tech-2023_03(108)

№ 3 (108) март, 2023 г. Under the load-bearing structures, there are, due to netic and other fields with the forces that bring these el- the design of the locomotive, which perceive operational ements to the limit states. The criteria for limit states loads. According to research, the largest percentage of vary depending on the operating conditions of structures, locomotive failures in operation is associated with bo- mechanical properties of the materials used, loading gies, bodies and main frames. In the final years, the con- modes and thermal conditions [9]. crete bearing structures of the rolling stock underwent the principal configurations. The limiting conditions, The strength of the elements of the supporting struc- load-bearing capacity and strength reserves of locomo- ture is estimated on the basis of comparing the forces tives are shown by load-bearing structures (main frame, arising in them from the acting mechanical loads, ther- body, bogie frame) [13]. mal, magnetic and other fields with those forces that bring these elements to the limit states. The aspects of The elements of the supporting structure are evalu- the limit states are different without the help of criteria ated based on the comparison of the forces arising in for the operation of structures, mechanical parameters of them from the acting mechanical loads, thermal, mag- the materials used, loading modes and thermal criteria [14]. Figure 2. Calculation scheme implemented in the SolidWorks software package The bearing capacity of the parts of the crew part  deformations; structure is evaluated under the action of the calculated  fatigue resistance reserve coefficients; loads established by the real standard according to the  stability margin coefficients [15]. permissible values:  voltage; References: 1. Хамидов О.Р. и др. Прогнозирование остаточного ресурса главной рамы и продление сроков службы манев- ровых локомотивов на АО “УТЙ” // Universum: технические науки. – 2022. – №. 4-5 (97). – С. 47-54. 2. Khamidov O. et al. Remaining life of main frame and extension of service life of shunting Locomotives on railways of Republic of Uzbekistan //E3S Web of Conferences. – EDP Sciences, 2023. – Т. 365. – С. 05008. 3. Khamidov O. et al. Evaluation of the technical condition of locomotives using modern methods and tools // E3S Web of Conferences. – EDP Sciences, 2023. – Т. 365. – С. 05004. 4. Zayniddinov N., Abdurasulov S. Durability analysis of locomotive load bearing welded structures // Science and innovation. – 2022. – Т. 1. – №. A8. – С. 176-181. 5. Yusufov A. O‘zbekiston respublikasi temir yo ‘llaridagi manevr lokomotivlarini tahlili va rivojlanish istiqbollari // Science and innovation. – 2022. – Т. 1. – №. A8. – С. 943-950. 6. Yusufov A.M. “O ‘ZBEKISTON TEMIR YO ‘LLARI” AJ lokomotiv parki tahlili // Oriental renaissance: Innovative, educational, natural and social sciences. – 2022. – Т. 2. – №. 11. – С. 251-258. 7. Хамидов О.Р. и др. Продлению остаточного ресурса главной рамы тепловоза серии ТЭМ2 с методом конечных элементов (МКЭ) //Инновационные подходы, проблемы, предложения и решения в науке и образовании. – 2022. – Т. 1. – №. 1. – С. 148-153. 8. Хамидов О.Р. и др. Виды повреждений несущих конструкций и технологические аспекты их возникновения // Инновационные подходы, проблемы, предложения и решения в науке и образовании. – 2022. – Т. 1. – №. 1. – С. 142-147. 9. Хамидов О.Р., et al. “Обследование технического состояния маневрового тепловоза серии ТЭМ2.” Academic research in modern science 1.9 (2022): 125-132. 8

№ 3 (108) март, 2023 г. 10. Разработка метода для определения динамической нагруженности узлов подвижного состава с применением неразрушающего контроля / Н.С. Кодиров, А.М. Юсуфов, О.Р. Хамидов, М.Ш. Валиев // Приборы и методы измерений, контроля качества и диагностики в промышленности и на транспорте: Материалы V всероссийской научно-технической конференции с международным участием, Омск, 27–28 октября 2022 года. – Омск: Омский государственный университет путей сообщения, 2022. – С. 98-105. – EDN KAMPZS. 11. Аблялимов О.С. Обоснование параметров перевозочной работы локомотивов дизельной тяги в эксплуатации / О.С. Аблялимов, А.М. Юсуфов, А.П. Вохидов //. – 2016. – № 4(58). – С. 15-20. – EDN WXQSXH. 12. Yusufov A.M. et al. Lokomotivlarning texnik holatini bort tizimi yordamida aniqlash //Oriental renaissance: Innova- tive, educational, natural and social sciences. – 2022. – Т. 2. – №. 9. – С. 600-605. 13. Yusufov A., Azimov S., Jamilov S. Determination of Residential Service of Locomotives in the Locomotive Park of JSC //Uzbekistan Railways\"\" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN. – С. 2456-6470. 14. Yusufov A.M., et al. Temir yo ‘l tortuv harakat tarkibi issiqlik kuch qurilmalarini avtomatik boshqarish va diagnostika tizimi //Oriental renaissance: Innovative, educational, natural and social sciences. – 2022. – Т. 2. – №. 9. – С. 613-618. 15. Валиев М.Ш., Шеримбетов А.А., Шерзамин Х.А. Моделирования расчётной схемы металлоконструкции унифицированной рамы тележки тепловоза // Современные научные исследования и инновации. – 2018. – №. 3. – С. 4-4. 9

№ 3 (108) март, 2023 г. DOI - 10.32743/UniTech.2023.108.3.15103 IMPROVEMENT OF THE WORKING ALGORITHM OF BRAKING DEVICES OF WAGONS AND SORTING STATIONS Janibek Kurbanov Doctor of technical sciences, associate professor Tashkent State Transport University, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent Zokhid Toshboyev Assistant professor “Automation and Telemechanics”, Tashkent State transport, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mail: [email protected] Eldor Khujamkulov Assistant professor “Automation and Telemechanics”, Tashkent State transport, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent УСОВЕРШЕНСТВОВАНИЕ АЛГОРИТМА РАБОТЫ УСТРОЙСТВА ТОРМОЖЕНИЯ ВАГОНОВ НА СОРТИРОВОЧНОЙ СТАНЦИИ Курбанов Жанибек Файзуллаевич д-р техн. наук, доц., Ташкентский государственный транспортный университет, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент Тошбоев Зохид Бахрон угли и.о. доц., кафедра «Автоматика и телемеханика», Ташкентский государственный университет транспорта, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент Хужамкулов Элдорбек Ғайратжон уғли ассистент, кафедра «Автоматика и телемеханика», Ташкентский государственный университет транспорта, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент ABSTRACT A procedure has been developed to control the speed of dissolution of trains on marshalling humps, taking into ac- count the requirements for survivability, safety and economic efficiency of dissolution. In particular: - It is shown that it is more expedient to operate not with the concept of economic security, but with a broader concept of economic efficiency. - The type of criterion of economic efficiency (previously economic security) has been specified by taking into account losses from the downtime of the sorting system. - The illustration of the choice of the optimal variant of the functioning of the SG has been expanded, taking into account the integral criterion. This development makes it possible to structure the system of criteria used and refine the solutions obtained (rolling speed along different sections of the hill, braking stage, braking time, etc.), which will reduce the intervals between cuts on the downhill part of the hill, prevent surge situations and increase the efficiency of using braking funds. АННОТАЦИЯ Разработана процедура управления скоростью роспуска составов на сортировочных горках с учетом обеспе- чения требований живучести, безопасности и экономической эффективности роспуска. В частности: - Показано, что целесообразнее оперировать не понятием экономической безопасности, а более широким понятием экономиче- ской эффективности. - Уточнен вид критерия экономической эффективности (ранее экономической безопасности) __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Kurbanov J.F., Toshboyev Z.B., Khujamkulov E. IMPROVEMENT OF THE WORKING ALGORITHM OF BRAKING DEVICES OF WAGONS AND SORTING STATIONS // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2023. 3(108). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/15103

№ 3 (108) март, 2023 г. за счет учета потерь от простоя сортировочной системы. - Расширена иллюстрация выбора оптимального варианта функционирования СГ при учете интегрального критерия. Данное развитие позволяет структурировать систему используемых критериев и уточнить получаемые решения (скорость скатывания по различным участкам горки, ступень торможения, время торможения и т.д.), что позволит сократить интервалы между отцепами на спускной части горки, предотвратить нагонные ситуации и увеличить эффективность использования тормозных средств. Keywords: interlocking signaling (IS), contact pressure regulator (CPR), automation and telemechanics (AT), brake positions (BP). Ключевые слова: сигнализации централизации блокировка (СЦБ), контактный регулятор давления (РДК), автоматики и телемеханики (АТ), тормозных позициях (ТП). ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Currently, pulse braking algorithms are widely used. to develop and implement a universal algorithm for smooth This is a consequence of the shortcomings of the actuators continuous control of braking means. Currently, he is available on the slides: already showing successful work on nine sorting slides of the country.  a small number of gradations of the control action of the moderator (4 stages of BP control); - low accuracy, The multi-stage nature of the control equipment high inertia of the control equipment of the retarders made it possible to create an algorithm for continuous (contact pressure regulator CPR, control equipment braking when rolling off the release with exceeding the CE-72). As a result, a long period of automatic adaptation calculated speed (the general block diagram is shown in of the CE system to specific retarders at each implemen- Fig. 1) [4]. The change of the current control stage occurs tation facility is required [3]. Depending on the intensity directly during braking to the nearest stage without dis- of the releases, this process can take weeks, and sometimes inhibiting the moderator, which saves both time and en- months, before reaching the specified quality indicators ergy spent on control. In this regard, new moderators of automated braking [6]. Innovative pneumatic car operating under the control of the developed algorithm decelerators of the CE type (8 stages) made it possible provide a significant economic effect. BP Scanning BG busy? false Machine? true false Speed More calculated? true Selection of the necessary control stage true First turn on? false We change the current control level by no more than one Issue control unbrake Parameter adaptation moderator Figure 1. General algorithm of smooth continuous brake control The calculation of the required braking stage is based that provide both continuous control adjustment and on taking into account the speed and length of the release, adaptation of control parameters [5]. Figure 2 shows a the length of the moderator, the energy characteristics particular block diagram (an integral part of the general of the available control stages. The general algorithm of algorithm). smooth continuous control of the BP contains feedbacks 11

№ 3 (108) март, 2023 г. Selecting the desired control stage Choosing the minimum step Ttormstop  m(vt2ek  v2 ) ras 2Estup Ttormstop 1  m(vt2ek  v2 ) ras 2E(stup 1) Ttotp  Ltp / (vtek  vras ) false Time of torm. tech. degree more available true Increasing the degree Limitation of the maximum stage by weight The end Figure 2. Block diagram of the control stage selection at each time when the moving unit is located within the braking position It deciphers the procedure for selecting the control Tstup  Tmax * K z , (3) stage at each moment of time [9]. The time Tmax available where K z - is the margin factor used to ensure safety in for braking is calculated according to the formula [1], cases of sudden changes in external conditions. These include: malfunction of retarders, greasy wheelsets, Tmax  2( Ltp  Lotc ) , (1) e.t.c. tek  ras Simultaneously with the decoupling braking, the where is the Ltp active length of the braking position efficiency of the control action is analyzed for compliance (retarder tires), Lotc – release length, tek – current of the real braking effect with the calculated values and uncoupling speed,  ras – estimated (target) uncoupling the adaptation of the parameters. Adaptation is based on a comparison of the calculated and actual energy consumed speed. by the current control stage per unit of time and seeks to reduce their difference, We calculate the time Tstup as the ratio of the (Er  E f )  0, (4) decoupling energy required E p to be extinguished and where E f - is the actually calculated energy extin- the calculated energy Er extinguished by the moderator guished by the moderator during braking by a given during braking by this stage per unit of time: stage on a given uncoupling per unit of time. In this method, to automatically adjust the control parameters Tstup  Ep  m * (vt2ek  v2 ) , (2) to the required quality indicators, it is enough to pass one Er ras or two uncouples consisting of several wagons. The gen- eral block diagram of the algorithm for automatic con- 2Er trol adaptation to the physical parameters of the controlled device (moderator with control equipment) is where Er - is the calculated energy extinguished by shown in Figure 3 [8]. the moderator during braking by this stage per unit of time, E p - is the decoupling energy required for repayment, m - is the decoupling mass. 12

№ 3 (108) март, 2023 г. Adaptation of moderator parameters false Твкл > Тmin true Etek  m * V 2 / 2 We change the calculated energy by a given amount depending on the current The end Figure 3. Block diagram of control adaptation to the physical parameters of the moderator The automatic adviser on the implementation of the Thus, a probabilistic method of uncoupling control set speed of the release of detachments from the slide has on BP is proposed, that is, \"on average\" control. At the been improved. The proposed mathematical apparatus same time, the following requirements were used as of the automatic adviser provides adjustment of the criteria: - ensuring the best adhesion of rolling parameters of the module for calculating the release rates uncouples with compositions; - minimizing the size of of the detachments from the braking positions based on \"windows\" on paths; - minimization of losses from the the experience and knowledge of a specialist. In order to battle of wagons and cargo. This method implements the carry out subsequent adaptation to the changing environ- previous experience of sorting work management in the mental conditions of the dissolution - weather, profile, system: possible failures observed at previous points in etc., developed: - mechanism for evaluating the results time are taken into account. An algorithm and a device of accumulation of wagons on the tracks of the sorting for smooth continuous control of braking means have fleet; - a measure of the necessary degree of adjustment been developed. The proposed methods of controlling of the mathematical apparatus to ensure that the weighting the braking means of sorting slides are synthesized on coefficients of the model correspond to the real conditions the basis of new technical means (electronic multi-stage of dissolution. That is, the functioning of this automatic control equipment with pneumatic wagon retarders of adviser is based on the assumption that the operator has the CE). a stable experience of BP management [2]. In the con- ditions of \"deep\" automation of the system, there may not be such an experience. References: 1. Saitov A. et al. Improvement of control devices for road sections of railway automation and telemechanics // E3S Web of Conferences. – EDP Sciences, 2021. – Т. 264. – С. 05031. 2. Boltayev S. et al. A block model development for intelligent control of the switches operating apparatus position in the electrical interlocking system //E3S Web of Conferences. – EDP Sciences, 2021. – Т. 264. – С. 05043. 3. Bakhron o‘gli T.Z. et al. SORTING HILLS CURRENT PROBLEMS IN AUTOMATION AND TELEMECHANICS SYSTEMS //Open Access Repository. – 2022. – Т. 9. – №. 02. – С. 1-4. 4. Talat G., Zokhid T. TO THE QUESTION OF RESEARCH OF NONLINEAR IDENTIFICATIONS OF COMPLEX OBJECTS //Universum: технические науки. – 2022. – №. 11-7 (104). – С. 59-63. 5. Курбанов Ж.Ф., Тошбоев З.Б. Ў. ТЕМИР ЙЎЛ САРАЛАШ ТЕПАЛИГИ АВТОМАТИКА ВА ТЕЛЕМЕХАНИКА НАЗОРАТ ҚУРИЛМАЛАРИНИ МИКРОПРОЦЕССОР БОШҚАРУВ АСОСИДА ТАКОМИЛЛАШТИРИШ // Scientific progress. – 2021. – Т. 2. – №. 5. – С. 425-431. 6. Курбанов Ж.Ф., Тошбоев З.Б. Ў. САРАЛАШ ТЕПАЛИГИДАГИ АВТОМАТЛАШТИРИЛГАН БОШҚАРУВ ТИЗИМИ ЖАРАЁНЛАРИНИ РИВОЖЛАНТИРИШНИ АСОСИЙ ТАМОЙИЛЛАРИ //Scientific progress. – 2021. – Т. 2. – №. 5. – С. 432-435. 7. Bahron o’g’li T.Z. IMPROVEMENT OF MICROPROCESSOR CONTROL OF RAILWAY DECELERATION WAGON DECELERATION DEVICES. 2021. 8. Zokhid T., Ulugbek A. METHODS FOR INCREASING THE CAPACITY OF SORTING PROCESSES ON RAILWAY SORTING HILLS //Universum: технические науки. – 2022. – №. 12-7 (105). – С. 17-21. 13

№ 3 (108) март, 2023 г. 9. Janibek K., Aziz S., Zokhid T. CALCULATION OF THE LENGTH OF CABLE LINES USED AT STATIONS // Universum: технические науки. – 2022. – №. 12-7 (105). – С. 22-25. 10. Talat G., Zokhid T. TO THE QUESTION OF RESEARCH OF NONLINEAR IDENTIFICATIONS OF COMPLEX OBJECTS //Universum: технические науки. – 2022. – №. 11-7 (104). – С. 59-63. 11. Тошбоев З.Б., Хужамкулов Э.Г. СИСТЕМНАЯ И ИНФОРМАЦИОННАЯ ОРГАНИЗАЦИЯ ПЕРЕГОННЫХ УСТРОЙСТВ СЧЁТА ОСЕЙ // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2023. 1(106). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/14910 (дата обращения: 03.02.2023). 14

№ 3 (108) март, 2023 г. TECHNOLOGY, MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT FOR LOGGING, FORESTRY, WOOD PROCESSING AND CHEMICAL PROCESSING OF WOOD BIOMASS DOI - 10.32743/UniTech.2023.108.3.15156 STUDY OF ENERGY AND RESOURCE EFFICIENCY OF SUBLIMATION DRYING OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES Oybek Ergashev Doctor of Chemical Science, professor, Vice-Rector for Research and Innovation Namangan Institute of Engineering and Technology, Republic of Uzbekistan, Namangan E-mail: [email protected] Azizbek Egamberdiev Base doctoral student, Namangan Institute of Engineering and Technology Republic of Uzbekistan, Namangan E-mail: [email protected] Mirazam Meliboev PhD, Namangan Institute of Engineering and Technology, Republic of Uzbekistan, Namangan E-mail: [email protected] ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ЭНЕРГО И РЕСУРСОЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ СУБЛИМАЦИОННОЙ СУШКИ ФРУКТОВ И ОВОЩЕЙ Эргашев Ойбек Каримович д-р хим. наук, профессор, проректор по научной работе и инновациям Наманганский инженерно-технологический институт, Республика Узбекистан, г. Наманган Эгамбердиев Азизбек Акрамжон угли базовый докторант, Наманганский инженерно-технологический институт, Республика Узбекистан, г. Наманган Мелибоев Миръазам Фозилжон угли PhD, Наманганский инженерно-технологический институт, Республика Узбекистан, г. Наманган ABSTRACT This article addresses the practical importance of organizing drying in industry and analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of drying fruits and vegetables in a sublimated way compared to other methods. Also cited are the stages of implementation of the technological process and the norms of selection of raw materials. The result of the study shows that products dried in a sublimation style retain up to 98% of their vitamins in itself. АННОТАЦИЯ В данной статье рассматривается практическое значение организации промышленной сушки, а также анализируются преимущества и недостатки сублимационной сушки фруктов и овощей по сравнению с другими методами. Также приведены этапы реализации технологического процесса и критерии выбора сырья. Результат исследования показывает, что продукты, высушенные методом сублимации, сохраняют до 98% своих витаминов. __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Ergashev O., Egamberdiev A.A., Meliboev M.F. STUDY OF ENERGY AND RESOURCE EFFICIENCY OF SUBLIMATION DRYING OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2023. 3(108). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/15156

№ 3 (108) март, 2023 г. Keywords: fruit, vegetable, drying technology, sublimation , vacuum, economy, heat transfer. Ключевые слова: фрукты, овощи, технология сушки, сублимация, вакуум, экономия, теплообмен. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Introduction. Drying is one of the most common vegetables, medical and pharmaceutical products) are methods of canning. Organization of the process of drying used for drying. In this process, most of the initial fruits and vegetables in the industry is of high importance. characteristics of the product, its shape, aroma, color, Firstly, the organization of high-quality drying of fruits taste, and nutritional value are almost unchanged [4]. and vegetables serves to increase the production In the process of freeze-drying, the product is dried by profitability of farms specializing in horticulture and evaporating moisture from the solid state of the product, vegetable growing, as well as to increase their excluding the liquid phase. At the same time, the competitiveness and further economic development. molecular structure of the product changes slightly, the Because organizing the drying of fruits and vegetables dried product is characterized by high porosity, and as a is one of the simplest, low-cost directions in the field of result of drying, the initial properties of the product are processing agricultural products. Secondly, dried fruits quickly restored. Currently, vacuum freeze-drying is and vegetables are sold at high prices both in the widely used. It is used for drying not only expensive and domestic market and in the foreign market . Thirdly, by special products, but also widely used food products. drying fruits and vegetables, depending on their For example, Nestlé (Switzerland), the largest producer characteristics, it is possible to store them for a longer of baby food and fast food products, uses freezing period of time, and there is an opportunity to satisfy the technology for the production of food products (coffee, needs of the population of our country for these products milk, cocoa, etc.) [6; 7]. even during the off-season. Fourthly, in the territory of our republic, during the summer, many fruits fall and die. According to Green Peace, freeze drying is the most Organization of drying allows to prevent these products environmentally friendly method among traditional from spilling and dying. It can be seen that drying fruits drying methods. Because this process uses the safest and vegetables is a promising direction for farmers and heat sources for the environment (infrared rays, high- farms [1; 2]. frequency currents, etc.) and energy (electric current) [8]. As an example of the advantages of the drying In order to carry out freeze-drying, it is important method of processing products, due to the fact that the to strictly observe two factors: dried products are several times smaller than their original mass, they can be easily transported by vehicles, and 1. The main part of the moisture content of the product they can be stored for a long time without using freezers. should be in the form of ice, its total volume should not Processing of agricultural products by the drying method be less than 70 % of the product mass. creates an opportunity to provide the population of our country with these products at the same rate throughout 2. It is necessary to maintain the rules of freeze-drying the year. In this regard, the importance of drying fruits with the pressure difference between the steam release and vegetables in the sublimation method [2]. above the surface of the product and the steam in the chamber. Research methodology. The article discusses the current state of the technology of sublimation drying of The technological process of freeze-drying consists fruits and vegetables and analyzes the advantages and of several stages, which are carried out in a strict order: disadvantages compared to other drying methods. Scientific research works of Uzbek and foreign scientists 1. Preparation of products in advance. in this field were studied, and specific tasks for creating 2. Freezing. an energy-saving vacuum sublimation drying device were 3. Direct drying. determined. 4. Packaging of products. The drying method, product storage period and Analysis and results. Sublimation is a process method depend on the chemical composition of the in which a substance changes from a solid state to a product. It takes into account the protein, carbohydrate, liquid state directly into a gas (or vapor) state [3]. fat, macro and microelements, and vitamins contained in the product. Products cannot be heated after drying, The process of dehydrating materials under high otherwise it may undergo denaturation. All products vacuum while freezing is known as sublimation drying . processed by the freezing method must be reliably Under these conditions, the moisture contained in the isolated from contact with the environment . Otherwise, material is in the form of ice, and then this ice, without the fats and vitamins in it begin to oxidize. It is also changing to a liquid state, directly turns into a gas (or important to remember the percentage of products that vapor). turns into Sublimation drying is carried out at are quantitatively reduced under the influence of heat. high vacuum, intermediate and low temperatures with a Based on the described factors, the possible drying residual pressure of 133.3 ÷ 3.3 Pa. In this method, the temperature is determined. In other words, the approximate total energy and operating costs are much higher than other amount of residual moisture is calculated. During the drying methods (except for dielectric drying), so this preparation of raw materials for freezing processing, drying method is suitable for materials that cannot a certain bacterial limit of food products is ensured. withstand high temperatures and whose biological Raw materials with certain characteristics must be properties must be preserved for a long time (meat, fruit, selected for drying. Food preparation should also be of a high standard. Such a criterion allows the production of a dry product with the required quality indicators. 16

№ 3 (108) март, 2023 г. Criteria for choosing raw materials for freeze drying: requirements for it vary with the technological process 1. The product must taste good. and within certain limits. The useful properties of the 2. The number of initial components should be product should be preserved as much as possible. The estimated. This criterion is necessary to calculate useful temperature range in the final drying stage is +450÷ +850 substances that remain after freezing and drying and during C. The period of the stage can be up to 40 % of the total storage. processing period. 30 % of the initial amount of liquid 3. The size and shape of the product should match is removed. the technology used. 4. Lipid components should be oxidized in a minimal When consumed, they are digested and assimilated order. like a fresh product. Taste and smell properties are 5. Before freezing and drying raw materials, it is completely preserved. After processing, the product necessary to clean them from microorganisms. becomes porous, which leads to its better adsorption. Preliminary preparation of products for drying means In the initial stages of storage, products begin to actively heat treatment and cutting. absorb oxygen, as a result of which their rapid oxidation The quality of products depends on the speed of may occur. Along with the absorption of oxygen, moisture freezing. The faster this process occurs, the better is also adsorbed. This also lowers the quality of the food biologically valuable elements are preserved. The freezing product. All processed products must be pressed process can be carried out in a specially designed room (densified) before packaging to avoid adsorption. In this and directly in the freezer itself. The last option involves case, it is necessary to exclude collision with the external the creation of a vacuum environment and partial environment. Such processing before packaging increases evaporation of the liquid. the efficiency of the subsequent transportation (delivery) This method is much easier to implement compared of the product due to its smaller size. to pre-freezing, but it cannot be used for all product categories. During vacuum freezing, some of the originals Conclusion. In conclusion, it can be said that the total are lost. Raw meat and fish, as well as some fruits, juices energy and operational costs of sublimation drying are and purées, are not vacuum-frozen. Dairy products, tea higher than other drying methods (except dielectric and juices are frozen in the form of porridge. Grinding drying). Therefore, this drying method is used for drying them is done in the frozen state. For this purpose, the valuable substances, materials resistant to high spray method is usually used, which is characterized by temperatures and whose biological properties must be its high efficiency. During freezing, granules are formed, preserved for a long time (meat, fruit, vegetables, medical which are again divided into thin layers and dried. and pharmaceutical products). However, during this Freeze drying has its own technological features. During process, the product 98 % retains almost all its vitamins the initial freezing period in the chamber, it is necessary and its appearance does not change. It can be concluded to prevent the product from defrosting before placing from the data of this analysis that there is a need to create it in the drying section. a new energy-saving vacuum-sublimation device in the Products lose up to 70÷90 % liquid during freeze- construction of fruits and vegetables. drying in standard conditions. Further additional drying is carried out under temperature conditions. Permissible The results obtained from the ongoing scientific temperature limits at each stage are regulated by the research work provide an opportunity to solve the technological flow of processing. The characteristics of following issues: the product and the drying cycle are the basis for maintaining a certain temperature. Different types of raw 1) in economic terms - fruit and vegetable growing materials require specific temperature regimes. Usually, is one of the main incomes of the population in rural these values vary up to -150 С÷450 C degrees. Due to the areas, making up the main share of the total agricultural high sugar content of fruit juices, they require values products. It has a direct impact on the development of reduced to -250 C. When freeze-drying meat and protein- several branches of industry. Also, this branch occupies rich products, the raw material is dried at a temperature the main place in the country's agricultural exports; of -160÷-200 C. About 50 % of moisture is lost during the freezing stage and 60% of the entire drying period is spent. 2) in the social issue - the effectiveness of the At the next stage, drying is carried out at a high sustainable development of fruit and vegetable farming temperature. At this stage, complete removal of moisture has a direct impact not only on the living standards of is carried out. In order to maintain the high quality of the the rural population, but also on increasing the social product, it is important that these temperature indicators well-being of the entire population of the country. fully comply with the technological requirements. The drying period is also very important. The time allotted As a result, the ultimate goal of these reforms is to for each product is different. Drying time and heat provide food security in the country, and it is evident in the positive results of the economic reforms implemented in all processes of the development of the new Uzbekistan, and it reflects the increase in the standard of living of the population. References: 1. M.F. Meliboev. Use of highly efficient combined methods in drying plums. Dissertation of the Doctor of Philosophy in Technical Sciences, - Tashkent: TKTI, 2022, 104 p. 17

№ 3 (108) март, 2023 г. 2. T.L. Khudaiberdiev. Technology and equipment for drying agricultural products, textbook. - Tashkent: \"Mukhr press\" publishing house, 2022, - 232 p. 3. Z. Salimov. The main processes and devices of chemical technology.: Textbook for students of higher educational institution. T.1. - T: Uzbekistan, 1994. – 366 p. 4. Z. Salimov. Basic processes and devices of chemical technology, T.2. Metabolic processes: a textbook for higher educational institutions. - T: Uzbekistan, 1995. – 238 p. 5. N.R. Yusupbekov, X.S. Nurmuhamedov, S.G. Zokirov. Chemical technology basic processes and devices. - T.: \"Science and technology\", 2015, 848 p. 6. Pospelova I.G. Development technology of sublimation dried fruits and ovoshchey s ispolzovaniem SVCh-i UZ . // Autoref . ... candy. tech . science - Izhevsk, 2009. - S. 20. 7. Antipov S.T. Energosberegayushchiy sposob vacuum-sublimation dryer . // Mashinostroitelya technique. – 2001. - #1. - P.104-106. 8. M. Meliboev, Sh.M. Mamatov, M. Aripov, B. Shamsutdinov. Advantages of quick-freezing technology of cherry // International journal of innovative technology and exploring engineering (IJITEE) (Hindiston). ISSN: 2278-3075, Volume-9, Issue-3 January 2020 3254-3256 б. 9. Мансуров О.А., Игамбердиева Д.А., Хамдамов А.М. Cистемный анализ процесса сушки сельхозпродуктов // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2021. 11(92). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/12535 (дата обращения: 14.12.2022). 10. Исследование процесса сублимационной сушки плодов сливы // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. Эргашев О.К., Эгамбердиев А.А., Хамдамов А.М., Маллабоев О.Т. 2022. 12(105). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/14806 (дата обращения: 26.02.2023). 11. Сайфитдинов Анвар Садритдинович. Интерфаол тамойиллардан фойдаланиб технологик таълимини ўқитиш // Экономика и социум, ISSN: 2225-1545, 01 (104) 2023. 18

№ 3 (108) март, 2023 г. FOOD TECHNOLOGY DOI - 10.32743/UniTech.2023.108.3.15190 BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF MEDICINAL PLANT AMARANTH AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE IN THE FOOD INDUSTRY Dilshod Shodiev Assistant of the Department of Food technology, Fergana polytechnic institute, Republic of Uzbekistan, Fergana E-mail: [email protected] Hojiali Qurbonov Student of the Department of Food technology, Fergana polytechnic institute, Republic of Uzbekistan, Fergana E-mail: [email protected] Gulbakhoroy Shodieva Master’s degree student Department of Zoology and general biology, Fergana state university, Republic of Uzbekistan, Fergana E-mail: [email protected] БИОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ СВОЙСТВА ЛЕКАРСТВЕННОГО РАСТЕНИЯ АМАРАНТ И ЕГО ЗНАЧЕНИЕ В ПИЩЕВОЙ ПРОМЫШЛЕННОСТИ Шодиев Дилшоджон Абдуложон угли ассистент кафедры «Пищевая технология», Ферганский политехнический институт, Республика Узбекистан, г. Фергана Курбонов Хожиали Алижон угли студент кафедры «Пищевая технология», Ферганский политехнический институт Республика Узбекистан, г. Фергана Шодиева Гулбахорой Гуломжон кизи магистрант кафедры «Зоология и общая биология», Ферганский государственный университет Республика Узбекистан, г. Фергана ABSTRACT This article presents scientific information about the biological properties of seeds, leaves, stems and flowers of the introduced medicinal plant amaranth, as well as the use of products derived from this plant in the food industry and medicine. АННОТАЦИЯ В данной статье представлены научные сведения о биологических свойствах семян, листьев, стеблей и цветков интродуцированного лекарственного растения амаранта, а также о применении продуктов, полученных из этого растения, в пищевой промышленности и медицине. Keywords: amaranth plant, leaf, stem, flower, amaranth oil, amaranth flour, medicinal properties. Ключевые слова: амарантовое растение, лист, стебель, цветок, амарантовое масло, амарантовая мука, лечебные свойства. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Shodiev D., Qurbonov H., Shodieva G. BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF MEDICINAL PLANT AMARANTH AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE IN THE FOOD INDUSTRY // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2023. 3(108). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/15190

№ 3 (108) март, 2023 г. The original homeland of amaranth is South America, anemia. The grain of amaranth contains 13-17 percent and it is known from history that the local population protein, which is higher than that of all other cereals [3]. used it as a cultivated plant 8 thousand years ago [1]. It is known that flour and leaves from amaranth The word amaranth is derived from the Old Russian grain are of high quality and useful nutritional value, Slavic words \"mara (amrita) - death\" and \"a - denial\" amaranth oil is rich in iron, phosphorus, potassium, a group and means \"denial of death\" or \"eternity\". In Greek, of vitamins B1, B2, E and D, phospholipids, phytosterols. \"amaranthos\" is formed by adding the prefix \"a - negation\" and the words \"maraino - wither\" and \"anthos - flower\", Amaranth is a healthy food for pets and poultry. which literally means \"a flower that does not fade\" When 30% of the mass of amaranth blue is added to their (dried amaranth retains its shape for 3-4 months). compound feed, lambs and calves grow 1.5-2 times In ancient Slavic medicine, amaranth was used as a faster, nutria and rabbits 2-3 times faster, milk yield and rejuvenating agent. The peoples of Central America - fat content of cows increase sharply. The high level of the Incas and Aztecs, the ancient Etruscans and Hellenes vitamin C and carotene in amaranth is an important fac- also considered it a sign of eternal life [2]. tor in the health of animals and birds [4]. Grain flour is 40-50 times more expensive than The protein of amaranth grain is 2-3 times higher wheat flour on the world market. Add a small amount than wheat and corn in the content of amino acids and of amaranth flour to get delicious and healthy bread lysine [5]. According to its biochemical composition, products. These products are the solution to a number of amaranth is a valuable plant for obtaining high-quality problems, such as boosting immunity and eliminating feed. Figure 1. Amaranth seeds according to their biochemical composition 5 2,4 2,1 4,5 4,3 2 4 biochemical composition % 3,5 3 2,5 2 1,5 1 0,5 0 protein fats, calcium, phosphorus Figure 1. Amaranth seeds according to their biochemical composition Amaranth oil in the biosynthesis of cholesterol in hypoxic conditions (an environment with very low in medicine; cleansing the body of radionuclides, salts oxygen content) deep enough in the sea. Amaranth oil in of heavy metals; infectious diseases, herpes, psoriasis, the biosynthesis of cholesterol in medicine; cleansing vitiligo, neurodermatitis, eczema, atopic dermatitis, the body of radionuclides, salts of heavy metals; infec- gastrointestinal ulcer, diabetes mellitus, liver disease, tious diseases, herpes, psoriasis, vitiligo, neurodermatitis, genitourinary colds, atherosclerosis, anemia, vitamin eczema, atopic dermatitis, gastrointestinal ulcer, diabe- deficiency, angina pectoris, hypertension, oncological tes mellitus, liver disease, genitourinary colds, athero- and cardiovascular diseases are widely used when solving sclerosis, anemia, vitamin deficiency, angina pectoris, problems. Dramatically improves immunity, is an unsur- hypertension, oncological and cardiovascular diseases passed remedy in the fight against anemia [6]. are widely used when solving problems. Dramatically improves immunity, is an unsurpassed remedy in the It would not be wrong to say that the discovery of fight against anemia. the presence of squalene in amaranth oil is one of the most important discoveries of our time [7]. This substance, Amaranth leaf is used as a tea and food for its anti- which is of particular importance in medicine, was first anemic and immune-boosting properties. If we make a isolated in 1906 by the Japanese scientist Mitsumaro cucumber from a grain and eat it with a little honey, Sujimoto from the liver of a shark that lives at the bottom we will get rid of many diseases. It is possible to export of the sea. It turns out that sharks need squalene to survive this product as a medicinal product in special packaging. 20

№ 3 (108) март, 2023 г. If bread is prepared by mixing it with ordinary wheat immunity, ensures rapid and prosperous growth of flour in an amount of 1/10, it takes on a healthy appear- calves and chickens, and dramatically increases the pro- ance and does not go stale for a long time. cess of fattening animals. , increases the amount of cow's milk and the level of fat in it. Amaranth is well ensiled In conclusion, it should be noted that the body, leaves together with corn, which solves the problem of fodder and grain of the amaranth plant are used as a valuable feed throughout the year. A large amount of sugar in the pulp in animal husbandry. In addition, amaranth oil is widely of corn and protein in amaranth makes the silage more used for diabetes mellitus, liver diseases, genitourinary nutritious. colds, atherosclerosis, anemia, beriberi, tonsillitis, hyper- tension, and also as a tool that dramatically increases References: 1. Dilshodjon S., Hojiali Q. IMPORTANCE OF FOOD COLORINGS IN THE FOOD INDUSTRY //Universum: тех- нические науки. – 2022. – №. 11-8 (104). – С. 23-25. 2. Dilshodjon S., Hojiali Q. NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF FOOD SUPPLEMENTS AND THEIR IMPACT ON THE BODY // Universum: технические науки. – 2022. – №. 12-7 (105). – С. 32-35. 3. Xoshimjonova N., To‘xtaboyeva F., Mo‘minov M., To‘xtaboyev N.X. Amarantdan shifobaxsh moy ajratib olishni joriy qilish istiqbollari. “Farg‘ona vodiysi biologik xilma-xilligi: dolzarb muammolari va ularning yechimi” respublika ilmiy anjumani materiallari to‘plami. 78-80 betlar. Andijon, 2015. 4. Шодиев Д.А. У., Курбонов Х.А. Ў. Перспективы использования пищевых добавок в пищевой промышленности // Universum: технические науки. – 2022. – №. 5-7 (98). – С. 24-26. 5. Шодиев Д.А. Значение биологических количеств микроэлементов растениями //Formation Of Psychology And Pedagogy As Interdisciplinary Sciences. – 2022. – Т. 1. – №. 9. – С. 297-301. 6. Шодиев Д.А. У., Расулова У.Н. К. Значение амарантового масла в медицине // Universum: технические науки. – 2022. – №. 1-2 (94). – С. 69-72. 7. Шодиев Д.А., Нажмитдинова Г.К. Пищевые добавки и их значение // Universum: технические науки. – 2021. – № 10-3 (91). – С. 30-32. 21

№ 3 (108) март, 2023 г. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING RECYCLING INDUSTRIAL WASTE INTO HIGH-PERFORMANCE CERAMICS Ashraf Eminov Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, Tashkent State Technical University, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent Shokhida Khamdamova Doctor of Technical Sciences, associate professor, Ferghana Polytechnic Institute, Republic of Uzbekistan, Ferghana Abdulaziz Khokimov Student PhD, Ferghana Polytechnic Institute, Republic of Uzbekistan, Ferghana E-mail: [email protected] ПЕРЕРАБОТКА ПРОМЫШЛЕННЫХ ОТХОДОВ В ВЫСОКО-ЭФФЕКТИВНУЮ КЕРАМИКУ Эминов Ашраф Мамурович д-р техн. наук, профессор, Ташкентский государственный технический университет, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент Хамдамова Шохида Шерзодовна д-р техн. наук, доцент, Ферганский политехнический институт, Республика Узбекистан, г. Фергана Хокимов Абдулазиз Эргашали угли докторант, Ферганский политехнический институт, Республика Узбекистан, г. Фергана ABSTRACT Industrial and energy production waste pose a significant risk to both the environment and public health. Instead of simply disposing of this waste in landfills, recycling and reusing them to create valuable, eco-friendly products can be a more sustainable solution. Ceramics, in particular, have shown promise in waste recycling efforts. Over the past 20 years, researchers have explored the use of alternative materials, such as fly ash, rice husk ash, blast furnace slag, sludge, glass waste, polished tile waste, and eggshells, in place of conventional raw materials like clay, quartz, and feldspar to create ceramics. АННОТАЦИЯ Отходы промышленных и энергетических производств представляют значительный риск как для окружающей среды, так и для здоровья населения. Вместо того, чтобы просто выбрасывать эти отходы на свалки, их переработка и повторное использование для создания ценных, экологически чистых продуктов может быть более устойчивым решением. Керамика, в частности, показала многообещающие результаты в усилиях по переработке отходов. За последние 20 лет исследователи изучили возможность использования альтернативных материалов, таких как летучая зола, зола рисовой шелухи, доменный шлак, шлам, отходы стекла, отходы полированной плитки и яичная скорлупа, вместо традиционного сырья, такого как глина, кварц. и полевой шпат для создания керамики. Keywords: waste, fly ash, sewage sludge, tile, sanitaryware. Ключевые слова: отходы, зола-уноса, осадок сточных вод, плитка, сантехническая керамика. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Eminov A.M., Khamdamova S.S., Khokimov A.E. RECYCLING INDUSTRIAL WASTE INTO HIGH-PERFORMANCE CERAMICS // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2023. 3(108). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/15145

№ 3 (108) март, 2023 г. Introduction. This review aims to provide an up-to- As the global population grows, industrial produc- date overview of recent advancements in waste-derived tion is expanding to meet the demands of people. How- ceramics, including refractories, tiles, glasses, whitewares. ever, this growth is causing two major problems for the The article discusses the limits of waste incorporation, ecosystem: pollution and the depletion of natural re- manufacturing processes, and resulting ceramic properties. sources. To minimize these problems, industries are The investigation reveals that ceramic industries have a looking for ways to recycle their by-products and significant potential to utilize waste as a substitute for wastes. The ceramic industry is no exception, and re- natural raw materials. The conversion of waste to value- searchers have been exploring the use of waste materials in added ceramics not only solves the problem of waste dis- ceramic production for the past two decades. Waste ma- posal but also helps conserve natural resources. terials such as rice husk ash (RHA), fly ash (FA), blast furnace slag (BFS), waste marble powder, and glass waste The evolution and significance of ceramics in have been identified as potential substitutes for natural modern society. The term \"ceramic\" originates from the raw materials in ceramics. Some studies have analyzed Greek word for \"pottery,\" but its meaning has expanded the benefits of these waste materials in ceramic formu- to encompass a wide range of inorganic, nonmetallic or lations. metalloid solid compounds with a mixed type of bond- ing [1]. Compared to metals and other solids, ceramics While some previous studies have focused on the possess unique properties such as high melting points, use of waste materials in the production of specific ce- good chemical inertness, brittleness, high-temperature ramic products like tiles and bricks, there is no compre- stability, and heat and electrical insulation abilities. hensive review of the use of waste materials in the entire Consequently, ceramics have diverse applications in field of ceramics. This study aims to provide a complete contemporary society, including the manufacture of bricks, summary of the current progress in the utilization of glass, tiles, tableware, sanitary ware, space and automo- waste materials as a substitute for natural raw materials tive components, abrasives, biomedical implants, and in the fabrication of different types of ceramics, includ- electronic devices [2]. ing traditional and advanced fields. Table 1 presents var- ious waste materials, such as FA, RHA, BFS, water However, the production of ceramics requires vast treatment sludge, polished tile waste, and red mud, that amounts of natural resources, with natural clay being the have been recognized as potential substitutes for natural oldest and most commonly used raw material. Refractory ingredients in the production of different ceramics. industries also use specialized raw materials such as However, it is important to note that the characteristics alumina, magnesite, chrome, and zircon, among others. and chemical composition of these wastes are greatly af- The extraction of these materials has led to a depletion fected by the environmental conditions of their source of natural resources and ecological damage. As such, materials and the processing parameters used during ce- researchers are seeking substitutes for natural ingredients ramic production [3]. to reduce the ecological impact of ceramic production. Table 1. Chemical composition of wastes Waste Coal fly Blast Porcelain Rice husk Petroleum Water treatment Red mud Oxide (wt.%) ash furnace slag tiles ash sludge sludge 3.42 2.62 Na2O 1.22 - 2.73 0.04 - 0.40 3.54 K2O 21.47 0.9 19.79 Al2O3 55.57 14.30 68.96 1.40 - 3.20 1.76 SiO2 5.12 41.30 0.41 CaO 6.80 32.70 0.98 - 0.20 15.80 27.66 Fe2O3 2.97 0.8 1.13 MgO - 7.30 0.23 91.48 28.62 53.70 33.57 TiO2 0.60 1.10 - Other 1.60 0.36 2.70 14.40 15.26 Loss 2.83 3.15 on Ignition - 0.05 0.08 5.00 7.56 0.32 0.50 3.60 - 0.01 1.10 0.7 3.36 5.24 39.08 (BaO)+12.81 3.20 - 3.50 14.91 - 7.29 Incorporating waste materials in porous insula- direct contact with the furnace or kiln environments. tion refractory. Refractories serve two main purposes: For insulation purposes, furnaces are usually lined with (i) to protect vessels from the corrosive and erosive refractories that have low thermal conductivity (σ), effects of hot flue gases, molten salts, liquid metals, moderate refractoriness, and are porous and lightweight. and slags, and (ii) to maintain the required temperature Researchers are currently exploring ways to incorporate inside the vessel by preventing heat flow (insulation). To achieve the first purpose, high refractoriness and dense waste materials into insulation refractories. refractories are typically used because they come into 23

№ 3 (108) март, 2023 г. Recently, researchers have been exploring the use (compound annual growth rate) of 6.3% from 2021 to of waste materials in the composition of insulation re- 2030. [7]. However, the manufacturing of ceramic tiles fractories. The third reference provides a comprehensive involves the consumption of vast amounts of natural re- summary of studies investigating the impact of various sources such as clay, silica, feldspar, zircon sand, and waste materials on the behavior of insulation refracto- alumina, which can lead to environmental issues. As a ries. Results show that adding waste materials can im- result, finding sustainable replacements for virgin raw prove the insulation behavior, porosity, and strength of materials is crucial for the industry in the coming years. insulation refractories up to a certain limit. For example, Certain waste materials and industrial by-products have Ramezani et al. [4] studied the impact of waste serpen- shown potential as replacements for these raw materials tine on the insulating behavior of basic insulation refrac- in the production of tiles. Table 2 highlights the types tories. They found that the addition of calcined waste and amounts of waste materials used, the minerals they serpentine improved the thermo-mechanical properties replace, firing temperatures, and categories of tiles pro- of the refractories, with the lowest thermal conductivity duced using these sustainable alternatives [3]. observed in specimens containing 43 wt.% dead-burned magnesia, 20 wt.% calcined alumina, 17 wt.% expanded The ceramic industry generates solid waste at various perlite, and 20 wt.% calcined waste serpentine. stages of processing, such as grinding of raw materials, polishing of fired products, and quality checks of final Hassan et al. [5] investigated the pore formation products. To manage this waste, the industry is adopting ability of waste bagasse in fireclay insulating bricks. They the practice of recycling waste as raw materials. El-Fadaly discovered that bagasse was a good replacement for et al. [8] added ceramic industry waste (cyclone and petrochemical additives commonly used as pore creators filter dust) to the composition of floor tiles. Ke et al. [9] in insulation bricks. Similarly, Sutcu et al. [6] utilized reused polished tile waste (up to 70 wt.%) as a raw ma- waste paper-processing sludge and sawdust as calcium terial in porcelain tiles. Tarhan et al. [10] developed oxide sources and pore formers, respectively, in anorthite- porcelain tiles using sanitaryware waste by replacing based insulating refractories. The addition of sawdust pegmatite (5 to 15 wt.%) or Na-feldspar (5 to 15 wt.%). significantly increased the porosity and pore size in the In addition, ceramic sludge is produced by the wastewater anorthite matrix, leading to a decrease in thermal con- treatment unit of tile plants, which can also be recycled for ductivity. preparing floor and wall tiles. Amin et al. [11] examined the use of dried sludge powder (0 to 50 wt.%) mixed Tiles. Ceramic tiles are becoming increasingly with basic composition for the preparation of wall and popular in construction and building activities due to floor tiles. The study found that 10 wt.% sludge could factors such as rapid urbanization, modernization, and be used for wall tiles and 20 wt.% sludge for floor tiles population growth. The global ceramic tiles market size as a replacement, meeting internationally harmonized was valued at $343.9 billion in 2020, and is projected Egyptian standards. to reach $633.5 billion by 2030, registering a CAGR Table 2. Name of wastes used in the compositions of tiles Name Wastes Replacement of minerals Firing Type of tiles Amount (wt.%) temperature, ºC Proportionally replaced Porcelain tiles Polished tile waste 50 all the basic raw materials 1120 Glaze tiles Feldspar Floor tiles Iron ore tailings 65 1200 Roof tiles Sewage sludge 70 - 980 Red mud 65.8 1180 Wall tiles Rice husk ash 10 Clay 850 Blast furnace slag 33 Kaolin, Limestone 1136 Sanitaryware waste 15 Kaolin 1145 Proportionally replaced Ceramic sludge 10 all the basic raw materials 1160 Sewage sludge (SS) is a waste product discharged ceramic tiles. Li et al. [14] observed a gradual decrease from water treatment plants that typically ends up in in compressive strength and slight improvement in bending landfills. However, SS contains pollutants such as path- strength when dried SS was added to tile compositions. ogenic microorganisms, heavy metals, and organic con- Zhou et al. [15] developed split tiles using crude SS from taminants, which contribute to secondary environmental wastewater treatment plants without any pretreatment. pollution [12]. This has resulted in increasing social and Their optimal formulation contained 60 wt.% crude SS, environmental pressure to develop recycling technolo- 20.6 wt.% feldspar, 15.2 wt.% quartz, and 14.2 wt.% ka- gies for SS [13]. Several studies have explored the use olin and met the required properties of fine-grade split of SS in various sectors, including the production of tiles as per ISO: 13006:1998. Cremades et al. [16] 24

№ 3 (108) март, 2023 г. proposed utilizing SS up to 70 wt.% for the preparation porcelain sanitaryware compositions. The addition of such of glazed tiles. Amin et al. [17] prepared floor tiles by waste has resulted in lower thermal expansion coefficients, mixing dry SS powder (0 to 30 wt.%) with a standard decreased water absorption, improved strength, and energy composition for floor tiles. According to ISO standards, savings. the maximum permitted limit of SS addition is 7 wt.% for 1150°C fired samples. These studies demonstrate the Recycling waste for ceramic production: benefits potential for utilizing SS in the ceramic industry, but and challenges. In light of environmental, ecological, and further research is needed to optimize the use of SS economic concerns, scientists and technology developers in ceramic tile production while minimizing its impact are working to find ways to utilize waste materials to create on the environment. value-added products. This includes ceramic researchers who are exploring ways to recycle industrial by-products The process of blasting and crushing rocks during or waste to create ceramics. While many research articles rock mining results in the production of waste material have been published on this topic in recent years, indus- known as granite dust waste. This waste contains a sig- trially produced ceramics from waste ingredients are not nificant amount of SiO2 and Al2O3, along with some yet widely used. Although some tile industries have fluxes (Na2O & K2O) and coloring compounds (Fe2O3) started using waste materials for tile production, the [18]. However, this waste material can be used as an number is limited due to various factors such as the com- alternative to conventional raw materials in ceramics. patibility between natural raw materials and waste, char- For instance, granite waste can be used as a replacement acteristics of the final product, availability of waste, for sand due to its low plasticity, which reduces the transportation costs, constant chemical composition, and possibility of dimensional defects. Additionally, it can pre-treatment of waste. Therefore, more research is substitute for feldspathic ingredients that form glassy needed to transfer technology from academia to industry phases at lower temperatures during the manufacture for the commercialization of waste-derived ceramics. of floor tiles [19]. This transfer of technology presents various challenges, including ethical concerns, knowledge gaps, and risks of Researchers such as Pazniak et al. [20] have studied unsustainability. As such, more encouragement is the effects of incorporating granitic and basalt waste into needed for industrial manufacturing to recycle waste porcelain tiles. They found that using granitic and basalt materials. The government can play a role in increasing rock waste as a substitute for feldspar shows potential as interest by creating laws and policies to promote sustain- fluxes in the tile industry. A sample containing 5 wt.% able production, which not only benefits the ceramic in- basalt sintered at 1150°C showed properties similar dustry but also helps protect the environment and to those of industrial porcelain tiles. Similarly, Sultana society from pollution. et al. [21] developed roof tiles using hard rock dust (10 to 50 wt.%) mixed with clay. Conclusion. The production of toxic and hazardous wastes is continuously increasing, causing difficulties in The production of ceramic sanitaryware involves the form of dumping and pollution. The valorization of fixtures and components related to sanitation, such as water these wastes as substitutes for primary natural resources closets, washbasins, faucets, and bathtubs. The global can provide numerous benefits, including conservation sanitaryware market is projected to have a compound of resources, cost-effectiveness, and improved health annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5.0% from 2018 to 2025, and safety. Recycling waste for ceramic production is leading to an increased demand for natural ingredients particularly beneficial because it consumes a large like feldspar, quartz, kaolin, and different types of clays. amount of natural raw materials. Even a small amount To ensure sustainable production in compliance with of waste incorporation can have a significant impact on environmental regulations, industries are turning to waste waste absorption. While there have been many research or by-products. However, there is limited research on studies on waste utilization for ceramics, technological the utilization of waste for sanitaryware products. Some transfer to commercial production is still limited. studies have investigated the incorporation of wall tile waste, glass waste, and galvanized waste into fireclay or References: 1. R.A.Rahimov. Keramika va olovbardosh materiallar: O'quv qo'l. O'zR Oliy va o'rta-maxsus ta'lim vazirligi; - T.: «O'zbekiston faylasuflari milliy jamiyati» nashriyoti, 2008. - 144 b. 2. Августиник А.И. Керамика. Изд. 2-е, перераб. и доп. Л., Стройиздат (Ленингр. отд-ние), 1975, 592 с. ил. 3. Sk.S. Hossain & P.K. Roy (2020) Sustainable ceramics derived from solid wastes: a review, Journal of Asian Ceramic Societies, 8:4, 984-1009, DOI:10.1080/21870764.2020.1815348. 4. Ramezani A., Emami S.M., Nemat S. Effect of waste serpentine on the properties of basic insulating refractories. Ceram Int. 2018;44(8):9269–9275. 5. Hassan A.M., Moselhy H., Abadir M.F. The use of bagasse in the preparation of fireclay insulating bricks. Int J Appl Ceram Technol. 2019; 16(1):418–425. 6. Sutcu M., Akkurt S., Bayram A., et al. Production of anorthite refractory insulating firebrick from mixtures of clay and recycled paper waste with sawdust addition. Ceram Int. 2012;38(2):1033–1041. 7. Ceramic Tiles Market. 2021. Available at. https://www.alliedmarketresearch.com/ceramic-tiles-market. Accessed on 2022 Dec 30. 25

№ 3 (108) март, 2023 г. 8. El-Fadaly E., Bakr I.M., Breka M.R.A. Recycling of ceramic industry wastes in floor tiles recipes. J Ame Sci. 2010; 6:241–247. 9. Ke S.,Wang Y., Pan Z., et al. Recycling of polished tile waste as a main raw material in porcelain tiles. J Clean Prod. 2016; 115:238–244. 10. Tarhan B., Tarhan M., Aydin T. Reusing sanitaryware waste products in glazed porcelain tile production. Ceram Int. 2017; 43(3):3107–3112. 11. Amin S.K., Elmahgary M.G., Abadir M.F. Preparation and characterization of dry pressed ceramic tiles incorporating ceramic sludge waste. Ceram-Silik. 2019;63:11–20. 12. Ruan T., Liu R., Fu Q., et al. Concentrations and composition profiles of benzotriazole UV stabilizers in municipal sewage sludge in China. Environ Sci Technol. 2012;46(4):2071–2079. 13. Yilmaz D.D., Temizgul A. Assessment of arsenic and selenium concentration with chlorophyll contents of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris var saccharifera) and wheat (Triticum aestivum) exposed to municipal sewage sludge doses. Water Air Soil Pollu. 2012;223(6):1–10. 14. Li S.Z., Shi Z., Xie M. Production and performance of tiles made from wastewater treatment sludge. J Chin Ceram Soci. 2007;35:251–254. 15. Zhou J., Li T., Zhang Q., et al. Direct-utilization of sewage sludge to prepare split tiles. Ceram Int. 2013;39(8):9179–9186. 16. Cremades L.V., Cusid J.A., Arteaga F. Recycling of sludge from drinking water treatment as ceramic material for the manufacture of tiles. J Clean Prod. 2018;201:1071–1080. 17. Amin S.K., Hamid E.M.A., El-Sherbiny S.A., et al. The use of sewage sludge in the production of ceramic floor tiles. Hbrc J. 2018;14(3):309–315. 18. Pazniak A., Barantseva S., Kuzmenkova O., et al. Effect of granitic rock wastes and basalt on microstructure and properties of porcelain stoneware. Mater Lett. 2018;225:122–125. 19. Torres P., Manjate R.S., Cuaresma S., et al. Development of ceramic floor tile compositions based on quartzite and granite sludges. J Eur Ceram Soc. 2007;27(16):4649–4655. 20. Pazniak A., Barantseva S., Kuzmenkova O., et al. Effect of granitic rock wastes and basalt on microstructure and properties of porcelain stoneware. Mater Lett. 2018;225:122–125. 21. Sultana M.S., Ahmed A.N., Zaman M.N., et al.Utilization of hard rock dust with red clay to produce roof tiles. J Asian Ceram Soci. 2015;3(1):22–26. 26

№ 3 (108) март, 2023 г. EFFECTS OF REGIME PARAMETERS ON THE HYDRODYNAMICS OF THE INVESTIGATED VORTEX APPARATUS Ҳoshim Bakhronov Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor of the Department “Chemical technology” Navoi State Mining and Technological University, Republic of Uzbekistan, Navoi E-mail: [email protected] Sabohat Ganieva Doctoral student in specialty 02.00.16 “Processes and devices of chemical Technologies and food production” Republic of Uzbekistan, Navoi E-mail: [email protected] Nazora Xudoyberdiyeva Associate Professor of the Department of Chemical Technology Navoi State Mining and Technological University. Republic of Uzbekistan, Navoi E-mail: [email protected] ВЛИЯНИЯ РЕЖИМНЫХ ПАРАМЕТРОВ НА ГИДРОДИНАМИКУ ИССЛЕДУЕМОГО ВИХРЕВОГО АППАРАТА Бахронов Ҳошим Шайимович д-р техн.х наук, проф. кафедры “Химическая технология” Навоийского государственного горного и технологического университета, Республика Узбекистан, г. Навои Ганиева Сабохат Уктамовна докторант по специальности 02.00.16 “Процессы и аппараты химических технологий и пищевых производств”, Республика Узбекистан, г. Навои Худойбердиева Назора Шарофовна доц. кафедры “Химическая технология” Навоийского государственного горного и технологического университета, Республика Узбекистан, г. Навои ABSTRACT The effects of regime parameters on the hydraulic resistance of a hollow vortex apparatus with a tangential swirl of gas and liquid flow are considered. To determine the energy consumption for carrying out gas purification processes from dust and harmful substances, contact heat exchange, absorption purification of gases and other processes carried out in gas-liquid systems, it is necessary to take into account pressure losses in the vortex apparatus. At the same gas velocity, the hydraulic resistance of the investigated vortex apparatus is much less than the pressure drop in hollow, nozzle and poppet apparatuses and does not exceed the resistance of highly efficient vortex-type apparatuses of other designs. The hydraulic resistance of hollow vortex apparatuses with tangential vortices is determined by the velocity of the gas phase, the flow rate of the liquid and the design parameters of the apparatus, as well as the physical properties of the working media. The optimal operating modes of the developed vortex apparatus have been established, from the position of the pressure drop in the apparatus. __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Bakhronov H.S., Ganieva S.U., Khudoiberdieva N. EFFECTS OF REGIME PARAMETERS ON THE HYDRODYNAMICS OF THE INVESTIGATED VORTEX APPARATUS // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2023. 3(108). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/15214

№ 3 (108) март, 2023 г. АННОТАЦИЯ Рассмотрены влияния режимных параметров на гидравлического сопротивления полого вихревого аппарата с тангенциальным завихрителем потока газа и жидкости. Для определения энергозатраты на проведение процес- сов очистки газа от пыли и от вредных веществ, контактного теплообмена, абсорбционной очистки газов и других процессов, осуществляемых в системах газ-жидкость необходимо учитывать потери давления в вихревом аппа- рате. При одной и той же скорости газа гидравлическое сопротивление исследованного вихревого аппарата намного меньше, чем перепад давления в полых, насадочных и тарельчатых аппаратах и не превышает сопротив- ления высокоэффективных аппаратов вихревого типа других конструкций. Гидравлическое сопротивление полых вихревых аппаратов с тангенциальными завихрителями определяется скоростью газовой фазы, расхода жидкости и конструктивными параметрами аппарата, а также физическими свойствами рабочих сред. Установлены оптималь- ные режимы работы разработанного вихревого аппарата, с позиции перепада давления в аппарате. Keywords: tangential swirler, vortex apparatus, centrifugal force, twist coefficient, energy consumption, gas velocity, hydraulic resistance, irrigation density, resistance coefficient, fluid flow. Ключевые слова: тангенциальный завихритель, вихревой аппарат, центробежная сила, коэффициент крутки, энергозатраты, скорость газа, гидравлическое сопротивление, плотность орошения, коэффициент сопротивления, расход жидкости. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Introduction hundreds of thousands of cubic meters per hour, and the hydraulic resistance of one unit ranges from 392 Pa To date, the problem of cleaning harmful gases of to 1470 Pa. industrial enterprises is becoming the most urgent task. Purification of industrial gases from suspended particles Vortex-type devices have a number of advantages, into gas cleaning plants is carried out by artificially which distinguishes them favorably from other \"wet\" changing the technological parameters of the gases be- cleaning devices. Joint purification of gases from gaseous ing cleaned to match the optimal characteristics of the and dispersed inclusions is possible. They have a large gas cleaning devices used. gas throughput capacity, which makes it possible to clean large-tonnage emissions. Vortex apparatuses work steadily Atmospheric air is a vital factor for the surrounding in wide ranges of gas and liquid workloads, have small nature and human habitat. In modern production, the de- dimensions and a relatively simple design [2]. velopment of many industries is often inextricably linked with the problem of separation of dust-containing However, at present there are no theoretical and ex- streams, which in turn releases a large amount of dust perimental foundations for hydrodynamic studies, the into the atmosphere. This dust is a significant danger, structure of flows and mass transfer in an apparatus with as it has an adverse effect on human health. rotational-vortex interaction of phases, brought to prac- tical application, which constrains their widespread use Harmful emissions from industrial enterprises are in industry. an urgent problem for all developing countries today. The main task of the industry is the development of modern In this regard, conducting research in order to expand efficient high-performance equipment that combines the scope of application and increase efficiency, competent the solution of environmental problems of production. design and skillful use of vortex devices is relevant, In industrial enterprises, existing dust and gas cleaning as it is of both scientific and practical interest. plants require improvement. At the same time, the problems of industrial emissions and energy savings are The processes of dust collection are largely deter- being solved. mined by the hydrodynamics of the apparatus, including the total hydraulic resistance of individual elements and Harmful emissions from industrial enterprises are the entire apparatus as a whole. an urgent problem for all developing countries today. The main task of the industry is the development of modern The total resistance of hollow vortex apparatuses efficient high-performance equipment that combines the consists of pressure losses: solution of environmental problems of production. In industrial enterprises, existing dust and gas cleaning for friction along the length in the tangential inlet plants require improvement. At the same time, the prob- pipes-swirlers; lems of industrial emissions and energy savings are being solved [1]. for friction along the length and for creating a twist of the gas-liquid flow in the vortex tube itself; The study of current methods of gas purification in a two-phase medium reports that one of the ways to in- for friction in the separation chamber and hopper of tensify the interaction of multiphase systems is the im- the apparatus; plementation of phase contact in a centrifugal field. Due to rotation in the multiphase layer, significant centrifu- friction in the gas outlet pipe from the apparatus, gal forces arise, which ensure high dispersion and sta- as well as at the entrance to the working chamber and bility of the multiphase system, large specific contact exhaust pipe and at the exit from them. surfaces and relative phase velocities. To intensify a number of gas-liquid processes, it is advisable to use At the same time, losses in swirlers, where the gas vortex-type apparatuses. Their gas capacity can be velocity is high, will prevail. The pressure losses in the swirlers depend on its geometric characteristics and the degree of swirling of the gas flow. The losses at the gas outlet from the apparatus depend on the twist in the vor- tex zone and the degree of compression of the flow at the outlet of the apparatus [3-4]. 28

№ 3 (108) март, 2023 г. Objects and methods of research of an experimental vortex apparatus was carried out according to a generally accepted method. The experi- Experimental studies have been carried out to deter- mental setup consists of a direct-flow vortex apparatus mine the pressure drop and to increase the efficiency of 1 with swirling downward flows of gas and liquid, a fan dust collection in a vortex apparatus in a \"wet\" way. The for moving gas 5, a centrifugal pump for liquid circula- influence of the dimensions of the working elements of tion, shut-off valves, measuring and control devices. the apparatus, the velocity of the gas phase and the flow The dimensions of the working part of the experimental rate of the liquid on the efficiency of the dust collection vortex apparatus have the following values: diameter process is determined. Optimal values of the size of the D = 0.056-0.1 m, height 0.5-1 m. Atmospheric air, sand apparatus, gas velocity and fluid flow are selected in dust and tap water are used as working media. terms of the magnitude of the hydraulic resistance of the apparatus and the intensity of dust cleaning. Based on Air was supplied by a fan 5 to the upper part of the the results obtained, the design of a highly efficient dust apparatus through tangential swirlers of the gas flow 2. collector was developed, introduced into industry and Water was also supplied by a centrifugal pump from the tested. flow tank to the upper part of the vortex apparatus through tangential swirlers of the liquid flow 3. To ensure To study the hydrodynamics and efficiency of dust hydrodynamic stability, rotating gas and liquid flows in collection of a vortex apparatus with a swirling gas flow, the apparatus, tangential supply of both gas and liquid an experimental installation was manufactured and in- was performed with their rotation one way. The exhaust stalled (Fig. 1). The study of the total hydraulic resistance air is discharged through the duct into the atmosphere. 22 6 7 33 Water 1 8 5 4 Air Figure 1. Scheme of thFeigex.p1e.riSmcehnetamleseotufpt:h1e –exwpoerkriinmgecnhtaamlbseertoufpt.he vortex apparatus; 21–-tawnogrekntiinagl gcahsasmwibrleerrso; f3t–hteanvgoerntteiaxlaswppiralerrastoufsl;iq2ui-d;ta4n–gseenpatiraaltogra; 5s –swfainr;le6r–s;a3ir-fltoawngmeentetri;al swirlers of liqui7d–; 4wa-tesrefploawramtoetre;r5; 8- –faUn-;sh6ap-eadirwafltoerwdimffmetaenro;m7et-erwater flow meter; 8 -U-shaped water diffmanometer; The gas phase flow rate was measured using a vor- the gas flow velocity in the short circuit swirlers in tex flowmeter of the Prowirl type. The total hydraulic the range of 20 = 60 m / s; resistance of the vortex apparatus was measured by a the average flow rate of the axial gas velocity in the U-shaped water diffmanometer 8, one end of which was connected to the inlet tangential pipe, and the other working area of the apparatus w0 =10÷60 m / s; the Reynolds number for gas Re =10000÷200,000; to the gas outlet pipe. the ratio of the mass flow rates of liquid and gas en- The liquid flow rate was measured by rotameters of tering the vortex apparatus in the range L/G = 0.3 ÷5. the PC 7 type, regulated by valves installed on the liquid The results of experimental studies of hydraulic re- supply line and on the pump bypass line. sistance obtained in a vortex apparatus with diameter of Studies of the total hydraulic resistance of the vortex D = 0.1 m, the height of the working zone Hw = 1.0 m, the apparatus were carried out with a small excess gas pressure twist coefficient A = Fap / Fsh = 2.1 at the following op- on the air-water system under isothermal conditions, erating parameters are presented: when the temperature of the gas and liquid were almost average exhaust gas velocities w0=12=28 m/s; equal and amounted to 20 ± 2 ℃, the excess pressure did the ratio of mass flow rates of liquid and gas not exceed the hydraulic resistance of the apparatus and L/G = 0.36÷4.4. the supply gas line, and amounted to 5-6 kPa. A specially made recording device - dispenser was The experiments covered the following range of pa- used to feed sand dust into the gas stream. The used dust rameter changes: dispenser made it possible to create dustiness of gas (air) the twist coefficient: А=Fap/Fsh=2,1÷3; up to 0.5 kg/m3. 29

№ 3 (108) март, 2023 г. С entrance - dust concentration at the entrance to the 4) resistance coefficients: device: ������entrance = ������1/(τ · ������air) (1) ζ=2Δp/(ρ·w20) (6) where m1- is the mass of dust placed in the dispenser, kg; where Δp - the total hydraulic resistance of the vortex τ - is the time of the complete outflow of dust from apparatus, Па; the dispenser, h; w0 - axial velocity in the vortex chamber, м/с [5]. Vair - volumetric air flow, m3/h. At the outlet of the apparatus, the dustiness of the Results air was determined by sampling on a straight section of Fig. 2 presents the obtained results of experimental data in the form of the dependence of the total hydraulic the flue. resistance of the vortex apparatus under study on the Сexit - концентрация пыли на выходе из аппарата: average discharge velocity of the gas. The pressure drop in the apparatus under consideration increases almost ������exit = ������2/(τ · ������air) (2) monotonously with increasing gas velocity in both dry and wet apparatus. In direct flow conditions, the In order to study the hydrodynamics of the vortex hydraulic resistance in vortex chambers with irrigated apparatus, the following parameters were determined by walls depends on the actual gas velocity, which is related processing experimental data: to the gas velocity over the full cross section and the thickness of the film. When the irrigation densities are 1) average flow rate related to the full cross-section the same under direct flow conditions, an increase in the of the apparatus, axial air velocity: gas velocity leads to a decrease in the film thickness. As the gas velocity increases along the full cross-section of w0=Vaverage/S, м/с (3) the chamber, the film thickness decreases, the actual gas velocity increases, and the hydraulic resistance increases where Vaverage - volumetric air flow, m3/s; accordingly. S - the cross-sectional area of the device, m2. 2) Reynolds criteria: In both dry and irrigated apparatus, as the gas veloc- ity increases, the pressure drop gradually increases and Re=w0Dρ/μ (4) after a certain area becomes almost directly dependent on the gas velocity. With an increase in fluid flow, the where ρ - air density; bending of the curves of the dependence of hydraulic re- μ - dynamic air viscosity. sistance on the gas velocity decreases. 3) experimental value of the hydraulic resistance of the layer: ∆рe = 9,81∙hpz, Па (5) where hpz - the difference in water levels in the U-shaped diffmanometer, mm. of water. ΔР, Па 4 1200 3 1000 5 2 800 600 1 400 200 w, м/c 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Figure 2. DepenFdiegn. c2e. oDfetpheendheyndceraouflitcherehsyidstraanulciec orefstihsteanvcoertoefxaapvporatreaxtuapspwairtahtutshewictoheaffitcwiiesnt t A = 2.1 on thecoaeifrfivceielnotcAity=a2t.d1ioffnetrheenatiLr v/eGlocriatytiaotsd:i1ffe-rednrtyLa/Gppraartaiotsu:s; 2 – 0,36; 3 – 1,6; 4 – 3,8; 5 – 4,4 1 - dry apparatus; 2 - 0,36; 3 - 1,6; 4 - 3,8; 5 - 4,4. 30

№ 3 (108) март, 2023 г. From Fig. 2, it can be seen that an increase in the When the gas flow is tangentially twisted, the flow ratio of mass flow rates of liquid and gas from 1.6 to 4.4 \"unfolds\" in the channel with the transformation of the at the same gas velocities leads to an increase in the pres- tangentially swirled flow into translational-rotational sure drop in the vortex apparatus by 50-55%, at the same motion, which leads to a loss of total pressure. A large air velocities. The dependence of the pressure drop in the contribution to the hydraulic resistance of the apparatus vortex apparatus on the gas velocity w0 is almost linear. at constant fluid load is provided by the flow rate of the At the same time, with an increase in the gas velocity, gas phase. The hydraulic resistance of the dry apparatus ΔP increases more intensively. The nature of the de- differs significantly from the resistance of the irrigated pendence of hydraulic resistance on fluid flow at L/G > 1 apparatus. The pressure drop in the vortex apparatus is and constant initial parameters of gas and liquid is almost caused by the friction resistance between the air flow the same: with increasing G, the growth of ΔP increases. and the surface of the working pipe. The roughness (the average height of the roughness protrusions on the inner According to equation (4) and the graph of the de- surface of the pipe) of the pipes we used exceeded 0.2 mm. pendence of the dependence Δp =f (w), a graph of the dependence of the hydraulic resistance coefficient Conclusion of the vortex apparatus on the mode of gas movement in the working area of the apparatus is constructed. The obtained results of an experimental study of the The Reynolds criterion is determined by the diameter of pressure drop in a hollow vortex apparatus with tangential the pipe and the axial component of the swirling flow swirlers made it possible to identify the energy consump- velocity. tion of the investigated apparatus for the dust collection process, and it was also noted that with increasing gas The adjustment of gas and liquid flow rates made velocity in both dry and irrigated apparatuses, the pressure it possible to study the hydrodynamics of the apparatus drop in the investigated apparatus increases. at different ratios of liquid and gas loads. The influence of the ratio of mass flow rates of liquid and gas on the With an increase in fluid flow, the bending of the hydraulic resistance of the vortex apparatus can be es- curves of the dependence of hydraulic resistance on the tablished by Fig. 2. Analysis of these graphs shows that gas velocity decreases. An increase in the ratio of mass under constant gas loads, an increase in fluid flow leads flow rates of liquid and gas from 1.6 to 4.4 at the same to an increase in the hydraulic resistance of the vortex gas velocities leads to an increase in the pressure drop in apparatus and the greater the greater the flow rate of the the vortex apparatus by 50-55%, at the same air velocities. liquid phase. The hydraulic resistance of the irrigated apparatus characterizes the additional energy of the gas If we compare it with the usual devices, we can con- flow spent on turbulence of the liquid. At low values of clude that the hydraulic resistance of the vortex appa- fluid flow, the hydraulic resistance increases slightly. ratus under study does not exceed the resistance of foam, film, nozzle, poppet and other centrifugal devices. References: 1. Bakhronov Kh.Sh., Tuyboyov O.V., Ganiyeva S.U., Khudoyberdiyeva N.Sh., Vortex apparatus for gas-liquid systems. International Journal of Advanced Research in Science, Engineering and Technology. ISSN: 2350-0328 Copyright to IJARSET www.ijarset.com 5307. Vol. 5, Issue 3, March 2018.-P 5307-5314 2. Kh.Sh. Bakhronov, S.U. Ganieva, N.Sh. Khudoiberdieva, Kh.Kh. Suyarova, O.A.Kayumova, Efficiency of dust collection in a vortex apparatus. Ministry of Higher and Secondary Specialized Education of the Republic of Uzbekistan Bukhara Institute of Engineering and Technology Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference “Problems and Prospects for the Development of Innovative Cooperation in Scientific Research and the System of Personnel Training” Bukhara 2017 November 24-25. 96-98 p. 3. Kh.Sh. Bakhronov, S.U. Ganieva, O.Zh. Turdieva. Aerodynamic characteristics of the vortex dust collector. Ministry of Higher and Secondary Specialized Education of the Republic of Uzbekistan Ministry of Innovative Development of the Republic of Uzbekistan State Enterprise \"Navoi Mining and Metallurgical Plant\" Navoi Branch of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan Navoi State Mining Institute. Prospects for the innovative development of the mining and metallurgical complex. International Scientific and Technical Conference dedicated to the 60th anniversary of NMMC abstracts. Navoi city, Uzbekistan November 22-23, 2018 4. Sanakulov K.S., Bahronov Kh.Sh., Tuiboyov O.V., Ganieva S.U. Industrial testing of a vortex scrubber. Ministry of Higher and Secondary Specialized Education of the Republic of Uzbekistan Ministry of Innovative Development of the Republic of Uzbekistan State Enterprise “Navoi Mining and Metallurgical Combine” Navoi Branch of the Acad- emy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan Navoi State Mining Institute. International scientific and technical conference dedicated to the 60th anniversary of NMMC. Prospects for the innovative development of the mining and metallurgical complex. Navoi, Uzbekistan November 22, 2018. 143s.Хошим Шайимович Бахронов, Абдумалик Абдувахобович Ахматов, Сабохат Уктамовна Ганиева, Хилола Хакимовна Суярова. Очистка газовых выбросов от диоксида углерода. Химия и химическая технология. Изд. Ташкентский химико-технологический институт. № 3. 2019. 19-23 с. 5. Heat transfer and hydrodynamics in fields of centrifugal forces. Volume 7: \"Vortex technologies of aerothermodynamics in power engineering\" // Kyiv: Izd. ITTF NASU. -2008. -292 p. 6. Leontiev A.I., Kuzma-Kichta Yu.A., Popov I.A. Heat and mass transfer and hydrodynamics in swirling flows // Teploenergetika. 2017.-No. 2. -S. 36-54. 31

№ 3 (108) март, 2023 г. COAGULATION-FLOCULATION PROPERTIES OF DISPERSIONS FORMED BY ALUMINUM-CONTAINING COAGULANTS AND COMPOSITIONS BASED ON THEIR BASED IN THE PROCESSES OF PURIFICATION OF WASTE WATER OF SERICULTURE Mustaqim Hotamov Assistant of Chemistry Department of Bukhara Innovative Medical institute, Republic of Uzbekistan, Bukhara E-mail: [email protected] КОАГУЛЯЦИОННО-ФЛОКУЛЯЦИОННЫЕ СВОЙСТВА ДИСПЕРСИЙ, ОБРАЗУЕМЫХ АЛЮМИНИЙСОДЕРЖАЩИМИ КОАГУЛЯНТАМИ И КОМПОЗИЦИЯМИ НА ИХ ОСНОВЕ, В ПРОЦЕССАХ ОЧИСТКИ СТОЧНЫХ ВОД ПЛЕТОКОЛОДОМ Хотамов Мустаким Хайриевич ассистент кафедры Химии Бухарского инновационного медицинского института, Республика Узбекистан, г. Бухара ABSTRACT One of the important issues in the modern world is the study of the targeted synthesis of various promising substances and the creation of active preparations, on the basis of which effective wastewater treatment is carried out. In particular, the development of the composition of new components using finely dispersed inorganic chemical methods and on the basis of which wastewater treatment is actively developing at industrial enterprises. Among the substances obtained, great importance is attached to the creation of coagulants, adsorbents and flocculants with highly effective properties. One of the most common methods of purification of waste water from textile enterprises is their purification using coagulants. In the practice of wastewater treatment, the following mineral coagulants are used: aluminum sulfate Al2 (SO4)3 ∙ 18H2O, ferrous sulfate – FeSO4 ∙ 7H2O, ferric chloride – FeCl3 ∙ 6H2O. The main process of coagulation treatment of industrial wastewater is heterocoagulation - the interaction of colloidal and fine particles of wastewater with aggregates, which is formed when coagulants are introduced into the wastewater. AННОТАЦИЯ Одним из важных вопросов в современном мире является изучение направленного синтеза различных перспективных веществ и создание активных препаратов, на основе которых осуществляется эффективная очистка сточных вод. В частности, разработка состава новых компонентов методами тонкодисперсной неоргани- ческой химии, на основе которых на промышленных предприятиях активно развивается очистка сточных вод. Среди получаемых веществ большое значение придается созданию коагулянтов, адсорбентов и флокулянтов с высокоэффективными свойствами. Одним из наиболее распространенных способов очистки сточных вод текстильных предприятий является их очистка с использованием коагулянтов. В практике очистки сточных вод применяют следующие минеральные коагулянты: сульфат алюминия Al2(SO4)3∙18H2O, сульфат железа – FeSO4∙7H2O, хлорид железа – FeCl3∙6H2O. Основным процессом коагуляционной очистки промышленных сточных вод является гетерокоагуляция - вза- имодействие коллоидных и мелкодисперсных частиц сточных вод с агрегатами, образующимися при введении в сточные воды коагулянтов. Keywords: adsorbent-bentonite, kaolin, efficiency, suspended solids, active substance surface-(ASS), polyacrylamide- (PAA), coagulyant-aluminum sulfate-(Al2(SO4)3), sodium hydrosulfite-(NaHSO3), purification by intensity, сhemical oxygen demand-(COD), ferrous sulfate (FeSO4∙7H2O), ferric chloride - (FeCl3∙6H2O). Ключевые слова: адсорбент-бентонит, каолин, эффективность, взвешенные вещества, поверхность активного вещества-(ПАВ), полиакриламид-(ПАА), коагулянт-сульфат алюминия- Al2(SO4)3, гидросульфит натрия-(NaHSO3), очистка по интенсивности, химическое потребление кислорода-(ХПК), сульфат железа (FeSO4∙7H2O), хлорид железа-(FeCl3∙6H2O). ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Within the framework of this study, an increased of their formation, the chemical composition of the characteristic of the purified water was provided with a coagulant and the origin of the components of the dis- parallel simplification and reduction in the cost of its persed phase, the developers made it possible to inten- purification process. Due to the indication of the depend- tionally produce newly made compositions of coagulants, encies of these coagulation aggregates on the conditions optimize the situation of their introduction and achieve __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Hotamov M.K. COAGULATION-FLOCULATION PROPERTIES OF DISPERSIONS FORMED BY ALUMINUM-CONTAINING COAGULANTS AND COMPOSITIONS BASED ON THEIR BASED IN THE PROCESSES OF PURIFICATION OF WASTE WATER OF SERICULTURE // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2023. 3(108). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/15177

№ 3 (108) март, 2023 г. the maximum level of productivity of the water purification are 0.75-1.0 g / l and for sodium bisulfite - 0.375-0.75 g / l flow. (counting on the anhydrous salt product), while the pu- rification efficiency in terms of COD reaches 38-65%, In the process of studying the efficiency of in terms of color intensity - 82-95% [1, p. 12-15; 3, p. 29- wastewater treatment in dyeing and finishing production, 33; 4,p. 44]. depending on the doses of mineral coagulants, it was determined that the optimal doses for aluminum sulfate Table 1. Efficiency of wastewater treatment of the first stream of the dyeing and finishing shop with optimal doses of mineral coagulants Incoming water Coagulant рН Efficency of cleaning Color Before After Color Sludge cle-aning cleaning COD, intensity by Chemical for- Dose, g/l By COD, intensity volume,% mg/l dilution,% mula mg/l % by dilution, % 790 1:316 Al2(SO4)3 1,0 8,68 6,20 54,16 82,25 8,76 790 1:316 NaHSO3 0,75 8,68 6,74 56,24 90,12 8,76 960 1:410 Al2(SO4)3 1,0 7,03 5,50 53,22 85,16 6,40 960 1:410 NaHSO3 0,75 9,70 6,90 65,31 85,40 6,60 910 1:410 Al2(SO4)3 0,5 8,90 6,86 42,14 94,65 7,70 910 1:410 NaHSO3 0,375 8,90 6,83 53,18 82,10 8,76 736 1: 280 Al2(SO4)3 0,5 9,70 6,78 46,24 89,37 6,83 736 1:280 NaHSO3 0,375 9,70 6,70 48,43 65,90 7,36 682 1:490 Al2(SO4)3 1,0 7,60 6,76 55,32 95,10 8,53 682 1:490 NaHSO3 0,375 7,60 6,68 51,77 94,26 8,76 566 1:286 Al2(SO4)3 0,75 8,63 6,25 41,37 92,30 6,43 566 1:286 Al2(SO4)3 1,0 8,63 6,80 45,10 92,45 7,90 750 1:210 Al2(SO4)3 0,75 8,66 6,45 45,40 85,15 7,30 750 1:210 Al2(SO4)3 1,0 8,66 6,62 52,66 85,20 7,30 970 1:750 Al2(SO4)3 0,5 8,12 6,40 38,26 92,10 7,62 970 1:750 Al2(SO4)3 1,0 8,12 6,69 43,24 92,48 7,83 The regularities of the efficiency of wastewater on the surface of the sorbent occurs under the action of treatment in dyeing and finishing production depending the force field of the surface. on the dose of PAA have been studied, its optimal doses have been determined, which amounted to 0.25-0.5 g / l, The force field of the surface is formed as a result while the value of the COD index of wastewater decreases of the presence of the boundary molecules of the solid by 43-51%, the color intensity by 90-95%. The optimal phase, in contrast to the intra phase molecules, of greater doses of both PAA and mineral coagulants (Al2 (SO4)3: free energy. As a result of this border molecules attract 0.75-1.0 g / l, NaHSO3: 0.375-0.75 g / l) give practically molecules from contacting phase. the same cleaning effect in terms of color intensity and COD. Thus intermolecular interaction can be divided into three types: As a result of studying the kinetics of removing pollutants from wastewater, it was found that when using 1) interact interacting between sorbent molecules chemicals in optimal ratios, the highest degree of pu- and water; rification is achieved: by color intensity 93-95%, by suspended solids 80-84% [5,p.77;6,p.53;7,p.80-81;]. 2) between the sorbent and the molecules recovered high -OPERATION; Thus, the use of the above reagents can provide a fairly high degree of purification in terms of color intensity, 3) between the molecules of the extractable sub- suspended solids and other main important indicators of stance and water. wastewater pollution. The difference in the energies of these three pro- It is known from the literature that during adsorption, cesses is the energy with which the substance extracted the concentration of molecules of the absorbed substance from the solution is retained on the sorbent surface. Ad- sorption is a reversible process, i.e. sorbed substance move back from the adsorbent to the solution. 33

№ 3 (108) март, 2023 г. Table 2. Changes in the efficiency of wastewater treatment of the second stream depending on the sorbent dose Incoming water Sorbent, g/l COD, mg О2 / l The intensity Kaolin Bentonite Cleaning of coloring efficiency,% breeding, % 64.18 212 1: 320 0.5 - 67.43 212 1: 320 1.0 - 69.71 212 1: 320 1.5 - 72.18 212 1: 320 2.0 - 75.07 212 1: 320 2.5 - 77.23 212 1: 320 3.0 - 65.72 69.15 176 1: 240 - 0.5 71.86 176 1: 240 - 1.0 74.35 176 1: 240 - 1.5 79.23 176 1: 240 - 2.0 82.45 164 1: 410 2.0 0.5 86.53 164 1: 410 2.0 1.0 89.19 164 1: 410 2.0 1.5 90.15 164 1: 410 2.0 2.0 93.95 191 1: 280 2.5 0.5 98.14 191 1: 280 2.5 1.0 98.76 191 1: 280 2.5 1.5 91.28 191 1: 280 94.36 130 1: 346 2.0 98.65 130 1: 346 3.0 0.5 99.12 130 1: 346 3.0 1.0 130 1: 346 3.0 1.5 3.0 2.0 In order to determine the optimal concentration of kept constant and equal to 0,5 and 0,75 mg/l, respectively the sorbent during the purification process, we carried [9-10,p.44-45]. out studies at various ratios of kaolin and bentonite sorbent (tables 2 and 3). Since the developed composition Score growth sorption and desorption processes has a complex composition, it is difficult to determine depend on the con centration substance on the adsorbent if the sorbent or coagulant more affects the degree of surface and in solution. wastewater treatment in the presence of a joint pres- ence. According to claim HALE pits wastewater second stream in table. 3 that the degree of removal of contam- Therefore, referring to the literature, when determining inants by this method is significantly higher than that of the concentration of the sorbent and the concentration of sedimentation of sediments of aluminum or iron oxyhy- drates with adsorbed contaminants. coagulants Al2(SO4)3 18H2O and FeCl3 H2O, they were Table 3. Efficiency of wastewater treatment of the second stream with optimal doses of mineral coagulants Coagulants, g / l Cleaning efficiency COD, Inten- on COD for suspended substances mg О 2 / l sity color develop- Al2(SO4)3 FeCl3 ment , % O2 mg / l % mg / l % 212 1: 320 0.25 0,3 40.23 80.84 246.72 70.49 212 1: 320 0.50 212 1: 320 0.75 0,4 42.23 79.89 249.43 71.26 176 1: 210 0.25 0,5 48.28 77.01 251.81 71.94 176 1: 210 0.50 176 1: 210 0.75 0,3 37.31 82.23 287.53 82.15 164 1: 410 0.25 164 1: 410 0.50 0,4 32.14 84.69 289.46 82.70 164 1: 410 0.75 0,5 31.18 85.15 297.15 84.90 0,3 41.24 80.36 251.43 71.84 0,4 43.56 79.25 252.61 73.60 0,5 45.40 78.38 260.77 74.50 34

№ 3 (108) март, 2023 г. Coagulants, g / l Cleaning efficiency COD, Inten- on COD for suspended substances mg О 2 / l sity color develop- Al2(SO4)3 FeCl3 ment , % 191 1: 280 0.25 0,3 O2 mg / l % mg / l % 191 1: 280 0.50 0,4 191 1: 280 0.75 0,5 28.45 86.49 336.75 96.10 26.76 87.25 339.42 96.97 130 1: 346 0.25 0,3 25.14 88.03 340.81 97.37 130 1: 346 0.50 0,4 55.40 73.61 307.45 87.84 130 1: 346 0.75 0,5 52.61 74.94 309.14 88.32 58.15 72.30 314.65 89.90 Efficiency reduce the COD value of the indicator substances are sorbed on the surfaces of air bubbles and the surfactant concentration in the effluent averaged and carried out into the foam layer [16,p.4743; 17,p.68; 65% and 82%, the efficiency reduce these same param- 18,p.276]. eters upon standing precipitation oxyhydrates constitute 48-54% and 54-61% respectively [11, p.25; 12, p.149; The proposed technology facilitated wastewater 13, p.104; 14, p.8715, p.38]. filature enterprises from major contaminants-colorants, surfactants, sizing agents, etc [19,p. 88-20, p.13]. The high degree of removal of surfactants and other The influence of the bentonite particle size on the degree organic contaminants from the wastewater of silk-winding of bleaching wastewater at different flow rates and the production is explained by the fact that in the process, kinetics of removal of contaminants from wastewater in addition to the sorption of these substances, on the has shown the principal possibility of joint use of kaolin surfaces of adsorbents, ions and molecules of dissolved and bentonite companion compositions. References: 1. Aimurzaeva L., Safaev M.& Mirzarakhimov M. Investigation of the method of cleaning waste water from textile industries from dyes. Uzbek. chem.journal, Tashkent. 2006. No. 3, 12-15. 2. Andreev S. Development and research of the combined technology of wastewater treatment in small settlement. S. Andreev, A. Isaeva, A. Kochergin Penz. state un-t of architecture and building. PGUAS. Penza. 2015. 3. Antsiferov A. Improving the efficiency of wastewater treatment of industrial enterprises at biological treatment facilities. A. Antsiferov, V. Filenkov // Water treatment. 2013. No. 3, 29-35. 4. Hassan M., Peili T.& Noor Z. Coagulation and Flocculation Treatment of Wastewater in Textile Industry using Chitosan. Journal of Chemical and Natural Resources Engineering. 2013. No. 4 (1), 43-53. 5. Ishmatov A., Rudovskiy P.& Yaminova Z. Sericin applications for the sizing of bases. Universities Technology of the textile industry. 2012. Izv. No. 6, 76-79. 6. Kuznetsov Yu. New technology of cleaning industrial wastewater. Energy: economics, technology, ecology. 2008. No. 1, 52-62. 7. Molokanov D. Complex approach to wastewater treatment. Ecology of production. 2011. 5, 79-81. 8. Review M., Boda S.& Sonalkar M. Waste Water Treatment of Textile Industry. IJSRD - International Journal for Scientific Research & Development. 2017. Vol. 5. Issue 02, 173-176. ISSN (online): 2321-0613. 9. Sosnina N.& Terekhova E. Application of physicochemical methods for the removal of surface-active substances in multicomponent waste waters. Sb.dokladov Mezhdunar. scientific and technical Conf. Energy-saving technologies, methods of increasing the efficiency of work of water supply and water systems. IrGTU. Irkutsk. 2003. 10. Sosnina N. & Terekhova E. Use of polyelectrolyte flocculants for fast cleaning of multicomponent wastewater. 2003. 11, 43-47. Chemical technology. 11. Amonova M.M. Study of the kinetics of sedimentation of wastewater particles. Uzbek chemical journal. 2018. No. 6, 20-26. 12. Amonova M.M. & Ravshanov K.A. Polymeric composition for purification of wastewater from various impurities in textile industry. Journal of chemistry and chemical technology. 2019. Vol. 62. No. 10, 147-153. 13. Amonova M.M. & Ravshanov K.A. Study of the electrokinetic characteristics of flocculants and dispersed contami- nants of wastewater from separate production.Composites materials. 2019. No. 1, 103-106. 14. Amonova M.M.& Ravshanov K.A. Study of the concentration of mineral sorbents in the purification of waste water of textile production. Compositional materials. 2019. No. 3, 86-90. 15. Umurov F.F., Amonova M.M.& Amonov M.R. Combined method of wastewater treatment of silk-winding products. 2021. No. 25(4), 38-43. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.18412/1816-0395-2021-4-38-43. Ecology and Industry of Russia. Russia. 35

№ 3 (108) март, 2023 г. 16. Amonova М.M. The Application Of Coagulants And Adsorbents For Textile Production Waste Water Purification // Journal of Pharmaceutical Negative Results. Volume 13, Special Issue 9, 2022 P. 4740-4746. 17. Amonova M.M. Osobennosti kompleksnoy ochistki stochnix vod tekstilnix predpriyatiy // Galaxy International In- terdisciplinary Research Journal. Volume:10. No.11.2022. P. 65-71. 18. Amonova M.М. Study of the biochemical method for wastewater purification from textile productions from dyes and suspended substances // Ra Journal of Applied Research. Volume: 08 Issue: 04.04.2022. P. 272-277. DOI:10.47191/rajar/v8i4.08 http://www.rajournals.in/index.php/rajar/article/view/875 19. Amonova M.M. Primeneniye koagulyantov i adsorbentov dlya ochistki stochnix vod tekstilnogo proizvod- stva// Nauchniy vestnik. NamGU. Namangan. 2021. № 10. –S. 85-92. 20. Amonova M.M., Muxiddinov B.F. Issledovaniye vliyaniya konsentratsii koagulyantov i adsorbentov pri ochistke stochnix vod tekstilnogo proizvodstva // Universum: texnicheskiye nauki: elektron. nauchn. jurn. Chast 4. 2021. № 5 (86) - C. 10-15. 36

№ 3 (108) март, 2023 г. DOI - 10.32743/UniTech.2023.108.3.15165 MODIFICATION OF CATALYTIC SYSTEMS IN THE PROCESS OF OBTAINING SYNTHETIC HIGH FATTY ACIDS THROUGH OXIDATION OF PARAFFIN HYDROCARBONS Kamoliddin Khujakulov PhD., Associate Professor, Bukhara Engineering Technological Institute, Republic of Uzbekistan, Bukhara E-mail: [email protected] Javlonbek Muradov Doctoral student, Bukhara Engineering Technological Institute, Republic of Uzbekistan, Bukhara МОДИФИКАЦИЯ КАТАЛИТИЧЕСКИХ СИСТЕМ В ПРОЦЕССЕ ПОЛУЧЕНИЯ СИНТЕТИЧЕСКИХ ВЫСШИХ ЖИРНЫХ КИСЛОТ ПУТЕМ ОКИСЛЕНИЯ ПАРАФИНОВЫХ УГЛЕВОДОРОДОВ Хужакулов Камолиддин Рамазанович PhD, доцент, Бухарский инженерно-технологический институт, Республика Узбекистан, г. Бухара Мурадов Жавлонбек Зафар угли докторант, Бухарский инженерно-технологический институт, Республика Узбекистан, г. Бухара ABSTRACT In the article, describes the selection of catalytic systems and their modification processes in the production of synthetic high fatty acids by oxidation of paraffin hydrocarbons. The effect of complex catalysts on the oxidation process and the yield of acids was studied on the example of paraffins from local oil fields. АННОТАЦИЯ В статье описаны выбор каталитических систем и процессы их модификации при производстве синтетических ВЖК окислением парафиновых углеводородов. Исследовано влияние комплексных катализаторов на процесс окисления и выход кислот на примере парафинов местных месторождений нефти. Keywords: paraffin, hydrocarbon, petroleum, mine, oxidation, catalyst, modification. Ключевые слова: парафин, углеводород, нефть, шахта, окисление, катализатор, модификация. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Today, the need for synthetic high fatty acids and The most common catalysts are cobalt salts and products based on them is increasing. In order to meet manganese compounds, which were observed to the above demand and expand production networks, increase the activity of a mixture of MnSt2 and CoSt2, the issue of increasing production of carbonic acids as well as during the oxidation of hydrocarbons using by oxidizing paraffin hydrocarbons is considered urgent. technical oxygen through MnSt2 and CuSt. The highest A promising way in this direction is the improvement activity of the Mn-Co mixture was observed in the of industrial catalytic systems. composition containing 1-5 mol % of manganese. The maximum activity for the Mn-Cu mixture is shown Research conducted by researchers shows that [1] when the mixture contains about 20-50 mol% of copper, salts of Mn, Co, Fe, Cu, Cr, Ni and other metals were and the oxidation level increases by 1.5-2 times. A similar always used in the process of catalysis during liquid effect was found for Mn-Cu and Mn-Fe salts during the phase oxidation of paraffins. Their synergistic effect oxidation of paraffin with ozonated air [2]. was observed in the oxidation process. __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Khujakulov K.R., Muradov J.Z. MODIFICATION OF CATALYTIC SYSTEMS IN THE PROCESS OF OBTAINING SYNTHETIC HIGH FATTY ACIDS THROUGH OXIDATION OF PARAFFIN HYDROCARBONS // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2023. 3(108). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/15165

№ 3 (108) март, 2023 г. The oxidation of paraffins in the presence of FeSt2 Na(K)-catalyst. As a result, the quality of the acids is significantly accelerated by small additions of MnSt2. produced is also improved. Increased catalytic activity was noted for manganese and nickel stearates, as well as for chromium and nickel The synergistic effect of oxidation of alkanes with in the oxidation of hydrocarbons to hydroperoxides and cobalt and manganese salts, as shown in binary systems ketones. of catalysts, is explained by the ability of these metals to form compounds in hydrocarbon solution with catalytic The synergistic effect is a common feature of activity in oxidation reactions. However, the presence of variable valence metals in hydrocarbon oxidation certain alkali metal catalysts prevents the association of processes. The observed regularity can be justified by salts with transition metals, and obviously the loss of two opposing points of view, which are the continuation their catalytic effect leads to synergy. or rejection of complexity in the accepted solution. The main reason for the independence of the catalytic effect The increase in the oxidation rate of n-alkanes in the of a mixture of salts is the specific activity of one of the presence of the Co-Mn-K catalyst can be explained by transition metals. the ability to accelerate the oxidation of some alcohols by cobalt salts and the high activity of divalent cobalt in However, this view cannot explain why synergism decomposition reactions of hydroperoxides. occurs within a very narrow range of metal concentrations. A number of researchers have expressed The formed acids are produced in a catalytic system the beneficial aspects of synergistic effects based on the with a molar ratio of Co:Mn:K=0.5:0.5:1 components, increased catalytic activity of complexes or mixed with the presence of which more pure acids are synthesized micelles of variable valence metals in hydrocarbon at high speed. A promising way to activate the oxidation media [3]. process of paraffinic hydrocarbons is to introduce chromium compounds into the industrial catalyst. During the oxidation of paraffin hydrocarbons with the help of a catalyst, it is possible to control the content The composite Cr:Mn:K=1:1:1 catalyst with the of acids [4]. ratio of components Cr-Mn-K accelerates the oxidation reaction of paraffins by 1.5-2 times in mixtures with Catalytic systems used in liquid phase oxidation unsaponifiables. The peculiarity of the action of the technologies of hydrocarbons have a clear disadvantage chromium component is that, unlike manganese, it does that they contain various salts of disordered metals such not react with peroxide radicals, but helps the as cobalt and manganese. Acceleration of the oxidation decomposition of alkyl hydroperoxides mainly into reaction in the formation of the target product, as well as ketones, which are quickly oxidized to acids in the next the formation of side compounds in them, including step. Decomposition of hydroperoxides with a resinous substances. Despite these negative aspects of preference for the formation of ketones in the presence catalyzing liquid-phase oxidation reactions with salts of of chromium compounds reduces the percentage of polyvalent metals, they cannot be replaced by more alcohols in the oxidation products. This situation is efficient and cheaper ones. probably related to the good solubility of the catalyst in the oxide and brings the catalyst to a homogeneous state As catalysts for the oxidation of paraffins, synergistic during the entire oxidation, which allows better control systems containing a dominant amount of metal salts of the composition of oxidation products than the rapid with constant valency from groups I and II of the periodic precipitation of the Mn-K-catalyst [5]. table can be shown. The addition of trace amounts of constant-valent metals, such as calcium, polyvalent In order to intensify the process and improve the metals to salts increases their catalytic activity. quality of acids, the use of 0.1-0.4% of Cr:Mn-alkaline catalyst with an atomic ratio of Cr:Mn:alkali metal According to the opinion supported by extensive components equal to 0.2-1:1-3:1-3 is a good result. gives research materials, industry has used a manganese-alkali catalyst for the oxidation of paraffins to synthetic fatty Manganese compounds used as accelerators in acids: replacement of manganese dramatically reduces paraffin oxidation and synthetic fatty acid production the selectivity of the process to acids [7]. industries are expensive and scarce, so there is an opportunity to replace them with other non-rare metals. However, it is possible to increase the activity and When accelerating the oxidation process, manganese selectivity of the industrial catalyst by modifying the can be replaced by 50-70% of iron compounds, in which third component. case the optimal composition of the accelerator includes 0.1% by weight. Fe, 0.03 wt%. Mn and Na are 0.04% by The role of the modifying additive is to accelerate weight. the individual stages of paraffin oxidation, stop side reactions and reduce the oxidation of multifunctional A characteristic feature of the catalytic effect of the compounds. titanium-manganese-sodium catalyst is to increase the rate of initiation, increase the ratio of chain continuation A number of catalysts have been developed for the and termination rate constants. Experimental industrial oxidation of paraffins to synthetic fatty acids, including tests show that titanium-manganese-sodium oxidation conventional alkali manganese salts as well as cobalt, catalysts can convert paraffinic hydrocarbons into acids chromium, iron, titanium, nickel and vanadium salts. and improve their quality and reduce paraffin consumption. Titanium catalysts with optimal content These metals direct the oxidation of n-alkanes to the contain the following component concentrations: formation of acids, and the compositions containing Mn=0.020%, Na=0.083%, Ti=0.015% or Mn=0.035, them have a number of advantages over industrial N=0.18, Ti=0.015% [6]. catalysts. Thus, modification of Mn-Na(K) catalyst with cobalt compounds increases their activity and helps to increase the rate of paraffin oxidation compared to Mn- 38

№ 3 (108) март, 2023 г. By oxidizing a mixture of solid paraffins with an The composition of the resulting acids depends on average number of carbon atoms from 20 to 40, mainly the average molecular weight of the alkanes. carboxylic acids with a number of carbon atoms from 10 to 20 are obtained. Table 1. Results of the oxidation of paraffins from various domestic oil fields Indicators Oil fields The beginning of boiling, 0S Khonkizi Varik Andijan Mingbulak Southern Almalik The end of boiling, 0C Liquefaction temperature, 0C Temperature, 0C 405 Molecular mass 489 258 275 347 366 61,2 In paraffin 448 In crude acids 348 389 469 472 31,9 In crude acids 22,5 33,2 51,8 55,1 16,8 Fractions С5 – С9 Fractions С10 – С16 - 273 395 437 84,4 Fractions С17 – С20 9,1 Cube residue, % The number of carbon atoms in a molecule: 17,2 32,2 - 18,9 29,2 32,2 23,2 - 12,0 19,2 15,2 Relative to the initial paraffin, yield of acids,% 73,3 70,8 78,1 81,6 16,2 16,9 12,2 11,0 35,2 31,2 26,3 23,9 11,1 13,7 24,2 31,3 9,2 7,7 12,9 16,2 A comparison of the results of the oxidation of weight of the main part of synthetic fatty acids. Until re- cently, large quantities of petroleum paraffins were sep- paraffins of different composition (Table 1) shows that arated from paraffinic distillates by crystallization and the total yield of fatty acids in the raw state increases condensation under certain conditions, and paraffin was produced more or less continuously. With the development with the increase in the boiling temperature and average of a new technology for the production of paraffin by molecular weight of the initial paraffin. treating petroleum distillates with selective solvents, it became possible to obtain paraffin from petroleum The average number of carbon atoms in the crude distillates of any molecular weight. In 1958, 23% of par- affin produced was used for the production of synthetic fatty acid molecule also increases, which is always 60% fatty acids, in 1970 this amount increased to 53%, and of the average number of carbon atoms in the initial by 2021 to 87.5% [9]. hydrocarbon molecule. The amount of acids increases in Therefore, the quality of the produced paraffin must C20 and cubic residue. But the amount of acids of the C5- first of all meet the requirements of the synthetic fatty C9 fraction decreases [8]. acid industry. It is desirable to create the following types of paraffin for synthesis: liquid boiling in the range of The maximum yield of acids in the C10-C20 fraction 250-350 °C and containing normal C16-C20 hydrocarbons; corresponds to a mixture of hydrocarbons with an A medium liquid should have a boiling range of 300- 430 °C (C17-C28) and a solid should have a boiling range average molecular weight of 437 g/mol, that is, C30.7. The of 420-500 °C (C27-C35). When using liquid paraffin proportion of individual components in the acids of the with a high yield, C8-C12 acids, medium-liquid C10-C16 acids and C18-C23 solid acids are obtained. C10-C20 fraction used for soap making is different, which depends on the oxidation of the raw materials. Thus, the Currently, synthetic fatty acids of fractions C10-C16 and C7-C9 are of great importance for the national econ- composition of C10-C16 acids in the C10-C20 fraction omy. Synthetic fatty acids, which are found in sufficient during oxidation is as follows (%): quantities in natural sources, have already been proven to be widely used in the production of detergents, plas- Paraffin of the Khanqizi field………………….46.3 ticizers, etc. To achieve the maximum yield of these ac- Paraffin of Varik field………………………...44 ,9 ids, it is desirable to use paraffins of lower molecular Southern Almalyk Paraffin………………..….49.9 weight, which boil up to 430 °C. Depending on the need Paraffin in fraction 370-470 °C……………….43.6 for acids of different molecular weight, it is desirable to Paraffin in the 400-500 °C fraction……………35.8 process paraffin of the first two types separately. Paraffin Consequently, the higher the molecular mass of paraffin, the lower the yield of acids in the C10-C16 fraction. The highest yield of acids in the C10-C16 fraction was obtained during the processing of paraffin boiling in the range of 260-350 °С. Thus, the molecular mass composition of the resulting synthetic fatty acid mixture is primarily determined by the composition of the initial mixture of hydrocarbons. Therefore, the choice of par- affin for oxidation should be based on the molecular 39

№ 3 (108) март, 2023 г. boiling at a temperature higher than 430 °C is an unnec- well as isostructural acids, naphthenic and dicarboxylic essary raw material for the production of synthetic fatty acids are formed. Therefore, it is more acceptable to use acids, because during its processing, a large amount of such paraffin as a raw material for the production of olefins distillation residue (up to 40%) and acids above C20, as and other needs [10]. References: 1. Manakov Okislenie parafinov normalnogo stroeniya v prisutstvii soley metallov peremennoy valentnosti // M.N. Manakov, V.A. Kruchinin // Petrochemistry.- 1971 .-T. 11.- №2.- p.219-223. [in Russian] 2. Tyutyunnikov B.N. Spektrofotometricheskoe issledovanie troynogo uskoritelya okisleniya parafina do kislot // B.N. Tyutyunnikov, Z.M. Nikitina // Maslojir.prom-t.-1965.-V.5. -p.20-23. 3. Perchenko A.A. Okislenie parafinovыx uglevodorodov v prisutstvii Cr-Mn-K-katalizatora // А.А. Perchenko, V.V. Serov, G.F. Yanusik i dr. // Nefteximiya.-1978.- T.18.- №. 15.-p.744-748. 4. Synthesis and research of fatty acids based on local secondary petroleum products // K. Khujakulov, B. Mavlanov, S Fozilov, R Niyozova… - IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental …, 2021 5. Obtaining synthetic fatty acids based on n-alkanes // AA Madjidov, SF Fozilov, KR Khuzhakulov … - Science and Education, 2022. 6. Аnaliz sostava razlichnыx neftey i vozmojnosti ispolьzovaniya tverdogo parafina v poluchenii sinteticheskix jirnыx karbonovыx kislot // АM Narzullaeva, KR Xujakulov, SF Fozilov… - Universum: texnicheskie nauki, 2020. 7. Xujakulov K.R., Narzullaeva А.M. Fozilov C.F. Mavlanov B.А. Raxmonov B.O. Izuchenie optimalьnыx parametrov protsessa polucheniya vыsshix jirnix kislot iz vtorichnыx nefteproduktov // «Innovatsionnыe puti resheniya aktualnix problem razvitiya piщevoy i neftegazoximicheskoy promыshlennosti» mejdunarodnoy nauchno-prakticheskoy konferentsii. Bukhara, 2020. p. 305-307. 8. Khujakulov K.R., Mavlonov B.A., Fazilov S.F. The technology of obtaining synthetic high fatty acids based on secondary oil products and their industrial application // Monograph. - Tashkent, \"VNESHINVESTPROM\", 2021.- 194 pp. 9. K.R. Khujakulov A.M. Narzullaeva, Z.X. Rayimov, R.N. Niyozova, N.Q. Jamilova, B.O. Raxmonov. Analysis of Physical and Mechanical Properties of Skin Oil Based on Secondary Petroleum Products // International Journal of Advanced Research in Science,Engineering and Technology. – India, 2020. – p.15733-15738. 10. Khujakulov K.R. Mathematical modeling of the process of oxidation of petroleum paraffins // National Information Agency of Uzbekistan - electronic journal of the Department of Science of the Republic of Uzbekistan March 2022. - p. 231-240. 40

№ 3 (108) март, 2023 г. DOI - 10.32743/UniTech.2023.108.3.15164 SYNTHESIS OF COPOLYMERS BASED ON DODECYL METACRYLATE AND STYRENE AND INVESTIGATION OF THEIR EFFECT ON LOW-TEMPERATURE AND PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF DIESEL FUEL Mavlonov Shokhrukh PhD, Bukhara Institute of Engineering and Technology, Republic of Uzbekistan, Bukhara E-mail: [email protected] СИНТЕЗ СОПОЛИМЕРОВ НА ОСНОВЕ ДОДЕЦИЛМЕТАКРИЛАТА И СТИРОЛА И ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ИХ ВЛИЯНИЯ НА НИЗКОТЕМПЕРАТУРНЫЕ И ФИЗИКО-ХИМИЧЕСКИЕ СВОЙСТВА ДИЗЕЛЬНОГО ТОПЛИВА Мавлонов Шоҳрух Бобохон углы т.ф.ф.д (PhD), Бухарский инженерно-технологический институт, Республика Узбекистан, г. Бухара ABSTRACT The article is devoted to the synthesis of copolymers based on dodecyl methacrylate and styrene. Various external influences (molar ratios of monomers, temperature, and initiator) on the copolymerization reaction have been studied. The effect of the molar ratio of monomers in the synthesized copolymers on the low-temperature and physicochemical properties of diesel fuel has been studied. The depressant properties of diesel fuel of copolymers obtained by this method have been studied. The 9:1 ratio of DDMA to styrene-based polymer improved the low temperature properties of diesel fuel. АННОТАЦИЯ Статья посвящена синтезу сополимеров на основе додецилметакрилата и стирола. Исследованы различные внешние воздействия (мольные соотношения мономеров, температура и инициатор) на реакцию сополимериза- ции. Исследовано влияние мольного соотношения мономеров в синтезированных сополимерах на низкотемпера- турные и физико-химические свойства дизельного топлива. Изучены депрессорные свойства дизельного топлива сополимеров, полученных этим способом. Соотношение ДДМА и полимера на основе стирола 9:1 улучшило низ- котемпературные свойства дизельного топлива.. Keywords: winter diesel fuel, hydrotreated diesel fuel, limiting filtration temperature, pour point depressant, dodecyl methacrylate, higher fatty alcohols, styrene. Ключевые слова.: зимнее дизельное топливо, гидроочищенное дизельное топливо, предельная температура фильтрации, депрессорная присадка, додецилметакрилат, высшие жирные спирты, стирол. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Introduction In the production of diesel fuel at oil refineries, in addition to operational characteristics, special attention Rational use of fuel and lubricants, improvement of is paid to improving environmental indicators. The most their quality and expansion of resources are the main important operational characteristics of internal tasks of modern oil refining and petrochemical industry. combustion engines are reliability, fuel efficiency and It is known that special attention is being paid to the environmental safety indicators, which depend on a set reduction of toxic exhaust gases released into the of design and operational factors, while fuel quality is atmosphere from vehicles, boilers and thermal power one of the most important factors. The physical and plants, industrial enterprises, that is, all objects that use chemical properties of fuel affect the processes of oil products, which contribute a lot to atmospheric air mixture formation and combustion in diesel cylinders, pollution. Currently, an important solution to this complete combustion of fuel, fuel efficiency, the content problem is to strengthen the requirements for the quality of harmful substances in engine exhaust gases, the indicators of commodity oil products. In the modern resource of fuel supply equipment and diesel fuel. is to economy, one of the urgent problems is to constantly provide the desired features [2]. increase production efficiency along with improving product quality and environmental safety [1]. __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Mavlonov S. SYNTHESIS OF COPOLYMERS BASED ON DODECYL METACRYLATE AND STYRENE AND INVESTIGATION OF THEIR EFFECT ON LOW-TEMPERATURE AND PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF DIESEL FUEL // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2023. 3(108). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/15164

№ 3 (108) март, 2023 г. With the help of additives, it is possible to reduce It is known that the hydrocarbons that affect the fuel consumption in engines, increase the completeness low-temperature properties of diesel fuel are n-alkanes of their combustion, reduce the smoke of exhaust gases of a simple structure with a large number of carbon atoms and a number of other important problems of the in the chain. To improve the low-temperature properties production and use of fuels, non-freezing of fuel in cold of diesel fractions, reducing n-paraffin concentration or conditions and complex complex problems can be depressor-dispersing additives are used. The inclusion of successfully solved. depressors in the composition of DYo allows to increase the range of its use in cold climates of the environment. Currently, according to the chemical nature of diesel fuel, depressors can be classified as follows: Materials and methods  ethylene copolymers with polyethylene Copolymerization reactions of dodecyl methacrylate macromolecules or polar monomers containing a polar and styrene. To determine the dynamics of the change in functional group (ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers and the composition of the copolymers, the copolymerization their compositions, copolymers of ethylene with various of the investigated monomers was deaerated at a tempe- polar monomers) [3]; rature of 60-85 0C in a three-mouthed flask equipped with a thermometer. The total concentration of monomers  polyacrylates, polyalkyl methacrylate polyalkyl in the solution was changed from 0.1 to 0.9 mmol/g. (meth)acrylates, copolymers of alkyl(meth)acrylates; [4]; The concentration of the initiator (AIBN) was from 0.50 to 0.80 % mol. Toluene was used as a solvent. Based  macromolecular ethylene-propylene, ethylene- on these results, the average composition of copolymers propylene-diene and their decomposition products, obtained at different conversions of comonomers was copolymers of α-olefins, modified polyolefins [5]; calculated. Upon reaching a certain conversion of monomers to copolymerization (in the range of 15-45%),  macromolecular poly-2,5-furandiones [6]; the obtained reaction mass was diluted with benzene and  fumaric acid and vinylacetate macromolecular the resulting copolymer was precipitated in isopropyl copolymers [7]. alcohol. Then the copolymers were dried in a vacuum  arene polymers consisting of two or three (20-30 0С) to a constant mass. The copolymerization monomers; reaction can be explained as follows [9].  non-polymeric chemicals (alkylnaphthalenes; polyhydric alcohols and complex esters of higher fatty acids [8]. Figure 1. Copolymer formation reaction The molar ratio of monomers to the copolymerization unit of copolymer was studied when the ratio of dodecyl yield and molecular mass, and temperature were studied methacrylate and styrene monomers was 9:1. and presented in the figures below. When the temperature is 60-85 oC, the amount of styrene and initiator per 42

№ 3 (108) март, 2023 г. Figure 2. Effect of 5-10% styrene content Figure 3. Effect of the amount of initiator 0.50-0.80% and temperature on copolymer performance and temperature on the performance of the copolymer (temperature 55 -65 o C) (temperature 55 -65 o C) In pictures 2 and 3, when the amount of styrene in reaction decreases when In this case, the increase in the copolymerization reaction is 5-20% and the initiator temperature is explained by the fact that it accelerates is 0.50-0.80%, when the temperature increases to 60-75 oC, the chain growth reaction in the formation of all the copolymer yield increases from 75 oC to 85 oC and polymerization and copolymerization reactions. the initiator is 0.70% we can see that the yield of the Figure 4. Effect of 5-10% styrene content and Figure 5. Effect of the amount of initiator 0.50-0.80% and temperature on the molecular weight of the copolymer temperature on the molecular weight of the copolymer (temperature 55 -65 o C) (temperature 55 -65 o C) It can be seen from the pictures 4 and 5 below that Therefore, it is possible to control the yield and the temperature change from 60oC to 80oC increases the molecular mass of the synthesized copolymer by changing amount of styrene in the initial mixture of monomers in the molar amount of dodecyl methacrylate and styrene the copolymer from 5 to 20% and the amount of the monomers in the initial mixture of the copolymerization initiator increases by 0.50-0.70%, the molecular mass of reaction, the temperature and the amount of the initiator. the copolymer increases from 6000 to 8000. temperature 80 oC and 0.70% increase of the initiator led to a The copolymer structure was investigated based on decrease in the molecular weight of the copolymer from IR-Shimadzu IRAffinity-1S spectroscopic research 8000. This is explained by the high reaction activity of methods. As a result of comparison of the IR spectra of styrene and polydispersity of the molecular mass of the DDMA-ST copolymer, it is possible to clearly see the copolymer. absorption frequencies characteristic of the fragments in its composition in the IR spectrum of the copolymer. 43

№ 3 (108) март, 2023 г. Figure 6. IR spectrum of dodecyl methacrylate and styrene copolymer It was proved that a copolymer was formed on the has a very strong intensity. 1739.79 cm-1 of carbonyl group and 3000.00 cm-1 of sp3 hybridized CH3-C- belong basis of dodecyl methacrylate and styrene. In the spectra, to valence vibrations [10]. the absorption region of 698.23-765.74 cm-1 is the sp3 The effect of the synthesized copolymer on the hybridized alkyl group CH2 vibrational vibration, low-temperature properties of diesel fuel was studied 877.91-1022.27 cm-1 benzene ring, 1242.26 cm-1 is the and the results are presented in Table 1. valence vibration frequency of complex ether group, Table 1. Effect of additives based on dodecyl methacrylate and styrene on low temperature properties of diesel fuel The name of the sample Additives% Clouding tempera- Pour point, 0C Cold filter ture, 0C plugging point, oC Winter diesel fuel standard O`z DSt 1134:2018 Diesel fuel without additives - minus 5 minus 25 minus 15 Diesel fuel + No. 1 additive (1:9) 0,05 minus 4 minus 14 minus 5 minus 5 minus 21 minus 17 0,10 minus 5 minus 25 minus 23 0,20 minus 5 minus 27 minus 18 0,30 minus 5 minus 28 minus 19 Conclusion spectroscopy. Synthesized additives exhibit depressor It was proved that the reaction yield and molecular properties in diesel fuel, and the amount of 0.30% did mass can be controlled by changing the effect of temper- not change the clouding temperature, it was achieved ature and the amount of initiator when dodecyl methac- that the filtration threshold temperature was reduced to -19 rylate and styrene monomers are 9:1 on the oC and the solidification temperature to -28 oC. copolymerization reaction, and it is proved that it be- longs to the functional groups of the copolymer using IR 44

№ 3 (108) март, 2023 г. References: 1. Danilov A.M. The current state of production and use of additives in the production of diesel fuel Euro-3, 4, 5: Report on the joint session of the VNIINP and Committee on fuel and issues ANN RF / A.M. Danilov. - M.: Izd-vo \"Sputnik+\", 2009. - 27 p. 2. Havkin V.A. O sposobax proizvodstva nizkozastyvayushchix dieselnyx topliv / V.A. Havkin, O.A. Druzhinin, L.A. Gulyaeva // Mir nefteproduktov. Vestnik neftyanykh kompaniy. - 2007. - No. 6. - S. 13-16. 3. Ryabova V.I., Sidorov G.M. Proizvodstvo dieselnogo topliva s uluchshennymi ekologicheskimi svoystvami // 67-ya nauchno-tekhnicheskaya konferentsiya studentsov, aspirantov i molodyx uchenyx: sb. mater. conf. - Kn. 2. - Ufa: Izd-vo UGNTU, 2015. - S. 124. 4. Iovleva E.L., Lebedev M.P. Poluchenie nizkozastyvayushchix dieselnyx topliv na primere talakanskoy nefti: dis. ... candy. tech. science Yakutsk. 2016. S. 14-18. 5. Vincent, M., Richards, W., Cook, P.J., Leonard, S. (2002). Fuel additives. US Patent 6,488,725, December 3. 6. Ribeaud M., Dubs P., Rasberger M., Evans, S. (2001). Liquid polyfunctional additives for improved fuel lubricity. US Patent 6,296,677, October 2. 7. Pat. 2402571 Russian Federation, MPK C08F 20/10, C08F 220/10, C10M 145/14. Sposob polucheniya polyalkylmethakrylatnoy depressornoy prisadki i depressornaya prisadka, poluchennaya etim sposobom [Text]/ Chugunov M.A.; applicant and patent holder Obshchestvo s ogranichennoy otvetstvennostyu \"Nauchno- proizvodstvennoe predpriyatie KVALITET\" - No. 2000131736/09; lazy 20.09.2009; publ. 27.10.2010, Byul. No. 30. – 10 p. 8. Liesen G.P., Jao T.C. Li, S. (2001). Methacrylate copolymer pour point depressants. US Patent 6,255,261. 9. Мавлонов Ш.Б., Синтез депрессорной присадки на основе сополимеров стирола с алкилметакрилатов и их влияние на низкотемпературных свойств дизельного топлива.// Universum: технические науки. -Москва, 2022. - № 2(95). –С. 32-36. DOI-10.32743/UniTech.2022.95.2.1313 10. Baxtiyorovna Jumaboyeva Mohinabonu. \"Synthesis Of Copolymers Based On Alkylmetacrylates And Their Influence On Low Temperature Properties Of Diesel Fuels.\" Texas Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies 4 (2022): 46-52. 45

№ 3 (108) март, 2023 г. RELAXATION MAXIMUM OF INTERPENETRATING POLYMER NETWORKS FROM EPOXY AND POLYURETHANE POLYMERS Sayibjan Negmatov Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, scientific consultant of the State Unitary Enterprise \"Fan va tarakkiyot\" at the Tashkent State Technical University named after Islam Karimov, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent Tulkin Ulmasov Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, Chairman of the SUE \"Fan va Tarakkiyot\" at the Tashkent State Technical University named after Islam Karimov, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mail: [email protected] Nodira Abed Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, Chairman of the SUE \"Fan va Tarakkiyot\" at the Tashkent State Technical University named after Islam Karimov, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent Sirojiddin Jovliev Doctoral student, State Unitary Enterprise \"Fan va tarakkiyot\", Tashkent State Technical University, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent Burkhon Haminov Independent applicant of The State Unitary Enterprise \"Fan va tarakkiyot\", Tashkent State Technical University, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent Boxodir Eshmuradov Doctor of technical sciences, professor, SUE “Fan va tarakkiyot”, Tashkent state technical university, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent Joxongir Negmatov Doctor of Philosophy in Engineering Sciences, (PhD), SUE “Fan va tarakkiyot”, Tashkent State Technical University, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent РЕЛАКСАЦИОННЫЕ МАКСИМУМ ВЗАИМОПРОНИКАЮЩИХ ПОЛИМЕРНЫХ СЕТОК ВПС ИЗ ЭПОКСИДНЫХ И ПОЛИУРЕТАНО ПОЛИМЕРОВ Негматов Сайибжан Садикович академик АН Республики Узбекистан, д-р. техн. наук, профессор, ГУП “Фан ва тараққиёт”, Ташкентский государственный технический университет, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент __________________________ Библиографическое описание: RELAXATION MAXIMUM OF INTERPENETRATING POLYMER NETWORKS FROM EPOXY AND POLYURETHANE POLYMERS // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. Negmatov S. [и др.]. 2023. 3(108). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/15185

№ 3 (108) март, 2023 г. Улмасов Тулкин Уманович д-р. техн. наук, ст. научн. сотр., ГУП “Фан ва тараққиёт”, Ташкентский государственный технический университет, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент Абед Нодира Сойибжановна д-р. техн. наук, профессор, ГУП “Фан ва тараққиёт”, Ташкентский государственный технический университет, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент Жовлиев Сирочжиддин Суюунович докторант, ГУП “Фан ва тараққиёт”, Ташкентский государственный технический университет, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент Хаминов Бурхон Тургунович самостоятельный соискатель, ГУП “Фан ва тараққиёт”, Ташкентский государственный технический университет, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент Эшмуратов Баходир Бешимович д-р техн. наук, профессор, ГУП «Фан ва тараккиёт», г. Ташкентский государственный технический университет, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент Негматов Жохонгир Носир угли д-р философии по техн.наук, (PhD) ГУП “Фан ва тараққиёт”, Ташкентский государственный технический университет, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент ABSTRACT The results of a study of the temperature dependence characterizing the viscoelastic behavior of interpenetrating polymer networks (IPN) compositions based on epoxy and polyurethane polymers are presented, where it allows studying and analyzing the dynamic -mechanical spectra of IPN relaxation maxima. АННОТАЦИЯ Приводятся результаты исследований температурной зависимости, характеризующей вязкоупругое поведение взаимопроникающих полимерных сеток (ВПС) композиций на основе эпоксидных и полиуретановых полимеров, что позволяет изучить динамическо-механические спектры ВПС релаксационных максимумов. Keywords: relaxation maximum, polyurethane, viscoelastic properties, interpenetrating polymer networks. Ключевые слова: релаксационный максимум, полиуретан, вязкоупругие свойства, взаимопроникающие полимерные сетки. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Introduction. The viscoelastic behavior of polymers The length of the plateau of the transition region, where relaxation occurs, strongly depends on the length determines a unique set of their basic physical and me- of molecular chains, which is sometimes used to determine the molecular weight of polymers [1]. chanical properties. This behavior is most pronounced in The molecular mobility of polymers, in addition the region of transition of polymers from the glassy to the influence of temperature, is most pronounced in cases where the exposure time is comparable to the to the highly elastic state, where diffusion displacements system relaxation time [4]. of chain segments, referred to as relaxation, are observed. The processes of mechanical relaxation in polymers are subdivided into linear and non-linear. Linear relaxa- On the temperature dependence of the mechanical loss tions of polymers are not associated with phase struc- tural changes in polymers, but are determined only by coefficient, five regions of viscoelastic behavior of poly- the rearrangement of molecular regions when an equi- librium stress is established. Nonlinear relaxations of mers are observed, due to a certain type of molecular polymers are observed at high stresses and strains and mobility: vibrations of atomic groups (γ-relaxation) cor- are associated with structural changes in polymers. The processes of nonlinear relaxation in amorphous and respond to the glassy state, diffusion movement of price segments (α-relaxation) corresponds to the transitional state; highly elastic - fast short movements, slow long- range movements (γ-relaxation); viscoelastic flow - slip- page of the long-range engagement (δ-transition); vis- cous flow - the movement of macromolecules as a whole (δ-relaxation) [1-8]. 47

№ 3 (108) март, 2023 г. crystalline polymers have much in common, which d is the diagonal of the imprint formed by indentation makes it possible to associate them with the presence of in the coating under a certain static load, M. supramolecular formations in solid polymers [ 6, 7]. When determining the values of microhardness, it is Change morphology of supramolecular structures, important in a strictly controlled range to maintain the load as well as their transformation as a result of destruction value P, the load time τ and the duration of the load τ for. in the process deformation of the samples, causes the When determining microhardness, we took: manifestation nonlinear relaxation properties [ 5-7]. P=1 H; τ=15s; τduration = 30 s The absence of coherent molecular theories describing relaxation phenomena in polymers makes the experimental The impact strength of polymer coatings was deter- study of the processes of molecular relaxation of polymers mined on a U-2 device, which is a vertical impact tester. in a wide temperature range especially important, which is the aim of the study in this article. The device consists of a frame, a striker anvil pressed into it, a guide pipe, weights and devices for dropping The aim of the study is to study the maximum re- the load. laxation of IPN from epoxy and polyurethane polymers. The coated plate to be tested is placed between the Object and method of research. The object of the anvil and the striker ball. The load in the guide tube can study is EPS based on epoxy polymers and polyurethane. be installed at any height up to 0.5 m. The impact strength The choice of IPN is due to the fact that the presence of of the coating (in N * m) was evaluated by the maximum flexible thermoplastic polymer macromolecules makes height from which a load weighing 19.6 N falls without it possible to sharply increase the viscoelastic properties causing mechanical destruction of the coating: delam- of the system. When choosing epoxy polymers as a ination, cracking, chipping and deformation at the impact component of the system, their manufacturability, site. high adhesion to the substrate, high dynamic modulus of elasticity and strength characteristics were taken into The coating thickness was measured with a TIP-10 account. Instead, epoxy resins have relatively low me- magnetic thickness gauge. chanical loss and impact strength. To study the thermophysical properties, in particular, Based on the foregoing, EPS based on epoxy polymers the determination of the thermal conductivity coefficient, (from epoxy oligomers ED-16, ED-20 (state standard we previously applied the stationary method for deter- 10587-76), EIS-1 (technical conditions 38 1091 76) cured mining the heat flux at room temperature - the thermo- with maleic anhydride (state standard 57-58 -78) and metric method. thermoplastic polyurethanes UK-1 and thermoplastic PR grade (technical conditions 38-103-185 -92). The The method is based on recording the heat flux from choice of maleic anhydride hardener is due to high-tem- a flat source of constant power through the test sample perature curing of epoxy oligomers in the presence of to a body with a constant temperature. thermoplastic polyurethane in the system. Polyurethane dissolves in epoxy oligomers at elevated temperatures. The temperature dependence of the thermal conduc- tivity of the studied polymers and compositions based As fillers, kaolin (state standard 6138-76) from the on them was studied by the dynamic method. Angren deposit, talc (state standard 879-76) from the Zavalyevskoye deposit, and graphite (state standard Experimental determination of the thermal conduc- 44404-78) were chosen, which have a lamellar structure, tivity of the studied compositions was carried out in the which contribute to an increase in mechanical losses due temperature range (240-500 K) according to State stand- to internal friction between particles and lead to a signif- ard 23630.2-79 on the IT - λ - 400 device, one of the few icant reduction in the cost of the composition. devices for thermophysical research produced by our in- dustry. This section discusses methods for determining the most important physical and mechanical properties The thermal conductivity was measured on samples of composite polymer materials. of polymer compositions λ 15 mm. The adhesion strength of coatings based on the studied The thermal conductivity of the samples for each compositions was determined by the method of detachment temperature was calculated by the formula: of fungi connected to each other with a binder on an FP-100/1 (GDR) tensile testing machine. ������ = ������ (2) The microhardness of coatings based on the studied ������0 polymers and compositions based on them was determined using a PMT-Z instrument, which is a microscope with Where. h- height of the sample: P0 thermal resistance a device for pressing an indenter into the test material of the sample. The thermal resistance of the sample was under a certain static load. calculated by the formula [9-10 ] . Microhardness HM was calculated by the formula: Р0 = По������(1+������������) − Рк (3) ПтКт НМ = ������Р . ������������������ (1) where: 0 - sample temperature every 25K; ������12 PT - temperature on the heat meter, expressed in di- visions of the measuring device; where: K - instrument constant, equal to 1854; S - cross-sectional area, m2; P - static load NM; PK is the correction that takes into account the ther- mal resistance of the contacts and is determined from the calibration of the instruments; 48

№ 3 (108) март, 2023 г. KT - coefficient of proportionality characterizing Figure 1 shows the results of studying the dependence the effective conductivity of the working layer, which of the relaxation maxima of the ED:PU system on their is determined from the calibration of the device; glass transition temperature. KC - correction for the heat capacity of the sample, As can be seen from Fig. 1, the dynamic mechanical determined by the formula: spectra of the IPN of relaxation maxima showed that the glass transition temperatures of the homopolymers that КС = СоМо (4) make up the system shift and approach each other. 2(СоМо+СоМо) The maxima of the mechanical loss coefficient of Here: C o is the specific heat capacity of the sample, the components somewhat decreases to the ratio ED:PU J/(kg.K); 70:30. Сс - specific heat capacity of the rod, J / (kg.K) The observed shift in the position of the glass tran- Ms - mass of the sample, kg; sition temperature of the components of the system and Mr - is the mass of the rod, kg. their approach to each other is a consequence of the mu- Processing of all experimental data was carried out tual penetration of the structures. Macromolecules of an according to known methods of mathematical statistics. epoxy polymer, or rather its network structure, serves as a filler for polyurethane. Research results and their analysis. Currently, thermoplastic polyurethanes, products of the interaction Consequently, the glass transition temperature of of polyethers and polyesters with various diisocyanates, the polyurethane component of the EPS will shift towards are increasingly used in various industries. Their char- higher temperatures. Flexible thermoplastic polyurethane acteristics are close to high-modulus rubber-like materi- macromolecules play the role of a plasticizer for the als and have high circuit flexibility and a particularly high epoxy polymer, and also contribute to an increase in de- mechanical loss factor. fects in the spatial network of the rigid component. These circumstances lead to a shift in the glass transition The use of thermosetting epoxy polymers paired temperature of the epoxy polymer towards lower tem- with a thermoplastic polymer, in particular polyurethane, peratures. The greater the content of polyurethane in the gives compositions based on them high physical and system, the greater the imperfection of the epoxy net- mechanical, impact-strength and especially viscoelastic work and its glass transition temperature shifts towards properties, which makes it possible to obtain effective lower temperatures. At a mixture ratio of 65:35 (ED:PU), vibration-absorbing, soundproofing and damping materials the glass transition temperature of polyurethane shifted for use in mechanical engineering and other industries. towards lower temperatures so much that it turned out to be lower than the glass transition temperature of pure As is known, the physical and mechanical, includ- polyurethane (Fig. 1). This is due to the destruction of ing the viscoelastic properties of any polymer, the com- large supramolecular structures of polyurethane and a positions based on them significantly depend on the decrease in the packing density of macromolecules in ambient temperature. the system. The study of the temperature dependence of the in- A sharp increase in the mechanical loss coefficient dex, which characterizes the viscoelastic behavior of of EPS as a whole, starting from the component ratio of EPS compositions based on epoxy and polyurethane 65:35 (ED:PU), is due to an increase in the interaction polymers, and the mechanical loss coefficient makes it between macromolecules and supramolecular structures possible to determine an important operational charac- of the homopolymers that make up the system, in the teristic, its glass transition temperature, where the main absence of a chemical bond between them. relaxation process occurs due to the segmental mobility of the chains. At a component content of 40:60 (ED:PU), the in- teraction between macromolecules of homopolymers The interpenetration of structures carried out at the decreases due to the discontinuity of the epoxy phase, supramolecular level and the resulting changes in the therefore, the value of the mechanical loss coefficient structure of the polymers that make up the system during decreases, and some increase in the value of the dynamic the formation of a new structure should undoubtedly af- modulus of elasticity of the system is observed. fect the segmental mobility of the chains, and hence their glass transition temperature. 49

№ 3 (108) март, 2023 г. Figure 1. Component ratio: 1-PU-100%, ED-100%; ED:PU 2- 85:15; 3-75:25; 4 - 65:35; 5 - 60:40; 6 - 50:50; 7 - 30:70 L- total length of segmental mobility of chains Conclusion. An analysis of the results of studies in the l1 - length sluggish epoxy resin field of dynamic mechanical spectra of IPN of relaxation l2 - length mobility of polyurethane maxima showed that the glass transition temperatures of h1 - the height of the relaxation peak of the epoxy the homopolymers that make up IPN shift and are at- polymer tached to each other, which is a consequence of the mu- h2 - the height of the relaxation peak of polyurethane tual penetration of structures. Thus, it can be argued that in this metal-polymer system there is an interweaving of macromolecules of Thus, the simultaneous action of these mechanisms two heterogeneous polymers and properties that differ leads to an extreme dependence of the properties of the significantly from the properties of the polymers that mixture on the concentration of the introduced component, make up the system. which, in turn, leads to an acceleration of relaxation pro- Experiments have shown that the same conclusion cesses in the epoxy polymer-polyurethane system and can be reached by analyzing not only relaxation but also coatings based on them. resonance maxima. 50

№ 3 (108) март, 2023 г. References: 1. Sorokin E.S. On the theory of internal friction during vibrations of elastic systems, Moscow, Gosstroyizdat, 1960. - 230 p. 2. Perepechko I.I. Introduction to polymer physics. M.: Chemistry, 1978. - 312 p. 3. Vinogradov G.V., Malkin A.Ya. Rheology of polymers. M.: \"Chemistry\", 1977, - 440 p. 4. Негматов Сайибжан Садикович, Абед Нодира Сайибжановна, Улмасов Тулкин Усманович, Аликабулов Шухрат Абдумаликович, Ражабов Ёркинбек Сайфиддин Угли, Мухиддинов Музаффар Бахтиёрович ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ВЛИЯНИЯ РЕЖИМОВ ЭКСПЛУАТАЦИИ МЕТАЛЛИЧЕСКОЙ ОСНАСТКИ НА ИЗНОСОСТОЙКОСТЬ КОМПОЗИЦИОННЫХ ПОЛИМЕРНЫХ МАТЕРИАЛОВ // Universum: технические науки. 2022. №11-5 (104). URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/issledovanie-vliyaniya-rezhimov-ekspluatatsii-metallicheskoy-osnastki- na-iznosostoykost-kompozitsionnyh-polimernyh-materialov (дата обращения: 16.03.2023). 5. Marihin V.A., Myasnikova L.P. Supramolecular structure of polymers. L .: \"Chemistry\", 1977, - 240 p. 6. Bartenev G.M. Structure and relaxation properties of elastomers. M.: Chemistry, 1979. - 387 p. 7. Sultanov S., Negmatova K., Negmatov S., Abed N., Babakhanova M., & Matsharipova M. & Nasriddinov A.(2022, June). Anti-corrosion coating for engineering purposes. In AIP Conference Proceedings (Vol. 2432, No. 1, p. 050016). 8. Bartenev G.M., Frenkel S.Ya. Physics of polymers. Under. ed. Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences A.M. Elyashevich. L .: \"Chemistry\", 1990, - 432 p. 9. Негматов Сайибжан Садикович, Абед Нодира Сайибжановна, Улмасов Тулкин Усманович, Аликабулов Шухрат Абдумаликович, Ражабов Ёркинбек Сайфиддин Угли, Мухиддинов Музаффар Бахтиёрович ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ВЛИЯНИЯ РЕЖИМОВ ЭКСПЛУАТАЦИИ МЕТАЛЛИЧЕСКОЙ ОСНАСТКИ НА ИЗНОСОСТОЙКОСТЬ КОМПОЗИЦИОННЫХ ПОЛИМЕРНЫХ МАТЕРИАЛОВ // Universum: технические науки. 2022. №11-5 (104). URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/issledovanie-vliyaniya-rezhimov-ekspluatatsii-metallicheskoy-osnastki-na-iznosos- toykost-kompozitsionnyh-polimernyh-materialov (дата обращения: 16.03.2023). 10. Shashkov A.G., Volokhov G.M., Abramenko T.N., Kozlov V.P. Methods for determining thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity. M.: Energy, 1973. - 336 p. 51

№ 3 (108) март, 2023 г. RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT OF EFFECTIVE COMPOSITIONS OF ANTI-CORROSION COMPOSITE POLYMER MATERIALS AND COATINGS Sayibjan Negmatov Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, scientific consultant of the State Unitary Enterprise \"Fan va tarakkiyot\" at the Tashkent State Technical University named after Islam Karimov, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mail: [email protected] Ulugbek Kuchkorov SUE “Fan va tarakkiyot”, Tashkent state technical university, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent Nodira Abed Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, Chairman of the SUE \"Fan va Tarakkiyot\" at the Tashkent State Technical University named after Islam Karimov, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent Komila Negmatova Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, SUE \"Fan va Tarakkiyot\" at the Tashkent State Technical University named after Islam Karimov, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent Sanjar Sultanov Doctor of Philosophy in Engineering Sciences, (PhD), senior researcher, SUE “Fan va taraккiyot”, Tashkent State Technical University, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent Shukhrat Bozorboev Doctor of Philosophy in Engineering Sciences, (PhD), senior researcher, SUE “Fan va taraккiyot”, Tashkent State Technical University, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent Shavkat Jovliyev Doctoral student of State Unitary Enterprise “Fan va tarakkiyot”, Tashkent State Technical University, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent Boxodir Eshmuradov Doctor of technical sciences, professor, SUE “Fan va tarakkiyot”, Tashkent state technical university, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent Joxongir Negmatov Doctor of Philosophy in Engineering Sciences, (PhD), SUE “Fan va taraккiyot”, Tashkent State Technical University, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent __________________________ Библиографическое описание: RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT OF EFFECTIVE COMPOSITIONS OF ANTI-COR- ROSION COMPOSITE POLYMER MATERIALS AND COATINGS // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. Negmatov S. [и др.]. 2023. 3(108). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/15158

№ 3 (108) март, 2023 г. ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ВЛИЯНИЯ ОРГАНОМИНЕРАЛЬНЫХ НАПОЛНИТЕЛЕЙ НА ФИЗИКО-МЕХАНИЧЕСКИЕ СВОЙСТВА ТЕРМОРЕАКТИВНЫХ ПОЛИМЕРНЫХ МАТЕРИАЛОВ И РАЗРАБОТКА ЭФФЕКТИВНЫХ СОСТАВОВ АНТИКОРРОЗИОННЫХ ПОКРЫТИЙ НА ИХ ОСНОВЕ Негматов Сайибжан Садикович академик АН Республики Узбекистан, д-р. техн. наук, профессор, ГУП “Фан ва тараккиёт”, Ташкентский государственный технический университет, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент Кучкаров Улугбек Кабилович докторант ГУП “Фан ва тараккиёт”, Ташкентский государственный технический университет, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент Абед Нодира Сойибжановна д-р. техн. наук, профессор, ГУП “Фан ва тараккиёт”, Ташкентский государственный технический университет, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент Негматова Комила Сайибжановна д-р. техн. наук, профессор ГУП “Фан ва тараккиёт”, Ташкентский государственный технический университет, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент Султанов Санжар Уразалиевич д-р филос. по техн. наук, (PhD), ст. научн. сотр., ГУП “Фан ва тараккиёт”, Ташкентский государственный технический университет, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент Бозорбоев Шухрат Абдурахимович д-р филос. по техн.наук, (PhD), ст. научн. сотр., ГУП “Фан ва тараккиёт”, Ташкентский государственный технический университет, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент Жовлиев Шавкат Хусанович докторант ГУП “Фан ва тараккиёт”, Ташкентский государственный технический университет, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент Эшмуратов Баходир Бешимович д-р. техн. наук, профессор ГУП “Фан ва тараккиёт”, Ташкентский государственный технический университет, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент Негматов Жохонгир Носир угли д-р филос. по техн.наук, (PhD) ГУП “Фан ва тараккиёт”, Ташкентский государственный технический университет, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент ABSTRACT The article discusses the results of a study on the development of effective compositions of anticorrosive composite polymer materials and coatings filled with organomineral ingredients based on epoxy resins ED-16 and ED-20. The com- positions of the developed anticorrosive polymer compositions and the main physical-chemical and mechanical properties of the developed anticorrosive compositions based on oligomers and other organic-mineral ingredients are given. 53

№ 3 (108) март, 2023 г. АННОТАЦИЯ В статье рассмотрены результаты исследования по разработке эффективных составов антикоррозионных композиционных полимерных материалов и покрытий, наполненных органоминеральными ингредиентами на основе эпоксидных смол ЭД-16 и ЭД-20. Приведены составы разработанных антикоррозионных полимерных композиций и основные физико-химические и механические свойства разработанных антикоррозионных компо- зиций на основе олигомеров и других органоминеральных ингредиентов. Keywords: anticorrosive materials, composition of the composition, corrosion, adhesive strength, polymer coating, epoxy resin, physical-chemical properties. Ключевые слова: антикоррозионные материалы, состав композиции, коррозия, адгезионная прочность, полимерное покрытие, эпоксидная смола, физико-химические свойства. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Introduction processed materials to the surface of the equipment, provide electrical insulation, etc. [8-13]. Currently, modern complex and expensive tech- nological equipment, operated in aggressive conditions The aim of the study is to develop anti-corrosion of oil and gas and metallurgical enterprises, are exposed composite polymer materials and coatings based on local to corrosion. Corrosion destruction of structures, pipes, raw materials and industrial waste for the use of oil and tanks and other equipment of these enterprises always gas pipelines. requires the development of anti-corrosion protection. Effective anti-corrosion protection provides a long period Object and methods of research of equipment operation without repair, reduces the cost of metal production, and also saves energy resources [1, 2]. The objects of study are epoxy resin - ED-16, ED-20 and fillers talc, titanium oxide, carbon black, Angren The use of epoxy compositions, as a rule, is associ- kaolin - AKT-10, graphite, zinc oxide, and also as a ated with the use of modifiers (fillers, plasticizers, etc.) hardener - polyethylenepolyamine - PEPA, as a plasti- that regulate the structure and properties of materials. cizer - gossypol resin. The curing of such multicomponent systems is a complex process involving both the formation of a spatially cross- To determine the physical-mechanical and protective linked polymer matrix and the formation of its structure. properties of the developed anti-corrosion polymer com- The degree of structuring of the polymer system depends posite materials and coatings based on them, modern not only on the bond strength of the polymer-filler and methods of physical-chemical and mechanical analyzes the specific surface area of the latter, but also on the type, were used: Fourier (IR) - spectroscopy, modulus of elas- content and ratio of fillers in the composition. ticity in bending, microhardness, ultimate strength in bending, heat resistance according to Viku, dielectric In our republic works are being carried out to in- constant, specific surface electrical resistance, chemical crease the durability of technological equipment at in- resistance coefficient and others. dustrial and other enterprises operating in aggressive environments, which are of particular relevance in the Research results and their analysis current conditions of the development of economic rela- To determine the quality of the developed anti-cor- tions [3-5]. rosion polymer composite materials and coatings based on them, the influence of organic-mineral fillers on their Sufficiently wide application for anticorrosion pro- basis of physico-chemical and mechanical properties tection in the chemical, petrochemical and metallurgical was used. industries has found coatings made of composite ther- In this work, the influence of selected organic-mineral mosetting and thermoplastic polymeric and paintwork fillers on the properties of polymers such as kaolin, tita- materials [6, 7]. nium oxide, graphite, talc, carbon black and zinc oxide, which are representatives of mineral fillers and metal Polymer composite coatings protect chemical devices, oxides and electrically conductive fillers, was studied. machine parts, pipe fittings, steel structures from mois- The results of studies of the influence of the studied ture absorption and mechanical damage from corrosion; organic-mineral fillers on the adhesion strength and increase the antifriction and wear-resistant properties microhardness of anticorrosive composite epoxy poly- of parts and friction units made of insufficiently wear- meric materials are shown in Figures 1 and 2. resistant materials; eliminate or reduce the adhesion of 54

№ 3 (108) март, 2023 г. а) b) 1 - graphite; 2 - soot; 3 - titanium oxide Figure 1. Dependence of adhesive strength (a) and microhardness (b) of anticorrosive composite epoxy polymer coatings based on ED-16 on the type and content of organic-mineral fillers а) b) 1- kaolin; 2- soot; 3- talc Figure 2. Dependence of adhesive strength (a) and microhardness (b) of anticorrosive composite epoxy polymer coatings based on ED-20 on the type and content of organic-mineral fillers As can be seen from Figures 1 and 2, the dependence and microhardness is observed. This nature of the depend- of adhesive strength and microhardness on the content ence of adhesive strength and microhardness on the con- of fillers is extreme. The adhesive strength increases tent of fillers is due to the fact that with a high content with an increase in the content of kaolin up to 80 parts of fillers, their uneven distribution leads to a decrease by weight, soot up to 40 parts by weight, talc up to 40 parts in density in other indicators. In addition, the presence by weight, zinc oxide up to 25 parts by weight, in the of highly polar functional groups in the composition of composition of coatings based on ED-16 or ED- 20. A fur- mineral fillers enhances their interaction with the binder, ther increase in the content of this filler, and their high which contributes to the formation of stronger physical dispersion play the role of a center in the preparation of bonds between the filler and the polymer. An increase in compositions and the curing process ends with higher the content of titanium oxide and zinc increases the degrees of crosslinking. strength and corrosion resistance of the composition due to the formation of a metal coordination bond [14–16]. The greatest increase in the microhardness of coatings is observed with the introduction of such fillers as kaolin, The extreme nature of the change in strength properties zinc oxide and titanium. This is obviously due to the fact can also be explained by the molecular interaction be- that, due to the greater mobility of the structural elements, tween the polymer and the filler, which occurs between a more ordered structure of densely packed polymer chains the active and functional groups of epoxy oligomers is formed near the filler particles. With a further increase and fillers due to chemical interaction with the formation in the content of fillers, a decrease in adhesive strength of strong chemical bonds. 55

№ 3 (108) март, 2023 г. Based on the results of our studies [1, 2, 17] of the organo-mineral fillers were developed. The composition mechanisms of the above identified regularities, new of the developed epoxy anti-corrosion polymer compo- compositions of effective anti-corrosion composite sitions are shown in Table 1. materials (ACCM) and coatings from them based on Table 1. Compositions of the developed anti-corrosion polymer compositions Components Component content, % Epoxy oligomer ED-16 or ED-20 ACCM -1 ACCM -2 ACCM -3 60 gossypol resin 55 50 PEPA ED -16 zinc oxide 15 ED -20 ED -16 1:1 ED -20 Talc 12 Graphite 20 25 Kaolin 4 Soot 12 12 titanium oxide 5 4 5 43 4 55 An IR spectroscopic study was carried out on one other organic-inorganic ingredients, which are shown of the developed anti-corrosion polymer composite ma- in Figure 3. terials and coatings based on the ED-16 oligomer and Figure 3. IR spectrum of the developed anticorrosive polymeric composite material APC-1 based on the ED-16 oligomer As can be seen from the IR spectrum of the developed reaction occurs between the hydroxyl, carboxyl, and amine groups of the modified epoxy polymer compositions anticorrosion epoxy polymer composite materials with fillers due to valence and deformation bonds. (Fig. 3), this composition exhibits a change in the degree Despite the decrease in the electrical resistivity of filled epoxy polymers [18, 19], they retain their adhesive of absorption in the regions of 3458, 3354, 2926, 2853, strength well in aggressive media, which makes it possible 1580, 1490, 1350, 1000, 730, 529, 489 cm-1, due to the to significantly improve their anticorrosion properties. presence of –С=О, –СООН, -NH, -NCO, –С–ОН, Zn- With this in mind, we have developed an effective com- O-С, Ti-O-С groups. The introduction of zinc oxide position of the anticorrosion composition for the produc- tion of protective coatings from them ACCM -3. and titanium oxide as a filler affects the structure of the polymer matrix of the epoxy resin and leads to an increase in the intensity of the peaks. This suggests that a chemical 56

№ 3 (108) март, 2023 г. Table 2 shows the average coefficient of chemical resistance of the developed anticorrosion composite epoxy polymeric materials and coatings based on them. Table 2. Chemical resistance of the developed anticorrosion composite epoxy polymeric materials and coatings based on them Properties Indicators Chemical resistance coefficient 0,68 after 30 days in: 50% СН3СООН 0,71 0,74 40% HNО3 0,78 25% НСl 0,76 40% H2SО4 in water Conclusion oligomer ED-16 and ED-20 and organic-mineral fillers have been developed for corrosion-preventing metals Thus, effective compositions of anticorrosive compo- operating in aggressive environments. site polymeric materials and coatings based on the epoxy References: 1. Negmatova K.S., Ikramova M.E., Kochkarov U.K., Negmatov S.S., Abed N.S., Sultanov S.U., ... & Masharipova M.M. (2022). Study of the physicochemical characteristics of the destruction of composite polymeric materials and coatings under the influence of aggressive media. Universum: Engineering Sciences, (3-2(96)), 5-14. 2. Negmatov S., Rahmonov B., Sobirov B., Abdullaev A., Salimsakov Y., Negmatov J., Negmatova M., Soliev R., Mahkamov D., 2011. Developing of Effective Multipurpose Polymer-Bitumen Compositions. AMR. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.413.539 3. Khakimov R., Ibragimov B., Airapetov D. The possibility of reducing noise and vibration of transport and techno- logical machines by applying a multifunctional anti-corrosion coating // Society and innovations. - 2022. - Vol. 3. - No. 6/S. – S. 188-194. 4. Bulatov A.S., Streletsky N.S. and others. In the book: Protection of chemical equipment with non-metallic coatings. Moscow: Chemistry, 1989, 225 p. 5. Naibova T.M., Alieva Z.N., Abbasova K.G. Anti-corrosion coatings based on modified phenol-formaldehyde and epoxy oligomers // Actual problems of the humanities and natural sciences. – 2012. – no. 11. - S. 34-37. 6. Nasriddinov A.Sh., Negmatov S.S., Negmatova K.S., Madrahimov A.M. Anticorrosive Composite Polymer Coat- ings for Corrosion Protection of Equipment of Gold Recovery Factories // International Journal of Advanced Re- search in Science, Engineering and Technology www.ijarset.com Vol. 7, Issue 10, October 2020. 7. Khusanov Sh.Z., Tillaev R.S., Babakhanova M.G., Teshabaeva E.U. Development of anti-corrosion coating in the automotive industry. Uzbek chem. magazine 1999, No. 3, - P. 68-72. 8. Sanjar Sultanov, Madina Babakhanovа, Surayo Yulchiyeva, Muxabbat Masharipova & Shavkat Jovliyev. Research of the Chemical Destruction Process of Composite Epoxide Materials Under the Influence of Environment Tashkent State Technical University named after I. Karimov, Tashkent, Uzbekistan. 9. Babakhanova M.G., Islamov D.U., Abdurakhmanov A.A. et al. Study of the completeness of polymer coating curing by physical and chemical methods. Journal. \"Composite Materials\". 2001, No. 2, -S. 11-17. 10. Polyansky S.N. et al. Surface preparation for applying anti-corrosion coatings on metal structures and parts of mech- anisms made of carbon steels // Modern problems of science and education. – 2014. – no. 4. - S. 233. 11. Nosirova JI.T., Tillaev R.S., Babakhanova M.G. etc. Filled anti-corrosion coatings. Uzbek chem. magazine 1999, No. 4, -S. 19-22. 12. Yuldashev N.Kh., Zhumaniyazov M.Zh., Dyusebekov B.D., Khodzhaev O.F. Technology for obtaining an anticorrosive composition based on local raw materials. // Composite materials. 2002. No. 3.-S.53-54. 13. Corrosion and protection of metals. At 2 p.m. 1. Research methods of corrosion processes: teaching aid / N.G. Rossina, N.A. Popov, M.A. Zhilyakova, A.V. Korelin. Yekaterinburg: Publishing House Ural. un-ta, 2019.- 108 p. 14. Konstantinov V.M., Ivanitsky N.I., Astreiko L.A. Anticorrosion zinc coatings on steel products: prospects for thermal diffusion coatings // Casting and metallurgy. – 2013. – no. 4 (73). - S. 107-110. 15. Tarasenko A.A. et al. Technology for diagnosing vertical steel tanks without removing the anti-corrosion coating // Fundamental research. – 2014. – no. 9-8. - S. 1703-1708. 57