnya potensi tahun 1992. Maka itu, adalah tidak simpanan minyak dan gas di Malaysia, pelaburan yang besar dan teknologi yang memeranjatkan jika industri minyak dan inovatif diperlukan. gas telah, dan akan tetap, menjadi industri yang menarik pelabur lama dan baru. Secara khusus, sektor hiliran industri ini amat menarik. Permintaan Namun demikian, pembangunan sumber-sumber hidrokarbon negara bagi barangan yang lebih canggih dan secara berterusan tidak semudah yang disangkakan. Ia merupakan cabaran hebat kepada kerajaan dan industri. Dalam ceramah saya pada hari ini, saya akan memperkatakan tentang pandangan Shell mengenai pelbagai isu penting, termasuk isu-isu teknikal, kewangan dan fiskal, dan bagaimana menanganinya. Lolor belokong Izinkan saya memberi sedikit latar belakang. Malaysia menghadapi hakikat kejatuhan teruk harga minyak, manakala telaga baru semakin kecil dan selalunya dijumpai di perairan lebih dalam. Dari segi ekonomi dan teknik, telaga-telaga baru semakin sukar diusahakan kerana kos keseluruhan dan setiap unit semakin tinggi. Jika sumber-sumber negara ini tidak ditambah dan dimajukan segera/ 26 BrnrnSneLL, J*ruanv tssa

Brnrr Sxru, Jrrueny :pga 27

tidak mencemarkan alam sekitar semakin Sambil Malaysia bergerak ke arah zaman gas asli, Shell mengiring langkah dengan kemaiuan teknologinya dalam pengeluaran, kemajuan, pengangkutan dan pemasaran gas. meningkat dan persaingan di antara Wawasan 2020 bukan hanya satu lsu - Sumber Monusio pelbagai pihak yang terlibat semakin sengit. Untuk memenuhi permintaan ini impian. Ia disokong oleh pelbagai strategi Izinkan saya menceritakan juga memerlukan pelaburan yang besar dalam kilang dan infrastruktur. Dan ini dan rancangan. Shell kagum dengan cara pengalaman kami sewaktu menubuh dan juga merupakan prospek yang mencabar yang membina kerajaan mengadakan memulakan operasi kilang Shell MDS dialog dengan industri bagi merangka berharga RM2 juta di Bintulu, Sarawak, memandangkan kos meningkat dan harga rancangan-rancangan tersebut. Malah, sebagai contoh mutu sumber manusia tidak berubah. yang lebih penting lagi, ialah bagaimana yang boleh didapati di Malaysia. Ia menyakinkan saya bahawa kita boleh lsu-isu moso depon don romuon rancangan-rancangan itu berjaya mengharapkan peningkatan daya kejoyoon disampaikan kepada rakyat. Boleh pengeluaran yang berterusan untuk Tokoh-tokoh pemasaran biasanya jangka masa yang panjang. Pada mulanya suka menggunakan istilah perang, dan dikatakan setiap rakyat Malaysia yang kita temui, dari segenap lapisan hidup, kami khuatir kerana tidak pasti sama ada walaupun ini mungkin keterlaluan, mengetahui tentang Wawasan 2020 dan kami boleh mendapat orang-orang yang \"pertarungan berterusan\" mungkin boleh apa yang dimaksudkan. Saya percaya/ disebut sebagai salah satu syarat untuk sikap pragmatik dan terbuka ini banyak layak untuk mengendali dan menguruskan loji serba baru, mencapai kejayaan di Malaysia. Shell membantu memastikan cabaran-cabaran telah berada di sini selama lebih seratus menggunakan teknologi baru, di kawasan tahun. Secara lebih tepat, 102 tahun. industri dan Wawasan 2020 berjaya yang agak jauh terpencil di Malaysia. Bukan kerana kami boleh meramalkan ditangani. bahawa Malaysia akan mencapai kejayaan Di tempat loji itu didirikan/ orang- ekonomi sebagaimana hari ini, (dan ada Saya telah menyebut tentang juga masa susah sepanjang tempoh itu) orang yang berpengalaman memang tetapi memang menjadi amalan kami cabaran dalam usaha membangunkan sumber hidrokarbon disebabkan kos unit sukar didapati. Tetapi kami mengambil untuk membuat komitmen jangka yang meningkat dan kejatuhan harga panjang apabila kami yakin ia minyak. Dari saat pelabur memulakan sebahagian besar pekerja kami daripada perniagaan untuk mencari keuntungan, menguntungkan - sebagaimana yang jelas rakyat Sarawak sendiri yang pada terjadi di Malaysia. kerajaan dan PETRONAS telah umumnya tidak berpengalaman. Isu - Pondongon Jongko Poniong memperlihatkan hasrat mereka untuk memastikan pembangunan yang perlu Kebanyakannya baru tamat sekolah. Kami Pada pendapat saya, pandangan dilaksanakan. Ini dapat dilihat dengan panjang adalah faktor paling penting bagi jelas sejak tahrn L976 melalui pindaan- menghantar mereka untuk menjalani bakal-bakal pelabur asing dalam pindaan PSC dan syarat-syarat berkaitan, latihan intensif secara rasmi dan di tempat perniagaan ini. Kalau kita ilgin berjaya untuk memastikan ia menyediakan iklim di sesebuah negara baru, kita mesti kerja, di kolej tempatan dan juga di yang sesuai untuk pelaburan. bersedia untuk mengambil pandangan pelbagai kilang penapis minyak Shell dan jangka panjang dan membuat komitmen. Saya ingin mengambil kesempatan kilang LNG di rantau ini. Seramai 220 Dalam pelbagai cara, ini sebenarnya ini untuk mengucapkan tahniah kepada Menteri Kewangan kerana menangani orang telah menjalani sejumlah 400,000 bermakna kita terpaksa membuktikan masalah-masalah ini dalam belanjawan jam latihan dan telah membuktikan keyakinan kita dengan melaburkan wang. yang lalu. Bagaimanapun, terpulang keupayaan mereka untuk menyesuaikan Sebagai contoh, sejak Kontrak kepada kita yang terlibat dalam industri kebolehan mereka dengan teknologi ini, iaitu syarikat-syarikat minyak dan Perkongsian Pengeluaran (PSC) yang syarikat-syarikat perkhidmatan, untuk tinggi. Loji itu kini sudah separuh pertama ditandatangani pa da tahun 1.97 6, Shell melabur sejumlah RM30.7bilion atau mengurangkankos dengan meningkatkan beroperasi dan sedang bersiap sedia untuk AS$12 bilion (diramalkan sehingga tahun 1,997) dalam perkongsian teknologi baru daya pengeluaran pekerja dan dilancarkan. dan kepakaran dengan negara ini, seperti perusahaan Gas Asli Cecair (LNG) dan menggunakan teknologi baru yang Kempen pengurusan mutu dan kilang baru 'Shell Middle Distillate Syn- jaminan mutu antarabangsa mendapat thesis' (ringkasnya Shell MDS). terbaik sekali. sokongan penuh. Kakitangan semua syarikat Shell, dari loji-loji penapis dan Komitmen merangkumi pelbagai pengadun minyak pelincir, hingga pembangunan kegunaan barangan, aspek. Ia meliputi aset ketara, makmal kimia dan penapisan, hingga pembangunan sumber manusia, dan tanggungjawab sosial kepada masyarakat. Kebanyakan negara tuan rumah akan menilai pelabur asing dari segi komitmen mereka untuk benar-benar menambah nilai dalam pembangunan sumber- sumber tempatan, atau kemungkinan mereka sekadar mencari keuntungan segera. Malaysia tidak terkecuali. Di samping ifu, berasaskan pengalaman saya, negara ini agak unik kerana ia mempunyai wawasan masa depan yang bukan sahaja jelas dan menetapkan arah tujuannya, tetapi juga menunjukkan bagaimana cara untuk sampai ke sana dan apakah peranan yang patut dimainkan oleh pelabur asing dalam perjalanan itu. 28 Brnrn SHnr, Jrruumv r99a

depoh dan bahagian Teknologi dal memerlukan di antara 100 dan 150 Kakitangan di semua syarikat-syarikat Shell telah menyambut baik pengurusan kualiti Maklumat, menyahut cabaran untuk juta tong, bergantung kepada jarak dan antarabangsa dan kempen pengurusaan dan pemastian kualiti. berusaha mendapatkan sijil ISO 9000 dan infrastruktur yang ada. SAMM (Sekim Akreditasi Makmal Ma- Bsnrrr Ss*1, Jnruurnv Bca29 laysia). Setakat ini, Shell telah menerima Untuk menggantikan pengeluaran 27 sljll seperti itu. Malah, sijil yang tahunan negara sebanyak kira-kira 230 diterima oleh Bahagian Teknologi juta tong menerusi penemuan baru atau tambahan simpanan di teiaga yang ada Maklumat kami adalah yang pertama sepertinya di ASEAN. Ini membuktikan adalahsafu tugasbesar,yangmemerlukan keupayaan dan kesediaan tenaga kerja program carigali berterusan dan insentif tempatan unfu k menerima perubahan dan meningkatkan kemahiran mereka. ekonomi untuk menggalakkan lsu - Kos kontraktor melabur. Seperti yang saya katakan tadi, Kos mungkin merupakan isu yang belanjawan yang dibentangkan baru-baru lebih rumit. Dalam perniagaan hiliran, ini menekankan kesediaan kerajaan untuk kami menghadapi kenaikan dramatik kos menangani masalah secara fiskal. Shell telah melancarkan usaha besar-besaran fabrikasi, pemasangan dan lain-lain untuk mengawal kos menerusi teknik- perkhidmatan sokongan yang penting, di teknik pembangunan biasa yang antara 30 dan 45 peratus dalam tempoh mencabar dan penggunaan teknologi baru empat tahun yang lalu. Pulang modal simpanan adalah jauh lebih tinggi untuk mengurangkan kos. Dalam sekarang berbanding lima tahun dahulu. perniagaan hiliran kami, usaha sedang Kini, untuk mendapatkan pulangan mo- dijaiankan untuk mengurangkan kos pembangunan dengan penggunaan satelit atau teknologi yang dinamakan 'Mini- )

mum Invention'. Ini bertujuan untuk untuk membantu kami meningkatkan : kecekapan dan mengurangkan kos. =\"* membangunkan telaga yang biasanya Syarikat-syarikat antarabangsa yang tidak dikendalikan manusia dan dijangka mencapai keuntungan melebihi RM500 dapat melakukannya secara usahasama juta dalam tempoh 10 tahunakan datang. dengan pengusaha tempatan adalah sangat dialu-alukan. Satu lagi cabaran yang kami hadapi ialah Laut Utara United Kingdom adalah untuk membangunkan telaga dalam satu contoh yang sangat baik, di mana jangka waktu yang lebih singkat, supaya pembangunan inovatif dasar laut dan pelantar satelit yang tidak dikendalikan pelaburan modal dapat dikurangkan. manusia membolehkan simpanan kecil Tetapi, pada pandangan saya/ dimajukan di kawasan yang kini sudah adalah tidak mencukupi untuk meminta diusahakan sepenuhnya. syarikat-syarikat minyak sahaja lsu - AIom Sekitor menangani semua masalah kos menerusi peningkatan daya pengeluaran atau Malaysia memandang berat isu-isu dlam sekitar, di peringkat kerajaan dan rumusan teknikal. Industri-industri juga pencinta alam. Pembangunan sokongan mempunyai peranan penting untuk dimainkan, dan saya percaya/ tercapai adalah konsep yang kami mereka boleh memainkannya dengan amalkan sepenuhnya diShell, keranakami berkesan. sedar ia membabitkan sumber-sumber Banyak syarikat Malaysia yang teknikal dan kewangan yang besar. Kami terlibat dalam industri ini mencari percaya jalan menuju ke hadapan terletak peluang-peluang di luar negara/ pada cara pro gresif untuk mengurangkan memandangkan kepakaran mereka kini pembaziran, dan penggunaan tenaga dan sumber asli secara lebih cekap menerusi telah mencapai taraf antarabangsa yang teknologi dan amalan yang baik. kompetitif. Apa yang masih Perlu Kami mencari teknologi yang lebih dilakukan ialah untuk memastikan kepakaran ini boleh ditawarkan pada bersih bukan mencari jalan untuk membersihkan sisa, dan kami telah kadar antarabangsa yang kompetitif . Saya mengalih penekanan kepada teknologi rasa, ini dapat dilakukan menerusi yang lebih mengutamakan kebersihan alam sekitar dalam pusingan proses. Ini kerjasama lebih rapat di antara kontraktor memerlukan perubahan pemikiran, dari mengendalikan pencemaran kepada dan syarikat-syarikat minyak. mencegah pencemaran, dari permulaan proses hingga akhir pusingan hayat Sebagai contoh, Shell sedang barangan. Maka itu, rancangan pelaburan kami meliputi teknologi kawalan udara, mengkaji penggunaan kontrak berasaskan air dan bunyi bising hingga analisis alam insentif untuk meningkatkan usaha kami mengawal kos. Dengan pendekatan ini, sekitar, pengawasan dan bekalan kontraktor dan pengusaha minyak peralatan. berusaha mencapai objektif yang sama, Hasil keluaran perniagaan kami iaitu mengurangkan kos. Dalam kegiatan- direkabentuk untuk memenuhi kegiatan penggerudian pembangunan di spesifikasi alam sekitar yang semakin ketat dan rancangan pelaburan kami Sarawak, kami berjaya melaksanakannya mencerminkannya. Contoh yang paling di 15 telaga pertama, di mana 10% kos nyata ialah loji MDS kami yang telaga bersih dapat dikurangkan. mengeluarkan minyak gas tanpa sulfur Penjimatan 5% lagi dijangka dapat dicapai atau belerang. dalam kos penggerudian. Kami kini sedang meninjau kemungkinan untuk Duo tumpuon khusus meluaskan strategi kontrak ini ke bidang- Izinkan saya menumpukan bidang lain seperti perkhidmatan bahagian akhir ceramah saya ini kepada dua bidang khusus yang pasti akan penyelenggaraan tongkang dan telaga. menjadi perhatian industri pada tahun- Di samping itu, dengan -tahun akan datang penapisan minyak mendapatkan kepakaran pelbagai bidang, dan gas. Di antara keduanya, gas mungkin Shell akan meninjau kontrak bersepadu (siap guna) dalam bidang-bidang lain menawarkanpotensipalingbesardimasa seperti operasi penyelenggaraan dan akan datang. Simpanan gas negara/ yang pengeluarandimana para kontraktorakan berjumlah kira-kira 68 trilion kaki padu padal..1.1993, boleh tahan sehingga tahun menyediakan perkhidmatan dalam pelbagai bidang, termasuk pengurusan 2030 sekalipun permintaan bagi gas perkhidmatan. meningkat, khususnya dari projek-projek Insentif untuk menjimatkan kos LNG dan PGU. Dengan usaha yang amat jelas. Perbelanjaan modal kami dalam tempoh lima tahun akan datang berterusanuntukmencaribahanapiyang dijangka berjumlah kira-kira RM6.0bilion. lebih bersih, kami meramalkan Sebagai contoh, dengan penjimatan'l}Vo, pertumbuhan besar dalam pasaran gas kami dapatmenjimatkan RM600 juta dan tempatan. Apabila permintaan meningkat pada harga sekarang, wang sebanyak itu mencukupi untuk menampung kira-kira 300 stesen servis besar di bandar. Bagi kontraktor dan pembekal industri minyak, terdapatbanyak peluang pelaburan dalam teknologi tinggi dan bidang-bidang khusus, peralatan khusus dan tenaga kerja mahir, lebih-lebih lagi jika ia bertujuan 30 Brnrrr Sneu, Jaruuenv t99a

dan pejuang-pejuang alam sekitar menguatkan pengaruh mereka, harga gas seharusnya naik. Bersama dengan Carigali, Shell terlibat secara aktif dalam membangunkan telaga untuk membekalkan gas kepada MLNG Dua. Kami juga terlibat dalam lain-lain projek pembangunan gas, khususnya grid gas Baram Delta dan Balingian. Kami juga berusaha memastikan kilang MDS kami, yang merupakan kiiang pertama sepertinya di dunia, dikendaiikan dengan selamat, cekap, dan dengan cara paling menjimatkan kos. Dalam bidang penapisan, kami telah meningkatkan keupayaan di Timur Jauh, Timur Tengah dan Australasia, sebahagian besarnya dengan mengorbankanEropahBarat. Keupayaan penukaran telah bertambah lebih 50% dalam tempoh 15 tahun yang laiu, dan ini mencerminkan permintaan yang meningkat bagi bahanapi yang lebih ringan dan keperluan untuk meningkatkan jenis bekalan. Bagaimanapun, rantau ini masih diramalkan menghadapi kekurangan bekalan, dan banyak pelaburan diperlukan untuk menambah keupayaan. Persaingan sengit dihadapi daripada jiran- jiran kita, tetapi Malaysia mempunyai kedudukan yang baik untuk memasuki pasaran eksport kerana kita mempunyai infrastruktur yang lengkap, tenaga kerja yang mahir dan insentif pelaburan untuk eksport. Malaysia terietak di lokasi yang strategik di antara China dan benua kecil India, dua kawasan yang diramalkan mempunyai permintaan paling tinggi. Bagaimanapun, pelaburan perlu dikaji dengan teliti untuk mengambil kira potensi peningkatan keupayaan penapisan China dalam masa yang singkat. Kesimpulon Sebagai kesimpuian, saya ingin menyatakan pandangan saya bahawa industri minyak dan gas di Malaysia menawarkan banyak potensi kepada pelabur. Untuk merebut peluang-peluang ini, kita perlu mempunyai daya kreatif dan keberanian yang biasanya dimiliki oleh pelabur-pelabur terbaik. Saya yakin, Kerajaan Malaysia akan terus berusaha untuk mewujudkan kestabilan dan iklim ekonomi yang diperlukan oleh para pelabur untuk menumpukan sumber yang besar dan usaha yang setimpal dengan peluang-peluang ini. I Dari teks ucapdn Datuk C I Knight, P engerusi dan Ketu a Ek sekutif , Sy arik at- syarikat Shell di Malaysia, di satu persidangan bertajuk \"Malaysia - Pozuerhouse of the 90s\" yang dianjur oleh International Herald Tribune di Kuala Lumpur pada 15 Nooember, 1993. Brnrre SxrLr, JnNulny tcca 3 I

Bedr-rrnba rnenghilir Sr;ngai Miri Di dolom regotto sungoi untuk memperingoti ulong tohun Setelah berusaha sendirian pada Sorowok yong ke 30 ini, Shell don PETRONAS membuktikon tahun 1989, Shell Sarawak mengajak bohowo oir don minyok boleh bercompur untuk menfoot syarikat minyak nasional, PETRONAS, berkongsi menaja regata tahun ini yang mosyorokot tempoton, membabitkan kos lebih kurang Perlumbaan bot, atau regata, merupakan hari lahir Yang Dipertua Negeri Sarawak satu bentuk 'gencatan senjata'bagi suku yang pada tahun ini berpusat di Miri. RM100,000. kaum asli yang berperang sesama sendiri Acara itu masih tetap popular dan Acara sukan air yang diadakan semasa pemerintahan Raja Putih di selama dua hari itu menarik sekurang- Sarawak. Residen Baram ketika itu, mendebarkan, tidak kehilangan sinar dan kurangnya 10,000 orang setiap hari, Charles Hose, mencadangkan satu daya tarikan walaupun sudah melalui menggegar dan menghidupkan Lutong perlawanan persahabatan di Sungai pelbagaizaman. Sepertidiharapkan,pesta sekali lagi dengan debaran dan Baram pada sekitar tal-run 1890-an Miri cukup meriah dan menyeronokkan kehangatan pesta. Beribu-ribu orangyang sempena persidangan agung ketua-ketua penonton dan juga pesertanya. suku kaum di Baram. memagari tebing sungai sepanjang dua Tidak ketinggalan dalam Usaha damai itu berjaya dan hari itu adalah paling ramai yang pernah kemeriahan itu Menteri Kewangan dan perlumbaan bot akhirnya menjadi satu Kemudahan Awam Sarawak yang juga membanjiri Lutong. acara tahunanyang diadakan pada setiap Ahli Dewan Undangan Negeri bagi Ketua Menteri Sarawak, YAB Datuk tahun baru di Kuching sepanjang kawasan Miri, YB Datuk Dr George Chan PatinggiTanSriHajiAbdulTaibMahmud Hong Nam, menjadi penaung Regata Miri dan Yang Dipertua Negeri, TYT Tun pemerintahan Charles Brooke, Raja Putih kedua Sarawak. Pada hari perlumbaan, tahun ini. Datuk Patinggi Dr Haji Ahmad Zaidi seisi istana Raja dan kuncu-kuncu kulit putihnya menyaksikan perlumbaan dari \"Pemilihan Miri sebagai pusat Adruce Mohamed Nor, turut laman Astana yang merentangi Sungai perayaan hari lahir ke-70 Yang Dipertua menyaksikan regata pada hari kedua. Sarawak. Negeri memang tepat dengan masa dan Dalam kata-kata aluan buku Pada tahun 1918, sebuah bot usaha kami untuk menarik pelancong ke cenderamata acara tersebut, Ketua panjang yang dinamakan \"Ayeshah\" bandar minyak ini,\" katanya. Menteri menggesa rakyat supaya mencatat sejarah sebagai bot terpanjang Mengikut catatan sejarah, orang memelihara dan mengekalkan budaya yang menemui minyak di Miri adalah dan tradisi yang unik itu dalam pros€s menyertaiperlumbaan. Botitu berukuran 108 kaki panjang dan dikayuh oleh 99 orang yang sama yang telah pembangunan ekonomi. orang. Pada zaman itu, regata merupakan satu acara paling menarik kerana tidak memperkenalkan regata sebagai satu Datuk Dr Chan berkata selain ada yang lebih hebat dan menyeronokkan formula damai. Semasa berjalan-jalan di menarik pelancong, regata itu juga daripada menyaksikan bot-bot panjang sekitar Miri pada tahun 1980-an, Hose menggalakkan muhibah dan setiakawan, berlumba membelah arus sungai. mengesyaki kawasan itu mengandungi dua ciri penting dalam masyarakat Memang pada zaman itu acara- banyak minyak. acara seperti memanjat 'tiang licin' berbilang kaum seperti yang terdapat di menarik perhatian ramai. Anak-anak Pengasas Shell, Sir Marcus Samuel, muda yang ingin memperlihatkan negara kita. Harapannya tinggi melaporkan penemuan minyak pada kehandalan mereka kepada gadis sebaya menggunung, mencetuskan cadangan tahun 1909 dan telaga minyak pertama supaya regata Miri dijadikan acara dwi sanggup meniti batang pokok licin, dengan pelbagai telatah, gaya dan Malaysia ditemui di Bukit Kanada setahun tahunan. kesudahan yang mencuit perasaan. kemudian. Pada bulan Disember tahun Satu demi satu pasukan'favouritd Dengan sejarah dan tradisinya, itu, telaga Miri No 1 Shell mengeluarkan menampilkan kehebatan masing-masing regata masih tetap merupakan satu acara 83 tong minyak sehari. pada hari pertama. Keunggulan dua bot unik dalam perayaan di Sarawak. Regata Sejak itu, Shell telah memainkan peranan penting dalam pembangunan kayuh, Indera laya dari Bintulu dan terbaru di Sungai Miri menjadi acara ekonomi dan sosial di Miri, khususnya Daerah Muara dari Brunei, begitu menerusi pelbagai kegiatan sokongan kemuncak perayaan rasmi menyambut masyarakat. Kalau Hose masih hidup, terserlah, membolehkannya membolot tentu dia gembira melihat dua kejayaan 32 Brnrre Sxru., Jrrurnv r99l kebanyakan kejuaraan yang hasil usahanya yangbermula di sepanjang dipertandingkan. Pengkalan Lutong, Sungai Miri. Pemilik Indera ]aya, Hajah Fatimah Bt Yaman dan pasukan 50 orang pengayuhnya, memenangi tiga kejuaraan utama dalam acara lelakibagi kategori 10 pengayuh, 20 pengayuh dan Terbuka. f\"tipi keme.ra.rgan tersebut tidak )

Sa:u lambaran dari masa silam - perlumbaan perahu pan.lang adalah satu tradisi sejak seabad lalu. (\"Kuching in Pictures, 1840 - 1960\"). Brnrm SurLL, Jrruurnv rcca 33

\" /,/U\" tiJ a ;.;.,,:.Lfiu',t. *til ., seff ' rdrc €Afr€. BE \"1 Acara dua hari itu menarik minat seramai sekurang-kurang 10,000 orang sehari. diperolehi dengan mudah kerana dengan cekap. Pasukan ski airyang ditarik menjenguk, ingin tahu apa yang begitu pasukan-pasukan yang berjaya ke pusingan akhir memberi tentangan sebuah bot mengibarkan sepanduk menarik perhatian ramail Memandangkan sambutan yang hebat. ucapan selamat hari jadi apabila mereka begitu spontan, pihak berkuasa tempatan Pasukan Lumba Bintulu menguasai membuat lintasan hormat di hadapan seharusnya menjadikan tebing sungai acara bot berkuasa besar manakala pentas utama, sebagai penghormatan Miri, dari Dewan Masyarakat Kampong Pasukan Lumba Edan dari Brunei kepada Tuan Yang Terutama dan Pengkalan ke jambatan, sebagai kawasan membuktikan kehebatan mereka daiam rombongannya. Terdahulu daripada itu, ketibaan rekreasi berseni taman, lengkap dengan kelas-kelas yang iebih tinggi. Dengan Tuan Yang Terutama telah disambut kedai dan gerai makanan, sebagai rekabentukyangmenarikdanenjinlumba dengan tiupan seruling bambu oleh kumpuian Highlands dan Lun Bawang. persediaan menyambut perayaan seperti berkuasa tinggi, dua bot merah dari Brunei Acara-acara seiingan, termasuk lawan regata tahun ini. dengan mudah memenangi acara Terbuka pukul bantai daiam air, panjat tiang licin Pada hari-hari biasa, kawasan itu dan menangkap itik, membuat penonton dan kategori 30-40 kuasa kuda. boieh dijadikan tempat rekreasi untuk tidak kering gusi. orang ramai bersiar-siar atau bersenam. Pasukan Shell kita yang Ramai peserta, termasuk kontingen Sebagai pintu masuk pelawat Brunei menggunakan enam bot terpaksa berpuas ke Miri, Lutong seharusnya dari Brunei, memuji regata Miri sebagai hati dengan satu kemenangan dan dua mempunyai pinggiran air yang cantik dan tempat ketiga. Pengurus pasukan, Au- acara perlumbaan bot paling selamat yang menarik. gustine Bujang, berkata keputusan yang pernah mereka sertai. \"Tidak berlaku kejadian yang tidak diingini ke atas Pengerusi Penganjur, Datuk lames diperolehi tidak sebaik yang diramalkan pengayuh, sebagaimana yang sering Ting Sing How, yang juga Pengurus Ha1 berlaku di tempat lain. Kami juga rasa tetapi beliau puas hati dengan sokongan Ehwal Umum Shell Sarawak, gembira dan selamat kerana bot-bot kawalan sentiasa dan kerjasama yang diberikan oleh semua puas hati dengan kesungguhan memastikan tidak ada bot lain memasuki pihak, termasuk pihak penggurusan, pasukannya yang telah bekerja keras dan kawasan yang ditetapkan semasa meluangkan masa sejak dua bulan laiu terhadap persiapan pasukan. perlumbaan berjalan,\" kata jurucakap untuk menjayakan projek sokongan \"Saya rasa tidak boleh memberi persembahan yang lebih baik kalau kita pasukan dari Bintulu. \"Bot-bot masyarakat ini. berlumba dengan bot sendiri. Dalam perlumbaan yang lalu, kita terpaksa penyelamat juga sentiasa bersiap sedia. \"Pujian di atas kejayaan regata mesti menye\\ /a bot. Pengayuh-pengayuh kita tidak begitu mahir dengan bot-bot itu,\" Ini membuat kami semua merasa selesa,\" diberikan kepada anda semua,\" katanya kata Augustine. tambahnya. dalam ucapan di majlis makan malam Rakan niaga kita, PETRONAS, turut penghargaan untuk ahli-al-rli jawa- Di darat, usahawan tempatan menyertai pertandingan. Pasukan- mengambil kesempatan untuk tankuasa dan para pegawainya seiurus pasukan mereka menunjukkan persembahan cemerlang pada hari menjalankan perniagaan. Gerai-gerai kilat selepas perayaan itu. Ucapan terima kasih juga ditujukan pertama dan berjaya ke empat pusingan tumbuh merecup di sepanjang jalan akhir. Tetapi mereka ketinggalan dalam kepada penaja bersama, PETRONAS dan pusingan akhir. menuju ke tebing sungai. Jualan laris dan Sarawak Shell, jabatan-jabatan kerajaan Secara keseluruhan, regata tahun perniagaan begitu menguntungkan. dan penduduk Kampong Pengkalan ini teiah dirancang dan dikendalikan Sebuah gerai yang menggunakan nama Lutong yang turut membantu menjayakan Regata Miri 1 993 dan menjadikannya satu filem \"Jurassic Park\" sentiasa dikerumuni acara yang gilang-gemilang. I pelawat. Setengahnya sekadar 34 Benrir SHcLL, JaNumv rcsa

Meningkatkan kemajuan dan perolehan di luar pantar Suku doripodo sumber minyok di dunio don l5 perotus kawasan. Seperti yang dapat dilihat dari doripodo gos oslinyo terdopot di kowoson luor pontoi, Rajah 1, kurang daripada enam peratus Adoloh menjodi coboron luor pontoion industri hori ini untuk menccrri penyelesoion yong menggobungkon telaga minyak di USSR ketika itu dan Eropah Timur terletak di kawasan luar pantai berbanding dengan hampir 90 keberkesonon kos don teknologi boru dengon prestosi peratus bagi Eropah. keselomoton don olom sekitor yong bertomboh boik, Lebih daripada 40 peratus telaga minyak luar pantai terdapat di negara- negara bukan-OPEC (berbanding dengan Usaha-usaha pencariglllan awal bagi kos kegiatan-kegiatan di luar pantai tanpa hanya seperlima telaga-telaga di darat). mempertolak-ansurkan standard kese- Ini menunjukkan kepentingan strategik minyak telah tertumpu kepada kawasan lamatan dan alam sekitar (lihat Global kawasan luar pantai kepada negara- Citizen, ms 25). daratan. Pada tahun 1,947, pengeluaran negara ini, sebag4i satu cara untuk Keberkesonon luor ponloi minyakbermula dari telaga yang digerudi mempelbagaikan serta meningkatkan Lebih daripada suku sumber di Teluk Mexico dari 'pelantar luar pantai' minyak di dunia dan lebih daripada 15 bekalan tenaga. peratus gas aslinya terdapat di kawasan yangpertama. Tahun lg60hanmerupakan Kepentingan strategikkawasan luar luar pantai. Telaga-telaga yang terbukti tahun-tahun perkembagnan pesat bagi telah meningkat dengan stabil pada dekad pantai juga terbukti dalam pola yang lalu : hari ini, beberapa ribu medan industri minyak dengan banyak minyak dan gas telah ditemui di kawasan penghasilan. Misalnya, Eropah barat, luar pantai lebih daripada 40 negara. Saiz yang hanya mempunyai tujuh peratus penemuan baru daerah-daerah minyak dari telaga minyak luar pantai dunia, dan gas luar pantai - di Teluk Mexico, telaga-telaga yang ditemui di kawasan merupakan kawasan penghasilan luar Selatan Laut Utara, Laut Cina Selatan, luar pantai berbeza-beza dari kawasan ke pantai dunia yang utama, kebanyakannya Australia dan Teluk Suez. akibat daripada penemuan-penemuan di Dua \"kejutan minyak' tahun Iaut utara. Penghasilan telah meningkat '1.97 1han membawa kepada peningkatan dengan kadar 50 peratus pada dekad yang dramatik harga minyak dan tanggapan lalu. Di sebaliknya, kawasan Timur bahawa bekalan minyak adalah sedikit. Ini menyemarakkan pencarigalian di seluruh dunia pada tahap yang belum Rsjoh 1 Tokungon minyok yong t€rbukti'di, dunio pernah dialami sebelumnya dan hampir setiap kawasan lembangan mendak telah dikaji selidik. Kawasan luar pantai menjadi sumber kepada banyak peningkatan telaga-telaga minyak. Harga Eropah yang tinggi adalah hasil daripada kos Luar pantai Darat penghasilan yang tinggi : lewat tahun 1970han dan awal tahun 1980han memperlihatkan pemasangan pelantar- Jumlah Takungan pelantar rasaksa di Utara Laut Utara dan 1000 bilion tong juga permulaan penghasilan di Alaska Amerika Takungan Luar pantai utara dan kawasan perairan dalam di dan Selatan 280 bilion tong Teluk Mexico. Berikutan dengan penjunaman harga minyak pada tahun 1986, banyak Amerika Uiara projek-projek telah dibataskan atau dimansuhkan oleh kerana tidak lagi Timur Tengah I berdaya maju pada harga yang kurang daripada $20 setong. Sejak itu, dengan 25 75 100 525 sedikit harapan harga akan berubah di masa depan, industri telah menumpukan Bilion tong perhatian kepada usaha mengurangkan Brpm Sxrr, JrHurpv rccl 35

Rojoh 3 Kegioton luor pontoidunio dilakukan. Tambahan pula, semua dan bilangan telaga kemajuan yang beroperasi di jabatan-jabatan yang pekerjaan adalah menelan kos yang lebih diperlukan. Maklumat ini digunakan berasingan. Tugas-tugas ini dimajukan tinggi berbanding dengan di darat, dari pada peringkat memajukan medan untuk berperingkat-peringkat, bergantung kepada fasa projek berkenaan. Pada hari kajian sismik awal untuk mengenalpasti menentukan kemudahan-kemudahan ini, adalah menjadi satu amalan yang pengeluaran yang paling tepat. Sebaik medan-medan potensi menerusi syarikat-syarikat menubuhkan pasukan- perbelanjaan yangbesar - seringnya sangat . sahaja ini telah direkabentuk, dibina dan pasukan multi-disiplin untuk besar - yang diperlukan untuk dipasang, medan itu akan memulakan menggabungkan kemahiran dan operasinya dan pengeluaran pun akan menempatkan pelantar-pelantar dan teknologi dari berbagai rangkaian disiplin. kemudahan-kemudahan. Oleh itu, dimulakan. Pada fasa pengeluaran, kajian Satu matlamat utama ialah untuk kemajuan di luar pantai memerlukan semula prestasi medan mungkin memastikan yang kemudahan- pengurusanberisiko dan kos kitaran hayat menunjukkan yang kemudahan- kemudahan pengeluaran adalah Iebih projek perlu dikenalpasti dan kemudahan itu perlu dipertingkatkan setanding dengan takungan. Kejayaan dikendalikan dari mula. atau direka semula. pasukan-pasukan sedemikian bergantung Sesuatu usaha pencarigalian dan Projek itu juga mesti mengambil kepada pendekatan pengurusan yang pengeluaran boleh dibahagikan kepada kira peringkat terakhir - penghentian berpakat dan kesediaan untuk empat peringkat yang berturut-turut usaha. Ini termasuklah, misalnya penugasan semula dan, di mana yang mendokong amalan-amalan kerja (Rajah 4). Pada peringkat perancangan permulaan, kajian-kajian sismik sesuai memindahkan instalasi-instalasi tradisional seperti perlaksanaan kegiatan- luar pantai menurut garis panduan dan dijalankan dan dianalisa untuk standard yang ditetapkan oleh kerajaan- kegiatan secara berperingkat. Sejak menentukan samada, dan jika begitu di pertengahan tahun 1 980han, kajian-kajian mana, sesuatu telaga pencarigalian perlu kerajaan dan badan-badan antarabangsa bergabung mengenai medan-medan yang digerudi. jika minyak dan gas ditemui, seperti Pertubuhan Maritim Anta- wujud sekarang dan medan-medan baru perlulah ditentukan samada kemajuannya berdaya kemungkinan ekonomik. Untuk rabangsa (IMO). menunjukkan betapa pentingnya tujuan ini, telaga-telaga taksiran digerudi Pendekolon multi-disiplin menetapkan dengan tepat jumlah minyak dan gas seawal mungkin berikutan dan kajian-kajian sismik lanjutan Pada suatu masa dahulu, tugas- dengan penemuannya dan seterusnya tugas ini telah dilaksanakan oleh pakar- dijalankan untuk menentukan anggaran memaksimumkan perolehan dan pakar dari berbagai disiplin yang saiz sesuatu takungan, kadar pulangan ekonomik dari aset-aset ini. Ini kemungkinan pengeluaran telaga-telaga khususnya ditujukan kepada bilangan 4Rojoh Usoho pencorigolion:don pengeluoron lozim Operasi Pengeluaran dan Penyenggaraan Brnm SHru., Jaruumv :.pca37

medan-medan yang lebih kecil dan Permodelon lembongon untuk memetakan apa yang dianggap medan-medan tambahan yang kian sebagai kepingan-kepingan tegap bergobung meningkat dan sedang dipertimbangkan Teknologi ini membantu kawasan bawah permukaan. ]ika untuk kemajuan. memahami dan memodelkan menurut dibandingkan, sismik 3D diambil pada komputer-komputer dan proses-proses pola grid yang dijarakkan rapat-rapat Kemojuon teknologi geologi dan fisikal yang menentukan dengan menggunakan sumber-sumber bunyi yang banyak dan dirakamkan Pada awal tahun 1970han, purata penjanaan, penghijarahan dan serentak oleh alat-alat pengesan yang satu dalam 10 telaga pencarigalian yang pemerangkapan minyak dan gas. mempunyai garisan-garisan yang banyak. digerudi telah berjaya menemui minyak Hasilnya muncullah gambaran 3D yang atau gas. Hari ini bilangannya ialah satu Peniloion slruktur - sismik 3D dalam tujuh. lebih tepat dan terperinci mengenai Sebaik sahaja pola longgokan di struktur-struktur di bawah permukaan. Pada masa kini, banyak maklumat boleh didapati mengenai ruang-ruang di sesuatu lembangan itu telah dikenalpasti, Pada hari ini, kajian-kajian sismik struktur 3-Dimensi (3D) di mana minyak digunakan dari peringkat-peringkat bawah permukaan hasil daripada dan gas mungkin terperangkap mestilah kemajuan di dalam berbagai bidang pencarigalian yang awal sehingga ke fasa- ditafsirkan. Sismik 3D adalah penemuan fasa pengeluaran pada peringkat yang geokimia, geofisik dan petrofisik serta teknologi yang paling penting di dalam matang. Kajian 3D semakin banyak peningkatan besar dalam kuasa pencarigalian minyak pada tahun-tahun digunakan berbanding dengan 2D bagi perkomputeran. kebelakangan ini. Penggunaannya, projek prospektif secara menyeluruh Cabaran yang akan dihadapi pada sebelum penggerudian dilakukan kerana sungguhpun menelan kos yang tinggi, sungguhpun kajian sismik 3D itu lebih dekad ini seterusnya ialah untuk tinggi kosnya, ia adalah lebih jauh kurang mestilah dioptimumkan. mengenalpasti strategy-strategy bagi daripada kos menggerudi sesebuah telaga memaksimumkan nilai potensi takungan- Kajian-kajian sismik menggunakan di tempat yang salah. takungan yang telah ditemui sambil riak gegar untuk mengkaji kawasan di mengoptimumkan pelaburan untuk Permodelon tokungon bawah permukaan. Di luar pantai, melaksanakan ini. Pihak pencarigali, bergobung jurutera petroleum dan jurutera senapang-senapang udara digunakan untuk mengeluarkan riak bunyi yang Keputusan untuk memajukan pengeluaran mestilah menilai bersama- dibalikkan dari berbagai strata batuan di sesebuah medan, yang melibatkan sama pilihan-pilihan yang ada bagi menjalankan penggerudian dan bagi bawah dasar laut. Pembalikan- pelaburan yang banyak dan menelan kos pembalikan ini dipungut oleh alat-alat merekabentuk, membina dan yang lebih banyak daripada sesuatu telaga mengoperasi yang sesuai bagi pengesan yang dikenali sebagai 'hidrofon' dan dirakamkan secara digit pada pita. penemuan, sering dibuat berasaskan kemudahan-kemudahan yang keguna- maklumat yang tidak sepadu. Oleh itu, annya secocok dengan takungan- Beberapa kumpulan hidrofon takungan minyak dan gas yang akan kaedah pengukuran dan teknologi yang dimajukan - mengkaji semula perkara ini ditempatkan pada'bendera-bendera' paling mudah mestilah digunakan untuk pada seluruh hayat medan minyak dan yang beberapa kilometer panjangnya, sampai kepada sesuatu penjumlahan vang gas. yang mengekori kapal kajian sismik yang sepaling tepat mungkin, sementara direkabentuk khas. Kajian sismik 2D yang tradisional diambil di sepanjang garisan yang tunggal @Ceondorisotetit Pusat-pusat pengguna . Perkhidmatan metereologi . Institut-institut oceanqlraph . Agensi-agensi alam sekitar . Pusat-pusat penyelidikan . Operator perikanan, pantai pantai dan luar pantai 38 Brnrm Sxrrr, Ja{urnY tsca

6Roioh Sumber-suhlb6lpOt-ercirdor!.pengutm!,onr.k-os.,,,, mengurangkan bilangan pelantar yang diperlukan untuk memajukan sesebuah (E medan oleh kerana kawasan takungan yang lebih luas boleh dialirkan dari satu .E pelantar pusat. ]arak-jarak mendatar oc Pengurangan E kos yang sehingga 7,000 meter telah dicapai. 'd diperlukan Rekabentuk telaga garisan ramping, c bagi perolehal yang melibatkan rekabentuk sarung yang o ydg o menjimalkan menjimatkan kos di sekeliling unit pengeluaran optimum, boleh o- mengurangkan bilangan telaga yang o diperlukan untuk mencapai saliran -o takungan secara optimum. l;q\"-Io.o Jsudahpun Automasi rig membolehkan beberapa {E f]menlimatka tugas yang memerlukan banyak pekerja fo seperti penggendalian paip boleh o -o dilaksanakan secara automatik. Misalnya, E di rig pakej yang sedang dimajukan bagi fo, pelantar Norske Shell Troll, lantai rig hanya akan dikendalikan oleh seorang (d penggerudi dan pembantunya. (Pada rig biasa di antara lima hingga lapan orang o3 diperlukan untuk melaksanakan tugas (! o yang sama). Semua operasi-operasi o- penggendalian paipa akan dijalankan dari mengambil kira ketidaktentuan yang pasti Teknologi penggerudiqn satu bilik kawalan yang direkabentuk terhasil. Pendekatan yang konsisten ini Penggerudian yang dijalankan di khas. Mengurangkan kakitangan dari akan memberikan asas yang paling kawasan luar pantai adalah lebih mahal lantai penggerudian bermakna operasi itu mungkin untuk memajukan sesebuah daripada penggerudian di darat (Rajah lebih menjimatkan dan lebih selamat medan dan kemudahan-kemudahan. 7). Misalnya, penggerudian yang dilaksanakan. Holuon ke hodopon dijalankan di persekitaran utara Laut Kemudahan sementara (ringan) Meskipun penjimatan kos telah Selatan yang keadaannya lebih teruk, bahagian atas pelantarboleh menjadikan dicapaiberikutan dengan runtuhan harga mungkin lima kali lebih mahal daripada pelantar-pelantar pengeluaran lebih minyak 1986, penuiunan selanjutnya penggerudian di telaga di darat di Timur adalah diperlukan untuk menjadikan Tengah. Lebih dalam airnya, maka lebih ringan dan lebih menjimatkan kos kemajuan medan-medan lebih kecil dan tinggilah kos penggerudiannya. Kesan berbanding dengan pelantar-pelantar tambahan suatu proses yang kedalaman air berbeza di antara tradisional yang termasuk kemudahan- menjimatkan. Faedah potensi dari kemudahan penggerudian bergabung penggerudian pencarigalian (dengan unit- secara tetap. Misalnya, pelantar-pelantar penurunan-penurunan tersebut adalah berkesan. Rajah 6, yang dimajukan dari unit penggerudian bergerak) dan Norske Shell Draugen dan Troll satu kajian penemuan minyak luar pantai penggerudian pengeluaran (keba- direkabentuk supaya set derik boleh nyakannya dari pelantar-pelantar yang dipisahkan pada penghujung fasa yang berpotensi menjimatkan, tetap). Menggerudi sesebuah telaga pencarigalian atau penaksiran di dalam penggerudian dan penyiapan. menunjukkan bahawa penurunan kos air sedalam 500 meter boleh menelan kos Penggerudian berbantu'tender' juga kira-kira 30 peratus boleh kira-kira US$15 juta : dalam air sedalam membantu meringankan keberatan 1,000 meter, kosboleh meningkat sehingga mempertingkatkan jumlah minyak yang US$20 juta atau lebih. Sebab-sebab utama pelantar pengeluaran dengan dapat diperolehi semula dengan p.eningpkeantianngkkaotsanialatahr:if harian rig dari menyediakan kebanyakan peralatan keperluan-keperluan khas untuk penyokong penggerudian di atas 'tender' penjimatan 50 peratus. omenggerudi di air dalam. yang berbentuk kapal yang terapung dan disauhkan di air tenang ataupun satu unit Pendekatan-pendekatan baru ini penghentian kerja yang lebih kerap separuh apung yang disauhkan di yang sedang dimajukan oleh industri perairan yang lebih dalam atau suasana .berlaku kerana cuaca yang buruk. yang lebih terik. adalah bertujuan untuk menggabungkan penjimatan kos dengan prestasi alam operasi yang bertambah kompleks Unit-unit penggerudian bergerak (rig sekitar dan keselamatan yang semakin pada kedalaman air yang lebih. baik- jongket atau separuh apung, bergantung Penggerudian mendatar membolehkan kepada kedalaman air) boleh digunakan Ini bukan sahaja termasuk peningkatan data penggerudian, lebih lagi pembentukan didedahkan bagi menggerudi telaga-telaga untuk pengeluaran dan mengurangkan rekabentuk, operasi dan metocean (Rajah pengeluaran (dengan penyiapan telaga 5), tetapi juga keseluruhan proses kitaran masalah-masalah takungan seperti gas di dasar laut dan saluran-saluran paip hayat medan dan pengurusan projek. yang berkait dan pengeluaran air. Ia pengeluaran diarahkan ke kemudahan yang berhampiran) di mana saiz dan Dengan menggabungkan rangkaian luas berguna bagi takungan-takungan yang kadar penyerapannya nipis dan ketat. penjimatan takungan itu tidak sesuai bagi kemahiran dari berbagai disiplin di Lebih kurang telaga-telaga diperlukan sesuatu pelantar dipasang. sepanjang hayat sesebuah projek, untuk mencapai pengeluaran yang opti- mum berbanding dengan telaga-telaga . Amalan-amalan rekabentuk penyelesaian yang berbentuk baru telah ditemui untuk menjadikan projek-projek biasa. Pelantar-pelantar tetap yang sektor huluan lebih menjimatkan dan berkaedah baru, sambil meningkatkan Penggerudian pencapaian lanjut boleh terdapat hari ini adalah lebih ringan, ) prestasi keselamatan dan pemeliharaan alam sekitar (Lihat The Global Ctizen, Brnrm Snru., JmrurnY rcca 39 ms 25).

Roiqh 7'Kos perbandiRgon penggeiudi\\in holiqn.bogi'tebgo.-telogo p.engeluo{qn kemajuan luar pantai yang selamat dan \" menjimatkan, data metocean (data meteorologi dan oceonografi, misalnya 100 angin, ombak dan arus) adalahpenting di semua peringkat pencarigalian dan (! Luar pantai pengeluaran luar pantai - pencarigalian fc (U sismik, penggerudian, penaksiran kesan o\",\"t !E alam sekitar, perancangan operasi o) pengeluaran sehingga ke peringkat .g meninggalkan medan (Lihat Rajah 5). Misalnya, di mana data metocean telah (U 60 digunakan di dalam merancang operasi- o- operasi sismik 3D di kawasan-kawasan (c,) (U seperti di selatan Laut Utara/ arus pasang ..8il8 I I(CL) surut boleh diramalkan dengan tepat a 40 sebelum memulai kajian untuk (U meminimumkan masa yang diluang o) untuk menembak semula garisan- garisan o sismik - dengan itu banyak menjimatkan C kos. (g Beban rekabentuk di atas struktur- .J' struktur luar pantai dan saluran paip ditentukan oleh kuasa yang dicetuskan f oleh ributyang kuat. Di kawasan-kawasan (s yang matang seperti di Laut Utara, di Timur AUmtaerarika Alrika Laut Cina Laut Cina LS(Ujoaetanulagrtatkaent) [Jtara Laut Tengah Barat Selatan Selatan (Ubteanraviaoan mana set-set data angin dan parameter (penggeru- (jongket) dtan dawdh laut) ombak telah dikumpul selama bantuan jangkamasa yang agak panjang (kira-kira langsing dan mudah berbanding dengan ialah kerana bebanan kerja 15 tahun), parameter rekabentuk yang pelantar-pelantar rasaksa yang dibina terpanjang - seperti 'ketinggian ombak pada tahun 7970han. Terdapat skop bagi penyenggaraan yang tinggi ba gi pelantar- ia dipermudahkan selanjutnya, misalnya pelantar yang ada sekarang. Rekabentuk 1 00 tahun' - boleh ditentukan dengan agak bahagian atas, yang melibatkan kos yang melebihi separuh daripada kos modal yang lebih mudah, seperti yang .tepat Set-set data yang sama biasanya dibincangkan di atas, bersama dengan boleh digunakan untuk menentukan sesebuah pelantar. Kos bahagian atas boleh dikurangkan, misalnya dengan perancangan penyenggaraan dan keadaan angin dan ombak yang lazim menyeragamkan rekabentuk dan peningkatan untuk peralatan, boleh mengurangkan penggunaan peralatan mengurangkan penyenggaraan dan apabila memilih kapal-kapal yang serupa. Satu lagi pilihan ialah untuk pengendalian oleh manusia. penggerudian atau angkat berat. memeriksa pilihan-pilihan yang terdapat bagi rekabentuk pelantar konvensional. Tetapi mengurangkan pengen- Maklumat ini adalah paling penting bagi Kajian mengenai unit pengeluaran jongket dalian manusia semata-mata adalah tidak kewibawaab struktur dan keselamatan yang dibina khas, sebuah struktur graviti mencukupi untuk mengawal operasi. kakitangan di atas kapal. dan pelantar menara bertiang tiga telah Bahagian perniagadrn ini mestilah juga menunjukkan bahawa kesemua konsep- Set-set data metocean ini akan diurus dengan baik. Menandingi konsep mempunyai kemungkinan pengeluaran hidrokarbon kepada berkembang dan nilainya akan meningkat matlamat kos minimum sambil teknikal dan boleh menawarkan kepada industri minyak ketika ia bergerak mengekalkan kewibawaan sepenuhnya itu kawasan-kawasan jauh di Iuar pantai penjimatan kos bagi kegunaan di dalam dan kaedah-kaedah dan prosedur operasi air kira-kira 100 meter dalam. danyangterpencildidunia. @ yang paling baik diamalkan adalah Menambahkan penggunaan Rencana ini dipetik dari \"The Ot'lshore Chal- teknologi satelit bawah laut sebagai tersendirinya satu cabaran yang berkesan. lenge\" , satu maklumat ringkas yang gantian kepada membina pelantar boleh Peningkatan penggunaan kawalan mengurangkan kos, terutamanya apabila diterbitkan pada tahun L993 oleh Bahagian berasaskan komputer dan sistem infrastruktur sudahpun wujud Hal Ehwal Awam Kumpulan Shell, SIPC, perancangan akan membantu perkara ini berhampiran dan boleh digunakan London. sebagai pelantar 'tuan rumah'. Kos terjadi. permulaan bagi membina satelit bawah Penguruson proiek laut20kmdaripelantaryangsudahwujud adalah lebih rendah daripada membina Kunci kepada kejayaan terletak kepada penggunaan pasukan-pasukan pelantar tambahan. Walau baga- berbagai disiplin serta bergabung/ yang terdedah kepada teknologi baru dan imanapun, dalam keadaan ini bukan berkeras untuk menggunakan cara- kewibawaan teknikal jangka panjang kemudahan-kemudahan yang ada serta cara penyelesaian yang terbukti dan pelantar-pelantar dan saluran-saluran paip mestilah dipastikan, kerana mungkin bersedia mengurus dan bukan mengelak ia akan digunakan seterusnya melebihi jangka tempoh hayat asalnya. risiko perniagaan. Corak ke arah pergantungan yang lebih kepada Operosi kontraktor bermakna bahawa kerja yang Mengurangkan pengendalian oleh manusia adalah salah satu daripada cara dijalankan oleh berbagai pihak yang penting untuk menurunkan kos operasi, terlibat mestilah diselaraskan dari mula. sambil mengurangkan paras risiko. Sebab utama ia perlu dikendalikan oleh manusia Ini memastikan, misalnya, bahawa pembuatan dan rekabentuk boleh 40 Benm Sxru., Jrnurpv tssa digabung dengan rapi, dan dengan itu mengurangkan kos. Teknologi meloceon Untuk mengoptimumkan

Seni tori dilw@sia Akon terbentukkoh sotu bentuk seni tori Moloysio yong tunggol? Mestikoh io wujud? Dominic Abrohom menemuromoh beberopo orong yong menerojui bidong torion di negoro ini, Meskipun beberapa percubaan telah dibuat untuk \"mengabungkan\" berbagai elemen bentuk tarian Melayu, Cina,India dan lain-lain suku kaum menjadi satu curahan rasa nasional - satu bentuk tarian Malaysia (tersendiri) masih belum muncul. Mungkin tarian Malaysia akan terus kekal kaya, unggul tetapi berpelbagai. Kepada penari-penari sendiri, perkara ini bukanlah masalah. Sebagai seniman, mereka menggangap semua bentuk tarian sebagai curahan rasa yang universal dan satu perlanjutan semua individu. Mereka memandang )keharmonian wujud datam kepelbagaian. 4lBrnrra SsnL, Jlr.rulny tccl

/. AMLI IBRAI]IM Ramli adalah karyawan yang prolifik. keinginan jiwanya untuk menghayati kehidupan dengan cara yang serentak Ramli Ibrahim, seorang pakar tarian Tarian kontemporari Ramli yang memuaskan penari dan penontonnya. moden, telah mencipta nama sejak berpisah dengan The Sydney Dance mendalami dan menggabungkan corak- Bagi Ramli tarian adalah jiwanya. Company pada tahun 1982. Tahun Sama ada dalam loncatan balet, berikutnya Ramli menubuhkan Sutra, di corak tarian ini sudah mencapai tahap mana beliau menjadi pengarah seninya. gerakan gairah Odissi atau rentak ribu Sebagai penuntut tarian klasik India, yang mengagumkan dan peminat tidak Ramli telah mempelajari tarian Odissi dan Bharata Natyam, Ramli cuba mencari dan Bharata Natyam di India. Pada tahun pernah jemu menyaksikannya. membayangkan menerusi karyanya 1983, Ramli mendapat perhatian seluruh persamaan asas atau rohaniah yang negara menerusi persembahan tarian Pendekatan, latihan dan persembahannya Bharata Natyam dan Odissi sulungnya di melampaui persembahan itu sendiri. bandar-bandarutamaMalaysia termasuk terus berubah dan berkembang sejak Pendekatan beliau boleh dikatakan Singapura. persembahan pertamanya, iaitu Gerhana \"Ketika saya menari, saya menjadi berdasarkan pandangan sejagat dan oleh pada tahun 1983. itu ia begitu tertarik dengan keadaan tidak seperti bekas yang berlimpahan 'rasa', Berpendidikan sebagai jurutera seperti kunang-kunang yang pijar, menentu. menyala murni dan cerah. Bagi saya, api mekanikal, Ramli memilih untuk menjadi Kepercayaannya bahawa segala yang amat murni inilah yang paling suci. penari; satu pilihan yang didorong oleh jenis tarian boleh berkembang dalam Itulah masanya saya menghayati harmoni di bawah satu bumbung menjadi punca utama kejayaannya menghasilkan kehidupan dengan seluruh jiwa saya,\" karya yang unik tetapi kontemporari. jelas Ramli. Karyawan yang serius akan cuba Semangat dan minatnya yang mengembangkan daya kreatif artistiknya membara ini jelas kelihatan sama ada dengan \"menghubungi dan kembali semasa beliau sedang menari, mengajar kepada rakyat\". Walaupun sambutan umum masih boleh diragui, SUTRA atau mencipta tarian. Sebenarnya, berusaha mengembangkan sayapnya kemampuan Ramli mendalami pelbagai sambil terus menawan deria secara halus. rentak sewaktu menari atau menyusun tarian terbit dari kepakarannya dalam Persembahan Ramli di New York, Lon- balet barat, tarian moden, balet Russia, don, jepun, Madras, Hong Kong dan Syd- dan tarian klasik In{ia. Bila ney telah memikat ramai penonton dan memerhatikannya, kita sedari bahawa boleh dibanggakan. Pementasan Ramli pada bulan No- vember 1993 \"merupakan gandingan karyawan paling artistik di Malaysia\". Antara yang menarik ialah Teater Muzik, Drama, Tarian KIasik India dan Tarian Kontemporari. ZANIN EZANE, kisah pemerintahan raja-raja zaman silam tinggal di bilik-bilik yang disediakan manakala Opah Intan memerikan ilham AHMAD oleh raja. kepada imaginasi kanak-kanaknya. Seni tari Melayu dikatakan terus berubah Kadangkala penari-penari Mak Dengan pendidikan warisan Yong diberi sawah untuk dikerjakan. selepas dua perang dunia, dengan Pelakon Mak Yong yang paling cantik budaya dari nenek-moyang ini, dapatlah menggabungkanbahasa, Ioghat, adatdan danberbakat disunting oleh kerabat diraja. tradisi tempatan. Peter Floris, ahli sejarah difahamkan mengapa Azanin terus \"Perjalanan cerita Mak Yong agak dan pengembara Inggeris yang tiba di menyelami dunia rentak, muzik, lagu dan perlahan. Mak Yong, atau pelakon utama, Patani pada tahun 1621 dan menemui tarian, legenda dan sejarah. Keraguan akan memulakan cerita, biasanya kisah Puterinya, menulis bahawa tarian-tarian bahawa seni Melayu akan hilang dari mengenai putera-putera raia, yang Melayu adalah sebahagian daripada dunia mendorong wanita cekal ini diwarisi turun-temurun dari mulut ke kegiatan istana dengan persembahan menubuhkan khazanah untuk menge- mulut. pentas (dan muzik) kerap diadakan. kalkan tradisi-tradisi silam ini seperti \"Pementasan diiringi oleh orkestra \" Apu yang kita sampaikan Mak Yong. meliputi alat-alat rebab, gendang dan Mak Yong merupakan gabungan sepasang tawak-tawak,\" kata Azanin. menerusi tarian kita melambangkan jiwa drama romantis, gerak tari, nyanyian op- Alat utama dalam Mak Yong ialah peribadi kita.\" Ini memang benar bagi rebab, alatbunyianyang sering digunakan era dan komedi umum. dalam upacara memuja semangat dan Azanin Ezane Ahmad yang pada tahun \"Pada tahun 1800an Mak Yong mengubati penyakit. Pemain rebab 1978 telah menubuhkan Pusat digemari sebagai hiburan di istana Sultan memimpin orkestra, penyanyi dan penari. Kebudayaan Suasana. Dikandung dalam danpembesar-pembesar jajahan dinegeri Setiap pementasan bermula dengan tradisi warisan kain tenun, moyang Kelantan dan pemerintahan lama Patani,\" persembahan solo selama 20 minit oleh Azanin, Opah Wan Som adalah orang kata Azanin. Ia dipersembahkan empat pelakon utama, disokong oleh kesemua yang telah menanamkan rentak-rentak yang menjadi nadi tarian. Opah Nengah, ataulimamalamseminggudibalaiistana. pelakon. nenek sebelahbapanya pula menceritakan Setelah sesuatu persembahan Mak Penari-penari wanita melakukan Yong bermula, ia akan berterusan pelbagai gerakjaridantangansertabadan sehingga raja memberi isyarat untuk sambil menyanyi. masuk beradu. Tidak ada hiasan pentas melainkan Para penari dan pelawak MakYong yang membuat persembahan di istana 42 B*raSnru., Jrruumv r99a

atau sebaliknya mengikut ramainya penonton dan tempat persembahan. UNNY FOO Berbanding dengan corak tarian lain, tarian klasik Cina jarang membenarkan S\"p\".ti kisah hidup lain yang bergolak penari menyentuh, memegang atau memeluk satu sama lain. Ini tidak menentu, cerita Sunny Foo bermula mencerminkan masyarakat Cina yang dengan peristiwa biasa. Selepas tamat konservatif, tetapi setiap teknik dan persekolahan dua puluh lima tahun gerakan dilaksanakan dengan teliti. dahulu, Sunny membuat keputusan Hakikat yang menyedihkan ialah menyarung pakaian kegiatan masa lapang ketandusan pertunjukan tarian Cina yang paling digemarinya - Tarian Klasik mungkin telah mengakibatkan minat Cina. terhadap bentuk tarian ini pudar. Dan Sewaktu kecil lagi, datuk-neneknya pakar seperti Sunny juga menggantikan selalu membawanya menonton generasi ulangan muzik piano klasik (dan orkestra pertama penari Cina di negara ini. klasik) dengan muzik tarian kontemporari Lonjakan yang rumit, kain selempang \"Song of the River\". Tarian berumur 90-an yang lebih rancak, segar dan yang berkibaran dan lain-lain beratus-ratus tahun ini dipersembahkan menarik. Biasanya, alat-alat muzik Cina menggambarkan satu dunia ajaib warna- secara luas di merata negeri Cina pada yang terkenal digunakan. \\ warni dan drama. Sunny terpikat. musim menuai. Sebenarnya, \"Song of the \"Bagi sebarang gaya tarian, saya \"Dari saat itu saya berazam untuk River\" menceritakan riwayat manusia mungkin menggubah semula sesuatu menjadi penari dengan harapan dapat yang diibaratkan seperti sebatang sungei, tarian itu dengan mengekalkan teknik- mengembara, tetapi ibu-bapa saya sentiasa mengalir membawa kebahagiaan teknik asas yang digabungkan dengan membantah. Tempoh 17 tahun yang lalu dan juga peristiwa baik dan buruk, ada muzikmodenuntukmelahirkanpelbagai begitu memuaskan,\" kata beliau. Menurut kalanya pasang dan adakala surut. emosi,\" jelas Sunny. Sunny, tarian Cina di Malaysia jauh Daripada beratus-ratus tarian Sambil berehat di pangsapurinya di Entrepreuner's Park, Sunny berbeza dari tarian di negeri Cina. Ini Klasik Cina, \"Song of the River\" telah menceritakan bagaimana beliau disebabkan perbezaan besar dari segi dipilih untuk diubahsuai dengan rencah loghat, adat dan tradisi, keadaan politik, Malaysia. Ini bermakna gerak-geri tangan, menghabiskan masa berjam-jam di latar belakang sosial, ekonomi, muzik, kaki dan badan diubah. Bagaimanapun, Singapura menghadiri bengkel-bengkel gaya hidup dan suasana. Tambahan pula, teknik tarian tetap dikekalkan. tarian oleh pereka-pereka tari terkemuka Persembahan \"Song of the River\" tarian klasik Cina dan tarian rakyat Cina dari negeri Cina. adalahcetusandari gayahiduppenduduk mdaemnerleukmanplaaptanwpaennairtia-. empat lelaki \"Tidak ramai yang berminat Wanita Cina. sehingga sanggup menumpukan masa, Seorang penari dengan gaya melambangkan sungai dan lelaki wang dan usaha untuk mengekalkan tersendiri, Sunny lebih menggemari mewakili angin. Pakaian, kerancakan tarian klasik Cina diMalaysia,\" kata Sunny gerakan menarik tariari klasik seperti muzik dan wajah mungkin dilembutkan dengan perasaan hampa. tujuh keratan buluh yang dibawa oleh putera raja yang digunakan untuk memukul pelawak-pelawak. Kapak kayu kecil digunakan oleh salah seorang badut untuk memukul rakannya. Setiap watak utama Mak Yong diberi nama dan pakaian khas, tidak kira apa cerita yang dipersembahkan. Empat watak utama ialah Pak Yong atau PakYong Tua (raja), Pak Yong Muda (putera raja), Mak Yong (permaisuri) dan Puteri Mak Yong (puteri raja). Badut-badut dikenali sebagai Peran dan badut utama sebagai Peran Tua. Kini hanya terdapat 12 cerita Mak Yong kerana kebanyakan yang lain telah dilupakan, kata Azanin. Tidak mungkin Mak Yong sebagai bentuk tarian Melayu purbakala akan kehilangan daya tarikan atau keajaibannya ketika rakyat Malaysia semakin sedar tentang peri pentingnya mengekalkan kesenian dan persembahan tradisional - selagi pencinta-pencinta tarian seperti Azanin mendedikasikan kehidupan mereka untuk membentuk anak-anak muda dalam bentuk-bentuk tarian ini. Brnm Sn:u., Jrurulny vca 43

S*, GANE.SAN menjadi teras setiap tarian. Maka, setiap Tarian klasik India boleh dikatakan Di Malaysia, Bharata Natyam mempunyai gerak-geri tangan, kaki, badan atau mata mengalami peminatan dan sokongan baru lebih ramai pengamal dan pengikut membawa berbagai maksud yang boleh dari ibu bapa, penaung-penaung yang berbanding dengan tarian-tarian klasik difahami hanya oleh mereka yang arif. Idermawan dan penaja-penaja korporat. India yang lain. Dan ada sebabnya. \"Ia Mengikut tradisi, Bharata Natyam bertindak sebagai satu cara penyembahan ditarikan oleh penari wanita secara solo. dan juga sebagai saluran untuk Persembahan lengkap meliputi enam meluahkan perasaan terpendam manusia : peringkat dikenali sebagai Alarippu, pemikirannya yang paling murni,\" kata Jatiswaram, Sabdam, Varnam, Padam dan Ganesan yang mempelajari Bharata Natyam di India. Thillana. Kesemua ini merangkumi Bharata Natyam, yang berasal unsur-unsur Niritta atau tarian tulen dan Naritya atau tarian persembal-ran. Nritta daripada wilayah Tanjore dan terdiri daripada unit tarian asas atau Kanchipuram di negeri Tamil Nadu di Adavu. Setiap Adavu mempunyai tiga unsur: cara berdiri asas (sthanaka), selatan India, telah memberi ilham kepada gerakan kaki (chari), dan gerak-geri Ganesan ketika beliau ke Madras untuk melanjutkan pelajaran profesionalnya. tangan berseni (uritta hastas). Apabila tiba di sana pada tahun 1978, Tempo Bharata Natyam berasaskan beliau sebaliknya mendaftarkan diri untuk menyertai kelas tarian. Setelah rentak sama panjang dinamakan Jatis. kembali pada tahun 1988 beliau mula Lima rentak paling biasa digunakan ialah Tisram (3 rentak), Chatswa (4 rentak), mengajar tarian itu dan kini mempunyai Khanda (5 rentak), Misram (7 rentak) dan 100 orang penuntut. Pencapaian Ganesan, termasuk Sankirna (9 rentak). Dengan begitu banyaknya rentak dan langkah tarian memenangi anugerah Penari Lelaki berumur 2,000 tahun, tidaklah Terbaik di India bagi musim 7985/86, menghairankan jika seluruh jiwa raga membuktikan ciri-ciri intelektual penari penonton terpukau dengan sesuatu ini. Ganesan menganggap peng- persembahan. Ganesan tentu tahu. Beliau berasa \"gembira, tenteram libatannya dalam profesion tarian sebagai sesuatu suratan takdir dan menyifatkan dan kusyuk seolah-olah di awang- Bharata Natyam sebagai satu pemujaan awangan\". Walaupun tarian ini begitu dewa, untuk Dewa oleh penganutnya. jelas memberi kepuasan, Ganesan Dalam Bharata Natyam, keindahan berpendapat semangat untuk menari lahir dan gaya tidak sepenting tema yang secara semulajadi dan tidak boleh d ipaksa. \"Hayatilah 'raga' utama seperti Bhairavi, Kalyani dan Kambodhi dan kuatkan iman untuk mendapat hasil luar brasa,\" jelas Canesan. 44 Brnrn Suru, Jrruuanv r99a