Mrugnaa 2017

MRUGNAA Echoing the Spirit of EnquiryMETHODOLOGYThe research was conducted by taking primary data and through a structuredquestionnaire. A sample size of 18 people of age between15-25 was taken. Thequestionnaire was distributed and asked to fill out. The data was then analyzedon the basis of: ● Verbal Comprehension ● Non Verbal ComprehensionDATA ANALYSISThe research and the above mentioned questionnaire was conducted on a mixedgroup of students between the ages of 15-25.The data so obtained can be presented in the form of a table with certain criteria.5-Excellent 4-Very Good 3-Good 2-Fair 1-PoorVERBAL SELF NON-VERBAL NAMECOMPREHENSION INTROSPECTION COMPREHENSION5 4.5 5 S N M4 3.5 4 S B3 4 3 RV4 3.5 4 A K4 3.5 3 K R3 3 4 SKR5 4 3.5 M M4 4 4 NV4 4 3 PRV3 4 4 ARS3 4 3 CAN 45

MRUGNAA Echoing the Spirit of Enquiry 5 4 4 VB 4 3 3 NV 3 3.5 2 S M A 5 4 3 DV 2 4 3 AJ 4 4 3.5 A S 5 3.5 3 R P 70 68 60.9 AVERAGEThus, the above data can be represented in the form of a bar graph:CONCLUSIONThus it has been observed that the youth (15-20 years) DO perceive verbalcommunication than non-verbal. It can be assumed that due to lack ofexperience and growing wisdom, the youth more often than not see or ratherhear to the words without considering much of the non-verbal clues. 46

MRUGNAA Echoing the Spirit of EnquiryThe table is proof that the youth are at an average of 3 points in verbalcomprehension and are also well aware of their emotional state. However, dueto various factors as mentioned above, non-verbal comprehension stands at alow average.The research conducts a mix of both genders and ages between 15 and 20 inequal amounts. It can be seen that despite that the result comes across as similar.Self-introspection helps the researcher to analyze if the individual has a goodsense of one’s emotions which determine whether the subject’s entries werecapable enough to be accounted for the research.It is seen that among 18 subjects, five got a score of 4, eight got a score of 3,two a score of 3.5, one 5 and one 2; in non-verbal comprehension. It can thus beclaimed that the average adolescent lies between the score of 3.5 but, there areextremes such as those with 2 and 5 present too. This can be due to exposure ora higher level of understanding of emotions.However, the degree to which the difference between the comprehensions of thetwo are at a minimum of 0.6 units. This can sometimes be termed negligible.But since there exists a difference, it can be termed as a valid conclusion.The self introspection determines how well one is in synch with their emotionalstate of mind. It judges one’s emotional quotient and can check the validation ofthe other questions.Thus, the hypothesis can be said to be proved due to the above analysis.LIMITATIONS ● The questionnaire was a structured one and hence, chances of discrepancies are high. ● The sample size is very small and hence can be a problem of generalization. ● The research is only limited to the teenage group and not the general population. ● The research is conducted among a group of educated individuals only. ● The research was conducted in the English language, and hence cannot be valid across countries where other languages are dominant. 47

MRUGNAA Echoing the Spirit of EnquiryBIBLIOGRAPHY ◦ http://www.nonverbalgroup.com/2011/08/how-much-of-communication- is-really-nonverbal ◦ http://www.english-test.net/esl/learn/english/grammar/ai086/esl-test.php ◦ www.skillsyouneed.com/ips/verbal-communication.html ◦ www.businessdictionary.com/definition/verbal-communication.html ◦ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonverbal_communication ◦ https://www.verywell.com/types-of-nonverbal-communication-2795397 ◦ www.kaaj.com/psych, retrieved 29 May 2009) ◦ http://www.study-body-language.com/Verbal-and-non-verbal- communication.htmlQUESTIONNAIRE (Sample) NON VERBAL COMMUNICATION ● Non-verbal communication refers to : a) Sign Language b) Body Language c) Instant messaging ● When an individual is nervous, he/she speaks: a) Fast b) Slowly c) Normally d) Do not speak ● When an individual swings their foot, fiddles with anything in their hands, is restless, it means: a) He/she wants to leave b) He/she is not interested c) He/she wants to share their knowledge d) All of the above 48

MRUGNAA Echoing the Spirit of Enquiry● The most expressive part of the body isa) Fingersb) Eyesc) Legsd) Face● Have you ever thought somebody was being dishonest because of something they did during a conversation with you or with another person?a) Yesb) Noc) All the timed) Never YES/NO TYPE● I always try to give a positive feedback before criticizing a person● I can accurately paraphrase another's words.● I am open to critical feedback.● I tend to keep doubts to myself and try to figure it out later or on my own.● I prefer to give advice to peers and colleagues face to face rather than any other mode of communication. VERBAL COMMUNICATION● The girls wasted their time ……….. over who deserved the winning prize. (a) arguing (b) discussing (c) repeating (d) considering 49

MRUGNAA Echoing the Spirit of Enquiry● The survivors of the earthquake all …………… with each other over their losses. (a) resented (b) regretted (c) rejoined (d) sympathized● She found it …………..to tell the truth to her parents. (a) detectable (b) difficult (c) debatable (d) decidable● I have ……… towards him when he told me he lost his family. (a) sincerity (b) sympathy (c) sorrow (d) sadness● There was no ………..of having a witness to clarify the statement, as the police themselves witnessed the crime. (a) need (b) requirement (c) indictment (d) necessity 50

MRUGNAA Echoing the Spirit of EnquiryRELEVANCE OF CRIMINOLOGY IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE IN INDIA Priyadarshini Venkatesh II PPES ‘O’ 51

MRUGNAA Echoing the Spirit of EnquiryABSTRACTThe purpose of this research is to throw some light on the future prospects ofCriminology. Criminology is the scientific and analytical study of crime,exclusively its causes, consequences, reactions by enforcement of law, andways of prevention. Criminology is often confused with the term CriminalJustice which is associated with law enforcement.Criminal Justice is regarded as the established system for dealing with crime,particularly detection of crime, prosecution and detaining of criminals andpunishment. These two fields of study, though different, are related. Thisresearch is done to propose a simultaneous working model of these two fields ofstudy in the process of judgement for a case in the Indian Judiciary.Criminologists would study the crimes committed by the criminalscomprehensively, collect the data required, analyse the same and provideinformation and recommendations that can be put to practical use. CriminalJustice, on the other hand would deal with the procedures of the court based onthe information extracted by criminologists. This will not only ensure efficientjudgement but also increases the scope of Criminology which can be opted as acareer option. It also deals with the personality problem of the criminal. Theindividual would either make a quick recovery and need not be a major burdento the community for years because of the legal sentence of his crime or keptunder guardianship and treatment for an indefinite period if he poses a threat.The research is descriptive in nature using secondary data.Keywords: Criminology, Criminal Justice, Indian Judiciary, Scope ofCriminology 52

MRUGNAA Echoing the Spirit of EnquiryINTRODUCTION1.1 Definition and EtymologyAccording to Merriam- Webster, “Criminology is the scientific studyof crime as a social phenomenon, of criminals, and of penal treatment.”It is derived from the Latin word ‘crīmen’ which means ‘accusation’ and theGreek Word ‘logia’ which means ‘study’. The term criminology was coined in1885 by Italian law professor Raffaele Garofalo as criminologia. Later, aFrench anthropologist Paul Topinard used the analogous Frenchterm criminologie.1.2 Schools of thoughtCriminology has evolved in the past 250 years. Different schools of thoughthad different opinions. Some might have lost their popularity though others arestill relevant in today’s world. Two of these are mentioned below.1.2.1. Classical school of thoughtThe classical school was developed in the 18th century by Cesare Beccariaand Jeremy Bentham. In his book ‘On Crimes and Punishments’, Beccariatargets three main points, namely Social contract, Utilitarianism anddeterrence. Social contract and Utilitarianism states that the people believe thegovernment exists exclusively to serve the people and provide public welfarethrough their legislation. All people possess the basic characteristics of freewill, rational thinking, manipulation and right to have greater self-interest. In anutshell, people are sadistic and commit crimes because they freely make self-centred choices. These choices sometimes hinder the welfare of society. Sincemany of the criminals’ choices can be predicted, society should take certainmeasures to control and discourage these choices. Society could discouragethese choices by establishing criminal punishments severe enough to keeppeople away from choosing to commit crimes. Thus, Deterrence is a type ofprevention which ensures that the threat of punishment overpower the urge tocommit a crime. This was the classical school of thought. 53

MRUGNAA Echoing the Spirit of Enquiry1.2.2. Positivist school of thoughtThe term positivism is used to designate the extension of the scientific methodto social life. It is more concerned with the internal and external determinantslike biological, psychological and sociological determinants of criminalbehaviour. In his book Criminal Man (1876), Cesare Lombroso opined thatmany criminals are born criminal, an insane criminal due to alteration in thebrain or criminaloids who are habitual criminals, who become so by contactwith other criminals.It is necessary to bring out a blend of both these schools of thought in order tocreate the foundation of Criminology.1.3 Criminology theories The study of criminology focuses on the causes for individuals for committing crimes and why they behave in certain situations in a certain way. By understanding this, one can develop ways to control crime and rehabilitate the criminal. Some people question as to why an individual cannot think logically before committing a crime. But what if they haven’t been taught or haven’t learned how to think logically? Various theories have been proposed in order to identify the causes for committing crimes.  Choice theory- there is always a choice. An individual commits a crime weighing the benefits versus the punishment.  Classical theory- people commit crimes based on their free will well aware of the punishment. But due to influence and benefits they tend to become oblivious to the intensity of the punishment.  Critical theory- those who commit crimes just to disagree with the laws enforced by a few well learned groups.  Positivist theory- those who commit crimes due to the biological, psychological and social factors.  People also say that communities are responsible for up-bringing the individual with humility and security.  Criminals commit crimes on the basis of conflict, aggression and revenge to satisfy sadistic desires.  Labelling theory- negatively labelling minorities and certain individuals can trigger them and thus grow deviant from cultural norms. 54

MRUGNAA Echoing the Spirit of Enquiry  Morality choice- morality being very subjective can make an individual commit a crime for self-benefit or not commit one for the benefit of others where morality can be self-centred or otherwise.1.4Criminal Justice and Judiciary in India Criminal justice is the list of policies and practices formulated by the government in order to control crime and enforce penalties on those who violate laws. It focuses upon five major components. Law enforcement- law enforcement officers receive reports of crimes that happen in their localities. These officers investigate the crimes, collect information and guard the evidence. They may arrest offenders, offer testimony during the court process, and carry out follow investigations if necessary. Prosecution- prosecutors are lawyers who embody the government throughout the court process, right from appearance of the accused in court till the accused are acquitted or sentenced. They scrutinize the evidence brought to them by law enforcement and decide whether to file charges or drop the case. They present the evidence, inquire witnesses and use their power of discretion, or freedom, to decide the prosecutor’s case. Defence Attorney- defence attorneys defend the accused against the government’s case. They are either hired by the defendant or assigned by the court. Courts- courts are taken over by judges, to abide the laws and supervise what happens in the court. They fix on trials, sentences and plea agreements. Corrections- correction officers oversee the convicted offenders when they are behind bars in jail or prison and hold them secure and safe.The Judiciary of India is an independent body. In India, the Constitution isdrafted comprehensively taking into consideration the welfare of the people.The process of criminal justice starts off with a report followed by investigation.But then there is a hitch when it comes to arresting the offender. The judiciaryprohibits the arrest of an individual who they don’t prove guilty. In addition, theproof has to be in material, which includes the use of any of the sensory organs.This slows down the process of judgement. There are also cases piling up.Would they look into a previously adjourned case or a new case? There have 55

MRUGNAA Echoing the Spirit of Enquirybeen various institutions fabricated to reduce the congestion of cases but theyare still on a rise. In the book Godfathers of Crime by Sheela Raval, she opinesas to how many criminal and dons are discouraged to face the court forjudgement due to the slow process. It may also encourage certain individuals tocommit more crimes. More than trying to figure out what judgement to give,there has to be a solution for as to why the criminal committed the particularoffence in that particular situation.Even though several laws are provided for the ‘unsound mind’ and ‘juveniledelinquents’ and amendments have been made for the same, the law made notbe true for certain individual because the Intelligence quotient is dependent onthe mental ability and not chronological age. What if there is a criminalmastermind among juveniles? What if there is a meek individual who could besuccumb under peer pressure and is above the age of 20? There have been a lotof cases where wrong judgements. But if we look at the bright side, even if thejudiciary takes a slow decision, it is transparent, efficient and responsive.REVIEW OF LITERATUREThe main sources used as reference were informational websites, research paperand books.Merriam- Webster provided definitions for various concepts. Few otherwebsites like victims of crime contributed information about criminology andthe schools of thoughts, criminology theories and process of criminaljudgement.The Constitution of India, the Indian Penal Code in particular, was an essentialaid to comprehend the judicial processes in India and the rights and privilegesprovided.‘Criminologist and the Courts’ was a research paper written by Herman MAdler in 1921. This paper talks about the relevance of criminology. He takes upthree cases and explains the role of criminology in them. Paranoid or Egocentric Personality is characterized by certain traits of personality which are anti-social and filled with danger both for themselves 56

MRUGNAA Echoing the Spirit of Enquiry and for the community. The ego is given excessive credence and priority, and the individual has a distorted perception of his relation to his environment. This resembles certain aspects of the mental disease paranoia. The Defective Delinquent is an individual who is mentally defective and persistently violates rules of conduct in some unusually offensive behaviour. They are feebleminded and refuse to conform to the simple regulations. The Psychopathic Criminal is an individual who chooses to deviate from the healthy and normal lifestyle and commit crimes. They have a high degree of intelligence and possess a variety of behavioural difficulties like dishonesty and short temper, and have a positive trend towards committing crimes.He stressed on the treatment of the delinquents, the importance of a criminologist in understanding a criminal’s mind and its subsequent recommendations.The book On Crimes and Punishments (1764) by Cesare Beccaria explains the classical school of thought. He was of the opinion that the punishment should be so strict that the criminal would decide that the satisfaction of the criminal act would not be worthy of the excruciating pain of the punishment.The book Criminal Man (1876) by Cesare Lombroso talks about the positivist school of thought. This involved a lot more scientific basis for the causes of crimes which are biological, psychological and societal.Godfathers of Crime (2015) written by Sheela Raval is a book that talks about the dons and criminals of Mumbai who haven’t been acquitted yet after the 1993 Mumbai Attacks. It explains how these dons have fled to other parts of the world and our preventing the process of judgement.DISCUSSIONThe purpose of taking up this research topic was to establish a simultaneousworking model of Criminology and Criminal Justice in the process ofjudgments in India. Criminologists would study the crimes committed by thecriminals, gather the required data, analyse it and provide actionable 57

MRUGNAA Echoing the Spirit of Enquiryinformation and recommendations. Criminal Justice, on the other hand woulddeal with the procedures of the court based on the information extracted bycriminologists. This would lead to not only lead to a more efficient judgementbut also a speedy one. This also improves the scope of Criminology to be optedas a career option. “So long as the criminal law determines these cases on thebasis of responsibility and on the basis of property damage we will havedifficulty, for one cannot deal with the personality problem on the basis ofproperty valuation. We shall not make any headway here until the criminal lawis changed to consider personality values, just as our insane and feeblemindedcommitment acts disregard property values and lay the emphasis uponpersonality values”(Adler, 1921).Criminologists not only have a background in law, but also in Sociological(background), Psychological (behaviour) and scientific study which would helpthem understand the criminals thought processes better. It is essential to knowwhat the criminal’s thoughts are in order to decipher the intensity of the crimeand the punishment accordingly.This induces the criminals to retrospect and determine for themselves whetherthe crime they committed were towards progress or not, positive or not. Thereis however two sides to the outcome, where some wish to learn and mend theirways, while some cease to understand.“An individual, who makes a quick recovery, need not be a burden to thecommunity for several years because of the legal classification of his crime. Onthe other hand, an individual who has offended in a minor way and who hasonly a relatively short sentence, but who turns out to be a serious problem,could be kept under guardianship and treatment indefinitely.”(Adler, 1921).CONCLUSIONLaw is Supreme in a country. It is necessary to instil this in the minds of thecriminals. It is the lack of this ideology which is giving them the courage tocommit crimes. It is essential to understand the criminal’s thought process for it.If actions speak louder than words, then thoughts speak louder than action.There has to be necessary amendments made to consider mental stability andopinions as proof to some extent. Thus, Criminology has to be incorporated inthe process of judgement. 58

MRUGNAA Echoing the Spirit of EnquiryLIMITATIONS  The inadequate scope of the subject is a hindrance to this research.  The implementation of this system is also a lengthy and time consuming process.  Lack of awareness of the subject.  But further research can be conducted within the field. 59

MRUGNAA Echoing the Spirit of EnquiryBIBLIOGRAPHYBOOKS:Beccaria (1764). On Crimes and Punishment.Lombroso(1876). Criminal Man.Raval(2015).Godfathers of Crime. India: Hachette India.Adler. (1921). Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology.ONLINE:http://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1744&context=jclcCrowe. What is Criminology? – Definition, History & Theories. Retrieved fromhttp://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-criminology-definition-history-theories.htmlDugger. Cesare Beccaria’s ‘On Crimes and Punishments’ and the Rise ofUtilitarianism. Retrieved from http://study.com/academy/lesson/cesare-beccarias-on-crimes-and-punishments-and-the-rise-of-utilitarianism.htmlNational Centre for Victims of Crime. (2008). The Criminal Justice System.Retrieved from https://victimsofcrime.org/help-for-crime-victims/get-help-bulletins-for-crime-victims/the-criminal-justice-systemTania. (2014, April 22).Criminology Theories: The Varied Reasons Why PeopleCommit Crimes. Retrieved from https://blog.udemy.com/criminology-theories/The Early Schools of Criminology and Modern Counterparts. Retrieved fromhttps://www.google.co.in/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=12&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwiA6p7viMzQAhXCqo8KHY2PBFAQFghJMAs&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sagepub.com%2Fupm-data%2F13510_Chapter03_PPT.ppt&usg=AFQjCNEHgRb21ULFs-GZlD4W6Q1xjZvqnw&sig2=JmOBTQc3hoottQy7mfBzNQ 60

MRUGNAA Echoing the Spirit of EnquiryINDIAN PERCEPTION OF THE IMPACT OFTHE INDIAN CULTURE ON THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE Sanjana N II PPES 'O' 61

MRUGNAA Echoing the Spirit of EnquiryABSTRACTLanguage develops along with society. It is as dynamic as society is; withchange in society, there is obvious change in language. An obvious way toobserve such changes is the change of lexicons with the expansion of saidlanguage. This represents contemporary culture, mainly sparked by the youthalways creating new words, slangs etc. slowly but surely expanding the Englishlanguage.The controlling nature of society however, aims to change language so that itwill mirror the cultural values and ethics practiced. Many believe that languageshapes our thought processes and vice versa. Unfortunately, it is still difficult tosay to which extent this reflects the truth.This research paper will focus on how our culture, as Indians affect ourperception of the English language especially since English is not our primarymode of communication. Also, I will be elaborating on how something asmundane as the alphabet is also influenced by culture. This inference willconclusive on the basis of ‘The Alphabet Effect Theory’ as well as the theory ofsecondary language acquisition and will be substantiated with results fromsurveys conducted. 62

MRUGNAA Echoing the Spirit of EnquiryINTRODUCTIONThe first evidence of the now global lingua franca was in early medievalEngland and is believed to be of the West Germanic origin. The evolution ofEnglish has come to be over a transition of hundreds of years with theinvolvement of numerous languages, scholars, missionaries and conquerors.English is falsely assumed to be a simple language. True, it does not have thesame complexities as the German or even that of Korean but it is only when onebegins to familiarize him/herself with the language, one can comprehend thepeculiarities in the grammar, spelling, and pronunciation among others. Onelearns that even though there are rules, each rule has an exception.Definition and EtymologyThe word English can use as an adjective, a noun as well as a verb. This isexplained below: ● English (adj.) - Old English, \"belonging to the English people;\" late 13c., \"belonging to England,\" from English (n.1). The adjective in Old English meant \"of or pertaining to the Angles.\" The adverb englishly (mid-15c.) is rare. ● English (v.) - \"to translate into English,\" late 14c., from English (n.1) in the language sense. Related: Englished; englishing. ● English (n.1) - \"the people of England; the speech of England,\" noun use of Old English adjective English (contrasted to Denisc, Frencisce, etc.), \"of or pertaining to the Angles,\" from Engle (plural) \"the Angles,\" the name of one of the Germanic groups that overran the island 5c., supposedly so-called because Angul, the land they inhabited on the Jutland coast, was shaped like a fish hook (see angle (n.)). The use of the word in Middle English was reinforced by Anglo-French Engleis. Cognates: Dutch Engelsch, German Englisch, Danish Engelsk, French Anglais (Old French Engelsche), Spanish Inglés, Italian Inglese. ● English (n.2) - \"spin imparted to a ball\" (as in billiards), 1860, from French anglé \"angled\" (see angle (n.)), which is similar to Anglais \"English.\" 63

MRUGNAA Echoing the Spirit of EnquiryTHEORIESThe Alphabet effectThe Alphabet Effect theory is a theory associated with Toronto School ofCommunication. Scholars such as Marshall McLuhan, Harold Innis, Walter Ongand Robert Logan pomoted the same in their lifetime. Te described that thetheory was a compilation of 5 components of cognitive skills being: ● Abstraction ● Analysis ● Coding ● Decoding ● ClassificationThe alphabet is believed to trace back to the Ancient Greek civilisation unlikewhat many popularly believe as the start to be with the Egyptian civilization.The theory analyses the effect of the alphabet on a particular language. Thelarge numbers of symbols have resulted in a great intensity of abstraction. Thisis fundamental in interpreting the alphabetic system. This intensity increaseswith the cognitive development of the speakers among increasing a sense ofindividualism.The initial transmission of knowledge began post the formation of the alphabetsystem. These were further popularized by the influential countries dominatingthe pages of history. Alphabets were the key source of circulation ofinformation until the start of globalization which was n after effect ofwesternization. This involved the invention of zero and the decimal system aswell as the alphabet being a medium of expression. The alphabet was the firstconcrete structure of language as before all things were oral. It enabledpreservation for posterity.Criticism - The theory requires more analytical and pragmatic reasoning toestablish a strong link with culture. It is mainly based on speculation.Krashen’s theory of second language acquisition 64

MRUGNAA Echoing the Spirit of EnquiryKrashen's theory of second language acquisition is another theory of utmostimportance. It consists of five main hypotheses: ● the Acquisition-Learning hypothesis; ● the Monitor hypothesis; ● the Natural Order hypothesis; ● the Input hypothesis; ● And the Affective Filter hypothesis.The Acquisition-Learning distinction is the most basic of all parts. Itdifferentiates between the acquired method and learnt method and how learninga first language is different from learning a second language. Eg. LearningFrench is more difficult for native English speakers. The Monitor hypothesiselaborates further on the symbiotic interdependence between acquisition andlearning and defines the influence of the latter on the former. The Inputhypothesis is an effort to examine the process of acquiring a second language.The Affective Filter hypothesis, personifies the perspective that there arenumerous factors which play a role in the learning of another language,especially those that are socio economic.The evolution of EnglishEnglish is a descendant of the West Germanic Indo-European family,particularly that of the Frisians and Scotts. The evolution of the Englishlanguage is classified and demarcated into 3 eras- Old, Middle and Modern.This of course including the influence of other languages.Old English (450 - 1100 AD): The exact dates are not known but approximatelyduring the 5th century, the language we now call English manifested itself. Itstarted with the Saxons, Angles and Jutes- Germanic Tribes. They arrived at theBritish Isles and as the years went by their different dialects began to blend inwith one another which is now referred to as Anglo-Saxon. It shares similaritiesto the modern language of German. English was originally called ‘Englosc’before the unintentional mixture of the three main dialects English was still anamalgamation of Latin and various Celtic languages. This was cutesy of theRomans who brought Latin to what we now call England. Words originated inthis era include win (wine) and weall (wall). (\"Language Timeline\", The BritishLibrary Board) 65

MRUGNAA Echoing the Spirit of EnquiryThe introduction of Christianity brought about a shift in the paradigms. Thiswas initiated by the arrival of St. Augustine. A consequence of this was theintroduction and the usage of more Latin words. These words werepredominantly of the religious kind i.e. the naming of Church dignitaries, etc.Some words came directly from the Greek through Latin, such as church,baptism, monk, and presbyterMiddle English (1100-circa 1500 AD): This era is marked by William theConqueror who was the Duke of Normandy and his invasion of England. Hebrought about a new justice system and a disciple in administration. Thisresulted in words being invented or rather borrowed which pertained more togovernance. The language from which words were borrowed was French. Andso hat became the language of court; the new government. Post this; Latinbecame limited to writing, especially texts vis-a-vis Christianity. OriginalEnglish of the three German dialects was considered to be crass and lesseloquent only used by those of lower classes symbolizing vulgarity. AfterFrench split from England, the English language underwent a lot of change. Ithad been spoken in the previous years and not written. Now that the ‘vulgar’language was not seen as so, Old English was back with the addition of manyFrench words. This is known as Middle English. Examples include such ascrown, parliament, mansion, gown, banquet, poet, romance, peasant, governor.(\"Language Timeline\", the British Library Board)Another prominent characterization of the Middle English era is the beginningof the Great Vowel Shift. The Great Vowel Shift is the change in articulation ofvowels, particularly that of long vowels, the introduction of silent letters andchange in pronunciation. The name is so because the vowels shifted upwardsi.e. if a given vowel would be pronounced at a point in one’s mouth, the shiftwould be upward. The same vowel would be pronounced at a different andhigher point in the mouth. This was during the fifteenth, sixteenth andeighteenth centuries.Modern English (1500 to the present): The beginning of this era was with theestablishment of the first printing press. It was developed by William Caxton atWestminster Abbey. By the time Shakespeare had established him as aplaywright, Middle English had transformed into modern English, he furthercomplemented this change by inventing new words and phrases like eyeball andthe naked truth. Apart from this, more change came to be with the Renaissance,the Industrial Revolution, and the British Colonialism.Britain loved colonizedand was an Empire for more than two centuries as it conquered various parts ofthe world eg. New Zealand, Australia, India, Africa among others. They settled 66

MRUGNAA Echoing the Spirit of Enquiryin the commonwealth countries and through interaction with the natives, newwords were further added to the dictionary. Eg. Words, 'juggernaut' and 'turban'came from India.English as mentioned before is dynamic and so it continues to undergo changewith every second. A new word is added to the dictionary every hour. Yet it stillremains Germanic with the three genders- he, she and it with simple tenses ofverbsEnglish in IndiaEnglish is the most important language used in India, whether it is in terms ofwriting or speaking. It has the official status of an assistant language. It is themost commonly and frequently spoken language after Hindi, in a country withmore than 1500 dialects.Indian mentality perceives English to bring better culture, better education andincreased intellect. Because English is the second language, it is often used inconversations of the native tongue or vice versa. It also plays the mediatorbetween Indian of different languages to bridge the gap of communication.It also has extremely important functions in the fields of law, finance andbusiness apart from education.English was introduced to India with the colonization of India by the British.With the set of British rule in India, Indian interpreters were of need to aid themin administration and governance. This required the use of the Englishlanguage. The British provided the opportunity of learning English primarily tothe higher castes (Brahmins). Soon many new schools were established whereinEnglish was taught. English was thought of as the language of the Elite.Post Independence, English remained in India even though the British did not.The official status of an assistant language however was terminated after 15years. Yet, English remains indispensable in India. Even schools today,emphasize English. They are perceived to be better schools with qualityeducation.Every colonized country has its own version of English words and phrases andso there is the ‘Indian English’ too. This included both the accent as well as theamalgamated words. The British had difficulties understanding the same and so,they changed Indian words so they could pronounce them eg. sepayee becamesepoy. Indians also started speaking with the changed words and made them a 67

MRUGNAA Echoing the Spirit of Enquirypart of their daily English conversations. Two examples of such changed wordsare curry and sari.Perception of the English Language TodayMajority of population are being oppressed by the mere lack of knowledge ofthe English Language. From medical instructions to movie tickets, everything iswritten in English. The reason for this is globalization. People are discriminatedupon if they do not know English. The street hawkers, local vendors, autodrivers may be able to say a few customary words or phrases such as the price,directions etc. in English but it does not mean that they know the language. Thelanguage thrives more in cities than towns due to development and urbanization.As mentioned before, Englished spread with the elite, moved to the middle classand now is slowly budding among the backward classes especially in a rural setup. This is due to many job opportunities provided by multinational companies,BPOs along with education. States are making English the main medium ofinstruction in all educational institutes. All of this while the vast majority is ableto communicate in their respective mother tongues.English is essential forcommunication between the different types of masses, but to what extent shouldit be implemented? There are still states wherein, majority speaks their mothertongue. English must be taught, no doubts regarding that but English should betaught as a second language after they are fluent in their mother tongue. Else, itleads to loss of culture and heritage. The mentioned method is followed incountries like Sweden, Germany, Japan, Thailand, Greece, Finland, Italy,Egypt, and so forth.In layman’s terms, there is no development without education which roots fromlanguage. But language is more than a medium of communication; it plays anindispensible role in our lives otherwise too. Eg. Values, interests, careeropportunities. But because of the favoritism given to the global lingua franca,people lose out on countless contributions and stories not to mention thegenerations of authors, actors, and activists etc who have glorified and shinelight upon the beauty of their own language...In fields such as advertising,English dominates the market. Nearly all the flyers, posters, billboards arewritten in English. Every job with good monetary benefits needs a firm grasp onthe language. English brands are more respected and valued. English is the defacto national language of India. It is a bitter truth.A lot of people would say, Hindi is the national language of India; they wouldsay it with utter conviction but according to the constitution, there is no national 68

MRUGNAA Echoing the Spirit of Enquirylanguage of the country. After Independence, many attempted to make Hindithe national language but regional linguist was on the rise. Eg. Tamil Nadu wasset against it and it still is to some extent. To maintain peace and stability in thenation, the status of Hindi was demoted to one of the two official languages ofadministration. English was the other language. What was once considered aforeign language is now considered a default language. It has grown immensely,spreading its branches far and wide; sowing its seeds in the culture of Indiansociety. There is no accurate number of the English speakers and literates inIndia but what is known and accepted is that English has equal importance asthat of a national language.LITERATURE REVIEW“ENGLISH LANGUAGE LEARNERS’ MOTIVATION AND THEIRPERCEPTIONS OF THE EFFECTIVENESS AND ENJOYMENT OFTEACHING METHODS AND LEARNING ACTIVITIES” is a studyconducted by You-Mi Elena Seo.Learning foreign languages are trending at present but people begin to learnwith different and varied attitudes and motivations; diverse learning histories,preferences in teaching methods etc. All these influence the language learningprocess as well as the success of their attempt.“The study aims to examine the learners’ motivation for studying English andfurthermore their perceptions on useful and pleasurable activities to help currentand future language educators to cultivate a learning environment, which fostersthe successful and enjoyable learning of a foreign language” (Barkhuizen, 1998;Dörnyei, 1994; Heining-Boyton & Haitema, 2007; Horwitz, 1988; Littlewood,2010; Kouritzin, Piquemal, & Renaud, 2009; Krashen, 1981; Price &Gascoigne, 2006; Roberts, 1992).“THE PHONOLOGY OF ENGLISH AS AN INTERNATIONALLANGUAGE” is a book written by Jennifer Jenkins.The books itself is more than 300 pages and so a comprehensive yet briefanalysis was also published by the same author in an essay format in less than5000 words. The book elaborates on the exploration of the phonology ofEnglish. It is written from an international perspective. It is a collaboration oftwo stages- description and analysis. 69

MRUGNAA Echoing the Spirit of EnquiryThe first stage explains the perception of international speakers and theirphonological behavior. The second stage investigates the problems faced andpossible solutions with the objective of facilitating the use of English as anInternational Language (EIL)The literary work used as reference in 4.1.1 explicates the importance of thecomprehensions of the student perception of learning a language as well as theeffectiveness of said teaching methods. It is uncovered that interactive andcommunicative learning is indeed more enjoyable but reap good fruits; abalanced blend traditional method along with communicative approaches isprudent to master proficiency.The literary work used as reference in 4.1.2 explicates the circumstancesidentifying various language speakers; monolingual, bilingual, non bilingualand fluent. The theory of accommodation ergo proves to be a major componentin successful communication..CONCLUSIONFrom secondary data as well as primary data conducted through the means of asurvey. We can conclude that there are mixed perception on the impact ofIndian Culture on the English Language as English has been subjected to a lotof cultural politics. 70

MRUGNAA Echoing the Spirit of EnquiryBIBLIOGRAPHY ● http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=English ● https://books.google.co.nz/books/about/The_Phonology_of_English_as_a n_Internati.html?id=0TvHACfrUjEC ● http://communicationtheory.org/alphabet-effect-theory/ ● Http: ● //www.youtube.com/ ● http://www.cjc-online.ca/index.php/journal/article/view/1432/1540 ● https://www.englishclub.com/english-language-history.htm ● http://applij.oxfordjournals.org/content/11/1/73.short ● https://books.google.co.in/books?id=XcO3AwAAQBAJ&dq=Indian+per ception+of+English+language&lr= ● http://www.linguisticsociety.org/content/english-changing ● http://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED414757 ● http://www.diva- portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A456967&dswid=9302 ● https://docs.google.com/forms/d/120ekGUYnqtWVHvuCL0PfaxlDKiQa PnGDXaewArHix0k/edit?usp=drive_web ● Crystal, David the Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language. Cambridge University Press, 1997. ● Krashen, Stephen D. Principles and Practice in Second Language Acquisition. Prentice-Hall International, 1987. ● Krashen, Stephen D. Second Language Acquisition and Second Language Learning. Prentice-Hall International, 1988. 71