My fsm ebook (english)

An effective guide toLanguage and GrammarGrammar made fun! Njabulo R. Mndebele

ContentsChapter 1 .................................................................................................................................................3 Sentences............................................................................................................................................. 3 ENRICHMENT ACTIVITY:..................................................................................................................4Chapter 2 .................................................................................................................................................5 Parts of Speech .................................................................................................................................... 5 ENRICHMENT ACTIVITY:..................................................................................................................6Chapter 3.................................................................................................................................................7 Degrees of Comparison.......................................................................................................................7 Degrees of comparison compare Nouns......................................................................................... 7 Enrichment activity: ........................................................................................................................8Chapter 4.................................................................................................................................................9 Essay writing ....................................................................................................................................... 9 Types of Essay Writing .................................................................................................................... 9 Features of writing an Essay .........................................................................................................10 Summative assessment: ...............................................................................................................11Chapter 5...............................................................................................................................................12 Transactional writing ........................................................................................................................12 DIARY ENTRY .................................................................................................................................12 Example of a Diary entry...............................................................................................................12 Postcards........................................................................................................................................... 13 Example of a Postcard...................................................................................................................13 SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT: ..........................................................................................................13Thank you letter....................................................................................................................................15 Page | 2

Chapter 1 SentencesA sentence begins with a capital letter and ends with a full stop, a questionmark or an exclamation mark, depending on the nature and meaning of thesentence.A sentence must contain a subject and a finite verb. {In order to checkwhether you have a subject, ask who or what before the verb. The subjectmay be replaced with a pronoun e.g. he, she or it. 1. THERE ARE FOUR TYPES OF SENTENCES IN ENGLISH: A} STATEMENTS These supply information e.g. Shelly is going to church. B} QUESTIONS These ask for information e.g. Where is Shelly going? C} EXCLAMATIONS These emotions such as surprise, fear, alarm or anger e.g. It’s a monster! / This work is unacceptable behaviour! D} COMMANDS These are used to give orders or instructions e.g. Do not enter through that door. / Leave the room immediately! 2. A SENTENCE MAY BE DIVIDED INTO A SUBJECT AND A PREDICATE A} THE SUBJECT The subject reflects who or what we are talking about. It is the person or the thing who/what/ which is performing the action. Page | 3

B} THE PREDICATEThe predicate is the rest of the sentence. It expands on the subject and always begins with the verb.SUBJECT PREDICATELizzy built the sandcastle.The boys in grade 8 were happy to go to an excursion.ENRICHMENT ACTIVITY: follow the link belowhttps://goo.gl/forms/tzQa47twAbWhip132 Page | 4

Chapter 2 Parts of Speech Every word in a sentence is named according to its functionNoun: a word used to name a person, animal, place, thing, and abstract idea.The highlighted words in the following sentences are all nouns: Late last year our neighbours bought a goat. Portia White was an opera singer. The bus inspector looked at all the passengers' passes.Proper Noun: The names of days of the week, months, historical documents,institutions, organisations, religions, their holy texts and their adherents areproper nouns. A proper noun is the opposite of a common nounCommon noun: a noun referring to a person, place, or thing in a generalsense -- usually, you should write it with a capital letter only when it begins asentence. A common noun is the opposite of a proper noun.Preposition: links nouns, pronouns and phrases to other words in a sentence.The bold words are examples of prepositions The book is on the table. The book is beneath the table. The book is leaning against the table. The book is beside the table. She held the book over the table. She read the book during class. Page | 5

Adjective: modifies a noun or a pronoun by describing, identifying, orquantifying words. An adjective usually precedes the noun or the pronounwhich it modifies.The verb: is perhaps the most important part of the sentence. A verbasserts something about the subject of the sentence and express actions,events, or states of being.An adverb: can modify a verb, an adjective, another adverb, a phrase, ora clause. An adverb indicates manner, time, place, cause, or degree andanswers questions such as \"how,\" \"when,\" \"where,\" \"how much\".SUMMARY:ENRICHMENT ACTIVITY:https://www.proprofs.com/quiz-school/story.php?title=mtcxmdaxmqpur0 Page | 6

Chapter 3 Degrees of Comparison Degrees of comparison compare NounsTHERE ARE THREE DEGREES OF COMPARISON: 1. The positive degree refers to one thing 2. The comparative degree compares two things 3. The superlative degree compares more than two things and describes the best or the most.Short vowels POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE Thin Thinner ThinnestDouble vowels or Flat Flatter Flatterdouble consonants Short Shorter ShortestWords ending in e Clean Cleaner Cleanest Nice Nicer NicestWords ending in y Large Larger Largest Easy Easier EasiestWords of more than Pretty Prettier Prettiesttwo syllables Com/for/table More comfortable Most comfortableWords ending in ful In/te/res/ting More interesting Most interesting Painful More painful Most painfulExceptions Tasteful More tasteful Most tasteful Good Better The best Bad Worse The worst Far Farther/further The farthest/furthest Old Older/elder Then oldest/eldest Page | 7

Example:Lihle is fit. (positive)Falethu is fitter than Lihle. (comparative)Njay, however, is the fittest of the three. (superlative)Enrichment activity:https://www.thatquiz.org/tq/classtest?41CU4C5R Page | 8

Chapter 4 Essay writingEssays are usually divided into the following categories which, at times, may overlap. Types of Essay WritingA. The personal writingo A personal essay is an essay which describes someone's personal life, the events which are happening in their life.B. Narrative writingo A narrative essay is a story written about a personal experience. Writing a narrative essay provides an opportunity to get to know and understand yourself better. One of the best ways to reveal who you are is to write about how you became aware of something, gained a new way of seeing the world, a new insight.C. Descriptive writingo Writers use the descriptive essay to create a vivid picture of a person, place, or thing. Unlike a narrative essay, which reveals meaning through a personal story, the purpose of a descriptive essay is to reveal the meaning of a subject through detailed, sensory observation.D. Persuasive writingo Persuasive writing, also known as the argument essay, utilizes logic and reason to show that one idea is more legitimate than another idea. It attempts to persuade a reader to adopt a certain point of view or to take a particular action. Page | 9

E. Discursive writing o There are two basic types of discursive essay. Firstly, there are persuasive essays in which you can argue strongly either in favour of or against a given discussion. Alternatively, there are argumentative essays where you look at a discussion topic in a balanced way. F. Writing based on visual stimuli o Visual stimuli may include pictures, photographs, advertisements, bill- boards, quotations, slogans or poems. The stimulus may spark an idea that you wish to pursue. Features of writing an EssayAn essay shoul consist of the following features:  Introduction: biefly explains what the nature of the essay is about.  Body: -topic statement -evidence -discussion of content  Conclusion: sums up the main issues discussed in the body of the essay. No new points are brought up here. Page | 10

Summative assessment:  Should learners have to wear uniform  Use the link below to write your response  Consult the elecrtonic rubric before writing http://today.io/1j97p Rubric: http://rubistar.4teachers.org/index.php?screen=PrintRubricXLS&rubric_i d=2649423& Page | 11

Chapter 5 Transactional writingTransactional writing has a practical, communicative purpose, as opposed towriting that is purely creative.Transactional writing includes: Letters, Reports, Diary entries, Dialogues,Reviews and Minutes of meetings.  Each of these has its own format and follows a specific set of rules.  A portion of the marks is allocated for correct format and procedure. DIARY ENTRYA diary entry is a personal record of one’s experiences, thoughts andemotions. A diary may be given a specific name e.g. ‘Kitty’ / ‘bebe’ Write the day and date at the top of the entry. Write in the first person and in the present tense Use short paragraphs with simple sentences, emotive language to express opinions and feelings Make proper use of punctuation. Example of a Diary entry Page | 12

PostcardsA postcard is usually brief, friendly and informal. It is a popular form ofholiday correspondence.  A postcard has limited writing space as there is usually a picture on the side and the address of the recipient is written on half of the other side.  Only concise, relevant information should be included.  Date and place need to be specified.  Include as many interesting details as possible.  Tone varies according to sender and recipient. Example of a PostcardAdditional content:http://www.literacytools.ie/files/pdfs/10%20Postcards.pdfSUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT:Using the link below, write a diary entry in which you reflect on a trip youhad to the world’s most attractive vacation sites. Page | 13

Room name: MNDEBELEhttps://b.socrative.com/login/student/Electronic rubric:http://rubistar.4teachers.org/index.php?screen=PrintRubricXLS&rubric_id=2650093& Page | 14

Thank you letterI would love to thank all the readers and participantswho took part in the production and publication ofthis e-book. I hope that the readers had anadventurous and fun educational time during theirengagement in this book and the exercises.NR MNDEBELE Page | 15