auto rikshaw

going the extra mile



ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I am overwhelmed in all humbleness and gratefulness to acknowledge my dept to all those who have helped me to put these ideas, well above the level of simplicity and into something concrete. I owe my deep gratitude to our project guide Mrs. Kanupriya Sharma, who took keen interest on my project work and guided me all along, till the completion of my project work by providing all the necessary information. This project helped me in doing a lot of research and I came to know so many things on my topic Auto driver community. Any attempt at any level can’t be satisfactorily completed without the support and guidance of my parents and friends, who helped me a lot in gathering different information, collecting data in making this project. Also, I would like to express my special gratitude to Priyanka Chavelekar the lady auto driver who kept time for my project in her busy schedule, without her i would have not been able to complete my project.



INDEX • INTRODUCTION • SECONDARY RESEARCH • BRAINSTROMING • MOOD BOARD • DATA ANALYSIS • BRIEF • INTERVIEW • NARRATIVE • VISUAL BOARD • COLOR BOARD • NARRATIVE STYLE • NARRATIVE STYLE INTODUCTION • HISTORY OF KALAMKARI • MIDDLE FORMS • DIGITAL ERA OF KALAMKARI ART • TECHNIQUIES • COLOR MIXING • VISUAL BOARD • COLOR BOARD • REFLECTIVE • BIBLOGRAPHY

INRODUCTION Urbanization is on the rise throughout the world, and there is no better example of this than India. Thirty percent of the population in India lives in cities, A number increasing rapidly due to economic migration from rural areas. This migration places stress on urban infrastructure that is constantly catching up with this rapid growth. In particular, urban transportation is in high demand as new residents need ways to get to jobs, often living far away where housing is more affordable. Mumbai, as a city of over 12 million people, is no exception and has stark transportation challenges. In addition to private transport (personal vehicles, two-wheelers and cycles) and mass transit (trains and buses), there is a third form of transportation - intermediate public transport in the form of autorickshaws and taxis – that serve an important role in the transportation system of the city. Auto-rickshaws provide door-to-door service and act as a feeder mode to public transit, with nine percent of train commuters using rickshaws to access the stations. While auto-rickshaws serve an integral transport role to residents of Mumbai, there are still problems with the current system, from the perspective of passengers, drivers, and the government.

An auto rickshaw is a type of vehicle for hire with a driver, used by a single passenger or small group of passengers. An auto rickshaw conveys passengers between locations of their choice. This differs from other modes of public transport where the pick-up and drop-off locations are determined by the service provider, not by the passenger. According to regulations in Mumbai, all auto rickshaws are required to have a fare-meter installed. Auto rickshaw can either be hailed or are hired from auto rickshaw-stands or can be hailed on the street. There are additional surcharges for luggage, late-night rides and toll taxes are to be paid by the passenger. Auto rickshaws are the cheapest form of taxi. Auto rickshaw drivers are playing very important role for our society. Crores of commuters mainly depend on the auto rickshaw drivers for safe journey and to reach their destination. The work of the auto rickshaw drivers is full of responsibility. The auto rickshaw driver is responsible for safety and punctuality. Auto rickshaw drivers’ job requires a high level of concentration and alertness, when auto comes to signals, and his immediate environment.

PRIMARY RESEARCH

SECONDARY RESEARCH • Number of people in the community. • Gender Profile. • Engine and Fuel characteristic. • Time of day characteristic. • Owner and renter drivers. • Trip purpose. • Religion. • Education Status. • Age Profile.

Number of people in the community. Mumbai is home to between 2,50,000 and 3,00,000 and if one accounts for atleast two drivers per vehicle then there must be about 6,00,000 auto drivers (about 3% of the population). And now according to April 20, 2017 women got the permit for the license for driving autos in India. 456 women could get a permit and 19 women started driving autos in Mumbai, which is great step towards women empowerment. There are 2,00,000 of men auto drivers all over mumbai and about 1,40,000 of men auto drivers in western suburbs. Gender Profile The Maharastra transport department allocated 5 percent auto-rickshaw permits for women drivers to increase female representation in a highly male-dominated sector. So we have 95% of male in auto driving community and 5% of female auto drivers in Maharashtra. Engine and Fuel characteristics Most vehicles in Greater Mumbai (77.4 percent) have 2stroke engines while only 22.6 percent have 4-stroke engines. The 4-stroke engines, while more expensive to repair, are less prone to break downs and create less emissions. The State government reports that in Greater Mumbai in 2011, 98 percent of auto-rickshaws (106,876) ran on compressed natural gas (CNG) while only 1,839 auto-rickshaws ran on petrol.

Time of day characteristics The survey found that the majority of auto-rickshaw passengers use autorickshaws in the morning (83 percent) and evening (66.7 percent). This is largely indicative of the usage of auto-rickshaws as a feeder service to the suburban train stations, for daily work commute trips. Midday, late night and afternoon are much less popular times to use rickshaws. Owner and renter drivers It is significant that eighty percent of drivers surveyed were found to rent their vehicle while only twenty percent own their vehicle. This contributes profoundly to the economics of auto-rickshaws. Those who rent are paying more via rent and earning less profit, primarily due to reduced profits as a result of paying rent.

Trip purpose The trip timings presented above further reflect the trip purpose: 76 percent of passengers surveyed said they primarily use auto-rickshaws to access work, followed by shopping, school and health care. Thus those that are using autorickshaws in the morning and evening are most likely travelling to and from work or to and from other transport modes, which take them to work Religion Mumbai is a diverse city when it comes to religion. There is about 76% of the hindu population in the community, which is the majority. And miniority population is of Muslims which is 24%. Education Status Education is the most important part in today’s era. Majority is of literates which is 36% of the population when it comes to lookin in auto driver community. 28% of population comes under primary education status i.e upto 5th standard. 24% has done till matric i.e 10th standard and 16% are either graduate or has technical degree or has done upto 12th.

Age Profile The auto-rickshaw drivers in Mumbai range in age from 23 to 58, with an average age of 37.5. Over half the drivers are between the ages of 30-40 years and another one fourth are between the ages of 40-50 years. Less than 16% are in the age group of 20-30 years, showing that Mumbai drivers tend to be middle-aged and not younger or older men as represented by our sample.

BRAINSTORMING

AUTO DRIVER COMMUNITY

MOOD BOARD



Data Analysis After analyzing my secondary research and from my brainstorming there are a few topic I would like to work on and know how things work in that society. • Work-life balance of auto drivers in Mumbai • Intention to quit tabacco use: A study among Auto rickshaw drivers in Mumbai. • Human development: The auto rickshaw drivers of Mumbai. • An auto-rickshaw driver runs ‘Mumbai’s first home system auto-rickshaw.’ • Men’s view on lady auto drivers • Work of local auto driver affecting due to Ola autos and cabs. • Life of a lady auto driver. Brief We live in such a society where women is not given importance and is been let down somewhere in her life for being a women. I got to know women in this community is not been prioritize. And thereon I decided to work on a lady auto driver. I tried to know about how she manages to balance her work-life, also how she is dealing with a community where women auto drivers is a minority.



INTERVIEW With the Maharashtra government coming up with options. “For happiness” she said, it was her dream to yet another scheme to empower women, women drive an auto rickshaw. “Here there is independence auto rickshaw drivers hit the road of Mumbai. The and no one to control me, I work for myself not for scheme, which was introduced in 2016, provided anyone or under anyone. It was my dream to drive a five percent reservation in rickshaw permits for an auto rickshaw as none of the female was ever in women. This meant that 465 women could get a this field and there was no motivation for women to permit, and 19 women started driving in Mumbai. do whatever they dream of. In 2017 when Uddhav This has come as a huge relief to a lot of women, Thackeray’s wife Rashmi Thackeray gave preference whose only other option was to become domestic and importance to women I registered my name. help, where there was no social security and What problems did you faced being an auto driver? considerable chances of them being exploited. These When I first came in this field as an auto driver I women are fighting all kinds of social stigma to take was criticized and I was told this job is for men and up auto rickshaw driving as a profession. women won’t be able to do this job. Women are meant for household doing and there is no need for you to be here. But I was stubborn and I knew what I wanted to do so I never left and continued as an auto driver. Did your family supported you? First they didn’t like and they were against it but then after few months they got used to this and started supporting me. How do you feel as a lady auto driver? It makes me proud of myself that being in the field where men itself faces so many problems and still doing this makes me independent. I got to interview a lady who has personally inspired Any good or bad experience you wold like to share? me a lot. Inspite of all the difficulties and all the I faced a lot of problems while working and also barriers in her way she never gave up, not no her got appreciated many a times. Women who want dreams nor on herself. to work but are bogged down by there family Priyanka Chavlekar, mother, wife and the only come and appreciate for what I am doing and I feel earning member in the family, and also the first auto really blessed and proud. But on the other hand I rickshaw driver in Andheri. She started driving auto was also criticized and abused a lot of times. I was from 2017 just after her husband left his job. She once harassed for parking my auto here some men used to work before as a worker under her boss it did punctured the tires of the auto. Complaint were satisfy her daily needs but didn’t like working under being registered in the police station. pressure. Priyanka is a kind off women who likes What message you would like to give to the ladies? to be independent. She was asked a question about Never be afraid and feel embarrassed for what you why did she chose driving only auto despite of other are doing, no work is small or big. If you have the will for doing that job always do. Tough roads are always difficult but they always leads you to beautiful destination.

Priyanka Chavlekar- Lady Dabbang



I want to be just me! Sometimes few stories of bravery, grit and hope touch our hearts in a way that they end up leaving a mark on our lives. In a society where a women is oppressed, one needs the courage to stand for themselves. While auto rickshaws driven by women was hailed as a great initiative for women’s empowerment, the women behind the wheels are not having a smooth ride, thanks for their male counterparts. Breaking all the stereotypes down Priyanka Chavlekar became the first lady auto driver in Andheri. Rubbing shoulder with khadi-clad men driving rickshaws, clad in her regular salwar kameez, she drove around the lanes of Andheri owning them. Dreamt of driving auto-rickshaw but restrained themselves because it was a male-dominated sphere. No more was she going to be told that her aspirations were worthless and driving was not a profession for girls from good households ventured into. Not in the 20’s. Priyanka being the rebellious girl that she is, wouldn’t let marriage come in the way of fulfilling her dream of driving. The familial pressure wasn’t the only thing bogging her down. The societal pressure was no less. She had decided to challenge the patriarchy after all.

BVOISAURALD

CBOOALRODR



NARRATIVE STYLE KALAMKARI



KALAMKARI Kalamkari is a type of hand-painted or block-printed cotton textile, produced in Indian states of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana. Only natural dyes are used in Kalamkari and it involves twenty three steps. There are two distinctive styles of kalamkari art in India - Srikalahasti style and the Machilipatnam style. The Srikalahasti style of Kalamkari(Kalankari), wherein the “kalam” or pen is used for freehand drawing of the subject and filling in the colors, is entirely hand worked. This style flowered around temples and their patronage and so had an almost religious identity - scrolls, temple hangings, chariot banners and the like, depicted deities and scenes taken from the Hindu epics - Ramayana, Mahabharata, Purana and the mythological classics. This style owes its present status to Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay who popularized the art as the first Chairperson of the All India Handicrafts Board. SRIKALAHASTI The Srikalahasti style of Kalamkari is one of the two styles of Kalamkari works present in India, with the other being, Machilipatnam style. Kalam in persian language means Pen is used for hand drawing and coloring.[4] The usage of pen involves two types, one for drawing made from bamboo, the other for drawing. The coloring process involves usage of only natural dyes which are extracted from flowers and vegetables. All together the entire process involves seventeen steps like block making, cloth treating, printing, washing etc. The Srikalahasti style is used mostly to narrate the religious myths and epics stories on the fabric and also the saris of this style are most notable for its borders and pallu. PEDANA KALAMKARI Pedana Kalamkari also known as Machilipatnam style of Kalamkari work which involves vegetable dyed block-painting of a fabric. it is produced at Pedana a nearby town of Machilipatnam in Krishna district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. This style of art evolved during the rule of Mughal Dynasty and practiced by Golconda Sultanate. Different textile products produced from this style of work include, wall hangings and clothing like, bedsheets, curtains, saris etc.

HISTORY In ancient times, groups of singers, musicians and painters, called chitrakars, moved from village to village to tell the village dwellers, the great stories of Hindu mythology. They illustrated their accounts using large bolts of canvas painted on the spot with simple means and dyes extracted from plants. In the same way, one found in the Hindu temples large panels of kalamkari depicting the episodes of Hindu mythology and iconography, similar to Buddhist Thangka paintings. As an art form it found its peak in the wealthy Golconda sultanate, Hyderabad, in the Middle Ages. The Mughals who patronized this craft in the Coromandel and Golconda province called the practitioners of this craft “qualamkars”, from which the term “kalamkari” evolved.[6] The Pedana Kalamkari craft made at Pedana nearby Machilipatnam in Krishna district, Andhra Pradesh, evolved with the patronage of the Mughals and the Golconda sultanate. Owing to the said patronage, this school was influenced by Persian art under Islamic rule. Kalamkari art has been practiced by many families in Andhra Pradesh, some villages in Tamilnadu (Sickinaickanpettai) by migrants from Telugu speaking families and over the generations has constituted their livelihood. Kalamkari had a certain decline, then it was revived in India and abroad for its craftsmanship. Since the 18th century the British have enjoyed the decorative element for clothing.

MIDDLE FORMS In middle ages the term is also used to refer, incorrectly, to the making of any cotton fabric patterned through the medium of vegetable dyes by free-hand painting and block-printing, produced in many different regions of India. In places where the fabric is block printed the kalam (pen) is used to draw finer details and for application of some colours.First it was introduce in blue colour. IN THIS CENTURY (DIGITAL ERA) In modern times it’s replaced by digital. The art took a turn-over and updated digitally to fit in the glove of time. In this era new types and new techniques are introduced and the digital files of kalamkari (pen work) is totally introduced widely all over the regions of India and Iran (Persia). Recent times in India, Silk, Mulmul, Cotton and Synthetic Sarees are also sold with Kalamkari print. Printing is much easier task then Original Kalamkari work. Kalamkari duppattas and blouse pieces are popular among Indian women.

TECHNIQUE Seeping it in astringents and buffalo milk and then drying it under the sun. Afterwards, the red, black, brown, and violet portions of the designs are outlined with a mordant and cloth is then placed in a bath of alizarin. The next step is to cover the cloth, except for the parts to be dyed blue, in wax, and immerse the cloth in indigo dye. The wax is then scraped off and remaining areas are painted by hand, similar to Indonesian batik. To create design contours, artists use a bamboo or date palm stick pointed at one end with a bundle of fine hair attached to this pointed end to serve as the brush or pen.This pen is soaked in a mixture of fermented jaggery and water; one by one these are applied, then the vegetable dyes. In Iran, the fabric is printed using patterned wooden stamps. THEMES Kalamkari specifically depicts epics such as the Ramayana or Mahabharata. However, there are recent applications of the kalamkari technique to depict Buddha and Buddhist art forms.

Color fixing Dyes for the cloth are obtained by extracting colors from various roots, leaves, and mineral salts of iron, tin, copper, and alum.[8] Various effects are obtained by using cow dung, seeds, plants and crushed flowers to obtain natural dye. Along with buffalo milk, myrobalan is used in kalamkari. Myrobalan is also able to remove the odd smell of buffalo milk. The fixing agents available in the myrobolan can easily fix the dye or color of the textile while treating the fabric. Alum is used in making natural dyes and also while treating the fabric. Alum ensures the stability of the color in kalamkari fabric. Different colours of vegetable dyes used are: 1. Mayrabolan (Karakha Pindhi mixed with cow milk) forms light yellow. 2. Kassim kaaram (Jaggery + Rusted iron filings + water) black outlines for the fabric. 3. Natural Indigo produces Blue. 4. Pomegranate produces Golden yellow. 5. Catechu (Suryadu chakka) produces Rosemary. 6. Algerian produces Red. 7. Alum mixed with water gives out Gray. 8. Cow Milk (Highlights the colour on the fabric)



VISUAL BOARD

Exploration Painting

REFLECTIVE NOTE This project was all about research of our own. It was an independent work. We were given two weeks for completing our project which was completely based on research. My position as a student studying this was a completely new experience. I was never introduced to researching and surveying in my life, for the first time when I came to know about the process I was pretty excited to try something new. This module was really a good experience and a fun module. It helped me understand what research is all about. I learned how research is done and how to reach out to people. So we started with the secondary research and as my topic was about Auto drivers community in mumbai I learned lot of things about this community. Taking data of secondary research we moved to primary research in which i made questionnaires for auto drivers and related things which were in the secondary research. After talking to the men auto drivers I found what are the views of men auto drivers on women auto drivers and that gave me a lead on which I actually wanted to research. So after all this I found a lady auto driver in Chakala Andheri. I interviewed her and had a study on her, her daily experiences how she chose to become a lady auto driver, how she manage both household things and her work. I really loved interviewing her and knowing about her life. The second part of the project was to choose a narrative style and depict her story which was really a different experience because I never really have worked on any different style and also i have never before worked on a canvas. Working on the narrative style and learning about the history of how people used to work before and how actual the paintings are made, how the fine detailing on the cloth is done was really helpful in my final painting. I am not really a painting person but working on this was a very pleasing experience. I learned a lot of things from this module and working on this was the best experience. I discovered that even the simplest things on earth could be turned into something amazing if we put enough creativity and effort into working on them.



BIBLOGRAPHY References https://www.news18.com/news/buzz/shero-woman-auto-driver-who-doubles-as-cleaner-is-winning-hearts- on-twitter-20 https://yourstory.com/2017/04/women-autodrivers?utm_pageloadtype=scroll https://wricitieshub.org/sites/default/files/Mumbai%20auto-rickshaw%20sector_Case%20study_EM- BARQ%20India.pdf https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U_KrU13Z_Xg https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8fdUBqSZ50s https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c22xLTTlnZI https://www.google.com/search?rlz=1C1CHBD_enIN884IN884&sxsrf=ALeKk02qPma-POLnvzoazM8gnzD- PK7WHQA:1582376979392&q=kalamkari+drawing&tbm=isch&source=univ&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi https://www.indiatoday.in/trending-news/story/mumbai-s-dabangg-lady-autorickshaw-driver-s-story-will- make-you-tear-up-viral-post-1565082-2019-07-09 https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/crime/no-smooth-ride-for-female-auto-drivers/article- show/72802311.cms https://yourstory.com/2017/04/women-autodrivers https://www.instagram.com/officialhumansofbombay/?hl=en http://www.humansofbombay.in/ https://yourstory.com/socialstory/2020/02/visually-impaired-boy-swims-across-river-kerala-600-me- tres?utm_pageloadtype=scroll https://yourstory.com/2017/04/women-autodrivers?utm_pageloadtype=scroll https://www.news18.com/news/buzz/shero-woman-auto-driver-who-doubles-as-cleaner-is-winning-hearts- on-twitter-2006263.html https://articles.aplus.com/a/mumbai-women-rickshaw-drivers?no_monetization=true https://twitter.com/QTalker/status/1086124385516355584?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw%7Ctwcamp%5Etweetem- bed%7Ctwterm%5E1086124385516355584&ref_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.news18.com%2Fnews%2F- buzz%2Fshero-woman-auto-driver-who-doubles-as-cleaner-is-winning-hearts-on-twitter-2006263.html https://www.scoopwhoop.com/mumbais-women-auto-drivers-on-what-drives-them-what-challenges-they- face-everyday/ https://www.news18.com/news/lifestyle/travel-chaya-mohite-one-of-mumbais-first-women-rickshaw-driv- ers-is-defying-social-norms-1376437.html https://nohat.cc/f/green-and-yellow-auto-rickshaw/6460739787161600-201810020045.html https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srikalahasti_Kalamkari https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalamkari http://www.dsource.in/resource/kalamkari-work-srikalahasti/tools-and-raw-materials

BY PRIYASHA SHINDE