medical_3_2021

Medical 3 student’s book 3 No unauthorized photocopying. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Explorer Publishing, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate copyright clearance organization. You must not circulate this book in any other binding or cover and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer. Any websites referred to in this publication are in the public domain and their addresses are provided by Explorer Publishing for information only. Explorer Publishing disclaims any responsibility for the content. Library Information: Publication Rights: Kaşif Uluslararası Yay. Dış Tic. Ltd. Şti. Language Training Editor: Blackswan Editorial Team Academic Certificate Number: 41694 Press: Hermes Tanıtım Ofset Baskı Hizm. Ltd. Şti. 1st Edition Certificate Number: 47869 Photo Credits: All lmages are taken from www.shutterstock.com MEDICAL ENGLISH COURSEBOOK 3 ISBN: 978-605-7881-58-8

Medical 3 student’s book

CONTENT Plastic tense review terms related to plastic surgery Surgery stating preference adjectives describing diseases and medical conditions question forms: subject / human skeletal system object questions Physiotherapy verbs related to physical therapy present modals revision terms related to intensive care units (ICU) medical terminology: roots Intensive articles: a / an, the, zero parts of the human eye Care article be used to / get used to vision disorders and treatments Eye and Vision New Born verb patterns: reproductive systems gerund / in nitive prenatal (fetal) vocabulary passive voice: is done / prenatal (adj.): being or happening before birth was done common illnesses and inquiries inchildren phrasal verbs related to illnesses Pediatrics causatives conditionals: zero / rst conditional wish clause Audiology Inde nite pronouns: somebody, parts of the human ear Home Care something, somewhere, Genetics anybody, anything, anywhere Psychiatry Inde nite pronouns: nobody / ear diseases and disorders nothing / nowhere / everybody / everything / everywhere elderly health problems medical terminology: pre xes future plans: be going to / structure of a typical human cell present continuous / present terms related to plastic surgery simple adjectives describing diseases and medical conditions future predictions: will / might relative clauses with who / which / that indirect questions and requests present perfect simple vs. present perfect continuous conditionals: second conditional

World’s rst two plastic surgeries roleplay a small talk situation 3D technology in reconstructive surgery weirdest massages medical diagnosis hydrotherapy roleplay a making a talk with your doctor man awakes from coma after nineteen years three days in the morgue agreeing and disagreeing with an opinion 5000-year-old arti cial eyeball found talk about euthanasia write a comparison between using contact lenses an arti cial eye that can see and wearing glasses water birth expressing lack of understanding and asking for clari cation write a paragraph about the advantages and disadvantages of working in the new born unit a couple who had black and white twins expressing best wishes baby teeth are more important than you write a weekly healthy diet might think expressing sympathy teach the kids why they should stay away idioms about communication from ticks discuss whether cell phones are harmful for our is stigma keeping you from getting a hearing ears? aid? Alzheimer’s or hearing loss? how to nd out if you are a caregiver apologies and excuses write a paragraph about the things you want to inspirational old people do when you get old genetically modi ed bananas may prevent asking for and giving permission blindness in children are organic foods better for kids? expressions in business life famous historic gures who had bipolar disorder the busy person’s guide to stress reduction



1 PLASTIC SURGERY

1A PLASTIC SURGERY WARM UP A Work in pairs. Read and discuss the questions below. 1 Do you love your body? Why? 2 Would you change anything about your body? Why? 3 Is cosmetic surgery good or bad? Why? VOCABULARY terms related to plastic surgery A Look at the words in the box and put a tick near the ones you know. Discuss the ones you don’t know with your partner. a rhinoplasty b sutures c blemish d otoplasty e melanoma f crow’s feet g freckle h varicose B Read the words in exercise A and match them with the correct images below. 1234 2 5678 C Complete the definitions with the words from the box. a acne b crow’s feet c freckle d melanoma e otoplasty f rhinoplasty g sutures h varicose 1 ___________ means a small brownish or reddish spot on the surface of the skin, especially caused by sunlight. 2 ___________ means a type of plastic surgery that is used to improve the function or appearance of a person’s nose. 3 ___________ mean stitches used to hold tissue together or to close a wound. 4 ___________ means any small mark on the skin (especially on face). 5 ___________ means unusually enlarged or swollen 6 ___________ mean the wrinkles around someone’s eyes. 7 ___________ means a type of plastic surgery used to change the appearance of a person’s ears. 8 ___________ means a dark coloured, irregular shaped, usually deadly tumor in the skin.

READING 3 A Work in pairs. Read the title and the first paragraph of the text and answer the questions below. 1 What do you think about the plastic surgeries which are only done for aesthetic purposes? 2 Would you like to change any part of your body? If it was possible to change any part of your body without surgery, which part would you like to change? WORLD’S FIRST TWO PLASTIC SURGERIES One hundred years ago, changing the physical appearance of ourselves may have been a dream or a story that could only happen in fairy tales. Today, however, with the help of plastic surgery, people can change their looks, the shape of their noses, eyes, eyebrows, chins, and other parts of their bodies. Also people who have an accident and get several serious wounds can have a good look again by having a plastic surgery operation. The first step that was taken in the field of plastic surgery happened in 1916, and plastic surgery operations have been developing since then. Walter Yeo, Known as the First Person who had Plastic Surgery. Walter Yeo is a British soldier during World War I, is the first known person to have benefited from plastic surgery. During the Battle of Jutland in 1916, Walter lost his upper and lower eyelids. In 1917, he was treated by a doctor named Sir Harold Gillies, the first man to use skin taken from undamaged areas of the body. Sir Harold Gillies, who is also known as the father of plastic surgery, did the plastic surgery operation on Walter Yeo at Queen Mary’s Hospital in Sidcup, Kent. Walter Yeo is one of the first patients to benefit from his newly-developed technique, a form of skin grafting called “tubed pedicle.” Willie Vicarage was the First Man who got Reconstruction via the “Tubed Pedicle” Technique Willie Vicarage, who was suffering from facial wounds that he got in the Battle of Jutland in 1916, was one of the first men to have facial reconstruction plastic surgery. Antibiotics had not yet been invented at that time, and that meant it was very hard to graft tissue from one part of the body to another because an infection often developed. However, while treating Vicarage, Dr. Gillies invented the “tubed pedicle.” This used a flap of skin from the chest or forehead and placed it over the face. The flap of skin remained attached, but was stitched into a tube. This kept the original blood supply inside and reduced the infection rate.

1A PLASTIC SURGERY B Read the questions and circle the correct option. 1. When was the first plastic surgery operation performed? a. In 1971 b. In 1917 c. In 1916 d. In 1816 2. Who is known as the father of plastic surgery? a. Walter Yeo b. Harold Gillies c. Willie Vicarage d. Queen Mary 3. What is a “tubed pedicle” a. A kind of technique that was used to give antibiotics to the patients. b. A medical technique which uses a flap of skin taken from an undamaged part of the body to repair an area of damage. c. A kind of vaccination to relieve the patient’s pain. d. A kind of a plastic surgery that was developed in 2000. 4. Why did Walter Yeo have plastic surgery? a. Because he lost his forehead in a war. b. Because he lost his upper and lower eyelids. c. Because he wanted to have a different physical appearance. d. Because he was on the verge of dying and needed an operation. C Match the definition with the words below. 4 a graft (v) 1. A piece of tissue that has been detached. 2. To sew, to bring two parts together. b flap (n) 3. To insert something to reproduce new texture or skin in an area. c stitch (v) D Match the pictures with the words given below. 1. Eyelid 2. Forehead 3. Chest b. a. c.

1A PLASTIC SURGERY GRAMMAR E Fill in the gaps with the correct form of the A Read the sentences and underline the forms verb to be. of the verb to be. 1. I am very busy today. 1. Hanna ______ a member of our group next 2. Kate was at school yesterday. week. 3. Jeremy will be in his office tomorrow. 2. Frank ______ still a student, but next year he will 4. We have been to London many times. graduate and become an engineer. 3. I ______ to many interesting art galleries with B Read the rules about the verb to be and circle my wife. 4. Blair ______ not successful in the driving test so the correct words in italics. he could not get his license. 5. Donna and Jane ______ doctors. They work in 1. We use was / were - am / is / are in Present Simple. the same hospital. 2. We use will be - have been / has been in Present Perfect. grammar p.96 3. We use will be - was / were for future states. 4. We use was / were - have been / has been in Past Simple. C Look at the table below and fill in the gaps SPEAKING 5 with the words from the box. A Look at the pictures and discuss the is will be has been were am questions below. 1 What is the problem in each picture? 2 Do you think these people need cosmetic or plastic surgery? Why? tense present past future perfect to be _____ / was /_____ _____ / be have been _____ / are going to be /_____ D Circle the correct forms of verb to be. 1. My father is / was very tired last night. Jane 2. Nina has been / will be to Kuala Lumpur twice Valerie before. 3. I will be / have been at the airport at around ten o’clock tonight. 4. We have been / will be out of this crowded city next summer. 5. She was / is not at home yesterday evening. 6. They have been / are very nervous recently. 7. Tim is / will be a good teacher. His students are successful.

1B PLASTIC SURGERY WARM UP A Work in pairs. Read and discuss the questions below. 1. Is cosmetic surgery expensive in your country? 2. Do you think cosmetic surgery will become less expensive in the future? Why? VOCABULARY adjectives describing diseases and medical conditions A Look at the words in the box and put a tick near the ones you know. Discuss the ones you don’t know with your partner. benign - hereditary - malignant - severe - terminal - curable - acquired - mild B Match the adjectives with their definitions. 1. acquired a. tending to cause death; harmful b. serious and worrying 2. benign c. possible to heal d. not tending to cause death; harmless 6 3. hereditary e. not serious; not important 4. curable f. impossible to heal; resulting in death g. existing since someone’s birth; genetic 5. malignant h. developed after someone’s birth 6. mild 7. severe 8. terminal C Put the adjectives in exercise A into the correct boxes below. positive negative nuetral

READING A Work in pairs and answer the following questions. 1) Have you ever seen a 3D printer or watched a video of how it prints three dimensional objects? Do you know how 3D printers work? 2) What do you think about the relation between new technologies and health? How do new technologies affect the health system? Give some examples of new technologies and their reflection on health. 3D TECHNOLOGY IN RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY 7 Microtia is a common congenital deformity seen 1 out of every 4 children, and causes a child’s ears to be deformed and undersized. In addition to the deformed ears, it causes hearing loss because of the missing external structure. Surgeons make replacement operations for the missing parts of the ears. However, in order to use a natural tissue they have to use the child’s own rib tissue. This process is doubtlessly miserable for a 5 year old or a younger kid. Also sadly, ears that are redesigned do not look natural. In order to solve this problem, a team of scientists dedicated themselves to create regenerative tissue structures. Dr. Jason Spector and Dr. Lawrence Bonassar, of Cornell, have been working together to bioengineer human replacement parts since 2007. They mainly work on the replacement of human structures that are primarily made of cartilage like joints, the trachea, the spine, and the nose. In an interview, the scientists summarized their many steps in the development of an almost perfect ear. 1. The first step of redesigning an ear is to get the perfect measurements of the ears by using special photography techniques. Then, the scientists in Cornell combine this image with a 3D printer, which gives a solid form to the prototype of the ear. 2. Then the scientist get the printed ear and inject a gel which contains human cells, specifically taken from the same patient. This process reduces any possibility of rejection.Also , since it is not fully organic, the tissue of the new ear doesn’t die. In short, the Cornell team not only created ears, but also they guided them to grow cartilage to replace the material. Lawrence Bonassar, professor in Cornel University added that “it is a win –win situation for both medicine and science. This development in biomedical technology may conduce new applications in reconstructive surgeries. In the near future, people who had lost a part of their bodies in an accident, may have a fashioned body part that looks very similar to the original. B Mark the sentences as true (T), false (F) or not mentioned (NM). _____Microtia is a deformity which can be seen in 25 out of every 100 kids. _____Microtia is a congenital deformity. _____As well as making a child’s ears deformed and undersized, Microtia also causes sight loss. _____It is easy to do reconstructive surgery on cartilage parts of a human body. _____Scientist also add a gel which contains dead cells. _____After a certain time, the tissue used in the regenerated parts is likely to get worse.

1B PLASTIC SURGERY C Match the following words to their definitions. 1. congenital (adj) a. abnormality of a part of human body. 2. deformity (n) b. outside part of something. 3. replacement (n) c. changing something’s position and putting another similar thing in the place of an object. 4. external (adj) d. relating to a condition coming from birth or having an illness which is inherited from parents. D Match the words with the pictures below. 1. cartilage 2. joint 3.trachea 4. spine 5. rib a. b. c. d. 8 e. SPEAKING A Work in pairs. Read the cards below and role play the situation with your partner. Student A: Student B: You are going to watch a movie You are going to watch a movie with your friend. You want to see with your friend. You want to see a an action movie or a science fiction comedy or a romantic movie. You movie. You really don’t like romantic really don’t like action movies. movies.

1B PLASTIC SURGERY GRAMMAR tense review A Read the sentences below and complete the rules with the correct tenses. a. I hate living in this city because it is usually rainy and windy. b. Your Spanish is getting better, Fiona. Congrats! c. When you knocked on the door, I was reading a fashion magazine. d. I think I will finish typing this document in two hours. e. I haven’t tasted Mexican food in this restaurant before. Rules 1. We use _____________ to talk about something that is always /usually true in the present; our habits, routines and schedules. 2. We use _____________ to talk about changes happening around now (often with the verbs get, become, increase, grow, etc.) 3. We use _____________ to talk about predictions, promises and voluntary actions in the future. 4. We use _____________ with simple past to express interrupted actions in the past. 5. We use _____________ to talk about our experiences that happened before now without telling their exact time. B Complete the sentences with the correct time expressions in the box. 9 soon / yesterday / 10 years ago / never / already 1. Lucy __________ eats cheese. It smells bad to her. 2. I suppose Dr. Jimenez will see you__________. 3. Nina texted me to remind me of the the project __________. 4. We have __________ watched this boring movie. 5. Ms. Dawson was teaching at school__________. C Read the paragraph below. Circle the correct alternatives in italics. Peter originally comes / was coming from Hungary, but he has lived / lived in Germany for almost five years in the 1990s. He is working / was working at a textile company during the day, and he is / was also working as a bodyguard at nights. He really has / has had a tough life. In 2001, he has moved / moved to Turkey with his family. He buys / bought a property in Istanbul and started running his own business. Now, he was / is the owner of a famous clothing store chain. He has / is having more than sixty shops around Turkey. When people ask the secret of his success, he says, “Being hardworking and patient is important. I’m fifty years old now, and I woke up / have been waking up before 6 am since I was / am fifteen. I am loving / love getting up and working early in the morning. I hope I am / will be the same until I die. I am having / have three children and I often share my experiences with them. I want them to take lessons from my life.” grammar p.97

1B PLASTIC SURGERY PROFESSIONAL LIFE stating preference We state our preferences when someone makes a suggestion, offers something or asks our opinion about something. Below are some useful phrases that we can use to state preference: stating preference making a suggestion asking for opinion I would rather... If it were up to me, I would... Why don’t we...? I would prefer... If I were you, I would... Let’s go ... I prefer... I think we should.. How about...? What about...? A 1.1 Listen to the dialogues and underline the phrases for stating preference, making a suggestion and asking for opinion. 1. A: Would you like to see a movie this afternoon? B: I’d rather go shopping. How does that sound? 2. A: Why don’t we have some Italian food? B: Well, I’d prefer eating Thai food. What about that? 3. A: What do you think we should do tonight? B: If it were up to me, I’d go to a restaurant. 4. 10 A: What are we going to do today? The weather is awful! B: Why don’t we go to a shopping mall. B Listen to the dialogues again and choose the correct words in italics. Formula Verb Form I’d rather... We use the base / ‘-ing’ form of the verb with ‘rather’. I’d prefer... / I prefer... We use the past / ‘-ing’ or infinitive form of the verb following the verb ‘prefer’. Why don’t we...? We use the base / ‘-ing’ form of the verb in a question. How about...? We use the base / ‘-ing’ form of the verb after the preposition ‘about’. C 1.2 Listen to the dialogue below and fill in the gaps. David: I am hungry, Jane. _____________________ eat out or cook at home? Jane: __________ go out.  I am pretty tired today, so I don’t want to cook.   What about you?  ________________ stay in or go out? David: I ___________ to stay in, but we can go out if you like. Jane: That would be nice.  What type of restaurant _________________? David: I ____________ at quiet restaurants. Jane: Really?  Not me.  _____________ go somewhere fun with some live music? David: But I thought you were tired. Jane: I am, but not too tired to have some fun. David: Well, ____________ to, but…OK.  Jane: All right then. ______________ and have some fun.

2 PHYSIOTHERAPY

2A PHYSIOTHERAPY WARM UP A Work in pairs and answer the following questions. 1. Have you ever broken a bone in your body? If yes, how did it happen? 2. Do you think breaking a bone is extremely painful? Why? VOCABULARY human skeletal system A Look at the words in the box and put a tick near the ones you know. Discuss the ones you don’t know with your partner. a tibia b femur c rib cage e vertebrae f cranium g scapula h pelvis i mandible B Look at the image below and complete the missing parts with the words from exercise A. 4. 5. 12 6. 7. 8. C Read the major bones in human body again and put them into the correct box below. torso (upper body) extremities (limbs) head

READING A Scan the text and answer the questions below. 13 1) What do you do when you feel back pain or any other muscle pain? How do you get your muscles relaxed? 2) Do you think that massage is a part of alternative medicine or modern medicine? WEIRDEST MASSAGES There may be lots of different kind of physical pain, but there is one that people face most and daily: muscle pain. In order to get rid of this pain, people drink herbal teas, take painkillers, and get a good massage. Like different painkillers and different herbal teas, there are various kind of massages if you are in search of a different type. Some of the weirdest massages around the world are: Python Massage If you are courageous enough, you may have four different Burmese pythons on you to give you a relaxing massage! After sightseeing and visiting Cebu City Zoo in the Philippines, you may ask for a treatment involving pythons slithering on you. The pythons named Michelle, Walter, EJ, and Daniel are fed with 10 chickens before the massage to curb their hunger. The massage takes 10 to 15 minutes, and the tourists who had this experience define these moments as therapeutic and calming. Cactus Massage The idea of getting a massage from a cactus seems contradictory. However, The Four Seasons Resort in Punta Mita, Mexico claims that this massage is pain free because the needles are removed from the plant. For $250, you can hydrate your skin with cactuses. Elephant Massage If you are feeling a bit tense around your back, an elephant may help! The three-ton animal has been trained to gently press its foot on its trainer’s back to perform a show at a tourist park in Chiang Mai, Thailand. People around can also lie down and get a little massage from the elephant’s trunk. Snail Massage Do you want to regenerate you skin, eliminate wrinkles, scars, and traces of burn marks? Then you can have a snail facial massage as people have in Japan, Russia, and the UK Lots of spas in these countries offer this weird experience if you don’t mind snails slithering up and down on your face. B Skim the text and decide if the statements are true or false. 1. ________ You can have a python massage in Burma. 2. ________ The python massage lasts 10-15 minutes. 3. ________ Pythons are fed with chicken so they do not feel hunger during the massage. 4. ________ An elephant massage costs 250 Dollars. 5. ________ A snail massage eliminates wrinkles, scars and traces. C Match the words in the text with their definitions. 1. treatment (n) a. To restrain from something, to stop yourself from doing something. 2. curb (v) b. With a kind manner. 3. gently (adv) c. The application of medicine.

2A PHYSIOTHERAPY GRAMMAR question forms: subject / object questions A Read the following sentences and answer the questions. a. Who knows the Fergusons in this neighborhood? b. Who do the Fergusons know in this neighborhood? 1. What is the difference between the sentences above? 2. Which question asks the object, and which one asks the subject of the sentence? B Match the questions with the answers in the box. a. To my sister b. Chocolate cake and ice-cream c. Fred d. A fancy dress e. In Albania f. A traffic accident 1. Who loves Celine at school? 2. What are they going to serve in the wedding? 3. What happened on the street? 4. Where do you live? 5. Who did you give that gift to? 6. What do you want to wear tonight? C14 Make subject or object questions using the underlined words in the sentences. 1. I need a bigger apartment. 2. Vanessa lives with eight cats and three dogs. 3. They can play the violin well. 4. I invited her to the party. 5. I think a mosquito bit my arm. 6. Edison invented the light bulb. grammar p.100 SPEAKING A Work in small groups. Look at the picture and discuss the following questions. 1. What is the correct first aid procedure for fractures (broken bones)? 2. What is the best thing to do if you break a bone in your body? Why? 3. What is the worst thing to do if you break a bone in your body? Why?

2B PHYSIOTHERAPY WARM UP A Work in pairs and discuss the following questions. 1. What do you understand from the term “physical therapy” 2. When do people go for physical therapy? VOCABULARY verbs related to physical therapy A Look at the words in the box and put a tick near the ones you know. Discuss the ones you don’t know with your partner. stretch - squeeze - lie face down - lie back - inhale - bend B Match the words below with the following pictures. 1. stretch 2. squeeze 3. lie face down 4. lie back 5. inhale 6. bend a. b. c. 15 d. e. f. C Match the words below with their definitions. a bend b inhale c lie back d lie face down e squeeze f stretch 1. to press something very tightly in your hand 2. to move your body so that it is not straight 3. to extend one’s body or limbs 4. to breathe in 5. to be or to stay on the chest with the face down 6. to be or to stay on the back with the face up

READING A Scan the text, read the title and answer the questions below. 1. Do you think that water can be used in medicine for treatment of some certain illness? Give some examples where water is used in medicine. 2. Do you know any means of treatment with water that ancient people used? If so, share the infor- mation with a partner. HYDROTHERAPY Water has been a symbol of purity and cleanness since the old times, and it is always associated with clean, healthy environments. Moreover, water was used for pain relief , relaxation and treatment of some illnesses, and it is still being used today. The term hydrotherapy refers to the treatment where the physical power of water is used to stimulate blood circulation and to treat the symptoms of certain diseases. There are lots of different types of hydrotherapy such as underwater massage, mineral baths, Roman baths, hot tub, Jacuzzi etc. These can be used for different purposes besides cleaning. Even though water always seems to be a means of cleaning, it’s also used as a balancer of temperature in the human body. Namely, it can heat up the temperature of cold body as well as reduce the temperature of body which has a high fever. Hydrotherapy can also be used for regulation of blood flow where vasodilation and vasoconstriction occur, and for other problems related to blood flow. 16 Other than these, hydrotherapy can be used in physical treatments like the treatment of wounds and burns, and psychological treatments like anger treatment and relaxation. Whether it is used in alternative medicine or modern medicine, water is always one of the most common means of treatment. B Skim the text again and decide if the given statements are true or false. 1. __________ Water has been associated with purity and cleaning since the old times. 2. __________ Usage of hydrotherapy in medicine is limited. 3. __________ Hydrotherapy helps to regulate blood flow. 4. __________ Different types of hydrotherapy include mineral baths, underwater massage and hot tubs. 5. __________ Hydrotherapy is not used in psychological treatments. C Match the words below with their definitions. Use a dictionary if necessary. 1. pain relief (phrase) a. a situation in which veins are shrinking. 2. stimulate (v) b. a situation in which veins are getting bigger. 3. blood circulation (phrase) c. the movement of blood around the body. 4. vasodilation (n) d. techniques to reduce pain. 5. vasoconstriction (n) e. to excite, to move.

2B PHYSIOTHERAPY GRAMMAR present modals revision A Complete the table with the correct modal verbs. Usage Modal verb Ability / possibility Can, … Inability / impossibility Ought to, … Ability in the past May, … Advice Recommending action Asking for permission Obligation, necessity, deduction Prohibition Request Offer Will, … B Rewrite the sentences using the given modal verbs in brackets. E.g. 17 It is necessary for new employees to attend the next meeting. New employees must/ have to / need to attend the next meeting. grammar p.101 1. It is forbidden to use electronic devices here without legal permission. (mustn’t) ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________. 2. It is necessary for college students to read as many books as possible in their field of study. (need to) ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________. 3. It’s possible that the company won’t hire an experienced person for the mentioned position. (might) ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________. 4. I advise you to see a doctor for your earache. (should) ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________. 5. Do the students have permission to use mobiles during the lesson? (can) ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________. 6. It is not necessary for you to come to the office today. We have little work to do. (don’t need to) ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________.

2B PHYSIOTHERAPY PROFESSIONAL LIFE medical diagnosis There are common phrases, terms and words that we use to talk about medical diagnoses. Below are some exam- ples for these phrases, terms and words: A Work in pairs. Read the sentences and definitions below. Put D for doctors’ expressions and P for patients’ expressions near the sentences. prognosis (n): a prediction of the future course of a disease transfusion (n): the transfer of blood from one person to another 1. Are you going to run more tests? 2. Your test results have come in. 3. I’d like to discuss other options. 4. I don’t understand the test results. Can you help me with them? 5. When will the tests results come in? 6. I’m afraid the prognosis isn’t good. 7. The blood test results came back negative. 8. What is the success rate of the surgery? 9. The transfusion was successful. 10. Am I going to need surgery? 11. It seems you’re ready to go home. 12. Is it good news or bad news? 13. How long am I going to stay in the hospital? 14. I’m going to get a second opinion. 15. I’d like to keep you in the hospital overnight. 16. Is this a common health problem? 17. I think we’ve ruled out diabetes. B 2.1 Listen to the dialogue and fill in the gaps. 18 Doctor: Good morning, Mr. Turner. _______________________? Patient: I feel better. Doctor: That’s great. Are you still feeling nauseous? Patient: No, I am not. Doctor: Great. Your ____________________ yesterday. Patient: Really? _______________________________? Doctor: In fact, I have good news and bad news for you. Which one do you want to hear first? Patient: I want to hear ___________________. Doctor: Okay. It seems __________________________. After the operation you need to rest for three weeks. That means no basketball for three weeks. Patient: Oh, that is really bad news. I have an important match next week. Doctor: Now for the good news. The test results show that the tumour is benign, which means it’s not cancerous. Patient: That’s great to hear, doctor. Thanks a lot. ___________________________? Doctor: No, we are not. Patient: That’s another piece of good news. And lastly, ____________________________________? Doctor: After the surgery your going to spend a week in the hospital. Patient: All right. C Listen again and answer the following questions. 1. Is Mr. Turner feeling nauseous? 2. What bad news does the doctor give the patient? 3. What good news does the doctor give the patient? SPEAKING A Work in pairs. Look at the pictures and discuss the following questions. 1. Do you know any traditional methods for physical therapy? What are they? 2. Do you think traditional methods for physical therapy work better than modern ones? Why? Why not?

3 INTENSIVE CARE

3A INTENSIVE CARE WARM UP A Work in pairs and discuss the questions below. 1. Have you ever been to the intensive care unit of a hospital? If yes, can you describe it? 2. Which patients are taken to the intensive care unit? VOCABULARY terms related to intensive care units (ICU) A Look at the words in the box and put a tick near the ones you know. Discuss the ones you don’t know with your partner. dialysis – stroke – ventilator – myocardial infarction (MI) – pulmonary disease – arrhythmias – kidney disease – spinal cord injury B Match the following images with the words in the box below. a dialysis b stroke c ventilator d myocardial infarction (MI) e pulmonary disease f arrhythmias g kidney disease h spinal cord injury 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 20 6. 7. 8. C Read the following definitions. Put the words in exercise A into the correct boxes below. cardiovascular: relating to the circulatory system (heart and blood vessels) respiratory: relating to breathing neurological: relating to brain and nerves urogenital: relating to urinary and genital systems cardiovascular respiratory neurological urogenital

READING A Read the title and first paragraph, then answer the questions below. 1. Have you ever heard stories about people who were in coma, and after waking up they could remember everything during the time that they were in the coma? 2. Have you ever wondered how brain works when somebody is in a coma? MAN AWAKES FROM COMA AFTER NINETEEN YEARS Terry Wallis, from Arkansas, USA, had an accident after he celebrated his daughter’s birth on 13th July 1984 when he was 19 years old. His truck hit the barriers and fell into a crack 25 meters down. He was immediately sent to the hospital, but unfortunately he went into coma. His body was paralyzed from the neck down. The doctors gave him little chance to regain his consciousness, but his wife Sandi and his parents did not lose their hope and they put Mr. Wallis in a rehabilitation center. For nineteen years, his family took care of him, and every weekend they drove him to his home and talked with him with the hope that one day he would gain his consciousness in that familiar environment. For years after years, the family kept talking and taking care of him. One day, Mrs. Wallis visited him and heard him saying “Coke”, and then “Milk”. After a while, Terry Wallis started talking, but it occurred that he lost his short term memory in that accident. He was stuck in 1984 and could not remember anything but his daughter’s name. B Scan the text again and write True or False next to the statements. 21 1. _______ Terry Wallis lost his memory completely. 2. _______ The accident happened in 1984. 3. _______ His family believed that one day he would regain his consciousness. 4. _______ Terry could not recognize his daughter after the accident. 5. _______ The person that saw Terry regain his consciousness was Terry’s wife. 6. _______ Terry stayed in coma for 19 years. C Read the following definitions and fill in the blanks with the words given. paralyzed (adj): being unable to move. regain consciousness (phrase): to be aware of everything around, to sense the environment. short term memory (n): the retrievable information that stays in brain. take care of (someone) (phrase): to deal with the needs of someone. 1. When my cat gave birth to six little kittens I couldn’t __________ of them, so I found new homes for them. 2. The patient was in shock when he came to the hospital, after which he entered a coma. After two days, he managed to _________________ . 3. After the accident, the sportsman’s lower body was _____________ and he couldn’t walk again. 4. When you try to remember the a name of a person that you have just met or a phone number, you are retrieving this information from your _________________.

3A INTENSIVE CARE GRAMMAR articles: a / an, the, zero article A Read the sentences and notice the bold articles. Match them with the usages below. a. The treasure was discovered in a field. b. While searching the field with his metal detector, Lawes discovered silver spoons, gold jewelry, and numerous gold and silver coins. c. The objects are now in the British Museum in London. d. A hoard of late Roman silver and gold was discovered by a treasure hunter. e. Whatling and his friend notified the police, without attempting to dig out any more objects. Rules 1. a is used when something is mentioned for the first time. 2. a is used to describe a singular noun. 3. the is used when something has been mentioned before. 4. the is used before the system and services. 5. the is used before well-known buildings or works of art. 6. We don’t use any articles with plural nouns when they are mentioned for the first time. B Fill in the blanks with ‘a’, ‘an’, ‘the’ or nothing. 1. It is believed that _______ cell phones are harmful, especially for children. 22 2. I need _______ extra battery for the torch at the camp. 3. Shall we cook fish and potatoes for _______ dinner? 4. It was _______ most horrifying scene in the movie. 5. She’s always wanted to be _______ famous actress. 6. Have you been waiting here for ________long time? 7. ‘One Thousand and One Nights’ was published in Europe first in _______ early eighteenth century. 8. I’ve met _______ pretty girl and an old lady on the street. _______ girl goes to _______ same school as my son. grammar p.102 SPEAKING A) Work in small groups. Read the situation below and discuss the following questions. One of your family members had a horrible car accident. He was badly injured so he had many operations. The doctors did their best but unfortunately he went into coma. He has spent sixty days on a life support unit and the doctors think there is no hope for him. They ask your permission to remove the life support. 1. Would you let the doctors remove the life support? Why? Why not?

3B INTENSIVE CARE WARM UP A Work in pairs. Look at the picture and discuss the following questions. 1. Are you afraid of being in a cemetery? Why? 2. Do you think you can touch a dead person’s body? Why? VOCABULARY medical terminology: roots A Look at the words in the box and put a tick near the ones you know. Discuss the ones you don’t know with your partner. myelon - ped - ocul - nas - pneum - nephr - cardi - gastr B Match the word roots above with the related organs or parts of the body. 1. cerebr 5. nas a. stomach e. heart 23 2. ocul 6. gastr b. nose f. brain 3. nephr 7. cardi c. lungs g. eye 4. myel 8. pneum d. kidney h. bones; spinal cord C Read the words below and underline the roots in each one. 1. cerebrum (n.) 5. nasal (adj.) 2. ocular (adj.) 6. gastritis (n.) 3. nephrology (n.) 7. cardiac arrest (n.) 4. myeloma (n.) 8. pneumonia (n.) D Read the following definitions and match them with the words in exercise C. a. a branch of medicine dealing with the kidneys b. a malignant tumor of the bone marrow c. infection of the lining of the stomach d. infection of the lungs e. relating to the eye, or the sense of sight f. relating to the nose g. sudden and complete stopping of the heartbeat h. upper part of the brain

READING A Read the title and first paragraph, then answer the questions below. 1. Have you ever heard stories about people who died but came back to life after a certain time? If so, share your story with a partner. 2. Have you heard of Taphophobia, which is a fear of being buried alive? Do you have a fear like that? THREE DAYS IN THE MORGUE An old lady was brought back to life twice! Hardy Lyudmila Steblitskaya, a 61-year-old Russian woman, was declared dead by doctors, however, she came back to life just before the autopsy. She was minutes away from being cut, but she came back to life after staying in the morgue for three days. In November, Lyudmila was taken to Tomsk Regional Clini- cal Hospital where she spent days because she felt unwell. When her 29-year-old daughter Anastasia was called from the hospital, she was informed by the doctors that her mother had died. The sad woman began planning her mother’s funeral and breaking the bad news to friends and family. She spent 60,000 rubles (£1,223) buying flowers, a casket, and arranging a grave to be dug. She then went to the hospital to get her mother’s body. She was told to wait for a while because the doctors had not performed an autopsy. While she was waiting, a doctor approached her and shockingly said that her mother was not dead, but was in her bed, breathing and alive. In a hurry, Anastasia went into the room and found her mother calling her name. Her mother couldn’t remember what happened, but she remembered waking up in a cold place where she was freezing. Mostly, she was just grateful to be alive and able to see her friends and family. In October 2012, Lyudmila - who has a history of heart problems - had another “apparent death” during a hospital stay, but this time doctors brought her back to life 24 after several hours. B Mark the statements as True or False. _______ Lyudmila entered a coma. _______ The old lady came back to life before her autopsy. _______ Lyudmila stayed in the morgue for thirteen days. _______ The doctors were shocked to see Lyudmila come back to life. _______ Anastasia didn’t plan the funeral ceremony because she always hoped that her mother would come back to life. C Read the definitions below and match the given words with the pictures. Autopsy(n): Examination of the body to learn the cause of death. Grave(n): A place of burial. Funeral(n): A ceremony for dead people. Break the bad news (phrase): To tell someone some important, generally bad news. a. Autopsy b. Grave c. Funeral d. Breaking the bad news 12 34

3B INTENSIVE CARE GRAMMAR be used to / get used to 25 A Read the following sentences and underline the correct options in the rules. a. I was not used to sleeping outside. b. Most nights I was too scared to sleep but then I got used to it. c. I was used to living alone so I did not have anyone to miss. d. I am getting used to living with other people. Rules 1. be used to / get used to something means to be accustomed to it. That is, you don’t find it unfamiliar. 2. be used to / get used to something means the act of becoming accustomed to it. 3. A noun, noun phrase or gerund / infinitive can follow be used to and get used to. 4. be used to and get used to can / cannot be used with past and future tenses. 5. We use ‘used to’ when we are talking about the past and something that we did regularly in the past. 6. If you ‘are used to sth’ accustomed to it. If you ‘get used to sth’, this means you become accustomed to it. B Match the sentence halves below. 1. Jill has just got her first job. She’s excited 2. When we started to work here we needed a lot of help, 3. I haven’t seen Mia since she started to work with Milan. She must have a rough time. 4. It is a simple program to use. 5. At first the students didn’t like the new weekly program 6. It is easy for Marianne to drive in Japan. a. because she didn’t use to be so busy. b. You will get used to it immediately, don’t worry. c. but after a while they got used to it. d. but she’ll have to get used to working regular hours. e. She is used to driving on the left because she lived in Australia for many years. f. but now we are used to doing everything on our own. grammar p.104

3B INTENSIVE CARE PROFESSIONAL LIFE agreeing and disagreeing with an opinion A Work in pairs. Read the statements below and decide if you agree or disagree with them. a. No one would enjoy living on a black and white planet. b. If your favorite colour is red, you are a highly sensitive person and you enjoy having an isolated life. c. Lovers of blue are usually peaceful and content people. d. Most black lovers are passionate and ambitious about sharing their belongings, and this makes them very sociable and friendly. B Read and complete the expressions in the table. Giving opinion Agreeing Disagreeing In my ________… I totally _______! I _______agree! I don’t _______… That’s _______! I totally _______! You’re _______right. I’m not _______ about that. C Share and compare your ideas with your partner. Do you mostly agree or disagree with him / her? Give reasons. D 3.1 Listen to the conversations and complete the missing parts. Conversation 1 A: (1) __________ social networking sites are a waste of time. B: Do you really think so? I’m sorry but (2)__________. I already have almost ten different accounts on them. 26 A: And so? What are you doing with them? (3)__________ they are killing the sincerity and honesty between people. B: (4)__________! I’ve found lots of new friends through these sites. A: Well, do you think you know them well enough? B: Hmm… I’m not sure. You might be right. Conversation 2 C: What do you think about expensive bags? D: Expensive bags? Do you mean handbags for women? C: Yes, I do. Do you think it is reasonable to pay so much money for them? D: (5)__________, it is nonsense. You know, they are just pieces of leather or something else. C: (6)__________. Some of them are made of valuable materials. D: You must be crazy! It looks like your new girlfriend has had a big impact on you. C: You’ve always been such a closed-minded person. SPEAKING A Work in pairs. Read the statements about euthanasia below and express your opinions. You can use the expressions in the professional life part. euthanasia (n.): deliberately ending a person’s life to relieve their pain or suffering 1. Euthanasia ends the agony of watching your loved ones in pain. 2. Euthanasia is contrary to many religious beliefs. 3. Euthanasia gives doctors too much power. 4. Euthanasia is murder. 5. Euthanasia frees up hospital beds and resources. 6. Euthanasia is an end to the sufferings of terminally ill patients. 7. Euthanasia is a right to choose death. 8. Euthanasia reduces the spread of diseases. 9. Euthanasia removes the financial difficulties of relatives.

4 EYE AND VISION

4A EYE AND VISION WARM UP A Work in pairs. Look at the pictures and discuss the following questions. 1. Do you like wearing glasses? Why? Why not? 2. Do you think using contact lenses is more comfortable than wearing glasses? Why? VOCABULARY parts of the human eye A Look at the words in the box and underline the ones you know. Discuss the ones you don’t know with your partner. vitreous humour - retina - pupil - optic nerve - lens - cornea - choroid B Match the words in exercise A with their definitions. 28 1. pupil a. the vascular layer of the eye lying behind the retina 2. cornea b. the transparent crystalline structure in the eye c. the thin layer in the eye where light is converted into neural signals 3. lens d. the transparent layer on the outer front part of the eye e. the hole in the middle of the iris of the eye 4. retina f. the clear gel in the eyeball between the lens and the retina g. each of nerves that carries visual information from the retina to the brain 5. choroid 6. optic nerve 7. vitreous humor C Look at the eye image below. Complete the names of the parts with the words from exercise A. a. b. c. d. e. g. f.

READING A Read the title and first paragraph then answer the questions below. 1. Do you know anything about the application of medicine in ancient times? Do you know what kind of treatments the old time doctors did to heal their patients? 2. Do you have an idea when people first used artificial organs; around 1800s, 1500s, 1000s, 1000s BC, 2000s BC, 3000s BC? Share your guess with a partner. 5000 YEAR- OLD ARTIFICIAL EYEBALL FOUND Iranian and Italian archeologists have 29 discovered an old golden artificial eyeball in an excavation site on the border between Iran and Afghanistan. This eyeball is believed to belong to a very tall, dark skinned female from Arabian Peninsula. She was examined, and the archeologists found out that she might be between 25-30 years old and had an important role in ancient Persia. She could have been a female oracle, who foresees the future. In her grave, a mirror was also found, and it is believed that they put the mirror into the grave so that the woman could check her amazing eye. On the eyeball, there are small drills and the golden lines indicating the iris and pupil. These gold lines give the effect of light that is reflected on the eye. “At that time, this technology and craftsmanship must have amazed the people around that eccentric a woman”, added Lorenzo Costantini, leader of the Italian group. The archeologists first thought that this artificial eye was placed on woman’s face after she was dead. However, microscopic examination found an imprint left on her eye socket which showed a contact with the golden eye, and due to this they assumed that the woman wore it when she was alive. After more research was done on the skeleton of the woman, archeologists concluded that it dated to between 2900 and 2800 BC, when Shahr-i-Sokhta, the name of the old city that woman lived, was a wealthy, trade city. Shahr-i-Sokhta means “Burnt City” because it was demolished three times and rebuilt again, only to be totally demolished around 2000 BC. The archeologists couldn’t say the exact reason for the death of the woman. However, they could reveal that the woman suffered from an abscess on her eyelid because of long-term contact with the golden eyeball.

4A EYE AND VISION B Choose and circle the correct alternative. 1. Where did the archeologist find the artificial eyeball? a. In the city of Constantine. b. In an excavation on the border between Iran and Afghanistan. c. In the kingdom of Arabia. d. In a deserted place in Afghanistan. 2. What was the profession of the woman according to the archeologists? a. She was believed to be a doctor. b. She was believed to be a wizard. c. She was believed to be an oracle. d. She was believed to be a merchant. 3. How old is the golden eyeball? a. 2900 years old b. 2000 years old c. 7000 years old d. 5000 years old 4. What are there on the eyeball? a. Tiny golden lines indicating the iris and pupil. 30 b. Gold and emerald. c. Golden lines as well as silver lines. d. A kind of material that archeologists cannot name. 5. What is Shahr-i-Sokhta? a. The name of the woman with the golden eyeball. b. The name of the city means Burnt City. c. The name of a region which was established around 2000 BC. d. The name of the graveyard that the woman was found. C Match the words below with their definitions. 1. excavation(n): a. very old. 2. ancient (adj): b. a person who claims to see the future. 3. oracle(n): c. to predict the future, to see it before it happens. 4. foresee(v): d. a cavity for eye. 5. craftsmanship(n): e. very strange, weird. 6. eccentric (adj): f. the skill to do something by hand. 7. eye socket (n): g. digging the earth to find the archeological objects underneath.

4A EYE AND VISION GRAMMAR quantifiers A Read the sentences below and complete the rules. a. How many animals are there on your grandparent’s farm? b. How much time does it take to get from your home to school? c. Karen has some kittens in her garden. d. Eric knows a few rules about that board game. e. There are several fruit trees in his backyard. f. My sister and I had a lot of dolls when we were children. Rules: 31 1. _____ is usually used in affirmative sentences. However, it is also used in questions if it is an offer or a request. 2. _____ is used in negative sentences and questions. It is used with both uncountable (money, water, etc.) and plural countable (children, books, etc.) nouns. 3. _____ means ‘more than one, but less than _____. It is usually used in affirmative sentences with countable plural nouns. 4. To express a small number with countable nouns, we use _____ and _____. 5. To express a small amount with uncountable nouns, we use _____, ‘a bit of’ and _____. B Complete the sentences below with the quantifiers below. Use each quantifier only once. a few / many / little / several / some / a lot of / much / any 1. How ________ hours do you work in a day? 2. We need to go shopping. There are ________ eggs and potatoes at home. 3. Lizzy has ________ information about the next meeting. She should read the agenda. 4. Tony is a very famous singer in this part of the country. He has ________ fans. 5. Do you have ________ plans for the semester holiday? 6. How ________ milk does your daughter drink during breakfast? 7. I know ________ good places to have lunch around here. 8. I need ________ advice from you. I am totally confused. grammar p.105 WRITING A Read the prompts and words below and write a short paragraph about the pros and cons of using contact lenses and wearing glasses. hygiene - extra expenses - durable - easy to use / clean - fragile - looks more stylish

4B EYE AND VISION WARM UP A Work in pairs and discuss the following questions. 1. Do you have a vision disorder? What is it? 2. Is it a common vision disorder in your country? 3. How is it treated? VOCABULARY vision disorders and treatments A Look at the images below and discuss the following questions with your partner. 1. What are the problems of the men in the pictures? 2. What should they do to improve their eyesight? a. b. B32 Match the following disorders and treatments with their definitions. 1. astigmatism 2. bifocals 3. contact lenses 4. crossed eyes (strabismus) 5. farsightedness (hyperopia) 6. glaucoma 7. laser surgery 8. nearsightedness (myopia) a. a plastic or glass substance that is placed directly onto the eye to correct vision b. a vision problem in which the eye turns inward toward the nose c. an eye disease caused by high fluid pressure in the eye d. an optical defect that prevents formation of a sharp image focus on the retina e. any operation using a laser to cut tissue instead of a knife f. eyeglasses that have two parts; one of which corrects for far vision and the other for near vision g. the condition of being unable to focus on far objects h. the condition of being unable to focus on near objects C Complete the word web with the words from exercise B. disorders treatments

READING A Read the title and first paragraph, then and answer the questions below. 1. Do you think that in the near future the technology will develop so much that people can use artificial organs that work as perfectly as the original organs? 2. Do you think that artificial organs will turn into fashion objects and in the future people may have purple eyes, ornamented legs etc? AN ARTIFICIAL EYE THAT CAN SEE The scientists announced a big biotechnological development in making an artificial eye 33 that can see like an organic eye. Research done on blind mice revealed that they can crack the neural “code” in the eye. They also did experiments on blind monkeys and successfully deciphered neural system in monkeys’ retina’s offering the hope that one day they will be able to create an artificial human eye that can see. Sheila Nirenberg, a professor at Weill Cornell Medical College in New York, said that they could make a blind mouse’s retina see, and they hoped to do the same to a human retina. Current prosthetic eyes for humans have electrodes that stimulate the retina’s cells. However, these electrodes can destroy the neurons and cause diseases which can lead to blindness. Also these stimulators only allow the blind person to see rough visuals. To restore normal sight, the researchers say artificial eyes must incorporate the code that allows the retina to translate signals from photoreceptors into meaningful images. However, stimulating the retina cells is not enough, they should also be stimulated with the right code in order to create a proper image. This code should be the same code that the retina uses to communicate with the brain. The scientists explained that they had discovered the mathematical formula of this code of the retina and applied it to the prosthetic eye that they created. This gave mice near-normal vision. Nirenberg says the mathematical formula of the code can be put on a “chip” and combined with a mini-projector. The chip will convert images into electrical impulses, and the mini- projector will convert the electrical impulses into light impulses. These light impulses would then trigger light-sensitive proteins and send the code to the brain. After lots of more work and several clinical trials, it should be possible for a blind human to see with these bionic eyes.

4B EYE AND VISION B Mark the Sentences as True or False. 1. ________ Current prosthetic eyes can cause diseases. 2. ________The scientists did experiments on monkeys and pigs. 3. ________ Current artificial eyes create near-normal vision. 4. ________ Artificial eyes must incorporate the code that allows the retina to create meaningful images. 5. ________ The scientist have found the mathematical formula of the code that the retina sends to the brain. C Read the definitions below and fill in the blanks with the bold words from the text. change something to another thing to open and see what is inside a conductor that carries the electrical flow nerve, pushing force to work with something cells that are specialized to sense or receive light the artificial part to replace the missing part of the body unclear, vague to encourage something, to rouse an action to start, to initiate something GRAMMAR verb patterns: gerund / infinitive A34 a. to have another job. Read the sentences and answer the b. to visit you soon. questions. c. taking photographs in autumn. a. You shouldn’t be late again. d. cooking with your wife? b. We invited them to stay with us. e. to move abroad? c. I suggest you eat out tonight. f. sleeping in a noisy room. d. Did the manager let you leave the meeting early? e. I’m going to the bazaar to buy some fresh food. C Read the examples in Exercise A and f. She was good at sports during high school. match them with the usages below. g. Sleeping less than six hours a day may cause 1. Gerunds are used as subjects or objects in the chronic headaches. sentences. Rules 2. Gerunds are used after certain verbs. 1. Which words follow the main verbs in the 3. Gerunds are used after prepositions. sentences? 4. Infinitives can be used after certain verbs. 2. What are the other verb forms besides the main 5. We use infinitives to express purposes. verbs? Circle them. 6. We use bare infinitives after ‘modal verbs’. B Match the columns and make D Complete the sentences with the correct sentences. verbs from the box. Use the correct forms. 1. I’m really interested in make promise avoid ask 2. My sister plans 3. Have you ever wanted 1. Will you ____________ me you will keep my 4. I can’t stand secret? 5. Do you enjoy 2. The movie we watched last night 6. I’m busy these days but I promise ______________ me cry. 3. I ____________ eating too much fat and sugar. grammar p.106 4. You can ____________ Ivy to come with you.

4B EYE AND VISION PROFESSIONAL LIFE expressing lack of understanding and asking for clarification A Put the phrases into the correct places in the table below. a. Could you give us an example? b. I don’t quite see what you mean. c. Let me explain that... d. Sorry, I didn’t get your point. e. To say this differently... f. What are you trying to say? expressing lack of understanding asking for clarification clarifying a topic Sorry, I didn’t quite Could you clarify In other words... hear what you said. that, please? Let me explain that I beg your pardon, Could you repeat in more detail... but I don’t quite please? _____________(5) understand. _____________(3) _____________(6) (formal) _____________(4) _____________(1) _____________(2) B 4.1 Listen to the telephone conversation and fill in the blanks with the phrases you hear. 35 A: Bernard Inc. Jones speaking. B: Good morning, this is Chris Duncan. How are you? A: Very well, thank you Mr. Duncan. How can I help you? B: Can I speak to Mr. Harrison? A: I am afraid he is not in the office at the moment. Can I take a message? B: Well, yesterday we had lots of customers in our outlet and sold lots of leather bags. So, I want to order thirteen new bags but please tell Mr. Harrison to be careful with the colours of the bags. A: I am really sorry Mr. Duncan. _______________________________. It is a bad line. B: Oh I see ________________. I want to order thirteen new bags and be careful with their colours. A: You want thirty new bags. B: No, it is thirteen, ___________. A: All right thirteen and you want us to be careful with the colours. __________________ about that? B: Well, we do not want any fancy colours. Our customers do not like those colours. A: All right sir. Fancy colours. _______________ you do not want colours like pink and maroon? B: __________! We do not want pink, maroon, or bright yellow bags. And tell Mr. Harrison that the rug prices are going through the roof so we do not want to sell rugs in our shops anymore. A: Sorry, sir ____________________. What does going through the roof ________? B: Sorry, _________________. Going through the roof means the prices are increasing so we will not sell rugs anymore. ____________ we will order more bags. A: That’s great news, sir. Mr. Harrison will be happy to hear that. B: All right. It was nice talking with you. Take care. A: Thanks, Mr. Duncan. Have a nice evening. C Listen to the conversation again and circle the correct alternatives. 1. Mr. Duncan / Jones is calling Bernard Inc. 2. Jones can / can’t take the message correctly at once. 3. Mr. Duncan wants to order thirty / thirteen new bags and wants Bernard Inc to be careful with their colours / sizes. 4. Mr. Duncan wants / doesn’t want pink, maroon, or bright yellow bags. D Work in pairs and read the situation below. Role-play the situation using the phrases studied in exercise A. Student A is a patient in a foreign country and s/he has fallen in the bathroom. S/he goes to the hospital and tries to explain what happened at home. Student B is a doctor. S/he tries to understand Student A’s problem.

4B EYE AND VISION SPEAKING A Work in small groups and discuss the following questions. 36 1. What are five most common sight disorders in your country? 2. Why are they so common? 3. What can be done to reduce the number of patients with these common sight disorders?

5 NEW BORN

5A NEW BORN WARM UP A Work with a partner. Look at the picture and answer the following questions. 1. Do you like babies? Why? Why not? 2. Do you think you can work with babies? Why? Why not? VOCABULARY reproductive systems A Look at the words in the box and underline the ones you know. Discuss the ones you don’t know with your partner. a. urethra b. fallopian tube c. ovary d. seminal vesicle e. testicle f. uterus B Read the definition above and complete the definitions with the correct words from exercise A. gland (n.): a cell, group of cells, or an organ that makes a special substance, like a hormone 1. The ___________ is an empty organ in which babies develop before birth. 2. The ___________ is one of two narrow tunnels that carry the ovum from the ovaries to the uterus. 3. The ___________ is one of two simple tubular glands located behind the male urinary bladder, responsible 38 for the production of sperm. 4. The ___________ is one of two small, oval-shaped glands that is located on either side of the uterus. It produces eggs and hormones. 5. The ___________ is the male sex and endocrine gland that produces sperm and male sex hormones. 6. The ___________ is the tube that carries urine from the bladder to outside of the body. C Work with a partner. Look at the images below and complete the missing parts with the words from the box. 1. urethra 2. testicle 3. seminal vesicle 4. fallopian tube 5. ovary 6. uterus b. f. a. d. e.

READING A Read the title, first paragraph and answer the questions below. 39 1. Some people believe that giving birth is one of the most painful things that a woman can experience. What do you think about the pain level while giving birth? Share your ideas with a partner. 2. Do you think that there are some ways in alternative medicine to relieve the child labouring pain? Discuss the ways to relieve the pain. 3. How well do you tolerate pain? What was the most painful experience that you ever had to endure? WATER BIRTH Water birth is a childbirth that happens in water. Some people believe water birth leads to a more relaxed, less painful experience. Critics argue that the safety of water birth has not been scientifically proven yet and also, water birth can increase the risk of infection for the mother or child. Additionally, there is always a possibility of infant drowning. There has been some researches done about the advantages and disadvantages of water birth, but there is no formal statement indicating that it is helpful or not. Parent, child, and birthing organizations have produced statements both supporting and criticizing water birthing. However, it has been widely reported that immersion during the first stage of childbirth reduces the pain of labour. Various theories for the reduction of pain include the suggestions that the mother feels better in water because of the comfortable position and that the warmth of the water. These can create a sedative effect on the mother, they claim. Immersion decreases the release of stress and anxiety related hormones. A 2014 review comparing immersion to regional analgesia found that “immersion during the labour is comfortable and has no side effects. No anesthesiologist is needed, and there is no risk of trauma or the complications of anesthesia. Therefore, water immersion during the labour is an ideal method for relieving the pain during labour.” This review also reported that it has been found that water immersion during the first stage of labour can reduce the length of the first stage, reduce labour pain, and the use of epidural analgesia. It is also associated with a lower rate of cesarean delivery. Even though the facts are not yet proven,water birth is widely believed to have a sedative effect for the mother. B Scan the text again and mark the statements as true or false. 1. _________ Water birth is claimed to reduce the pain in child labour. 2. _________ Most of the mothers choose water birth according to the researches. 3. _________ Water birth may lead infant drowning. 4. _________ Mothers want to have cesarean delivery most of the time. 5. _________ Water birth can reduce the use of epidural analgesia. 6. _________ Immersion has side effects. C Read the definitions below and complete the sentences with the words from the box. Infant (n): A child in the earliest period, before walking and talking. Immersion (medical) (n): Putting somebody underwater so that his/her whole body is covered with water. Labour (medical) (n): Giving birth. Anxiety (n): Stress, nervousness. Analgesia (n): The medicine that makes the patient unable to feel the pain. Side effects (phrase): The secondary effect that is seen after consuming a drug. Anesthesiologist (n): A person who gives analgesic drugs to patients in order for them not to feel the pain. Reduce (v): Lower the effect, decrease.

5A NEW BORN infant immersion labour anxiety analgesia side effect anesthesiologist reduce 1. No matter how many different things I tried I couldn’t ________ my toothache yesterday night, so I went to the dentist today. 2. The exams cause _________ and stress in teenagers, and when they cannot cope with this, they should see a psychologist. 3. The __________informed me that they would use regional __________ on my leg and they would finish the operation in 50 minutes. 4. This pill has lots of __________ like nausea, vomiting, headache, and numbness. I really do not want to use it. 5. One of my friends advised me about a technique called__________, in which you give birth in water. 6. She loves babies but she is afraid of the pain of the child ____________. 7. The ____________ should not consume honey till they get to one year old. WRITING A40 Work in pairs and write a short paragraph about the advantages and disadvantages of working in the new born unit. Use the prompts below to develop your paragraph. deal with stress communicating with parents high risks helping a person to start his / her life seeing cute babies all the time

5A NEW BORN GRAMMAR passive voice: is done / was done A Read the examples below. Are they in active or passive voice. Write A for active and P for passive next to the sentences. 1. People speak Lazuri in some parts of the Black Sea Region,Turkey. 2. Lazuri is spoken in some parts of the Black Sea Region, Turkey. 3. Sam didn’t finish the report on the new project. 4. The report of the new project wasn’t finished. 5. Did someone break the vase yesterday morning? 6. Was the vase broken yesterday morning? B Look at the examples again and circle the correct options about the rules. Rules: 41 1. When the subject performs the action in a sentence, it is called active / passive voice. 2. We use active / passive voice when we focus on the action, not on the subject. 3. It is important / not important or not known who or what performs the action. 4. We use Ving / V3 after the verb “to be” in passive voice sentences. 5. We can mention the person who does the action in a passive sentence using with / by. C Rewrite the sentences in passive voice. 1. The teacher solved the problem in the class. 2. People grow tropical fruit in greenhouses in this town. 3. Students don’t use mobile phones during the lecture. 4. Mary didn’t feed the kittens. 5. Farmers plant more than fifty trees every year. 6. People produce these toys in Korea. 7. Someone robbed Mike last week. grammar p.108

5B NEW BORN WARM UP A Work in pairs and discuss the following questions. 1. What is the first sign of pregnancy? 2. What are the dangers of pregnancy? VOCABULARY prenatal (fetal) vocabulary prenatal (adj.): being or happening before birth A Look at the images below. Match them with the development stages a – c and then order them. 1. 2. 3. a. embryo b. zygote c. fetus B42 Match the words below with their definitions. 1. amniotic fluid a. condition in which a fertilized egg fixes outside the uterus 2. miscarriage b. liquid substance that protects a developing baby from outside pressures 3. ectopic pregnancy c. loss of pregnancy after less than 20 weeks of fetal development 4. ovulation d. releasing the mature ovum from the ovary 5. gamete e. the inability to produce children 6. infertility f. sex cells like sperms and ova C Read the sentences below and match them with the following images. 1. A fetus is surrounded by amniotic fluid in the uterus during pregnancy. 2. In fertilization, male and female gametes come together to start the development of a new individual organism. 3. In human females, ovulation occurs about halfway through the menstrual cycle. 4. Julia has been upset since her miscarriage because she and her husband wanted to have a baby. 5. Liz eventually managed to get pregnant after a long and tiring infertility treatment. 6. When the embryo attaches in either tubes instead of the uterus, it is called tubal or ectopic pregnancy. a. b. c. d. e. f.

READING A Read the title, first paragraph and answer the questions below. 1. Who do you take after; your mother or your father? 2. Do you look like your sister or brother? Give examples about the similarities and differences between you. 3. If you had an identical twin, would it bother you to have another person looking just like you? A COUPLE WHO HAD BLACK AND WHITE TWINS Do you take after your mother or your father or no one in the family? If so, it is not an unfamiliar situation. Almost everyone takes after their parents or a close relative, but what are the odds of having a sibling who looks just like you? And what are the odds of having two sets of black and white twins? A mixed-race British couple has defied the odds twice by producing two sets of twins. In this weird situation, one sibling appears to be black and the other one is white. Miya, Dean Durrant’s newborn daughter has dark skin, dark hair and dark eyes like him. On the other hand, twin sister Leah has fair skin, blue eyes and red hair like her mother, Alison Spooner. Their older siblings Lauren and Hayleigh, born in 2001, also have strikingly different skin tones and eye colours. Both sets of twins are fraternal rather than identical, meaning that they are the product of two separately fertilized eggs, so it is not unusual that they don’t look alike. Miya’s skin colour was more influenced by her father’s genes, while Leah takes after her mother. However, scientists say it’s rare for a couple to have two sets of twins, and even rarer for them to have such different appearances. The situation is so uncommon that there are no statistics to show its probability, although it is thought likely to become more common because of the growing number of mixed-race couples. B Scan the text and mark the statements as True or False 43 1. ________ The British couple has two sets of mixed raced twins. 2. ________ The twins are identical. 3. ________ This situation is very common in England. 4. ________ Fraternal twins means two babies who are the product of two separately fertilized eggs. 5. ________ Miya takes after her father and Leah takes after her mother. Take after (phrasal verb): To resemble in appearance or in character. Mixed-race (phrase): Consisting of two different races. Fraternal (twins) (adj): Being the product of two separate fertilized eggs. Identical (adj): Being very, similar. Fertilized (egg) ( adj): early stage of an embryo. Odds (n): the probability of something. Defy (v): To resist. C Match the definitions below with the bold words from the text. 1. defy 2. fertilized (egg) 3. fraternal (twins) 4. identical 5. odds 6. take after a. to resemble in appearance or in character b. consisting of two different races c. being the product of two separate fertilized eggs d. being very similar e. early stage of an embryo f. the probability of something g. to resist

5B NEW BORN D Read the definitions below and complete the sentences with the words given. take after mixed-race fraternal identical fertilized odds defy 1. There are lots of twins on my mother’s side. My uncles are ____________ twins, they do not look similar but my aunt’s daughters are ____________ twins, their appearances are almost the same. 2. What are the _________ of Hipping a coin and gething neither head nor the tail? 3. The soldiers were commanded to _________ the enemy attack. 4. I didn’t _________ anyone in my family, I look different from all of them. 5. The couple has one cute black baby girl and one beautiful blonde girl. They are adorable, I wish I had __________ parents. 6. In order to have a baby you need to develop at least one _________ egg. GRAMMAR causatives A Read the following sentences and circle the correct words about the rules. a. He had his assistant book a table for the guests. b. I usually have the documents edited by Jim. c. She gets her husband to wash the windows. 44 Rules 1. We use have + something + V1 / V3 to make causatives. 2. We also use the form: get / have + someone + to + V1 for causatives. 3. When we want to say the agent (the person who does the action), we use the preposition with / by. B Read the given prompts below and make causatives with them. e.g.: physician / examine / my stomach I had the physician examine my stomach / I had my stomach examined (by the physician) 1. carpenter / polish / the dining table ___________________________________________________ 2. gardener / prune / the bushes ___________________________________________________ 3. plumber / fix / the installation ___________________________________________________ 4. optician / test / my eyes ___________________________________________________ 5. secretary / type and send / the e-mails ___________________________________________________ 6. chef / prepare / special sauces ___________________________________________________ grammar p.110