Electronic Booklet May 2014

University of Brighton 4th Year Poster Competition May 2014 Electronic Booklet containing all posters submissionsSponsors -

Prizes available - • Best Professional/Therapeutics poster (1st - £150; 2nd - £100 & 3rd - £50), judged by Local Practice Forum representatives • Best Pharmaceutics poster (1st - £100 & 2nd - £50) judged by Custom Pharma • Best Poster judged by staff (1st - £100; 2nd - £75 & 3rd - £50) • Best Poster judged by MPharm students (1st - £75; 2nd - £50 & 3rd - £25),

Connor Thompson (Therapeutics) Poster ID – 1Positive inotropic agents, dopamine and dobutamine, are used in lowbirth-weight neonates with severe hypotension. This study investigatedthe stability in suggested diluents and found a greater degradation ofdopamine in glucose, while others remained stable. This highlightspotential under-dosing of this patient group which could be detrimentalto outcomes.

Sameer Jiwani (Therapeutics) Poster ID -2  My poster explores diabetes cardiovascular complications with relationto myocardial damage. We found methylglyoxal, a glucose metabolite,damages myocardial cells and hydrogen sulphide (H2S) producedexogenously or endogenously protected against this damage. We believemodulating the H2S system exogenously via a donor compound orendogenously may reduce these cardiac complications  

Guairi Pateil (Therapeutics) Poster ID – 3Oestrogens activate the BK channel in smooth muscle cells causingvasorelaxation. We found that membrane-impermeable Quat DME-oestradiol activates the BK channel but cannot pass throughmembranes. So, it could be developed as a cardioprotective agent formen and post-menopausal women, having the same vasorelaxanteffects but no oestrogen-related side effects.

Abiodun Ajagbe (Therapeutics) Poster ID – 4Protection against protease inhibitor-mediated endothelial cell dysfunction by anti-hyperglycemic medications! Abiodun Ajagbe and Dr. J. G. Mabley! Conclusions!!  Morbidity and mortality associated with HIV !  Exposure to ritonavir but not the other protease infection and subsequent development of AIDS inhibitors, Indinavir and Darunavir, caused loss of has been dramatically reduced since the cell viability in vascular endothelial cells and introduction of Highly Active Anti-Retroviral inflammation hence, drug effect and not a class Therapy (HAART) in 1993 [1]. ! effect.!! !!  Given the success of HIV protease inhibitors !  Metformin not exenatide presented evidence to (PIs) in improving the survival of HIV-infected protect against ritonavir- mediated loss of endothelial patients, long-term adverse events have cell viability. However, both increased IL-8 release.! become a serious concern.! !!!  Recent studies have shown that patients Results! receiving HAART regimens, especially those including PIs have an increased incidence of ,\" +\" cardiovascular events [2,3]. ! ($#\"! \"+\"!  Recently, hyperglycemic drugs such as Cell viability (% untreated cells)! (##\" +\" &\" RTV! rosiglitazone, pioglitazone, exenatide and \"\"\"\"\"\"\"\"\"+\" +\" *\" IND! metformin, as well as having the effect of DRV! lowering blood glucose have been shown to '#\" IL-8 (pg/ml protein)! have other effects, which may protect the cardiovascular system. ! \"\"\"\"++\" %\"Aims! &#\" RTV!!  Determine whether the protease inhibitors, ++\" )\" ritonavir, indinavir and darunavir cause loss of endothelial cell viability and increase IDV! endothelial cell inflammation. ! %#\" \"\"++\" $\"! DRV!!  Investigate potential protective action of the $#\" (\" anti-diabetic drugs, exenatide and metformin against any damaging effects of protease #\" #\" (\" )\" (#\" )#\" *#\" inhibitors!\"\" #\" (\" )\" (#\" )#\" *#\" (##\" -\" !\"#$%#&'()\"#***+,-.*Methods! Concentration ( µM )!!  Cell Viability measurement (MTT assay)! Figure 1: The effect of ritonavir (RTV), indinavir (IDV) and darunavir (DRV) on Figure 2: The effect of ritonavir (RTV), indinavir (IDV) and darunavir (DRV) on IL-8MTT solution was dissolved in DMEM solution. endothelial cell viability. RTV but not IDV and DRV caused a dose dependent loss release from EA.hy926. Ritonavir increased IL-8 release dose independently but notCells were incubated for 60mins at 370C, MTT was of cell viability. Data is expressed as mean ±SEM from n= 3-4 (with 6 replicates per with indinavir and darunavir. Data is expressed as mean ± SEM from n= 3-4 (with 3removed and DMSO added to dissolve any experiment). Statistical analysis format using Student’s t-test where p<0.05 is replicates per experiment). Statistical analysis format using Student’s t-test whereformazan crystals produced for spectro- statistically significant; *=p<0.05 vs untreated cells and **=p<0.01 vs untreated p<0.05 is statistically significant; *=p<0.05 vs untreated cells.!photometric analysis at a wavelength of 540nm. cells.Results were expressed as a percentage of theabsorbance observed in untreated cells.! (##\"!!  Inflammation measurement (IL-8 assay)! Cell Viability (% of untreated cells)! '#\"The release of IL8 was assessed following a step-by-step procedure from a human IL-8 ELISA kit 0µm!and reading the plate at 450 nm with correction at570 nm via the spectrophotometer. The results are 30µm Metformin!expressed as a percentage of IL-8 release from &#\"untreated cells. ! +1\" +1\" +1\" +1\" 100µm Metformin! 300µm Metformin! 500µm Metformin! %#\" +\" $#\" )#0/\" #./\" Ritonavir (µm)! Figure 3: The effect of Metformin against ritonavir mediated endothelial cell Table 1: The effect of metformin on RTV-induced IL-8 release in endothelial cell. dysfunction. Metformin protects against RTV induced loss of cell viability. Data is Metformin increases ritonavir induced IL-8 however, not in a dose-dependent expressed as mean ±SEM from n= 3-4 (with 6 replicates per experiment). manner. Data is expressed as mean ±SEM from n= 2 (with 3 replicates per Statistical analysis format using Student’s t-test where p<0.05 is statistically experiment). Statistical analysis format using Student’s t-test where p<0.05 is significant; *P < 0.05 vs. untreated rings, +P < 0.05 vs. RTV 30 µM.! statistically significant; *P < 0.05 vs. untreated rings, +P < 0.05 vs. RTV 30 µM. ! References![1] Sande M, Carpenter C, Cobbs C, Holmes K, Sanford J. Antiretroviral therapy for adult HIV-infected patients. JAMA. 1993 Dec 1; 270(21): 2583-9![1] Wang X, Chai H, Lin P, Yao Q, Chen C. Roles and mechanisms of human immunodeficiency virus protease inhibitor ritonavir and other Anti-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Drugs in Endothelial Dysfunction of Porcine PulmonaryArteries and Human Pulmonary Artery Endothelial Cells. AmJPathol. 2009 Mar; 174(3): 771–81![2] Conklin B, Fu W, Lin P, Lumsden A, Yao Q, Chen C. HIV protease inhibitor ritonavir decreases endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation and increases superoxide in porcine arteries. Cardiovascular Research. 2004 Jul; 63(1): 168-75!University of Brighton, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Brighton, UK!This poster is about the use of diabetic medications to protect HIVpatients against cardiovascular disease caused by protease inhibitors.Development of therapeutic adjuvant, which may reduce cardiovascularside effects observed with anti-retroviral drugs, is a valuabletherapeutic approach in pharmacy due to the fact that HIV patients onanti-retroviral therapy are the fastest growing patient group withcardiovascular disease.

Megan Osbourne (Therapeutics) Poster ID – 5My poster summarises findings that propofol inhibits BK calciumchannels (alpha subunits only), possibly binding to the S0 domain.Discovery of binding sites could potentially lead to side effectprevention, prediction of genetic/age related side effect susceptibility,or propofol becoming a lead activity molecule in rational drug design fornovel indications.

Mayokun Oluwale (Practice) Poster ID – 6The poster contains a study on adherence issues amongst young adults.A survey was carried out and different age groups took part. Non-adherence impacts on patient’s life, economic and the environment. Theresults from this poster will help better improve adherence levels intype 1 diabetes.

Nikita Patel (Practice) Poster ID – 7This clinical audit determines the prescribing patterns and adherenceto guidelines of New oral anticoagulants (Dabigatran, Rivaroxban andApixaban) at BSUH NHS Trust. Pharmacists' contribute toanticoagulant therapy and writing of guidelines, which are constructedto optimise patient care. Lack of adherence could result in lengthyhospital stays and fatalities.

Osayomore Osagie (Practice) Poster ID –8The aim of this study was to investigate pharmacists' knowledge oninfant feeding. This poster contains the study's facts and outcomesachieved. Results showed community pharmacists have an acceptableknowledge on infant feeding, however 71 pharmacists (out of110)believe they were not provided with information regarding breast-feeding mothers on medication

Esther Collyer (Practice) Poster ID – 9 A retrospective evaluation of errors involving oral chemotherapy at Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals NHS Trust Esther Collyer, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton BN2 4GJ Introduction Methods There is an increasing number of oral chemotherapy products coming onto the market. [1] Oral Incidents occurring within BSUH NHS Trust are recorded on an incident reporting system, chemotherapy carries a high risk of error because it has the potential to cause the same Datix. A data collection form was developed in conjunction with a specialist oncology toxicities as other routes, yet these dangers may not be fully appreciated by all staff and pharmacist at BSUH NHS Trust in order to collect relevant information about the errors. The patients. In January 2008, the National Patient Safety Agency (NPSA) released a rapid response data collection form included: report entitled: risks of incorrect dosing of oral anti-cancer medicines.[2] Between November x Location of error; 2003 and July 2007, the NPSA received reports of 3 patient deaths and 400 safety incidents due x Stage in the medication process in which the error was made; to errors in oral chemotherapy. Despite the evidence for oral chemotherapy being at risk of x Actual harm resulting from the error, incorrect dosing with potentially fatal consequences, there have been a limited number of x Potential harm that could have resulted from the error; studies published investigating this. The relative lack of research therefore justifies the need for x Oral chemotherapy drug(s) involved; a retrospective evaluation. x Role of the person responsible for the error; x Role of the person who identified the error. Aims: A pilot study was conducted with the first ten Datix reports to ensure that the data collection 1. To quantify the errors reported at Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals (BSUH) NHS form was fit for purpose. The study was approved by the School of Pharmacy and Trust according to location; stage in the medication process; actual and potential harm; oral Biomolecular Sciences Research Ethics Committee at the University of Brighton. Data chemotherapy drug; role of the person responsible for the error and role of the person who collection was carried out on a password protected computer. The number and percentage of found the error. errors were tabulated. 2. To categorise these errors into major themes. 3. To make recommendations based on these themes to reduce future errors and improve patient safety. Results There were 66 errors reported between July 2008 and February 2014, of which 72.7% occurred in Figure 1. The drugs most commonly involved were hydroxycarbamide (19.1%), capecitabine (17.6%), cyclophosphamide (14.7%) and thalidomide (11.8%). Medical (30.3%) and pharmacy in secondary care and 21.2% in primary care (Table 1). Errors in primary care included general staff (28.8%) were most often responsible for the errors, whilst nursing staff (15.2%), pharmacy staff (13.6%) and patients (12.2%) discovered errors most frequently. practioners (GPs) prescribing chemotherapy (10.6%) and community pharmacies dispensing chemotherapy (3.0%). Half of the errors were made during prescribing and included wrong dose (16.7%); medication written on wrong drug !\"\"#\"$%#&'()#* +,-./\"$#0$ 2/\"&/*('3/$#0$ F&(,'4$8'\"- 2#(/*()'4$8'\"- %)#( chart (3.0%); unauthorised prescribers in %(#( secondary care prescribing (6.1%) and $)#( $(#( )#( (#( R/8:0AE.,17E./8BD0G/+9 Figure 1: A graph of percentage of errors by anticancer medicine. /\"\"#\"1 (#('4$567 *+,-./0 4./5.6789.0 *+,-./0 4./5.6789.0 4./5.6789.0120I//1/30;<= 120.//1/3 1207178:0;<= 120.//1/3 1207178:0;<= @+3+:286 incorrect drug prescribed (4.5%). The 8'/-'(#4#39:$;*&#4#39$ ! \"#$ A8B.5C78-C6. AD5:1BE13BE8,CF. majority of the remaining errors were either <'\"= +#$G'\"- !$ \"%#) ' !#% G.H8,.7E8316. I/:17C6C- pharmacy errors (24.2%), such as dispensing %& '(#\" %#D$G'\"- $ $#) & $(#> I71B13CF. errors within the hospital dispensary, or +#*>1?/&)'4)1/=$<'\"= J:+F8/8-C6. H#=/\"'(/$ ( (#( $ $#) KDF/1HD58/-8,CF. administration errors (24.2%), such as L,87C6C- incorrect dosage taken. Nearly all errors @)1?/*1'\"9 $) %%#& G'\"- M.68:CF1,CF. (92.5%) resulted in no patient harm due to 2\")-'\"9$A'\"/ $' %$#% M1,+37C6. I/J/\"/$G'\"- ( (#( $$ $!#\" N.:BE8:86 N./58B71B+/C6. interception by staff, patients or carers. B*C*#D* @/'(G $ $#) ?? )(#> N.7E17/.H87. However, the potential harm for the majority O1/82.6C- ' !#$ B*'.4/$(#$ ? '#) \" $?#> P.,1Q1:1,CF. PE8:CF1,CF. of the incidents (67.7%) was categorised as E#('4 !! $((#( =/(/\"-)*/ severe or fatal (Table 2). There were 17 E#('4 !! $((#( !) $((#( anticancer drugs in total involved in the Table 1: Number and percentage of errors by Table 2: Number and percentage of errors by actual and potential harm caused to the patient. incidents analysed in this study, as illustrated location. Conclusion x Warning messages to be added to the hospital and local community dispensary systems stating that capecitabine, hydroxycarbamide, thalidomide and cyclophosphamide are prone to sThe particular areas of risk highlighted in this study included prescribing and dispensing in error; primary care; unauthorised prescribing in secondary care and incorrect dosing by patients and x Specialists providing patient counselling to use a checklist. staff. The results of the NPSA report (2010) on patient safety incidents involving chemotherapy are in agreement with this study in terms of the drugs associated with most errors and a high Future research could audit incidents involving oral chemotherapy prospectively to identify a proportion of errors occurring during prescribing.[3] Characterising the incidents into themes has greater number of errors and evaluate the efficiency of the recommendations developed. allowed specific recommendations to be made to prevent further errors of a similar nature. These have been described below: References and Acknowledgements x Feedback to be given to staff at BSUH NHS Trust, highlighting the importance of incident 1. Weingart SN et al. NCCN Task Force Report: Oral chemotherapy. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 2008; 6:S1-14. reporting; 2. National Patient Safety Agency. Risks of incorrect dosing of oral anti-cancer medicines. NPSA/2008/RRR001. Available at: www.nrls.npsa.nhs.uk/alerts. (Accessed 5.2.2014) x Warning poster to be displayed on all wards, GP surgeries and local community pharmacies; 3. National Patient Safety Agency. A themed review of patient safety incidents involving ant-cancer medicines 1 x Specific teaching to be given on oral chemotherapy policy within universities on healthcare November 2003 ± 30 June 2008. 2010. Available at http://www.nrls.npsa.nhs.uk/resources. (Accessed 5.2.2014) courses; x Junior doctors to be provided with an A6 card listing oral chemotherapy drugs with a warning I would like to thank Simon Matthews and Emma Foreman at BSUH NHS Trust, and Railton Scott at the University of Brighton for their guidance throughout this study. that these should not be prescribed; x An additional check in oral chemotherapy clinics to be done, whereby the healthcare professional handing the prescription to the patient must double check the prescription and label again; x Clearer dosage instructions on the labels to be used on the medication boxes;The study’s aim was to categorize errors involving oral chemotherapyat BSUH NHS Trust, thus enabling recommendations to be made toreduce future errors. Results highlighted unauthorized prescribing inprimary and secondary care as major issues. The recommendationspromote awareness of oral chemotherapy risks, and in turn patientsafety.  

Meera Patel (Practice) Poster ID – 10This poster shows the level of patient satisfaction for the chemotherapyservice delivered at three locations within Brighton and Hove. Resultsshowed that the outreach locations had higher scores of patientsatisfaction compared to the NHS hospital. Therefore, the results canhelp to make improvements if and where necessary to increase patientsatisfaction.

Sanaa Suleman (Practice) Poster ID –11This project emphasises the students' perspective on EC devices. Beingstatistically the major conventional cigarette consumers they play apivotal role in the attitudes that surround the device. Results reportedthat regardless of smoking status this device is primarily used sociallyrather than a medical tool which is impacted by the perspective of themedia.

Mary Badmus   (Practice) Poster ID – 12Pain was found to be quite prevalent in this age group with over a thirdexperiencing pain for more than 3 months and over 40% experiencingpain as frequently as once a week. Because of this result, medication usewas also high in this age group. The contribution to pharmacy practiceis if advice and information is given to adolescence when they acquiremedication, they are likely to adhere to the instructions and usemedication safely to control their pains.

Bethany Wellington (Practice) Poster ID – 13My poster looks the administration of medicines in schools. Schoolmedicines administrators were not prepared to administer non-prescription medication in school. If they were able to consult with apharmacist they would have confidence to administer these medicines.This would impact on pharmacy practice by pharmacists being availablefor consultation.

Sunethra Varghese (Practice) Poster ID –14Interprofessional education (IPE) has proven to be an effective tool ofinteractive learning in pharmacy education. This study explored thevalue of scheduled IPE in foundation year one teaching sessions forfoundation year one doctors and pre-registration trainee pharmacists atthe Brighton and Sussex Universities Hospitals NHS trust (BSUH).

Ramat Popoola (Practice) Poster ID – 15Pharmacists play a key role in effective medication reconciliation, thiscan reduce the prevalence of medication errors, harm to patients andpotentially re-admission. An apparent improvement in the way changesto medications are being documented on discharge summary is seen inthis audit.

Anisha Patel (Practice) Poster ID – 16      This  project  determined  whether  patients  who  attended  cardiac  rehabilitation  (CR)  had  their  medication  doses  up-­‐titrated.  It  was  found  there  was  a  clear  discrepancy  of  up-­‐titration  amongst  these  patients.  It  can  be  concluded  that  pharmacists  who  are  independent  prescribers  could  work  alongside  the  CR  team  to  up-­‐titrate  patient  medication.      

Aoife Kane (Practice) Poster ID – 17It is estimated that approximately 900 million medicines are dispensedeach year between both community and hospital pharmacies acrossEngland and Wales. This large volume of dispensing can result indispensing errors occurring. Identifying trends in dispensing, educatingstaff, providing feedback and completing reflective evidence is key toimproving the dispensing process.

Urvi Patel (Practice) Poster ID – 18This clinical audit investigated the appropriate prescribing of PPI withNSAIDs within BSUH NHS-Trust. 73% of patients received appropriatePPI treatment and adhered to the BSUH guidelines, while 27% failed toadhere. This study is important as it highlights that prescribers need toenhance adherence to existing evidence-based guidelines to optimizepatient care and safety.  

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The conclusion was that clozapine gives rise to severedamage to these cells while vitamin D does not offer any protectionagainst this damage. Therefore, great care should be taken with the useof clozapine in diabetes.  

Jay Ahn (Diabetes) Poster ID – 20Diabetes is one of rapidly growing disease worldwide. It is taking almost10% of NHS budget per year and extensive research has been done tofind the cure. however, treatment has not improved much sincediscovery of insulin. recently, sleep studies has shown great associationwith diabetes development. this project investigated relationshipbetween sleep duration and insulin resistance development whichpotentially increases diabetes risk. result of this project, whichshows sleep duration can act as independent risk factor for diabetes canbe important counselling point for patients with or have high risk ofdiabetes.

Dimitrios Tzaras (Diabetes) Poster ID – 21In this poster, the capability of Continuous Glucose Monitors (CGM) inaccurately determining glucose readings during exercise in type 1diabetes is examined. In addition, the ability of CGMs in identifyinghypoglycaemic attacks during exercise or at resting conditions andeffects in HbA1c levels after 3 months are also evaluated.

Olasubomi Dinyo (Diabetes) Poster ID –22 This poster shows findings from an investigation into the effects ofantiretroviral therapy on the quality of life of HIV infected patients and the now emerging metabolic syndromes associated with the long term use of these efficacious drugs and the potential use of oral hypoglycaemics to protect against these side effects.

Hamidreza Afsharikho (Diabetes) Poster ID – 23  Conventional therapy for T1DM is insulin replacement therapy. Islettransplantation is a new biological intervention that can benefit T1DMpatients. However, the circumstances behind the preparation of isletslimit the use of this intervention. This project aimed to evaluate theexpression of Collagen IV in Min-6 beta cells in in vitro.

Bhaumik Dhulia (Diabetes) Poster ID – 24My project was looking at Fibronectin, a protein found in the ECM ofislets of Langerhans, and whether if it is accurately reproduced in invitro models. By studying this, it will allow for further enhancement ofislet transplantation, a potential cure for Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus.

Brian Lui (Pharm Sci) Poster ID – 25A characteristic of COPD and cystic fibrosis is mucus overproduction.This influences the rate and extent of absorption of drugs through themucus, which can be better understood by the use of Calu-3 cellsstimulated by ionomycin to increase mucus secretion. The cytotoxiceffects of ionomycin need to be investigated.

Blessing Emmanuel (Pharm Sci) Poster ID – 26The poster contains: 1. An introduction. 2. Hypothesis, explaining what was expected from the experiment 3. Method, Results and discussion of results. 4. Conclusion, Terms used and special thanks.This research provides the possibility of creating a dosage form that willhelp to better manage pain in Operative cancer patients.

Thomas German (Pharm Sci) Poster ID – 27My poster is about development and characterisation of terbinafinemicrocapsules using coacervation method. Microcapsules loaded withterbinafine can prolong the release of this antifungal agent and improveits effectiveness in the treatment of nail fungal infection such asonychomycosis.

Nishan Devani (Pharm Sci) Poster ID –28!\"#$\"%&'(\")*&)'+,#\"+-&,+)&.,/')\"0,#'$1&*22*%#/&'2&34+\"#$'/'4546*$%,7#'7$'7\"'+10&-01%\"+*& 2'$&/#*+#&%',#\"+-! !Nishan Devani and D r. M atthew IngramSchool of Pharmacy & Biomolecular Sciences, University of B righton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E-31=+'C#+',-#$%8(*C=!D[:[b!::4:[8h!::DRM::HI! 392>.1&3!.#)!($3!39?3&C9&#$!NO!2&/&.3&@!! ! !This study aims to test the NO releasing and vasodilatory properties ofS-nitroso-2-mercaptopropionyl glycine (SNO-MPG) as a potentialcoating in drug-eluting stents. This study is important as the resultsshow that SNO-MPG can reduce harmful effects caused byatherosclerosis, and retard in-stent restenosis via superior NO-donatingattributes and vasorelaxatory action.

Sophie Knott (Pharm Sci) Poster ID – 29My poster shows the effects of how pro-oxidants, AAPH and rotenone,affect the contractile responses in mouse colon and the recover seenfrom the antioxidant vitamin E. These findings may signify howoxidative stress in the gastrointestinal tract causes impairments inmotility seen with patients suffering from constipation and whetherthese effects can be reversed.



Mohammad Hussain (Pharm Sci) Poster ID –31Ritonavir , has been used widely in the treatment for the suppression ofHIV to develop into AIDS; alongside other drugs that changed the onceknown terminal illness to a chronic manageable condition. However it isassociated with cardiovascular complications, through damaging theendothelial cells that leads to cardiovascular risk such asatherosclerosis and hyptertension.

Christian Okeke (Pharm Sci) Poster ID –32This poster highlights my project which looked into synthesis of S-nitrosothiol capable of releasing nitric oxide (NO) and this NO able toexert physiological properties like vasodilation. This was further testedwhen coated on a stent-like metal disc as used in PCI to see its potentialin coating drug-eluting stent.

Lucy Wang(Pharm Sci)Poster ID –33INVESTIGATION OF CATIONIC LIPOSOMES FOR ENCAPSULATION AND PACKING OF NEGATIVELY CHARGED DEXTRAN SULPHATE POLYMER AS A GENE THERAPY DELIVERY MODEL Lucy Wang and Dipak Sarker, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, United Kingdoms, BN2 4GJ!Introduction\" Results and Discussion\"! !Gene therapy is defined as “the use of nucleic acid transfer, either RNA or Though the results in Figure 1 show no significant difference betweenDNA, to treat or prevent a disease” 1. Cationic liposomes are vesicles with lipoplex sizes of differing amounts of dextran sulphate solution addeda net positive charge and are popular non-viral DNA delivery vehicles. (perhaps due to the studyʼs lack of power), there is a potentially interestingThe positive charge of the liposome is able to better condense, protect, pattern for the change in size. This coined “double-linear increase” patternand deliver therapeutic genes past the anionic cell membrane. This could indicate that dextran sulphate molecules are being encapsulated bothexperiment focuses on the creation of cationic liposomes and the use of within the liposome and associated on the outer most surface. According todextran sulphate, a negatively charged polymer, as a DNA substitute to Tros de Ilarduya et al., lipoplex structures are typically in a “multilamellar” ormodel lipoplex formation. In addition, structural properties of the formed “honeycomb” conformation, as shown in Figure 3 2. !“lipoplexes” are hypothesized upon as the experiment also aimed todescribe the various ways dextran sulphate molecules were possibly !packed within the liposome. ! ! 2) Low concentration loading! 3) HigherMaterials and Method\" ! 1) Unloaded concentration! ! liposome! loading to1.  Neutral lipid (either DMPC or DPPC), charged lipid (DC-cholesterol), ! liposomal ! surface and fusogenic lipid (DOPE) added together in 3:1:1 ratio! ! saturation!2.  Lipids dispersed in 20mL of diethyl ether!3.  The organic solvent was then evaporated using a rotary evaporator! !6) Anion 5) High concentration loading! 4) Anionic4.  The thin layer was then re-hydrated in 30mL of 50mM phosphate buffer! !lmoaadxiimngumto cargo loading5.  Dextran sulphate solution 1μM added 1mL at a time to the liposomes ! !both inside past critical6.  Size and charge characteristics measured using the Malvern Zetasizer !and outside point causing !the liposome! internal after each incremental addition. ! packing! ! !Figure 2: Cartoon showing liposomal loading pattern. 1) Unloaded liposome small in size. 2) Low concentration loading allows dextran sulphate strands to lie flat on the liposome surface. 3) Higher concentration loading to critical point such !that the liposomal surface is saturated with anionic species. Dextran sulphate strands stand upright to minimize steric stress. 4) Anion loading past critical point. Dextran sulphate strands begin internal packing. 5) Increased concentration of !anionic species causes initiation of external packing on liposome surface. 6) Liposome loaded to maximum capacity wherein dextran sulphate molecules saturate both inside and outside the liposome. ! ! It is hypothesized that dextran sulphate, a polymer with negatively charged sulphate moieties on one end of its “backbone”, forms a multilamellar “sandwich” conformation with dextran sulphate strands encapsulated between cationic bilayers of the liposome. Rational behind this hypothesis explained in Figure 2 above. !Figure 1: The size of lipoplexes as a function of the volume of dextran sulphate 1μmol/m3 solution added to the A)! B)!liposomes. Formulation 3 refers to liposomes made using DPPC as the neutral lipid whilst formulation 4 refers toliposomes made using DMPC as the neutral lipid. As shown, increased amounts of dextran sulphate solution added Figure 3: the structure of DNA encapsulated lipoplexes. A) The multilamellar “sandwich” structure of ainitially increases lipoplex size until a critical point where lipoplex size drops, after which it subsequently begins to lipoplex where strands of DNA are situated in between the cationic lipid bilayers of a cationic multilamellarincrease once again. ! vesicle. B) The “honeycomb” conformation in which long strands of DNA are encapsulated by a layer of cationic lipid, ultimately forming a hexagonal, aggregate structure of encapsulated DNA tubes. ! References\" ! Conclusion\" 1. Robbins PD, Ghivizzani SC. Viral vectors for gene therapy. ! Pharmacol Ther. 1998;80(1):35–47.! In conclusion, cationic liposomes were successfully made and used to 2. Tros de Ilarduya C, Sun Y, Düzgüneş N. Gene delivery by encapsulate the DNA substitute, dextran sulphate. Size and charge studies lipoplexes and polyplexes. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2010;40(3):159–170. doi: reveal that dextran sulphate-cationic liposome lipoplexes exhibit similar 10.1016/j.ejps.2010.03.019. ! structures to DNA-cationic liposome lipoplexes. ! !In this study, cationic liposome-dextran sulphate polymer complexeswere created as a gene therapy model. Currently, cationic liposomescomplexed with polymers are being investigated for delivery oftherapeutic genes. In this study, a pattern for encapsulating dextransulphate was found which could have applications in smarter genepackaging and delivery.

Tameera Hamed (Pharm Sci) Poster ID – 34More traditional roles of pharmacists formulating medicines is on asteady decline. My poster is formulation optimisation of nanoparticledrug delivery systems. This can provide therapeutic advantages, and soaid the service of care pharmacists provide to patients, byproducing enhanced medicines to better suit patient needs.

Kshitij R. Mistry (Pharma Sci) Poster ID – 35The underlying principle of any drug formulation is that the designedvehicle must ordain patient safety. SLNs satisfy this by theirbiocompatible and biodegradable formulating ingredients, as they dotackle the best and eliminate the worst of many conventional colloidalsystems, thus enhancing treatment and optimizing therapeuticstrategies.