medical_3_2021

5B NEW BORN PROFESSIONAL LIFE expressing best wishes In English, we use certain phrases to express our best wishes about several different topics. You can see them below in the table. general congratulations Congratulations on … (general) Congratulations on passing your final exam! (specific) I wish you the best of luck and every success in… (formal) We would like to send you our congratulations on… (formal) Well done on… (informal) Well done. We knew you could do it. (informal) Congrats! (informal) birthdays & anniversaries Happy birthday! / Happy anniversary! (general) Wishing you every happiness on your special day. (formal) May all your wishes come true. Happy Birthday! (informal) Happy / Congratulations on your wedding anniversary! Congratulations. 45 (general) marriage Congratulations and warm wishes to both of you on your wedding day. (formal) Congratulations to the bride and groom on their happy union. (formal) Wishing the both of you all the happiness in the world. (formal) Congratulations on tying the knot! (informal) get well wishes Get well soon. condolences (standard) Thinking of you. May you feel better soon. (more sincere) Get well soon. Everybody here is thinking of you. (a specific wish from a group of people) We are so very sorry to hear about your loss. (general) Please accept our deepest and most heartfelt condolences at this most challenging time. (formal) I offer you my deepest condolences on this dark day. (formal) We were disturbed and saddened by the untimely death of your mother/father/husband/wife, … (specific) Our thoughts are with you and your family at this most difficult time of loss. (informal)

5B NEW BORN A Read the following expressions and match them with the correct topic. 1. Congratulations on your silver wedding anniversary! 2. Thinking of you. May you feel better soon. 3. We are so very sorry to hear about your loss. 4. Well done. We knew you could do it. 5. Wishing the both of you all the happiness in the world. a. general congratulations b. birthdays & anniversaries c. marriage d. get well wishes e. condolences B Read the situations below and write proper best wishes for them. 1. Lucida and Fred have known each other since they were children, and finally they got married last week. We sent them a card: _________________________________________________________________. 2. We are all shocked to hear of the sudden death of Mrs. Dennis. I should call her daughter and say: __________________________________________________________________. 3. Ivan has caught the flu and he is in bed for a few days. Why don’t you call him and say: 46 __________________________________________________________________. 4. Can you believe that Ron’s grandparents are going to celebrate their 50th wedding anniversary next Sunday? Ron is planning to have a surprise cake made and it is going to be written as: __________________________________________________________________. SPEAKING A Work in pairs. Look at the expressions in the professional life part again and answer the following questions. 1. Have you ever used any of the expressing in exercise A? 2. Do you know any other phrases for expressions best wishes? What are they?

6 PEADIATRICS

6A PEADIATRICS WARM UP A Work in pairs. Look at the pictures and discuss the following questions. 1. What are the most common illnesses in children in your country? 2. What are the common causes for these common illnesses? 3. What should parents do to protect their children’s health? VOCABULARY common illnesses and inquiries in children A Look at the images below and match them with the words from the box. 1. asthma 2. bruise 3. chickenpox 4. choking 5. dental caries 6. insect stings / bites 7. poisoning 8. tonsillitis a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. 48 B Read the symptoms below and match them with the words in exercise A. 1. (viral) very itchy rash that spreads from the torso to the neck, face and limbs 2. chronic cough; rapid and whistling sound breathing 3. sore throat, difficulty in swallowing and chewing, fever and headache 4. holes formed in a tooth by decay 5. difficult breathing, rapid pulse, cyanosis (getting purplish) of the face 6. nausea, vomiting and diarrhea 7. firstly a reddish - purple mark on the skin; it becomes green - brown when it gets better 8. redness, itchiness and often bumps on the skin C Complete the word webs below with the words in the box. 1. asthma 2. bruise 3. chickenpox 4. choking 5. dental caries 6. insect stings / bites 7. poisoning 8. tonsillitis illnesses injuries other

READING A Read the title, and the first paragraph of the text them answer the questions below. 1. When you were a child, were you taking care of your teeth? 2. Do you remember the time when your first baby tooth pulled out? How did you feel? Were you scared to lose a tooth? BABY TEETH ARE MORE IMPORTANT THAN YOU MIGHT THINK Childhood cavities seem inevitable. Nearly 49 every kid gets one at some point, and baby teeth aren’t permanent, so it is not a big deal if kids sometimes skip brushing and flossing, right? Pediatric dentists do not agree. Even though some people may think that baby teeth aren’t important, taking care of children’s teeth will help them develop healthy adult smiles. Baby teeth serve the same important functions as adult teeth: kids use them to chew and speak. On top of that, baby teeth preserve the structure of the gum line and “save space” for adult teeth to grow. When a permanent tooth is ready to erupt, the baby tooth above it loses its root, and it leaves room for the adult tooth. If that empty space is too small, the adult tooth will push other teeth out of the way or come out in the wrong place. One tooth can affect the placement of other teeth, and this can cause crooked or crowded teeth. Childhood cavities can affect the health of adult teeth as well. Cavities are caused by bad bacteria that live in the mouth, and those bacteria do not disappear when baby teeth fall out. Adult teeth will face the same conditions that a child’s baby teeth faced before. Some products can help young children keep their mouths healthy. These products will provide good bacteria to the mouth. Good bacteria heal the gum line and teeth. Parents should be role models to their children and show them how to brush and floss teeth, so they can ensure that their children have healthy adult mouths in the future. Further, parents should provide healthy food and schedule regular check-ups with a pediatric dentist. B Scan the text again and mark the statements as True or False. 1 __________ Childhood teeth are permanent. 2 __________ Kids use teeth to chew and speak and preserve the gum line. 3 __________ Baby teeth are generally weak. 4 __________ If the empty space left by the baby tooth left is too big, the adult tooth will push other teeth out of the way or come out in the wrong place. 5 __________ Misplacement of teeth can cause crooked or crowded teeth. 6 __________ Parents should show their children how to brush and floss teeth. C Match the words below with their definitions. Look at the picture on the right to get hints. 1. cavity (n): a. continuing without a change. 2. permanent ( adj): b. to use a silk string to clean and remove food. 3. floss (v): c. a soft part where the teeth are embedded. 4. gum line (n): d. to crush the food in the mouth so as to digest. 5. chew (v): e. the bottom part of the teeth. 6. erupt (v): f. deformed, bent teeth. 7. root (medical) (n): g. a hole in a tooth formed by decay. 8. crooked teeth (phrase): h. to break through the gums.

6A PEADIATRICS GRAMMAR conditionals: zero / first conditional A Read the sentences a-e, then circle the correct options in the rules below. a. If you add five and three, you get eight. b. Ice melts if you heat it. c. If you travel more, you will learn a lot about different cultures. d. You should call your parents if you notice something suspicious. e. If you find my glasses at home, please keep them safe. Rules 1. We use ‘zero conditional’ to express that we are sure about / don’t know the result of a condition, such as scientific facts / our dreams. 2. We need only one clause / two clauses to form a conditional sentence. 3. We use ‘first conditional’ to talk about a possible / certain result of a condition. 4. We use simple present / future in an if clause; and we can use modals / simple past in main clause. 5. ‘First conditional’ is used to talk about: possibilities and future plans / scientific facts and rules. B50 Fill in the gaps with the correct form of the verbs in brackets. 1. If you __________ (press) the red button, the engine __________ (start). 2. The lesson __________ (be) cancelled if the teacher __________ (not / arrive) until 9.15. 3. I usually go to work by bus. However, if I __________ (be) late, I __________ (take) a taxi. 4. If you __________ (be) stressed, it __________ (not/be) easy to sleep. 5. My father always __________ (get) angry, if we __________ (be) late for dinner. 6. If you __________ (freeze) water, it __________ (turn) into ice. C Make ‘first conditional’ sentences with the words below. 1. she / doesn’t come / if / to the wedding / Anna / call me / will. 2. if / Lorenzo / a good cook / is / will / probably find / he / a better job. 3. take / if / you / cold / won’t be / you / my jacket. 4. I / if / someone / doesn’t help / can’t / cleaning / me / finish. 5. should / an optician / if / don’t / you / see well / go to / you. 6. the manager / fire / if / Sam / will / him / late / again / is. grammar p.111

6A PEADIATRICS WRITING A Work in pairs and write a weekly healthy diet for a 10 / 12 year old kid. breakfast snack lunch dinner Monday Tuesday 51 Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday

6B PEADIATRICS WARM UP A Work in pairs and discuss the following questions. 1. When was the last time you were ill? 2. Did you visit the doctor? Why? Why not? VOCABULARY phrasal verbs related to illnesses A Look at the words in the box and put a tick near the ones you know. Discuss the ones you don’t know with your partner. a. come down with (an illness) b. throw up c. get over (something) d. pass out e. come round B Match the phrasal verbs in exercise A with their synonyms. 1. vomit 2. become (ill) 3. become conscious again (after fainting) 4. faint 5. become better (after being ill) C Match the following pictures with the correct phrasal verbs. c. 52 a. b. d. e. D Complete the following sentences with the correct form of the phrasal verbs from exercise A. 1. After a long and important operation, Mike managed to __________ in pain. Happily, he feels better now. 2. I’m afraid the sandwich I ate at lunch made me sick. I‘ve been _____________ for almost an hour. 3. It took Mrs. Duncan years to ______________ the breast cancer. 4. My little son doesn’t feel well today. I think he’s ______________ with the flu. 5. The old man had fallen through the window and __________ before his neighbors found him.

READING A Read the first paragraph and the title, then answer the questions below. 1. Have you ever been bitten by an animal? If so, how was it? If not, ask someone in class and learn his/her story. 2. Are you afraid of any kind of insects like bees, spiders, cockroaches? Do you know what to do when you are stung by an insect? TEACH THE KIDS WHY THEY SHOULD STAY AWAY FROM TICKS When the summer comes, almost all kids want to 53 go out and do outdoor activities after a long time at school. Summer camp and outdoor trips are just around the corner. As you prepare your kids for the great outdoors with sunscreen and insect repellent, don’t forget to talk to your kids about the causes of Lyme disease. Lyme disease is an illness caused by the bite of an infected tick. They usually may be found in tall grass, bushes in forests and most other spaces.The best way to prevent Lyme disease is to prevent tick bites. Before your kids go into the woods this summer, talk to them about these key points: 1. Ticks are tiny: The ticks that transmit Lyme disease are very small – some are about the size of a sesame seed. 2. Clothing: While it may be difficult to do when it’s hot, kids should cover their skin when outdoors. Be sure that they wear closed-toe shoes and light- coloured clothing. This will help them see ticks more easily. 3. Insect repellent: Teach your kids how to properly use insect repellent that contains DEET or Icaridin. It’s safe and easy to use. 4. Tick Check: Show your kids how to do body checks for ticks during outdoor activities. Ticks love to attach around moist areas of the body, like in the belly button, armpits, behind knees, between toes and in the hairline. Taking a shower will also help wash away loose ticks before they attach. 5. Removing ticks: If your child gets a tick on them, tell them to ask an adult to help remove it properly. These simple tips will ensure that your kids come home from their summer adventures with great memories, not with a disease. B Scan the text and choose the best alternative. What is not a thing to do to prevent tick bites? a. To use an insect repellent. c. To cover the skin. b. To wear light colored clothes. d. To wear sunscreen. What is Lyme disease? a. An disease caused by bacteria. b. A disease that can only be seen in animals. c. An illness caused by the bite of an infected tick. d. A disease that kills ticks on the body.

6B PEADIATRICS 3. Where can ticks not usually be seen on the body? a. On the belly button. c. On the nose. b. On the knees. d. On the hairline. 4. What can be done if a tick attaches to the body? a. To take a shower. c. To call an ambulance. b. To burn that area. d. To put sunscreen on that area. C Read the definitions below and match the bold words from the text. 1. A chemical substance that keeps insect away. 2. Slightly wet, humid. 3. A kind of cream or lotion that is put on the exposed skin to protect from the harmful sunlight. 4. A small bloodsucking insect that often transmits diseases like Lyme disease and fever. D Match the following words with the pictures below. 1. belly button 2. armpit 3. knee 4. toes 5. hairline a. b. c. d. e. 54 wish clause A Read the sentences below and match them with their usages. a. I wish I was in Rome now. 1. expresses frustration b. I wish you would stop telling lies. 2. present wish B Read the rules and circle the correct words in italics. 1. When we talk about present hopes and wishes, wish clause is followed by simple present / past tense. 2. Although the verb structure is past, the sentence refers to the present / past. 3. We use ‘wish’ with would + V1 / must + V1 to express frustration and complaint. C Read the situations below and match them with the correct wish clause. 1. I need to go to the market, but I am very busy now. 2. Bob is always using my laptop and this makes me angry. 3. It is raining and I do not have my umbrella with me. 4. Lisa is sad because her son has bad marks at school. 5. I miss my hometown. 6. Dave does not have a girlfriend so he feels lonely. a. She wishes he was a hardworking student. grammar p.113 b. I wish I had enough time to do shopping. c. He wishes he had a girlfriend. d. I wish he wouldn’t use my laptop. e. I wish I were there. f. I wish I had my umbrella with me.

6B PEADIATRICS PROFESSIONAL LIFE expressing sympathy A Put the phrases in the box into the correct place. 1. I hope things get better soon. 2. Too bad you didn’t ... 3. Please accept my condolences. (more formal - used when someone close to another has died) 4. It’s very nice / kind of you to be so concerned but really, I’m fine now. 5. I appreciate your sympathy / kindness. Expressing sympathy Responding I know how disappointed Thanks for your support. you must feel. Sometimes things don’t go How shocking / awful to the way we want, do they? hear about your ... (accident Thank you very much. I’m / illness) Are you okay now? deeply touched. I am/was deeply / truly sorry to hear about ... I was sorry / shocked / upset to hear ... B Read the following statements and decide if they express or respond to sympathy. 55 Put (S) for expressing sympathy and (R) for responding. 1. I appreciate your kindness Ana, thank you very much. 2. I’m so sorry to hear about Daisy’s loss. She was such a sweet and valuable cat. 3. Thank you very much, Jan. I’m deeply moved. 4. Too bad you weren’t accepted to the school. I was hoping you would! 5. We are very saddened to hear your loss. C 6.1 Listen to the sympathy message and choose the correct words to complete it. Dear Isabel, I’m sorry to hear about the accident. I was shocked / pleased when I heard about that yesterday. I hope by the time you get this message you already feel / know better. How did it happen? I know that you’ve always been a careful driver and I am sure the accident wasn’t your fault. How serious is your situation? Is there anything I can do for you? If you need / have anything, don’t hesitate to ask. I’m available / busy to babysit if you and your husband need any help. I will pray for your quick / last recovery and will try to visit you soon. I will try to be there next week. Please, take care and stay in touch. Wishing you the soonest / latest recovery. Your friend, Dana

6B PEADIATRICS WRITING A Read the situation below and write an e-mail. You hear that your friend had broken his / her leg in a football match. You feel very sorry for him/her so you decide to write an e-mail. Try to express your sympathy by using the phrases in the professional life part. 56

7 AUDIOLOGY

7A AUDIOLOGY WARM UP A Work in pairs and discuss the following questions. 1. Do you think the ear is a vital organ? Why? Why not? 2. What is the relation between the ear, hearing and balance? VOCABULARY parts of the human ear A Look at the words in the box and put a tick near the ones you know. Discuss the ones you don’t know with your partner. a cochlea b ear canal c eardrum d eustachian tube e incus f malleus g pinna h stapes B Look at the image below and C Put the words in exercise A into the complete the missing parts with the correct boxes below. words from exercise A. 4. inner ear middle ear outer ear 58 5. 1. 6. 3. 2. 7. D Match the parts of the ear with their functions. 1. incus (anvil), malleus (hammer) and stapes (stirrup) bones 4. pinna 2. cochlea 5. ear drum 3. Eustachian tube 6. ear canal a. balances the air pressure in the ear drum b. captures sounds and sends it down to the hammer c. directs the sounds to the middle ear d. directs the sounds into the ear canal e. sends sounds to the auditory nerves with small hairs around it f. transfers sound waves from the ear drum to the inner ear

READING A Read the title and first paragraph, then answer the questions below. 1. Do you know if anybody around you has hearing problems? If so, is she/he wearing any hearing aids? 2. What do you think about the hearing aid products? Do you think that the people who are wearing them look old? 3. Have you ever heard of the term “stigma”? It means negative beliefs about something in a society or group of people. Do you have any stigmas or do you think the society you are in has stigmas? Give some examples. IS STIGMA KEEPING YOU FROM GETTING A HEARING AID? According to the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, the people who need hearing aids mostly do not wear them. Only one out of five people wear one. Some people simply do not know that they need to wear one. Others think that hearing aids are for old people, and they do not like to feel old. However, most of the stigma about hearing aids are false. Check out the following stigmas about hearing aids and see why they are commonly incorrect. 1. Hearing aids will make me look old. You will not look like an old person because modern hearing aids 59 are better-looking and more effective than the old ones you remember your grandparents used to wear. On the contrary, if you are not wearing one and constantly asking people to repeat themselves or speak louder, that is more of a sign of being old. 2. Hearing aids will make me hear screeching noises. This problem, called “feedback,” is caused when the microphones in the hearing aid amplify one another. Some hearing aids offer features that prevent this problem. For example, with a technology called BestSound, the screeching noise is prevented by stopping the feedback. 3. My hearing is not bad enough to need a hearing aid. Actually, it is better to start wearing hearing aids at the first sign of hearing loss. If your brain gets used to not processing sounds, you will have a harder time adjusting when you do get a hearing aid. 4. Hearing aids won’t work for me. You may have heard friends say that they gave up on hearing aids, but that doesn’t mean the devices won’t work for you. Look for hearing aids that offer lots of features that might be right for different listening situations. 5. Hearing aids will make my hearing worse. A properly fitted and maintained hearing aid will not damage your hearing. Visit an audiologist to make sure you buy a hearing aid that will work for you. B Scan the text and mark the statements as True or False. 1. ________ Stigmas are positive beliefs that a society or group of people have about something. 2. ________ Only one in five people who need a hearing aid wears one. 3. ________ Not wearing a hearing aid even though having hearing problems can make you look old because you will constantly want people to repeat what they said. 4. ________ Hearing aids can make screeching noises. 5. ________ It is better to wear a hearing aid after seeing the first sign of hearing problems. 6. ________ Hearing aids can help everybody differently. C Match the words with their definitions below. 1. give up (phrasal verb): a. help. 2. audiologist (n): b. strong impression. 3. amplify (v): c. to increase, make the effect bigger or larger. 4. screeching (adj): d. stop doing, using something. 5. aid (n): e. high pitched voice. 6. effective (adj): f. a person who studied hearing defects and treatments and performing his/her job.

7A AUDIOLOGY GRAMMAR Indefinite pronouns: somebody, something, somewhere, anybody, anything, anywhere A Read the sentences below and complete the chart. There is someone at the door. Can you see who it is? She doesn’t know anything about the discussion. Would you like to drink something else? Have you ever seen anywhere like this before? Affirmative Negative Question anybody , ________, anywhere ________ , anybody , anything, ________ ________, somewhere (in requests and offers somebody, ________, somewhere) B Read the sentences and complete the rules. 1. We use ‘indefinite pronouns’ to talk about ________, ________or ________ without saying exactly who, what or where they are. 2. To refer to people, we use pronouns ending in _________ or – one, to refer to things, we use pronouns ending in _________ and to refer to places, we use pronouns ending in _________. 60 C Circle the correct alternatives below. 1. You can’t use the bathroom now because someone / anyone is in there. 2. Let’s watch anything / something exciting on TV. 3. Somebody / Anybody has tidied up my room. 4. We need to find somewhere / something to stay for the weekend. 5. There wasn’t anybody / anywhere in the class last Tuesday, so the class was cancelled. 6. Can anywhere / someone tell me where the nearest bank is, please? 7. I need someone / something to go shopping with. I hate shopping around alone. 8. Tony was born anywhere / somewhere in Canada. grammar p.114

7A AUDIOLOGY SPEAKING A Work with a small group and discuss the following questions. 1. Do you think cell phones are harmful for our ears? Why? 2. Do you think using headphones might damage our hearing abilities? Why? 61

7B AUDIOLOGY WARM UP A Work in pairs. Look at the picture below and discuss the following question. 1. Do you think it is difficult to live with a hearing disorder? Why? VOCABULARY ear diseases and disorders A Match the following diseases and disorders with their definitions. 1. otitis media 2. meniere 3. tinnitus 4. vertigo 5. deafness 6. barotrauma a. A disorder of the inner ear, characterized by dizziness and continuous hearing loss, usually in one ear b. A sensation of loss of balance and dizziness, caused by disease affecting the inner ear 62 c. An inflammation of the middle ear d. An injury to the ear because of changes in barometric (air) or water pressure e. The lack or loss of the ability to hear f. The sensation of hearing ringing, whistling, or other sounds, which has no external source B Read the suggestions below and match them with the disorders in exercise A. See the keywords given in bold. 1. You generally don’t need any kind of medication to adjust the pressure in your ear. Simple activities like yawning or chewing gum can ease your pain. 2. We have to talk loudly at home as my grandfather hardly hears us. An assistive listening device would improve his hearing ability. 3. To prevent this problem, you should avoid prolonged exposure to high sound or noise levels. 4. The surgeon suggested not operating on his inner ear to treat his disease because it may cause permanent hearing loss. 5. Repositioning of the head by specific movements may resolve the symptoms like dizziness and feeling unbalanced. 6. As it frequently might be caused by viruses or bacterial infections, the doctor may prescribe you some antibiotics.

READING A Read the title, first paragraph and answer the questions below. 1. Do you know any two diseases that are related to each other? Brainstorm with your partner and find examples. 2. Do you think that having Alzheimer’s can lead to other health problems? Do you know anyone that has this disease? If so, what other health problems does she/he have? ALZHEIMER’S OR HEARING LOSS? Data from many studies show that the number of people who have Alzheimer’s is rising. Lots of patients are diagnosed with Alzheimer’s. However, many of the symptoms associated with early Alzheimer’s disease are the same as those associated with hearing loss. According to a recent study by Frank R. Lin from Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, the risk of dementia increased among participants with at least 25-decibel hearing loss. Participants with more severe hearing loss were most likely to be diagnosed with dementia and even Alzheimer’s. The correlation can be seen in daily life too. For example; you can’t remember what someone said if you didn’t hear them saying it. Several symptoms are common to both Alzheimer’s and hearing loss. These symptoms include depression, anxiety, feelings of isolation, and problems while talking and while trying to understand people talking around you. In addition, people with either Alzheimer’s or hearing loss may have inappropriate responses to social cues, lower scores on tests of mental function, attitudes of denial, defensiveness . Individuals with hearing loss may also be paranoid and constantly concerned that others are talking about them. “Hearing loss is a significant quality-of-life issue. If it wasn’t for hearing, we wouldn’t communicate 63 with each other, and we wouldn’t develop our social relations.” said Dr. Sreek Cherukuri. “It can cause social isolation, depression, and anxiety. Indeed, the solution is so simple. To help more people improve their lives by improving their hearing. I can see no reason why we couldn’t develop a quality hearing instrument for about the price of an iPhone,” he said. If you are concerned about a loved one who is experiencing any of the symptoms above, talk to a doctor about testing for hearing loss. In several studies, even patients with Alzheimer’s showed improved ability to understand and communicate after they began using hearing aids. Hence, it’s better to suggest to loved ones that they should take a hearing test as a precaution? B Mark the statements below as true or false. 1. _______ Many studies show that the number of people who have Alzheimer’s is decreasing. 2. _______ Early Alzheimer’s symptoms can be associated with hearing loss. 3. _______ Alzheimer’s symptoms can be listed as depression, anxiety, feelings of isolation, and problems while talking and while trying to understand people talking around you. 4. _______ Hearing loss is the first step of Alzheimer’s. 5. _______ If a person does not hear properly it means that he/she has Alzheimer’s. 6. _______ Hearing loss can cause social isolation, depression and anxiety. 7. _______ Dr. Sreek Cherukuri believes that it is possible to produce a quality hearing aid for about the price of an IPhone. C Read the following definitions, then fill in the blanks with the words given in the box. associate (v): to find similarities between two things, to mentally establish a connection between issues, people or situations. dementia (n): the deterioration of speaking, understanding and remembering because of an organic disorder in the brain. inappropriate (adj): not fitting, weird thing in a situation. denial (n): a refusal, not accepting something as it is. defensiveness (n): not welcoming criticism, trying to protect yourself by being defensive.

7B AUDIOLOGY Defensiveness Inappropriate Associate Dementia Denial 1. The first step towards accepting a bad situation is _________, where you find it hard to believe at first. 2. It was an _____________ situation to see them fighting in the meeting while everybody was simply watching. 3. Whenever I try to say something about his personal life, he takes this as a criticism and he always showes his _______________. 4. I always ___________ funerals with the long green trees because I guess I have seen lots of similar tree in the graveyards that I have been to. 5. My grandpa had __________ before he died, which prevented him from talking and understanding us properly. GRAMMAR Indefinite pronouns: nobody / nothing / nowhere / everybody / everything / everywhere A Read the sentences below and look at the indefinite pronouns in italics. Which one has a negative meaning? a. Bill has nothing personal in his drawer; you can open it. b. Does everyone have to attend the annual meetings? B Read the examples above again and choose the correct options. 64 1. We use ‘nobody, nothing, nowhere’ in affirmative / negative sentences, but they have positive / negative meanings. 2. ‘Everybody, everything, everywhere’ have singular / plural meanings but they are used with singular / plural verb forms: C 7.1 Listen to the conversation below and fill in the gaps. Morris: Hurry up honey! It’s almost six. We will miss the bus. Anna: Calm down Morris. We have enough time. Did you get __________ we need at the camp? Morris: Hmm… Let me see. Yes, I did. Did __________ call you a few minutes ago? Anna: Ah, yes. It was Katy. They have found __________ to stay in Warsaw. Morris: In Warsaw? They don’t know __________ there. I think Katy is lying. Anna: No, I don’t think she is lying. Katy’s cousins live in Poland. You don’t know __________ about her. Morris: Alright. I hope you are right. How about the place where we are going to stay? Anna: It is __________ near the city center. We will love it there, I’m sure. Morris: I love __________ cheap and comfortable. Let’s go now. grammar p.115

7B AUDIOLOGY PROFESSIONAL LIFE idioms about communication An idiom is an expression from a given language that can’t be understood from the individual meanings of its elements, as in apple of one’s eye. In the idiom below, the real apple isn’t implied; instead, this idiom refers to a person who is someone’s favourite or beloved. A Look at the pictures below and find out which idioms they refer to. a. b. B Match the two columns to form idioms about communication. 1. get a word a. a nutshell 65 2. get the wrong b. nor a tail of 3. make a head c. cross-purposes 4. put in d. end of the stick 5. small e. in edge ways 6. talk at f. talk 7. talk behind g. the discussion 8. wrap up h. your back C Rewrite the sentences below keeping main the meaning same using the idioms in exercise B. 1. I enjoy making casual, daily conversation while having my coffee. 2. I can’t say anything because she is talking so much or so quickly. 3. I don’t have much time, please explain it briefly. 4. Who will finish the conversation today? 5. I’m unable to understand him (his speech, behaviours, etc.) 6. She is saying negative things when you’re not here. 7. She’s misunderstood the situation. 8. They are talking with opposing perspectives. SPEAKING A Work in small groups and discuss the following questions. 1. What is the most common types of hearing loss in your country? 2. Why is it so common? 3. What can be done to reduce the number of patients with hearing loss?

8 HOME CARE

8A HOME CARE WARM UP A Work in pairs. Look at the pictures and discuss the following questions. 1. Are you afraid of getting old? Why? 2. Are older people in your country happy? Why? 3. What difficulties do older people have in your country? VOCABULARY elderly health problems A Look at the images below and match them with the following problems. a. b. c. d. e. f. wc 1. arthritis 2. benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) 3. dementia 4. incontinence 5. osteoporosis 6. Parkinson’s disease B Read the definitions below and complete the following sentences with the disorders from 67 exercise A. bladder (n.): the internal organ where urine collects joint (n.): any part of the body where two bones join 1. __________ is a chronic neurological disorder resulting in lack of control over movement; poor balance and coordination. 2. __________ is a disease (occurring especially in women following menopause) characterized by thinning of the bones and resulting in a tendency to fractures. 3. __________ is increase in size of the prostate in middle-aged and elderly men. 4. __________ is the infection of a joint or joints causing pain and/or disability. 5. __________ is the loss of bladder control. 6. __________is the general term for loss of memory and other mental abilities. Alzheimer’s disease is the most known type of dementia. C Read the following definitions and match the symptoms with the problems in the box. See the keywords given in bold. stiffness (n.): firmness or inflexibility; difficulty in moving (a joint or muscle) urination (n.): the process of removing liquid waste from the body a. arthritis b. benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) c. dementia d. incontinence e. osteoporosis f. Parkinson’s disease 1. difficulty in remembering recent events or recognizing people and places 2. easily broken or fractured bones; curved upper back (in later stage) 3. joint pain and continuous stiffness that develops gradually 4. difficulty in urination, a weak urine stream, and not feeling empty after urination 5. tremors (shaking) that begin in the hands and arms; then it may also occur in the jaw or foot 6. urine leaks that occur when the bladder is under extra sudden pressure, for example when you cough or sneeze

READING A Read the title and the first paragraph and answer the questions below. 1. Have you ever taken care of an animal or a person? If so, what was the problem and how did you handle it? If not, ask someone in class who did. 2. Do you think it is hard to take care of someone and take responsibility? Have you ever done babysitting for your sibling? HOW TO FIND OUT IF YOU ARE A CAREGIVER It is estimated that the care of sick, elderly, and disabled family members and friends generally falls on the shoulders of more than 42 million people in America alone, and millions of people all around the world. However, most people who take care of their family members don’t think of themselves as caregivers. Caregiving starts as an act of love, but then it quickly turns into lots of stress and exhaustion. This problem can reveal as feelings of guilt and depression, but on the other hand, it can be very rewarding for the caregiver. To find out if you’re a caregiver, take the simple quiz below: 1. Do you regularly help a loved one with tasks such as cleaning, washing the dishes, or laundry? 2. Do you call a friend or family member to remind them to take their medication? 3. Do you regularly cook for a loved one? 4. Do you drive a friend or family member to doctor’s appointments, shopping trips, or on other things? 5. Do you provide personal care to a loved one such as bathing, dressing, or helping them to the bathroom? 6. Do you help take care of their finances or pay their bills? 7. Do you spend so much time and energy taking care of your loved one that you sometimes neglect yourself or your family? 68 If you answered yes to one or more of these questions, you are a caregiver. This means that you could find yourself a job such as a nurse, housekeeper, accountant, driver, and chef. If you answered no, then you are not (yet) a caregiver, but chances are you know someone who is, or you will become a caregiver one day. B Match the following definations with the bold words from the text. 1. a person who takes care of an ill or disabled person 2. the state of being very tired 3. to guess 4. to pay little or no attention to something C Scan the text again and mark the statements as true or false. 1. _______ It is estimated that there are 42 million caretakers in the world. 2. _______ People generally do not think of themselves as caregivers. 3. _______ Caregiving is a hard job that can easily turn into depression. 4. _______ Caregivers do not do chores like washing the dishes, laundry and cleaning. 5. _______ Caregivers can also help take care of finances and paying bills. D Match the pictures with the names of occupations below. a. b. c. d. e. 1. Accountant 2. Housekeeper 3. Nurse 4. Driver 5. Chef

8A HOME CARE GRAMMAR future plans: be going to / present continuous / present simple A Read the sentences below and match them with the rules below. a. Hanna is meeting her old friends tonight. b. I’m going to move house this weekend. I’ve found a bigger and cheaper one. c. The plane arrives at 10 am tomorrow. Rules 1. To talk about plans decided before the moment of speaking, we use ‘be going to future tense’. 2. ‘Present continuous tense’ is also used to talk about future arrangements. 3. ‘The present simple’ can be used to talk about scheduled future events. B 8.1 Listen to the conversation between two friends. Put a tick next to the weekend plans you heard. Saturday Anna Nick 69 Sunday go shopping work get up early watch a football game have breakfast with her family sleep until noon Go to the circus Go to the theatre Meet at the bus stop Meet at the station C Listen to the conversation again and check your answers. D Circle the correct alternative about future plans. 1. Our café is opening / opens at 8 pm and is closing / closes at 9 pm. 2. They are having / have a birthday party for their little son on Sunday. 3. She is going to travel / travels by plane this week. She’s already bought her ticket. 4. I’m going to play /play card games with my colleagues this evening. They called and invited me yesterday. 5. What time does / is Charlie’s work start / is starting tomorrow? E Work in pairs. Discuss your plans using the following prompts. Add exact times and places if you wish. buy a new pair of shoes apply for a part-time job take a foreign language paint your room course try a Japanese meal go to a night club and call your dance learn to play the guitar grandparents grammar p.116

8A HOME CARE SPEAKING A Work in pairs and discuss the following questions. 1. Do you like spending time with older people? 2. Is working as a caregiver easy or difficult? Give reasons. 3. Are caregivers paid well in your country? 4. Would you like to work as a caregiver? Why? Why not? 70

8B HOME CARE WARM UP A Work in groups and discuss the following questions. 1. Who is the oldest person in your family? 2. How old is he / she? 3. Does he still work or is he / she retired? VOCABULARY medical terminology: prefixes A Look at the words in the box and put a tick near the ones you know. Discuss the ones you don’t know with your partner. 1 anti- 2 hyper- 3 hypo- 4 hem- 5 oto- 6 bi- 7 mal- 8 osteo- B Match the prefixes in exercise A with their synonyms. a. above, excessive b. bad c. below; less than normal d. blood e. bone f. ear g. against h. two 71 C Fill in the gaps below with the prefixes in the box. a. anti- b. bi- c. hem- d. hyper- e. hypo- f. mal- g. osteo- h. oto- 1. _________ bacterial, fungal 2. _________ / _________ tension 3. _________ (a)toma, (o)stasis 4. _________ plasty, scope 5. _________ lateral, polar 6. _________ nutrition, formation 7. _________ porosis, arthritis

READING A Read the title and the first paragraph and answer the questions below. 1. Do you think that being old means being unable to do any physical activities? Do you know an old person who is still working and still healthy? 2. Have you ever thought about your old age? What will you be doing around the age 80? INSPIRATIONAL OLD PEOPLE The idea of being old is generally associated with being physically inadequate, but there are some old people who can burn this idea to the ground. It may be hard to imagine the old people who are running a marathon, or swimming through an ocean, but they already exist. After reading what they are doing at an elderly age, you would find it hard to find an excuse for not doing a compelling challenge. Buster Martin (102-year-old): UK´s Oldest Employee and Marathon Runner Pierre Jean “Buster” Martin is the United Kingdom’s oldest employee at the age of 102. Martin works for a well-known plumbing company in South East London, and he refused to take a day off on the day he celebrated his 100th birthday. He is also a marathon runner. After walking the 10 km distance of the Great Capital Run in 2 hours 22 minutes and the Roding Valley Half Marathon in 5 hours 13 minutes, Martin entered the 2008 London Marathon. According to press reports, he finished the marathon in 10 hours 10 minutes.  If the claims about his age are true, he could be the oldest recorded marathon participant in the world. However, it may not be proved because there is no document or record verifying his age. Winifred Pristell (70-year-old): Holds Two World Records in Powerlifting 72 70-year-old Winifred Pristell is called “Heavy Metal” because she is a competitive weight lifter with two world records. Winifred first took up the sport in her late 40’s when she wanted to lose weight. When she turned 60, she started to do powerlifting. At the age 68, she set world records for her age in the bench press at 80 kilos and 123 kilos in the deadlift.  Even though she has been struggling lately with arthritis, at 70, Winifred still works out three days a week.  Jennifer Figge (56-year-old): First Woman to Swim the Atlantic 56-year-old Jennifer Figge became the first woman on record to swim across the Atlantic Ocean. She had had this dream since the early 1960s when she was in a plane on a stormy day flying over Atlantic. She had thought she could swim through the Atlantic if she had to.  Then when she was 56, she started swimming where the waves were up to 9 meters. She had originally planned to swim the Bahamas, but the weather forced her to swim 1,610 km off course to Trinidad.  The Great Omani (92-year-old): World´s Oldest Escapologist* Ron Cunningham, who died in 2007 at the age of 92, was an escapologist. His act included escaping from chains, eating light bulbs and removing a straitjacket while hanging upside down with his trousers on fire.  To impress audiences, he put himself in great danger during many of his shows by using fire, water and glass. He did his last performance in 2005. In this performance, he escaped out of handcuffs with both arms on fire. Before he died in 2007, his last request was having a trapdoor in his coffin. *An escapologist is a person who does a show in which he or she tries to escape from the chains that he/she is tied up in.

8B HOME CARE B Choose and circle the best alternative. 1. Who had had a dream of swimming across the Atlantic Ocean? a. Ron Cunningham b. Jennifer Figge c. Buster Martin d. Winifred Pristell 2. What is Buster Martin’s job and where does he work? a. A plumber in London b. A mechanic in Trinidad c. An escapologist in Norfolk d. A weight lifter in Texas. 3. Why did Winifred Pristell start doing sports? a. Because she wanted to be a famous athlete. b. Because she had problems with her family and the only way for her to calm down was to do exercise. c. Because she needed to lose weight. d. Because she wanted to be a weightlifting trainer. 4. How much time did it take Buster Martin to finish the 2008 London Marathon? a. 2 hours 22 minutes b. 5 hours 13 minutes c. in 10 hours 10 minutes. d. 10 days 6 hours. 5. What was Ron Cunnigham’s last request? a. To wear a straightjacket in his grave. b. To be buried with all the equipment from his performances. c. To have a trapdoor in his coffin. d. To be cremated. C Match the photos with the words given below. a. bench press b. deadlift c. arthritis d. light bulb e. straitjacket f. handcuff 73 1 2 3 45 6

8B HOME CARE GRAMMAR future predictions: will / might A Read the sentences below and complete the rules. a. It is very cold and windy outside. I think my tiny apple tree will die. b. It is almost 9! We won’t catch the 9.05 train. c. We have some bread at home. There might be enough for the sandwiches, I’m not sure. d. Tina sometimes works on weekends, so she might not join us this Saturday. Rules 1. When we are sure about a prediction about future, we can use ______ or ______. 2. When we think that something is true, but we aren’t sure about it, we can use ______ or ______. B Fill in the gaps with ‘will or might’. 1. I ordered an armchair from the internet last week. It ________ definitely be in that parcel. 2. Mondays are busy in our factory, so I ________ home late tonight-I’m not sure now. 3. She can’t find her ID card. She ________ have left it in the bank-She isn’t sure. 4. Ken’s car broke down yesterday. He ________ probably take the subway today. 5. Donna and Simon haven’t arrived yet. They ________ be stuck in the traffic, or something else. C74 Match the predictions with the explanations below. 1. You’re bound to finish this project by tomorrow. a. He was her first boyfriend. 2. There’s no chance that he will catch the plane. b. You work really hard and fast. 3. I’m likely to find a flat-mate. c. It is a very clever animal. 4. She’s unlikely to forget Jim. d. It is already 5 pm. 5. There’s a good chance that my dog will find the way home. e. I’ve put an ad on the internet. grammar p.117

8B HOME CARE PROFESSIONAL LIFE apologies and excuses A Read the following dialogue and underline the apology phrases. A: Sorry I’m late. I was stuck at the station. B: Don’t worry about it. B Read the following dialogue and underline the excuse phrases. D: I apologize for my carelessness. I was under a lot of stress. E: Never mind. I understand. C Put the phrases into the correct place. apology excuses and responses Don’t do it again. 75 I do apologize. I don’t know what to say. I hope you can forgive me. I’m sorry I’m late, but I couldn’t hear my alarm. I’m sorry to keep you waiting, it won’t happen again. Never mind. Pardon me. Please accept my / our apologies. That’s OK. D Match the apologies with the excuses / promises. 1. I apologize for breaking your window. a. I’ll buy you a new pair. 2. Sorry for losing the sunglasses you lent me. b. I’ll solve it as soon as possible. 3. I really am very sorry about the faulty products. c. I’ll call you when I’m available. 4. Please accept my apologies about the misunderstanding. d. I’ll pay for the damage. 5. Please forgive me, I can’t help you now. e. We’ll compensate loss. WRITING A Write a short paragraph about the things you want to do when you get old.

9 GENETICS

9A GENETICS WARM UP A Work in pairs. Read the definition below and discuss the following questions. clone (v.): to make an identical copy of a living being 1. Do you think human cloning is possible? 2. What would be the positive outcomes of human cloning? 3. What would be the negative outcomes of human cloning? VOCABULARY structure of a typical human cell A Look at the words in the box and put a tick near the ones you know. Discuss the ones you don’t know with your partner. a. cell membrane b. lysosome c. golgi vesicles d. cytoplasm e. ribosome f. nucleus B Look at the image below and find out the names of the missing parts from the box in exercise A. 1 77 4 2 35 6 C Read the definitions below and match the functions 1-6 with the words a-f in the box. a. golgi vesicles b. ribosome c. cell membrane d. nucleus e. lysosome f. cytoplasm organelle (n.): a separated structure in a cell that performs a specific function vesicle (n.): a bubble-like transparent structure that stores and transports cellular products 1. It is the cell substance between the cell membrane and the nucleus. It contains organelles and vesicles and some other elements. 2. It is the core, master control of the cell. It contains genes, and collections of DNA. 3. It is the organelle composed of layers of flattened vesicles. It processes proteins and moves some of them out of the cell. 4. It is the outer coating of the cell. It allows selectively transport substances in and out of the cell. 5. They are small organelles found in all cells. They produce proteins by translating messenger RNA. 6. They are the powerhouses of the cell and break down nutrients to produce energy.

READING A Read the title, first paragraph and answer the questions below. 1. Do you think that it is possible in the future that the scientist will be able to heal any disease with the help of technology? 2. Do you know any food that can be good for some certain diseases? Give some examples. GENETICALLY MODIFIED BANANAS MAY PREVENT BLINDNESS IN CHILDREN Hundreds of thousands of children in Africa may soon receive a new tool in the fight against blindness if a genetically modified banana created by researchers in Australia is approved. James Dale, a professor at the Queensland University of Technology was in charge of this research, and he was hopeful about the results. He said that they had made all the constructs which prepared the genes going into bananas and then put them in bananas at the Queensland University. According to Dale, his team, which includes five Ph.D. students, has successfully modified the banana genome, producing a fruit with higher levels of beta-carotene. This beta-carotene is converted to vitamin A in the body. Vitamin A helps prevent sight loss, and it is also important for building healthy immune systems and brain development. “We’re aiming to increase the level of vitamin A in the genetically modified bananas,” he explains. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), vitamin A deficiency is the leading cause of preventable blindness in children and is an especially serious problem in Africa. It’s estimated that deficiency of vitamin A may be responsible for the deaths of 650,000 to 700,000 children under the age of six each year, and for another 300,000 going blind. “The project has the potential to have a huge positive impact on the food products across Africa, and in 78 doing so, will lift the health and wellbeing of countless millions of people over generations,” adds Dale. B Scan the text and mark the statements as True or False. 1. _________ The research the team is able to modify the banana genome. 2. _________ Fruit with higher levels of beta-carotene help arthritis. 3. _________ Vitamin A helps prevent sight lost. 4. _________ Vitamin A deficiency can lead to blindness in children. 5. _________ The deficiency of vitamin A is a big problem all over the world. 6. _________ It is estimated that each year 650,000 to 700,000 children under the age of six die due to a deficiency of vitamin A. C Match the words below with their definitions. 1. modify (v.) a. to change. 2. genome (n.) b. the lack of something that is essential for health. 3. convert (v.) c. an organism’s genetic material. 4. deficiency (n.) d. to redesign, change the original. 5. preventable (adj.) e. something that could have been stopped from happening.

9A GENETICS GRAMMAR relative clauses with who / which / that A Read the sentences below and answer the questions. a. A butcher is a person who sells meat. b. A photocopier is a machine which makes copies of documents. 1. What is the difference between the two sentences above? 2. What / who is described in example a? 3. What / who is described in example b? B Complete the rules in the chart with “who”, “which” and “that”. To describe people To describe things / animals ___________ or ___________ ___________ or ___________ C Fill in the blanks with ‘who’ or ‘which’. 79 1. I work for a man who has an office in New York. 2. The apples __________ aren’t fresh are on the table. 3. We liked the waiter __________ was very polite. 4. The red bag __________ I bought last week is very expensive. 5. The boy __________ comes from Malaysia works as a receptionist here. 6. Joan has broken the mobile phone __________ her parents bought last week. 7. The movie __________ you liked last night is not a Hollywood production. D Make relative clauses using the sentences below. e.g.: The dog is mine. It is white and brown. The dog which is white and brown is mine. 1. I met a soldier. He fought in World War II. 2. The novel is quite exciting. I am reading it now. 3. Her cousins live in Austria. They run their own business. 4. That girl is a successful swimmer. I’ve known her for almost ten years. 5. I love eating apples. They contain a lot of vitamins. grammar p.118

9A GENETICS SPEAKING A Work in pairs and discuss the following questions. 1. What does GM (genetically modified) food mean? 2. Do you think GM food is safe to eat? 3. Do you think genetically modified food is dangerous? Why? Why not? 80

9B GENETICS WARM UP A Work in pairs and answer the following questions. 1. What do you understand from the term ‘organic food’? 2. Do you think we eat healthy food? Why? VOCABULARY A Read the definition below and complete the following sentences with the words 1-8. trait (n.): a typical characteristic or feature, usually of a person or other living thing. It can pass to offspring through genes. a. genotype b. heterozygous c. inherited d. offspring e. phenotype f. purebred g. recessive h. alleles 1. When an animal has genuine parents of the same species, it is called __________. 81 2. _________ gene shows its specific trait when both parents pass the gene to the child. 3. Getting different eye color gene forms from mom and dad result in a _____________ gene. 4. Curly hair and straight hair have different ___________—one is coded for curly and the other for straight. 5. An _______ is either the child, or immediate descendant of a human, animal or plant. 6. ____________ can be defined as an organism’s physical appearance or visible traits. 7. If a disease or a trait is passed by genetic transmission from the ancestor to the child, it is called _____. 8. __________ means the different forms of a gene. B Read the following words and match them with their antonyms from exercise A. Use only four of them. 1. acquired 2. dominant 3. homozygous 4. hybrid C Work in pairs. Read and answer the following questions. Then share and compare your answers with your partner. 1. Who is the famous scientist who did important experiments on plant hybridization? a. Robert Boyle b. Gregor Mendel c. Isaac Newton 2. When the genotype consists of a dominant and a recessive allele, the phenotype will be like ___________ allele. a. dominant b. recessive c. neither 3. What is heredity? a. a type of gene b. having two identical alleles for a trait. c. the passing of genes from one’s parents to offspring 4. What does DNA mean? a. Double Nucleus Allele b. Deoxyribonucleic Acid c. Dominant Nucleic Acid 5. A change of the DNA in an organism that results in a new trait is known as a ___________. a. mutation b. hybridization c. cloning

READING A Read the first paragraph, the title and answer the questions below. 1. Do you think the food that you buy from the stores is healthy? Do you agree with some people who claims that all packaged food is bad for health? 2. Would you like to grow your own fruits and vegetables if it was possible? Do you find it healthier? ARE ORGANIC FOODS BETTER FOR KIDS? More than two-third of consumers buy organic products, and many decide to “go organic” when they become parents. Why? Because many feel that healthier food choices mean choosing organic food. What is organic? Organic refers to the way meat, dairy, fruits, and vegetables are grown and processed. Organic farming bans the use of toxic chemicals, antibiotics, and genetically modified organisms (GMOs). Is organic food worth the higher cost? “Yes,” says best-selling author and pediatrician Dr. William Sears. Sears says pollutants in the air and water and in food all have the potential to harm your child’s health. “So, while you’re keeping them safe from environmental toxins, give them organic food that’s free of chemical toxins.” Growing bodies are more vulnerable to the toxins, says Sears, since they are stored in fat, and infants have proportionately more body fat than adults. He also points out that adult food “safety limits” may not be safe for children — kids don’t eat or metabolize toxins like adults, and the amount of food they eat is 82 greater in proportion to their body weight than the same food eaten by an adult. “Are organic foods really that much healthier?” asks Dr. Sears. “Yes,” he answers. “I believe they’re the best choice for kids.” In fact, Sears recommends organic dairy such as yogurt as a first food. He specifically recommends organic yogurts. He also recommends that parents choose organic fruits and vegetables. B Match the following definitions with the bold words from the text. 1. food which has chemical ingredients so as to make it stay fresh for a long time 2. being in a situation where your body is easily affected by harm 3. something that damages the environment by making water, air or other things dirty 4. to damage C Scan the text again and choose the best alternative. 1. Why do people like to buy organic food when they have a baby? a. Because they think organic food contains GMO. b. Because they want to protect the baby’s health by not giving food containing chemicals. c. Because parents think that babies are vulnerable to organic food. d. Because parents need something different in their lives. 2. From the items below, what is the one which is not banned in organic farming? a. Toxic chemicals b. Soil c. Antibiotics d. Genetically Modified Organisms.

9B GENETICS 3. Which of these things below can harm a child’s health according to the Dr. Sears? a. Dairy. b. Pollutants in the air and water. c. Dry meat. d. The whole environment of the child. 4. Why are growing bodies vulnerable to the toxins? a. Because toxins are stored in fat and compared to the adults, infants have more fat in their bodies. b. Because growing bodies can vomit if they consume toxins. c. Because adults can get rid of the toxins easily. d. Because toxins are only bad for infants. C Match the words below with the pictures. 1. Meat 2. Dairy 3. Vegetable 4. Fruit a. b. c. d. GRAMMAR indirect questions and requests 83 A Read the sentences below and compare them. Do they have the same or different meanings? a. “Where is Will going?” b. “Do you know where Will is going?” B Read the examples below and match them with their usages. 1. “Can you tell me what Helen studies at university?” 2. “I was wondering if it is raining outside.” 3. “Do you know how old Wendy is?” a. In indirect questions, ‘verb to be’, ‘have / has’ or modal verbs come after the subject. b. In indirect questions with ‘do / does / did’, these helping verbs are omitted and the question is formed like an affirmative one. c. When the direct question is a ‘yes / no question’, we make the indirect question / request using if, instead of a question word. C Rewrite the direct questions below in indirect forms. 1. “Where is the hospital?” Do you know … grammar p.120 2. “Where do you come from?” I’d like to know … 3. “Did you see Patrick yesterday?” Can you tell me … 4. “Could you take us to the office today?” Would it be possible … 5. “What are you cooking for dinner?” I was wondering …

9B GENETICS PROFESSIONAL LIFE asking for and giving permission A Put the phrases into the correct places in the table below. a. Do you mind if I sit here? b. No, please don’t. c. Sure. d. Please feel free. e. Can / Could I use the toilet, please? asking for permission giving permission refusing to give permission Is it okay if I use your Sure, go ahead. I’m afraid, you phone charger? No problem. can’t. May I turn on the Yes, please do. I’m sorry, but air-conditioner, _______________ that’s not possible. please? _______________ (formal) Would it be all right if I _______________ parked there? (formal) Would you mind if I closed the window? (formal) __________________ __________________ B Read and match the columns to make permission expressions. 84 1. Could I a. if I smoked? 2. Would you mind b. I borrowed your pen for a second? 3. Do you mind if c. leave my luggage here? 4. Would it be all right if d. I eat or drink at the shop? C Put the words in order. 1. if I / take / photos / in this cave? / Is it okay __________________________________________________ 2. a good / Thanks / idea. / a lot. / That’s __________________________________________________ 3. What / Sure. / the problem? / is __________________________________________________ 4. Excuse me, / ask / I / something? / may __________________________________________________ 5. welcome / You / are. __________________________________________________ 6. but / not / possible. / Sorry / that’s __________________________________________________ 7. souvenir shop. / You / buy postcards / can / from / the __________________________________________________ SPEAKING A Work in pairs. Read the instructions below and role play the activity. Student A: You are in a hospital and you want to visit one of your friends who was badly injured in an accident. However, you notice that you can only visit your friend on Sundays. You cannot visit your friend on Sunday because you won’t be in the city. You decide to visit the doctor’s office and ask for permission to visit your friend on another day. Student B: You are a doctor at a local hospital. Student A comes and asks for permission to visit his / her friend but you know that the patients can only be visited on Sundays. You have to refuse him / her and ask him / her permission to come on Sunday.

10 PSYCHIATRY

10A PSYCHIATRY WARM UP A Work in pairs and discuss the questions below. 1. Have you ever suffered from depression? 2. Is depression a serious health problem or is it just a bad mood? Give reasons. 3. What can we do to overcome depression? VOCABULARY mental illnesses and disorders A Look at the words in the box and underline the ones you know. Discuss the ones you don’t know with your partner. a depression /anxiety disorder b autism c bipolar disorder e phobia f schizophrenia d eating disorders B Read the definitions below and complete them with the correct words from exercise A. 1. ____________ is characterized by mood swings between great energy (mania) and depression. 2. ____________ is characterized by excessive worry and tension. 3. ____________ is a serious mental illness that affects behavior, thinking, and emotion. Patients with it 86 often hear internal voices not heard by others (hallucinations) or believe things that other people find absurd (delusions). 4. ____________ is a strong and usually irrational fear of something. 5. ____________ has common symptoms like limited communication, little social interaction and having very limited interests. It is generally diagnosed in childhood. 6. Any psychological disorder characterized by abnormal eating habits such as anorexia and bulimia are called ____________. C Look at the images below and match them with the following sentences. a. b. c. d. e. f. 1. Eva suffers from claustrophobia. She hardly uses the lift even though her office is on the 8th floor. 2. I believe that Sally has a kind of eating disorder because she never feels comfortable eating even a slice of pizza. 3. I think Karen’s brother has a type of schizophrenia. He insists he can hear strange voices and see ghosts on the walls during the night even though he is twenty-six! 4. Jane has had bipolar disorder since she lost her father. She suddenly bursts into tears while she is laughing. 5. Miriam is suffering from a severe depression these days. She prefers to stay in even on weekends instead of going out with us. 6. Tim and his wife were shocked when their little son was diagnosed with autism.

READING A Read the title and the first paragraph then answer the questions below. 1. Do you know of any historical figures who suffered from mental illness? If so share what you know with a partner. If not, ask a friend who knows. 2. Do you know any symptoms of psychological disorders? Do you know anyone who has a psychological disorder? Share the information with a partner. FAMOUS HISTORIC FIGURES WHO HAD BIPOLAR DISORDER Did you know that today, psychologists can diagnose any historical figure’s psychological condition by analyzing his or her life? They find as much information as they can from history books, museums, and archives. Then they can analyze any “patient” from the dusty pages of history books. Some well-known historic figures have been diagnosed with bipolar disorder, which means having mood disorders where patient experience both manic and depressive periods. Here are some examples: Composer Ludwig van Beethoven Known for his brilliant gift for composing amazing music which contrasted with his difficult life at home, Ludwig van Beethoven not only suffered from deafness, but he also had bipolar disorder. Beethoven became deaf at an early age. He also suffered from fever and headaches. As he got older, the disease began to affect him more and more. He often thought about suicide, a common symptom of bipolar disorder. He also went through an emotional period, which had a negative effect on his compositions. He showed lots of symptoms of bipolar disorder which caused him to have bad relationships because of his arguments and delusions. Painter Vincent Van Gogh 87 The Dutch painter Vincent Van Gogh created more than 2,000 artworks made up of 900 paintings and 1,100 drawings and sketches. However, his life was characterized by a series of physical and psychological illnesses. Van Gogh experienced depression and moments of bipolar emotions, a situation which led him to act aggressively. He could sit and write for long hours, which explains his 800 letters to his brother which are used today for explaining his work. The belief that depression was the force behind his art, coupled with these characteristics, affirms that he suffered from bipolar disorder. Van Gogh also suffered from other illnesses, which may have contributed to his depression. He was born with a brain lesion, which was become worse due to his drug use. He was using drugs to improve the perception of some bright colors, resulting in epileptic seizures. To relieve epilepsy and depression, he often drank alcohol, which worsened his epilepsy. French Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte Perhaps the greatest French political and military leader of the 19th century, Napoleon was known for his intelligence and strong personality. He was admired by his teachers for his success in mathematics, geography, and history. As an adult, he showed his intelligence by applying it to his military strategies and calculating his moves carefully, which gave him many victories. However, Napoleon was believed to have suffered from bipolar disorder due to his aggressiveness and moodiness. His extreme intelligence might also be connected to bipolar disorder, as many believe there is a connection between being bipolar and having high intelligence. Rock Star Elvis Presley Even though Elvis Presley’s fans still remember him as the legendary star of rock ‘n’ roll, his destructive and abusive behavior has led experts to declare that Elvis was suffering from bipolar disorder. Many psychologists place Elvis’ chronic depression, drug abuse, and eating disorder into the category of a personality disorder, saying the rock star was not aware of how serious his condition really was.

10A PSYCHIATRY B Scan the text and mark the statements below as true or false. 1. _________ Psychologists can diagnose historical figures by learning their lives. 2. ________ Beethoven was deaf as well as being bipolar. 3. _________ The painter Van Gogh was smoking in order to see bright colors. 4. _________ Some people believe that there is a connection between being bipolar and having an intelligent mind. 5. _________ Rock Star Elvis Presley had only one psychological disorder, which was being bipolar. C Look at the words below and match them with the photos. a. chronic depression b. drug abuse c. eating disorder d. personality disorder 1. 2. 88 3. 4.

10A PSYCHIATRY GRAMMAR present perfect simple vs. present perfect continuous A Look at the pictures and read the sentences. Then answer the questions below. Caroline has been cooking the meal Caroline has cooked the meal 1. Compare the pictures and sentences above. In which did Caroline finish cooking? In which is she still cooking? 2. Which tenses are used in the sentences? Why? B Match the sentences with the correct time expressions. 1. Have you booked your ticket a. before. 89 2. Amanda has been learning to drive for b. yet? 3. Judy has broken more than five mobile phones c. lately. 4. Tom needs a rest because he has been working in the field d. so far. 5. This is my first time. I haven’t ridden a motorbike e. six years. 6. My sister feels great these days. She has been getting up early f. since 7 am. C Fill in the gaps with the correct form of the verbs in brackets (Present perfect simple or continuous) 1. I’m sorry my shoes are dirty. I _______________ (plant) vegetables in the garden since this morning. 2. Finally I’ll go abroad this summer. You know, I _______________ (save) money for months. 3. I’m afraid I won’t join you at the cinema tonight because I _______ already ________ (see) that film three times! 4. _________ they _________ (decorate) the room for the party yet? 5. Nickolas _______________ (not / sleep) for almost twenty-two hours. 6. She _______________ (want) to get the job because she needs money for her education. 7. Mr. Rogers _______________ (write) more than fifty novels so far. 8. Who _________ you _________ (talk) to on the phone for an hour? WRITING grammar p.121 A Write a short paragraph about the things you want to do when you get old.

10B PSYCHIATRY WARM UP A Work in pairs. Look at the pictures below and discuss the following questions. 1. Have you got a stressful life? If yes, why is it stressful? 2. What is the biggest source of stress in our lives? Why? 90 VOCABULARY adjectives related to mental care A Read the following adjectives and match them with their synonyms. 1. catatonic 2. overjoyed 3. paranoid 4. insistent 5. devastated 6. indifferent a. happy b. repetitive c. shocked d. suspicious e. unconscious f. uninterested B Look at the word webs below and complete them with the adjectives from exercise A. autism schizophrenia bipolar disorder

READING A Read the title and the first paragraph and then answer the questions below. 1. Have you ever felt so much pressure on you? When did it happen and what was the reason for the stress? 2. Do you know how to cope with stress? If so, share the information with a partner. If you do not, ask anybody from class. THE BUSY PERSON’S GUIDE TO STRESS REDUCTION Stress is one of the biggest causes of health problems in many peoples’ lives: it can cause heart 91 disease, depression, anxiety attacks, sleep problems, immune diseases, weight problems, and more. Nevertheless, we’re busy, how do we drop the stress levels down while still getting our jobs done, taking care of ourselves and our families? The busy person might have no time for meditation, mini-vacations, or weekly counseling sessions. What can be done? There are five small things you can do. These won’t solve the most severe stress problems, but they’ll help most of us. 1. Be completely in one task. Instead of being in the stressful task-switching mode, take your next task, let everything else go, and just be in the moment with this one task. Let yourself work on one task, letting go of the feeling that you need to quickly rush through it, that you need to get on to the next task. There will always be a next task. Just be in this one task, like it’s your entire universe. 2. See your ideals & let go of control. Fear is causing you to be stressed, not external factors like your job or family problems. Those external things are just a part of life, but they become stressful when you fear failure, fear people won’t like you, fear you are not good enough, and so on. This fear is based on some ideal. You have an image that you are going to succeed, be perfect, have people like you, and be comfortable all the time. These ideals are a way to be in control of the world that you don’t actually control, but they are hurting you by causing fear and stress. Instead, let go of control. Be okay with chaos and trust that things will work out. You will fear less and be less stressed. 3. Accept people & smile. We get upset at other people because they don’t meet our ideals of how they should act. Instead, try accepting them for who they are, and recognizing that, like you, they are imperfect and seeking happiness. They are doing their best. Accept them, smile, and enjoy your time with those people. 4. Take a brief walk. When things are getting stressful, take 2-3 minutes to take a walk and clear your mind. 5. Do short mindfulness practices. You can pay attention to your breath for 30 seconds. You can watch your thoughts, fears, ideals for a minute. You can walk mindfully, paying attention to your body, your feet, your breath, as you walk. You can do each of these kinds of mind practices in little bits throughout your day. Also, note that many people cope with stress in unhealthy ways — alcohol, smoking, drugs, unhealthy eating, watching TV, procrastinating. Ironically these cause more stress. Instead, learn to cope with stress.

10B PSYCHIATRY B Scan the text and mark the statements as true or false. 1. _________ Stress can cause diseases like depression, anxiety attacks, sleeping problems. 2. _________ There are some certain things to do to avoid stress, which can completely solve the problem. 3. _________ In order to avoid stress, focusing on one task is better. 4. _________ People smile at you when you are depressed. 5. _________ No matter how much a person tries, she/he cannot relieve stress. C Match the words below with their definitions. 1. Drop (v): a. Changing the thing that you are responsible for doing. 2. (Psychological) counseling (phrase): b. The outer, outside part of something. 3. Task-switch (phrase): c. To postpone, delay a job because of laziness. 4. External (adj): d. To deal with, handle. 5. Procrastinate (v): e. To decline in amount. 6. Cope with (phrasal verb): f. Going to a psychologist to get advice, help. GRAMMAR conditionals: second conditional A Read the sentences below and choose the correct words in italics. a. My sister would be a good student if she studied more. b. If we weren’t close friends, I would be angry with him. c. If we lived in Germany, I could speak German. 92 1. We use ‘second conditional’ to talk about imaginary / possible situations and their results in the present / future time. 2. We use simple present / past in condition clauses; and we can use would or could + V1 / Ving in result clauses. 3. ‘Second conditional’ can also be used for giving advice / future plans. B Make ‘second conditional’ sentences with the words below. 1. I / needed/ if / would / I / your help / call you. ______________________________________________________ 2. if / your artistic skills / I / had / could / I / be / a famous painter. ______________________________________________________ 3. I / could / join / if / you / I / was free / on Friday evening. ______________________________________________________ 4. I / If / lived / a hundred / to be / would / be / a nice old man / I. ______________________________________________________ 5. would / what / you / if / do / an alien / you / met? ______________________________________________________ 6. you / would / if / get angry / someone / your hair brush / used ? ______________________________________________________ C Fill in the gaps with the correct form of the verbs in brackets. grammar p.122 1. If I ____________ (live) by the sea, I would be a happier person. 2. I wouldn’t argue with her if I ____________ (have) your mother. 3. If it ____________ (not be) cold outside, I ____________ (wear) my new dress. 4. We would certainly invite him if he ____________ (not be) such an arrogant man. 5. Anna ____________ (exercise) more if she ____________ (not work) so hard. 6. If my parents ____________ (let) me drive their car, I could take you to the airport. 7. If I ____________ (be) you, I ____________ (rent) a bigger apartment.

10B PSYCHIATRY PROFESSIONAL LIFE The following expressions are useful, especially for the beginners in business life. getting started and talking about Let’s get started. 93 the agenda We need to discuss . . . The first thing we need to discuss is . . . presenting options The first item on the agenda is . . . asking for clarification First, we need to talk about . . . making suggestion We have several alternatives / options asking for opinions and checking We could either . . . or . . . consensus Let’s move on to the next topic. summarizing and closing the The next item (of business) is . . . meeting Shall/Should we move on? I don’t quite follow you. I didn’t get what you meant by . . . Could you clarify that? I think we should . . . I suggest . . . / Why don’t we . . . / How about . . . / We could . . . What’s your opinion on that, Dan? Any thoughts on that? Any ideas? Do we all agree (on that)? In summary, . . . So, we’ve decided to . . . We’re going to . . . (then) That’s all for today. The meeting is adjourned. (very formal) A Read and answer the following questions. 1. Have you ever attended a business meeting? 2. If yes, could you say the procedures the attendees follow during the meeting? If not what do you think about the procedures the attendees are required to follow during a meeting? B Complete the sentences with the possible expressions from the box. any thoughts on that? / first, we need to talk about . . ./I didn’t get what you meant by . . ./ in summary, . . ./ let’s move on to the next topic /the meeting is adjourned /we have several alternatives /we need to discuss . . ./why don’t we . . . 1. To get started and talk about the agenda, we say: _____________________. 2. To present options, we say: ___________________________. 3. To ask for clarification, we say: ________________________ . . . 4. To make a suggestion, we say: _________________ . . . 5. To ask for opinions and check consensus, we ask: __________________? 6. To summarize and close the meeting, we say: ________________________.

10B PSYCHIATRY SPEAKING A Work in pairs. Look at the pictures and discuss the following questions. 1. Which jobs are more stressful? 2. Why are they more stressful? 3. Which jobs are less stressful? 4. Why are they less stressful? 5. Which job would you like to do most? Why? a b 94 c d