ispectrum magazine #15

ISPECTRUMIssue 15/September-October 2015 MAGAZINErobots 15Gravitation Energy of the Future

CONTENTS Features 12 243 03 Robots 09 When does a Robot become an AI? 12 Robots in the Modern World 21 Our Future Or Our End? 24 Reversing Fly ash 28 Conversion of Fly ash 30 Natural Equilibrium Transition 31 Egyptology 33 Temples 34 Art of ancient Egypt 35 Language of the Gods 38 Gravitation Energy of the Future 39 Moving object to produce Electricity31 38 1

editorialA new issue full of featured contents is Mado Martinezhere. We start with robots and technol-ogy. We are hearing about them, but are Editorial Directorrobots our future or our end? This is thechallenging question that Matt Loveday Ispectrumproposes to us. magazineOn the other hand, Dimitre Assenov helpsus to understand a groundbreaking tech- Published Bimonthly ISSN 2053-1869nology, for converting fly ash and liquidwaste from coal-fired power plants into Editorial Directorartificial aggregates for concrete, asphalt Mado Martinez,and road base. [email protected] this issue we also travel to Egypt with Art DirectorEllie Pownall. Enter with us into a world Rayna Petrovaof gods, kings and hieroglyphics, and [email protected] out what mysteries are still waitingto be unveiled. Contributing Editors Matt LovedayAnd finally, Anatoly I. Nikolayenko brings [email protected] an interesting view of gravitation as Bradley Terblanchethe energy of the future. Laura HayesEnjoy reading! Contributing Writers Matt Loveday 2 Dimitre Assenov Ellie Pownall Anatoly I. Nikolayenko Images commons.wikimeadia.org freeimages.com pixabay.com www.ispectrummagazine.com [email protected] +44 7517 864 167 (UK) Follow Us

ROBOTSbyMatt LovedayB y now we all know the But what exactly is a robot? image: bipedal mechanoids Is the synthetic human all designed in our own like- they are and have been? ness, used to aid the human race And how exactly do they in all walks of life. Through sto- interact with our modern ries, films, practical applications world? What does the and our own imagination, robots future hold and, ulti- are synonymous with the human mately, are robots our psy-che. future or our end? 3

PART 1: SYSTEM START-UP What is a Robot? The Oxford English Dictionary defines a Robot as: “A machine capable of carrying out a complex series of actions auto- matically, especially one program- mable by a com-puter”. If we are to apply the credence of “a machine carrying out a com- plex series of actions automati- cally”, constituting a robot, then it can be argued that the first robot ever devised - according to infor- mation currently available - was a mechanical bird-like feature con- structed out of wood in circa 400BC by Archytas - regarded by some to be the Father of Mechanical Engi- neering.1 Amongst other additions to this new race, this ethos was then consolidated in 1495 with the first ever faux-humanoid robot, built and devised by none other than Leonardo Da Vinci.4

Photo credit:https://www.pinterest.com/pin/401242648021017371/ The steam-powered flying pigeon of Archytas This robot was believed to be a Model of Leonardo’s robot with Knight - although no concept draw- inner workings, as displayed in ings have ever been discovered amongst Da Vinci’s works - and Berlin was capable of rudimentary move- ments: sitting down; standing up grammable by a computer”, then a and pulling its visor down amongst case can be made for the first ever others.2 robot being a computer-aided man- ufacturing device made by MIT’s However, if we are to associate the Servomechanisms Laboratory. term “robot” with a more modern Through a language known as day outlook, i.e. “especially one pro- 5

APT (Automated Conceived by Joe Engelberger and GeorgeProgramming Devol, UNIMATE was Unimate was the first de-ployed at General industrial robot,whichLanguage), the school Motors and helped worked on a General stack die-cast metal Motors assembly linepro-grammed its via a set of instructions at the Inland Fisher stored in a magnetic Guide Plant in Ewingmachine to carry out drum.4 Township, New Jersey,milling machine opera- in 1961tions.3 A spiritual suc-cessor to this progeni-tor though was the firstever industrial robot, inthe form of “UNIMATE”. 6

Already then, the term SRI’s Shakey, the first mobile robot thatrobot does not neces- could make decisions about how to move insarily equate to onespecific form or precon- its surroundingsception. If these exam-ples do indeed consti- Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0tute a robot or robots,then that already con- Unportedflicts with the staple ofthe bipedal mechanism and was able to calcu- finder and bump sen-we sometimes assume late how to navigate the sors to establish thewhen we talk and think corridors of the compa- limit of its negotiableabout these creations. ny’s headquarters. The parameters.5So what of the anthro- sensors included a TVpomorphic robot? It is camera; a laser rangebelieved that the firstever real attempt tore-create a person’sactions and thoughtprocesses through theimplementation of acomputer system’s AI(Artificial Intelligence )lay within “SHAKEY”, arobot developed by SRIInternational in 1970.SHAKEY was deployedvia a problem-solvingprogram called STRIPS.It used various sensorsto assimilate informa-tion about its surround-ings and environment, 7

Since the arrival of SHAKEY in 1970,robots have infiltrated almost everyaspect of our daily lives, from man-ufacturing to communications tocars and even to our own pockets.But, until SHAKEY, all forms of robotare believed to have been passive;an empty shell that - regardlessof its design - was still redundantwithout human manipulation. Theessence inaugurated in SHAKEYhas grown through numerous dif-ferent homunculi to, for example,Honda’s “ASIMO” (Advanced Step inInnovative Mobility) in 2000,6 andbeyond through numerous otherincarnations.It would seem that there are numer-ous ways of defining what a robotactually is, but it is undoubtedly theanthropomorphic humanoid robot -the active robot - that has the mostpotential for future development,and if this is true, the transitionfrom passive to active begs thequestion... ASIMO, an is a humanoid robot designed and developed by Honda 8

When does a Robot Further to this, a group of sci-become an AI? entists conducted The Dartmouth Conference in 1956. Led by MarvinArtificial Intelligence (AI) amounts Minsky and John McCarthy, it wasto simulating or re-creating the arranged to show that “...everyway human beings think; learn aspect of learning or any other fea-and adapt, through the implemen- ture of intelligence can be so pre-tation of computer circuitry and cisely described that a machine cansoftware. In what is now regarded be made to simulate it”. The con-as a landmark paper from 1950, ference ultimately coined the termAlan Turing (a man you can find Artificial Intelligence.7 It was fromout a lot more about in issue 3 here that a series of major discov-of ISPECTRUM Magazine and the eries were made in the field of AI,Benedict-Cumberbatch-starring which resulted in millions of dollarsfilm “The Imitation Game”), hypoth- being spent on research around theesised that it would be possible to world.create an electronic brain. He creat-ed an experimental process named Though research into the progressThe Turing Test which was used to of Artificial Intelligence would accel-postulate whether a machine could erate and decelerate in the comingthink. While the test was some- decades, Alan Turing’s 1950 gaunt-what limited by today’s standards, let would ultimately lead to the birthit still gave rise to the plausibility of Expert Systems in the 1980s -of a thinking machine, and became highly sophisticated AIs that werethe bedrock for the philosophy of programmed with extensive infor-Artificial Intelligence that continues mation directly from experts in ato this day. particular subject matter. For the first time, machines were capable of a range of things in a specific sub- ject area; rather than one bespoke - usually experimental - service. These systems were considered 9

the pinnacle of AI at While the advances in Systems proved to be,the time. In 1980, an AI were intense, there they were still onlyExpert System called was still however noth- collections of pre-pro-XCON was reported to ing to suggest that grammed data - highlybe saving its company robots and AI had a intelligent data, yes, -- the Digital Equipment future together as one but they still weren’tCorporation - over 40 symbiotic being. Robots learning anything.million dollars annually and Expert Systemsby 1986.8 were still two different things, and no mat- ter how useful Expert 10

i Don’t Work for No Body In 1980, several researchers suggested that the best way for an AI to be able to learn would be through the use of a physical body, rather than through pre-programmed instruction bases. In other words, it would only be through robot- ics that AI could truly flourish. This new the- ory was rooted in The Embodied Cognitive Approach, and argues that no amount of intel- ligence could react in the same way a human does without the stimu- lus of an external envi- ronment. For example, only through a body11

could a machine “The Body Cannot Live Without the Mind” - Morpheus. From “The Matrix”, by the Wachowski Brothers.see, move, anduse its surround-ing environment asa yardstick to apply itsstored data to - thus ‘un-derstanding’ why it thinks like itdoes, rather than just referringto stored data that ultimately itdoesn’t understand the mean-ingfor.9 For the first time, both robotsand Artificial Intelligence neededthe same thing: vision.The eyes are the window to thesoul indeed.If a robot needed to be intelligentto serve its purpose, and an AIneeded a body in order to learn,had robots and AI - for the firsttime in history - become one andthe same? “The Body Cannot Live Withoutthe Mind” - Morpheus. From “TheMatrix”, by the Wachowski Brothers. 12

PART 2: SYSTEM Robots in the READY Modern World While robots may have progressed over hundreds of years from a wooden bird to walking humanoids through the marriage of robotics and AI, the reality around us today 13

is that robots are every- Aethon TUG “accomplish more inwhere. Manufacturing less time” than a realprocesses - such as Essentially a mobile person.10car making - are highly cart, the Aethon TUGautomated. Cars them- patrols hospitals carry- Cosmobotselves are starting to ing replacement linen,be self-driven by highly medical supplies, food Cosmobot is one ofadaptable AIs. Mobile etc., from one area of many new robots tophones are starting to a hospital to another. be used in the field ofcome pre-packaged While it is essentially a child therapy or “robotwith a speaking per- ‘runner’ it costs less to therapy”. It is used insonal assistant ready run than one full-time helping disabled youngto meet your every human employee yet children or develop-need. The dynamic can carry out as much mentally challengedof military artillery has work as three full-time people as a one-to-onebeen transformed by human employees, companion. Robots canthe development of according to Aethon. make a difficult ther-robots. And these are the TUG “doesn’t get apy process more funthe proverbial tip of distracted...”, and canthe iceberg.Perhaps the area of ourlives most transformedby the dawn of robot-ics however, is that ofhealthcare and medi-cine. The examples inthis field are too numer-ous too encapsulate,but they include: 14

and light-hearted and the need for open sur- indispensable in car-they also offer a better gery? The “Robot Pills” ing for the elderly. Byway to measure results machines, “Plaque 2050, there could beand collect data.11 Buster” microbot and more people aged 65 many others, includ- and over in the UKMicrobots ing the “Steerable than ever before - a Surgeon”, are designed number of people thatMicrobots are a form to carry out these tasks existing care homesof nano technology - a and more.12 could never cater for.field that is still emerg- Robots are being tout-ing. The concept is to NeuroArm ed as new companionsproduce nano robots for the elderly, help-and machines that Used in neurosur- ing them to stay inde-are so small they can gery, such as removing pendent, acting as aactually fit inside the lesions from a brain, friend to help themhuman body, and carry the NeuroArm is a pin- through treatment andout various functions. point precision robot domestic commitmentsImagine for example, programmed to be among others.15a micro-bot that can be used in the same wayinjected into a person a human arm would But of course this risethat specifically locates operate. The robot of the robots inevita-cancer tumours, and can be operated by a bly leaves a potentiallycan deposit medical human from a terminal dangerous and dam-bacteria directly into that doesn’t even have aging polar: If robotsits target. Or a micro- to be in the same room are doing all this work,machine equipped with as the patient.13,14 what is happening toa tiny drill head that can the job roles for usremove plaque from But these don’t really humans?blood vessels. How even scratch the sur-about a robot equipped face. It is believed thatwith a tiny camera that in the not-too-distant-can be used for dis- future robots will beease screening without 15

Martin Ford is the and 2015’s ‘Rise of the care - despite theauthor of two books Robots: Technology examples above - thatthat discuss the idea and the Threat of a will be most immunethat robots will take Jobless Future’. Ford is to this new effect, stat-over an enormous a pioneer of the argu- ing that doctors, fornumber of human ment that automated example, who need tojobs: 2009’s self-pub- robots will, in coming interact with hundredslished ‘The Lights in the decades, make a per- of different people withTunnel: Automation, centage of the human different ailments - whoAccelerating workforce obsolete. need individual diag-Technology and the Ironically enough, he nosis and perpetualEconomy of the Future’, says that it is in health- treatment - will still be 16

required, as a robot that adaptable Wal-Mart are struggling becauseand diverse is still not possible. their customers can’t afford to buy things. You need customers to driveBut outside healthcare, it is not just demand. And you’re not going tounskilled and manufacturing areas have sustained innovation withoutof work that will be affected as a market to inspire entrepreneurs”.one might assume; but the peopleright at the ‘top of the pile’ too. The Ford’s proposed solution to thistrouble is not just that people will possible outcome is that of a mini-be out of work, but that those peo- mum income for all (an idea thatple will therefore not have money has been touted by numerous dif-to buy products, and if nobody is ferent sources since the 1930s,buying, then the entire economy as Ford openly states), wherebycan be affected. In an interview for money at an equal ratio is simplywww.mercurynews.com, Ford said given to people, thereby still beingof these issues... able to sustain consumerism even if people are not directly involved“In order to have a successful in an actual working role, to a cer-economy, even the people at the tain extent. But this in itself posestop have got to sell something. problems. There is the argumentThey need consumers for that. If that people who simply ‘spend’ willwe really got into a situation where become lost in a paradigm wheremost people just don’t have the lives become structureless, andincome, that could create a defla- the absence of a full-time job thattionary spiral, financial crisis, drag- provides a system - no matter howging the wealthy into it as well”. mundane - for the brain and body to live by, will give rise to people“There’s some evidence inequality becoming miserable and frustratedis already undermining the econo- and lost simply because they’remy to some extent. Businesses like not doing anything. The financial problem, as Ford attests, is clear, but the problem of direction-less 17

humans living in a society wheretheir minds are not governed andstimulated is not as easy to pre-dict. Ford does concede howeverthat, despite his efforts to bringthe potential to people’s attention,change is unlikely until a clear cri-sis occurs.16,17,18 PART 3: SYSTEM FAILURE?Hawk-iAfter nearly two and a half thou-sand years of humans experiment-ing with robots and robotics, isthe future truly as bleak as somepredict? Or do robots still have atrump card to play in the future ofhuman evolution? 18

Through both passive useful to humans - not “...would take off onand active robots; auto- least the new AI system its own, and re-designmated systems and that powers his ability itself at an ever increas-entities that can aid; to communicate - the ing rate”.19transform and perhaps danger will lie in try-even redefine what it ing to create machinesis to be human, robot that are more intelli- It goes without say-development is increas- ing that AIs can thinking into a cognitive immeasurablyunknown. Is faster thanthe next step a humanbeyond “the development of full being.what we artificial intelligence couldas hu- spell an end to the humanmansare even race”.capable -Stephen Hawkingof under- Whilestanding? the ideas presented to us through films andIn an interview with stories suggest thatthe BBC in November gent than humans, and a self-aware systemof 2014, Professor ones that will evolve a could take years - orStephen Hawking lot quicker. He says: even decades - to per-warned that “the devel- ceive us as either aopment of full artificial threat or obsolete, per-intelligence could spell “Humans, who are lim- haps Hawking’s com-an end to the human ited by slow biologi- ments imply that a fullyrace”. While the pro- cal evolution, couldn’t intelligent system couldfessor explained that compete, and would be decide our fate withinnumerous forms of AI superseded”, and that mere seconds of beinghave already proved the intelligent system activated, extrapolat- 19

ing its thought pro- as in The Turing Test - they still ultimatelycesses at a rate amount to systems reading stored infor-that we could mation, and that giv- ing any given machinenever keep more and more infor- mation still does notup with or constitute intelligence.even under- A computer scientist, Edsger Dijkstra, oncestand. But, even stated that “the question of whetherit remains, machines can think is about as relevant asthat we the question of wheth- er submarines canwould still swim”.21 It seems that no matter how muchhave to be information a robot can hold, there is an the ones inescapable difference between knowledge who press and intelligence.‘on’. Furthermore, while AIs are already common-place, others believethat a fully self-awaresystem that utilizeswhat the profes-sorreferred to as “full AI”, isstill technically impos- sible. Philosopher John Searle’s ‘The Chinese Room Problem’,20 insists that no mat- ter what respons- es computers and robots are able to provide - such20

Our Future Or OurEnd?Robots have trans- best friends. Even the robotics seem set toformed our lives. The ability to plug our own bring to our future? Theworking landscape has nervous systems into melting pot of humanchanged forever and the internet via robot- experimentation andwill continue to change. ics has been explored. thinking robots mayThe development of plunge hand-in-handprosthetic limbs and What does the future into the future, butbody enhancements hold for robots, and what comes out thethat can be controlled indeed for us? Are fears other side remains tojust by thought contin- of unemployment and be seen.ues. Human interaction dangerous AIs genu-has the potential to be ine problems? Andcontorted as robots what other positives docould become our new 21

REFERENCES:1. http://www.todayifoundout.com/index. healthcare/d/d-id/1107696?page_number=7.php/2010/10/the-first-known-robot-was-creat- ‘10 Medical Robots that Could Change Healthcare’,ed-around-400-bc-and-was-a-mechanical-bird/. by Michelle Mcnickle.‘The First Known Robot Was Created Around 400 12. http://www.informationweek.com/BC and Was a Mechanical Bird’, by Daven Hiskey. mobile/10-medical-robots-that-could-change-2. http://www.da-vinci-inventions.com/robotic- healthcare/d/d-id/1107696?page_number=8.knight.aspx. ‘Robotic Knight’, by da-vinci-inven- ‘10 Medical Robots that Could Change Healthcare’,tions.com. by Michelle Mcnickle.3. http://www.computerhistory.org/ 13. https://technicallyeasy.net/2011/10/how-timeline/?category=rai. ‘Timeline of Computer robots-are-being-used-in-medicine/. ‘HowHistory’, by Computer History Museum. Robots Are Being Used in Medi-cine’, by Paul4. http://www.computerhistory.org/ Salmon.timeline/?category=rai. ‘Timeline of Computer 14. http://www.neuroarm.org/. ‘The Future ofHistory’, by Computer History Museum. Neurosurgery’, by Neuroarm.5. http://www.computerhistory.org/ 15. http://www.kineticconsulting.co.uk/robots.timeline/?category=rai. ‘Timeline of Computer html. ‘Robots in Healthcare’, by Kinetic Consulting.History’, by Computer History Museum. 16. ‘Rise of the Robots: Technology and the6. http://asimo.honda.com/default.aspx. ‘The Threat of a Jobless Future’ (Basic Books), byWorld’s Most Advanced Humanoid Robot’, by Martin Ford.Honda. 17. http://www.mercurynews.com/business/7. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_ ci_28301217/q-martin-ford-robots-coming-artificial_intelligence. ‘The History of Artificial your-job. ‘Q&A: Martin Ford, on the robots com-Intelligence’, by Wikipedia. ing for your job’, by Matt O’Brien.8. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_ 18. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Ford_artificial_intelligence. ‘The History of Artificial (author). ‘Martin Ford (author)’, by Wikipedia.Intelligence’, by Wikipedia. 19. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technolo-9. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_ gy-30290540. ‘Stephen Hawking Warns Artificialartificial_intelligence. ‘The History of Artificial Intelligence Could End Man-kind’, by Rory Cellan-Intelligence’, by Wikipedia. Jones.10. http://www.informationweek.com/ 20. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technol-mobile/10-medical-robots-that-could-change- ogy-17547694. ‘Can Computers Have Truehealthcare/d/d-id/1107696?page_number=3. Artificial Intelligence?’, by BBC News.‘10 Medical Robots that Could Change Healthcare’, 21. http://www.bbc.com/future/by Michelle Mcnickle. story/20120516-can-computers-ever-think-like-11. http://www.informationweek.com/ us ‘Will we ever ... pass The Turing Test formobile/10-medical-robots-that-could-change- computers?’, by John Pavlus 22

Reversing Fly ash by Dimitre AssenovGroundbreaking technologyfor converting fly ash andliquid waste from coal-firedpower plants into artificialaggregates for concrete,asphalt and road base. 23

C oal combustion products CCPs include combustion residues (CCPs) are formed with the such as boiler slag, bottom slag production of electricity in and fly ash from different types of coal-fired power plants all boilers as well as desulphurizationover the world. The production is products like spray dry absorptionincreasing worldwide by the high- products, FGD gypsum, a largeer demand for electricity due to a amount of scrubber sludge and liq-growing population and economic uid waste from the coal prepara-development. tion.24

The CCPs are mainly Fly ash samplesutilized in the build-ing material industry,in civil engineering, inroad construction, forconstruction work inunderground coal min-ing as well as for recul-tivation and restorationpurposes in open castmines. This requiresCCPs to meet certainrequirements of stan-dards or other specifi-cations with respect toutilization in a specificarea. 25

The CCPs’ production is million tons. Recently, processing for achiev-monitored via a periodi- this production almost ing complete utilization,cal report on “Worldwide doubled. It needs to be such as: a) it is Calciumproduction of coal ash pointed out that 68% of Alumina Silicate withand utilization in con- the total CCPs are pro- granular size betweencrete and other prod- duced as fly ash. 25 and 85 microns withucts”. The first report high Carbon residue, b)in 1997 (ref. to Oskar Fly ash has complex very high alkali activityManz) pointed out that properties that limit or (pH 10 to 11) c) verythe total worldwide fly impose additional costly high surface activity,ash production was 459 d) contains residue of 26

Mercury, heavy metals and up to 6natural radioactive isotopes. All ofthese pose an environmental haz-ard, such as leaching into ground-water, air borne particulates pollu-tion and radiation that causes can-cer. US National Council on RadiationProtection and Measurement con-cluded that fly ash emitted bycoal-fired power plants carries intothe surrounding environment 100times more radiation than a nucle-ar power plant producing the sameamount of energy.The recently patented new ground- which is cost-effective and easy tobreaking technology in US (ref. to deploy and decommission, avoidingUS patent 8,987,541 B2 – Coal any transportation. It captures thewaste treatment processes and reaming mercury residue, perma-products) resolves all these issues. nently immobilizing all heavy met-The process design is simplified, als and radioactive isotopes intoenvironmentally clean, technologi- artificial geo polymer aggregates,cally cost-effective and does not replacing those produced by openleave any “footprint” – this means quarries. For additional utilizationit does not produce any additional of available access power, the pro-by-product required for purification duction facility is recommended to(the production filters at the end of be deployed at the site of a coal-their life cycle are also converted fired power plant.into artificial aggregates). Theproduction facility is mobile andutilizes off-the shelf equipment, 27

The product mimic mineral for- geo polymer is formed. The aggre-mation found in nature, such as gates’ mechanical properties areFeldspar, constitutes over 50% of controlled for variables such as lossthe Earth’s crust and is a major of abrasion (durability) and alkaliingredient of quarry-produced solubility and absorption, via edit-aggregates. ing minor quantities of Calcium in the form of other cheap industrialTechnologically, the process is sim- by-products (controlling the vol-ple: comprising mixing of fly ash ume of mineral Anortite).with liquid waste for a setting timepredetermined by specific Job Mix Aggregates are formed from the meltFormula for formation of Calcium via a very simple and cost-effectiveAlumina Silicate crystalline clus- process of dropping the melt over aters. Once formed, the mixture is high-speed rotating hedgehog cyl-introduced into an off-the shelve inder, promoting the gravitationalContinue Flow/Batch Reactor (simi- ejection of droplets (required roundlar to one used in the community geometry for concrete and roadwaste treatment plants) and after base). Forming asphalt aggregatesa predetermined time, defined by with required rectangular geom-the JMF at the thermal equilibrium etry (for interlocking) is achievedof Bowen Reaction series, stable by dropping the very hot pelletsCalcium Alumina Silicate Feldspar on the inclinated metal surface – 28

the impact deforms the required product eval- will be expected onlyalmost perfect sphere uation. The produced at the time of inciden-geometry into a sharp aggregates are clean tal stopping/startingrectangular shape. (washed) unlike the of the production line.To avoid a silicon coat- aggregates from quar- Such produced aggre-ing, the pellets are rolled ries. The size of produced gates will be used in andown into a shallow hot aggregates is controlled untreated base course,water pond equipped by two elements – the or recycled, crushedwith a perforated bot- dropping height of the and returned to thetom elevator, which melt and the rotating beginning of the pro-moves the pellets into speed of the hedgehog cess. All production fil-a dry silo. Forced cold cylinder. The variation ters and the water fromair silo ventilation cools of the granular size is the cooling basin arethe pellets. Once the very limited and easily recycled into artificialtemperature drops to matches the required aggregates – this pro-ambient, the pellets are granular size standard cess does not produceready for transportation fractions, unlike the any other waste.to the concrete, asphalt quarry-produced aggre-or road base produc- gates that required The replacement oftion facilities – produc- additional screening. quarry-produced aggre-tion QC/ QA furnished Significant variations 29

gates with ones pro-duced from fly ash hasseveral global environ-mental benefits.From the other side thedemand for aggregatesin construction industryis so high that it willeasily absorb the entireproduced annual quan-tities of fly ash/liquidwaste, removing themfrom the list of industri-al wastes. Also, all openquarries are subjectto heavy environmen-tal scrutiny, significantupfront investment andcostly heavy machinerymaintenance.We should there- er. Our responsibility is artificial aggregates andfore be cognizant that to adjust our lives by their immediate use inthe planet Earth is a following this rule of concrete, asphalt andclosed system; noth- natural equilibrium law, road base productioning is gained or lost. transitioning all indus- is reversing fly ash toIn the fundamentals trial by-products into become part of that nat-of natural equilibrium other useful products. ural equilibrium transi-law, all matter in this tion we need to sustain.closed system makes The conversion of flythe transition from one ash/liquid waste intostable form into anoth- 30

Egyptologybyellie pownall 31

E gyptology: a world of gods, kings and hieroglyphics has been studied and analyzed since the first discovery of The Great Pyramid by Arab traveller , Caliph Al Mamum in 800 A.D. Although the range of creating these massive cultural landmarks was spread over thousands of years, today, the work of the Egyptians can be seen clearly and in fantastic colour inside the walls of many ancient tombs. The most mys- terious element of the Egyptians has always been the supernatural, from the almighty ‘Ra’ to Gods’ with the heads of falcons, crocodiles and jack- als; a world frequently challenged and misunderstood by present day historians.32

The pyramids and tem- north of the temple, to temple were often openples of Ancient Egypt honour the god of fertil- to the sky and intendedserve two different ity, Meen. Architectural for the cult worship ofpurposes: Pyramids features of “late period the sun god. The pre-to house the spirit of temples” can be seen in historic blue prints ofa deceased king and the temple of Hathour, each temple were care-Temples, to honour dif- as it displays the Pure fully designed to accessferent Gods. The design chapel and open court in all spiritual and aes-of each temple serves front of the inner sanc- thetically impressivea diverse purpose, for tum. This court, is where elements of Egyptianexample, the temple of many divine statuettes life, and in doing so,Komombo - whilst hon- were anointed, clothed successfully created aouring the two Gods, and ornamented to pre- shrine of culture whichHathour and Sobek with pare them for the fes- has been admired forhuge pillars and murals tival of unification with thousands of years.- a birthing chamber the solar disk. Many ofis also located to the the rooms within this Throughout the world, 33

over the course of mil- unchanged. Murals con- symbolizing the underlennia, Egyptian art taining detailed draw- world and Egyptian godhas delighted the eye, ings including, scenes ‘Osiris’. Many importantearning the admiration of ‘the trail of justice’, scenes were repeatedof countless travellers pregnancy, coronation on the walls of each sig-and museum visitors. of the pharaoh and nificant god or pharaoh,Serving as a foundation mummification offer a which made it easier forfor western art, it con- valid insight into life archaeologists to recog-tinues to inspire artists in Ancient Egypt. Some nise important figures intoday. Concepts such paintings of this kind Ancient Egyptian hier-as the ideal form for remain fully in colour due archy. It is notable thatthe human figure, per- to the mix of ‘tempura’ whilst native Egyptianspective, movement, in which each colour and classic styles wereand hierarchy were had a different mean- understood, admiredall codified within the ing and manufactur- and even juxtaposed,first few dynasties and, ing process, For exam- they have seldom beenwith only the occasion- ple ; Black was made combined with otheral exceptions, remained from soot or charcoal artistic methods. 34

Hieroglyphic writing emerged more became to Egyptian life; “Becomeor less suddenly as an essen- a scribe, take that to the heart,tially complete system that would so that your name should becomethen survive unchanged for over equally as immortal! A scroll is morethree and a half thousand years. useful than a painted stele, than aReferences suggest completed solid wall. Books erect temples andbooks existed from as early as the pyramids in the heart of him whoFirst Dynasty (2950 BC) proving speaks of their name...” (Papyrusthe Egyptians impressive compre- Chester Beatty IV). Scribes’ workhension way ahead of the globalpopulation. A French man, Jean-François Champollion (the first deci-pher of the hieroglyph language)counted over 1,400 hieroglyphs,which eventually developed into a400 page work detailing the ideathat despite the outward appear-ance, hieroglyphs were in fact nota pictorial language. Papyrus paperis world re-owned for it’s beau-ty and strength, the methodologyinvolved in its creation was devel-oped by the Egyptians. This pro-cess used the stems of papyrusplant pressed together to createlayers thick enough the write on,a method which was later modern-ized to create the writing paper oftoday. Scribes also had a importantrole in the Egyptian language, onequote shows how important they 35

as well as the textual artefacts From the first stone tools provingaccessible to us today are vast in the evidence of human life in thenumber, and yet they must repre- Nile valley to the massive discoverysent only a comparatively tiny frac- of Tutankhamun’s tomb in 1922,tion of all the writing that did not Ancient Egypt has been a constant,withstand the ravages of time. changing mystery in which many Egyptologists have dedicated years to its unravelling. Overall, Egypt offers one of the largest historical 36

Golden mask of Tutankhamungold mines of artefacts, sculptures,culture and art work in the world,which historians are still discover-ing to this very day. 37

Forget for a moment what moderninquisition says. If every piece ofthe puzzle is falling into place, whatdoes common sense tell you? by Anatoly I. NikolayenkoGravitation- Energy of the FutureI t is not a big secret that in bornness, they ignore the most the lifetime of this genera- affordable one: the power of uni- tion, usual energy such as versal gravitation. Gravitation is oil, natural gas and coal will the one solution capable of provid-be exhausted. Electricity also will ing the required amount of energygo down to scarce supply. As alter- at a lesser price. Unfortunately,native solutions, scientist propose the idea itself is so discreditedsolar, wind and other renewable that no PhD dares to talk about it,energies, but with incredible stub- not at least publicly. 38

The concept of this invention is employmentof a downwards moving object to produceelectricityThere is nothing new of both counterbalanc- the side where balancein this idea, and as es equal to the mass of is located is heaviereveryone before me, I the balance**), black than the side with theencountered the same triangles represent ful- counterbalances; allproblem: lifting the crums, and lines con- energy gain will be lostobject takes far more necting centers of the on flipping. It is obvi-energy. circles represent levers. ous on the picture #1 The leverage ratio is that the center of theTo resolve the prob- 1:2. Due to this ratio, large circle is twice far-lem, I took a different when balance is mov- ther from rotation axisapproach and employed ing downwards, only X than centers of bothbalance, leverage and half of the energy is counterbalances.counterbalances as used to lift the coun-shown on the picture terbalances.#1. The large circle rep-resents the downward But not so fast – ifmoving object or bal- we try to flip the sys-ance*, smaller circles tem around axis X andrepresent counterbal- repeat the move, weances (combined mass will soon discover that 39

On July 17, 2014, a spring (picture #2). librium. Later I namedsolution of the prob- As a result, balance it ‘compound leverage’.lem came unexpected- shifted downwards lift- Keep in mind, the sys-ly, and I replaced the ing both counterbal- tem does not induce itsmiddle parts of the two ances and the entire rotation, a small motorleverages with a leaf system kept its equi- is needed.Replacing the balance* (middle piece) with a linear generator allows gravity-to-electricity con- version. Due to system equilibrium, only a small portion of that energy is spent on rotation. 40

This device has no conflict with NewtonianLaw; it transforms 1/3 of the gravitationalforce applied to a linear generator (middlepiece) into ready-to-consume electricityIt is hard to deny that the described a closer look. On picture #3, thesystem ensures the balance of system is depicted from a differ-downward movement, lifts coun- ent point of view (Axis X is pointingterbalances using only half of that directly at your eye). Also, a pen-energy and maintains equilibrium dulum is attached.if rotated around axis X. Let’s take 1) Pendulum and its trajectory 2) Counterbalances (second is hidden behind) 3) Point of 180 degree rotation (axis X as if pictures #1 and #2 are directed towards you) 4) Compound leverage 5) Balance*41

The supposed pendu- means that electricitylum does not move until produced by a genera-the balance reached tor weighing 1kg is notits lowest point – con- enough to sustain itsversely, balance does rotation. A generatornot move until the weighing 100 poundspendulum reached its will produce enoughhighest point on the power to rotate itselfother side, also fric- forever, and a genera-tion in bearings sup- tor weighing 10 tonsporting system rotation will produce electricityand aerodynamic resis- for your entire neigh-tance does not exist. bourhood. Need more?What will happen then? Make it heavier.The pendulum will notstop, the system will Intriguing? Let’s go furthermove forever and thegenerator will produceelectricity, A.K.A ‘per-petual motion‘.Now back to real- Previously, I described First, separation of twoity. The ideal condi- the simplest model. movements using ation is movement with- But what if rotation pendulum as previous-out friction (but this and reciprocal balance ly described will elimi-does not exist). But, movement are happen- nate such force.we can reduce friction ing at the same time?to a minimum. Also, It might produce some Second, yes, centrifu-an increase of bal- new force obstructing gal force shall be takenance/counterbalance system rotation to the into account buildingmass has a negligible point of making the this machine. Look atimpact on a pendu- entire invention use- the picture #4; the sys-lum’s movement. This less. tem is rotating around 42

axis X. In the situa- This similar to centrifu- in one period we aretion shown on #4a, the gal effect: it happens losing energy and inbalance and counter- during coincident rota- another we are gainingbalances are moving tion and back-and-forth energy.towards axis X until movements.they reach it – cen- As you might notice intrifugal force opposes Now take a look at pic- the situation depictedthis move, but past the ture #4a again. The on #4a, we are los-axis X picture #4b, ‘au figure skater is pulling ing momentum due tocontraire’, the centrifu- his arm in accelerates centrifugal force butgal force enforces the him. Picture #4b, the gaining it due to fig-move. In other words, figure skater extend- ure skater effect – onin a certain period of ing his arms slows picture #4b, a reversethe rotation, we are him down. Here again, centrifugal force is giv-losing energy due tocentrifugal force; in theother period, we aregaining it back. Totalgain/loss of energy isequal to zero.But this is not all. Thereis another effect thataffects system perfor-mance. I call it the‘figure skater effect’.When a figure skater isspinning, extending hisarms slows him down –contrary to holding hisarms as close as possi-ble, which accelerateshis rotation. 43

ing back the figure skater’s taking graphic is similar to alternate cur-away. rent but 250-600 times slower. Also, the graphic shows interrup-Consider this. A fully loaded gener- tion in electric current caused by aator makes one full rotation in 5-10 period between the generator’s fullseconds. More load less speed stop and resuming its movement in another direction; depending on less figure skater and centrifugal apparatus design, this interruptioneffects. Both of the forces suppos- can last from a ’fraction of a heart-edly impeding the Gravity Powered beat’ or, like in the pendulum’sGenerator are compensating for case, up to 3 seconds.each other bringing their combinedresult to zero. Combined zero hin- We can easily flip the low part ofdering is exactly what is needed. the graphic upwards using a rec- tifier and generator brushes, etc.What kind of Then by interconnecting severalelectricity generators on a different rotationare we getting? period, we will get a direct current, see picture #5b. It sounds com-In aiming to reduce the friction, plicated, but your computer likethe conventional generator can- most electrical devices around younot be used; a linear DC genera- takes AC and transforms it into DC;tor is an obvious choice. Full rota- there is no alternate current insidetion of the machine takes between it. Chemical plants, smelters, steel5 and 10 seconds to complete. mills, railways, and subways con-During this time the generator* sume mostly DC.performs one complete back-and-forth movement. On picture #5ais a displayed electric current pro-duced by such movement. The 44

Can I buy this generator for my home?Since the Canadian government and Fukushimas before you will berefused to patent this invention, able to install this generator in yourfurther development stopped. It basement.will take some more ChernobylsCan it be used on road vehicles?Yes, after a slight modification the Well… this little secret I am takingGravity Powered Generator will with me...replace the internal combustionengine. What kind of modification?* In this article: balance, large circle, or linear generator all mean the same.** Extending the distance from fulcrums to counterbalances will reduce the mass ofthe latter still maintaining equilibrium. Such modification shall not increase power orefficiency of the machine but decrease its weight.© Images and text of this article ARE NOT copyright protected 45

“Because there is a law such as gravity, the universe canand will create itself from nothing”. - Stephen Hawking FREE SUBSCRIPTION www . ispectrummagazine . c o m 46

www . ispectrummagazine . c o m 47