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ACADEMIC SURVIVAL SKILLS I Gonca Gülen Burçin Hasanbaşoğlu Elif Şeşen Gökçe Tokdemir Department of Modern Languages METU BLACKswan LANGUAGEs e r i e s

www.blackswan.com.tr

3 Foreword METU Department of Modern Languages is one of the premier providers of academic language support in Turkey. Known for its energy and unwavering commitment to quality, the department excels not just in teaching but also in other areas such as tutoring, teacher training, testing and materials development. This book is the most recent example of a remarkable endeavor undertaken by the department. With the exemplary efforts of four of our colleagues, we have been able to produce this integrated-skills thematic EAP course book for use in tertiary institutions with non-native speakers of English. As such, the book is a summation of the collective teaching expertise of the department and the feedback of many thousand successful METU students, past and present. I would like to thank Elif Şeşen, Gonca Gülen, Burçin Hasanbaşoğlu and Gökçe Tokdemir for their commitment to the department, to the profession and to making a difference in people’s lives. I would also like to thank the many other instructors of the department who contributed to the book with their editing skills, feedback, support and encouragement. I feel fortunate to be part of such a distinguished and successful group. Hoping that the users will enjoy and learn from this book, Aylin Graves, Chair METU Department of Modern Languages

4 Acknowledgements We would like to express our deepest gratitude to the assistant director of the School of Foreign Languages, Nihal Cihan; the present chairperson of the Modern Languages Department, Aylin Graves; and the assistant chairpersons Nil Zelal Akar and Tamay Ergüven Orhan for the encouragement, understanding, feedback and insight they have given throughout the entire writing process of this book. We are much indebted to our colleagues Elif Özgüvenç, Filiz Emel Dikmen, Oya Sezginer, Yeşim Somuncuoğlu, Üstün Reinart, Nükte Öcal Durhan, Cahide Çavuşoğlu, Seyhan Güneşer Göçmen, Eylem Mengi, Filiz Etiz, Parama C. Deb, Çiğdem Mekik, Reyhan Atasever, Lisa Ponzetti, Selin Alperer Tatlı, and Funda Pehlivanoğlu Noyes for sparing their time to give us invaluable and continuous feedback as well as support and encouragement whenever we needed. We would also like to take the opportunity to thank the writers of the previous text books in our department: Nihal Cihan, Cahide Çavuşoğlu, Vildan Şahin, Selin Alperer Tatlı, Ceyda Eşit, Funda Pehlivanoğlu Noyes, Özlem Sığınan, Yeşim Somuncuoğlu, Ayten Doğu Bağcı, Esra Music, Buket Tarakçıoğlu and Şahika Tarhan. It is thanks to their experience and guiding work that we shaped the content of this book. We would also like to thank the members of the research committee Şahika Tarhan and Duygu Güntek for providing us with data about the English 101 course. We would gratefully like to acknowledge the colleagues who helped us with the recordings of the listening scripts: Murat Aydın, Tuğçe Bölükbaşı, Derem Çanga, Parama C. Deb, Çiğdem Mekik, Eylem Mengi, Dan Noyes, Burcu Tümer, and Levent Yıldız. It is also Ümit Sarıoğlu, Levent Yıldız, and İdil Gülen who have given us technical support that we owe thanks to. Special thanks to all our colleagues in the Department of Modern Languages for their comments and support. Finally, we would like to express our gratitude to our families for their support, patience and faith in us. Gonca Gülen Burçin Hasanbaşoğlu Elif Şeşen Gökçe Tokdemir

5 The Aim of the Book This book is designed with the ultimate aim of developing university students into autonomous learners of English as a foreign language. To achieve this end, this book adopts a constructivist approach; it integrates the four skills- reading, writing, listening, and speaking- using a thematic approach. Throughout the book, a variety of relevant, coherent and thematic tasks build on each other towards higher competence in using English in an academic context through thematic reading texts. Along with the thematic flow of the book, each unit presents different language skills and recycles the ones covered in the previous units. The reading texts are accompanied with thematic listening tasks, speaking tasks, writing tasks, and vocabulary building tasks. The book aims at developing not only language skills but also cognitive skills through tasks involving higher order thinking skills such as analyzing, synthesizing, and evaluating ideas. The tasks “Making Connections”, “Going One Step Further”, “Reaction”, and “Your Country under Spotlight” are designed to enhance all these skills by encouraging students to find relationships and to synthesize information. All the texts and tasks in the book revolve around one main theme: Change. The book looks at the theme of “change” from different views. Each unit dwells on one specific aspect of the concept. The book starts with the concept of “Changing the Self ” and gradually moves towards a broader topic: “Changing Life”. The texts in the book are carefully selected to appeal to students with different backgrounds and perspectives. With the contemporary and controversial issues raised, the book aims to address students’ affective domain as well. The book introduces vital skills that the students may need in their departmental courses. Strategies such as previewing a book, using graphic organizers or taking marginal notes are included in the book as “Study Skills”. We hope that both students and teachers will enjoy using Academic: Survival Skills I. Gonca Gülen Burçin Hasanbaşoğlu Elif Şeşen Gökçe Tokdemir

An Overview of the Book READING UNIT 1 UNIT 2 Previewing Guessing unknown vocabulary Skimming Strengthening the use of dictionaries Scanning Identifying points of reference WRITING Writing an expository paragraph Writing a reaction paragraph Listening for the main idea LISTENING Listening for specific information SPEAKING Listening for the main idea Describing a photograph / picture STUDY SKILLS Expressing an opinion Asking for clarification Using graphic organizers Asking questions Highlighting and note-taking Debating Previewing a book Previewing a text Speed reading Table of Contents FOREWORD................................................................................................................................................ 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS........................................................................................................................ 4 THE AIM OF THE BOOK......................................................................................................................... 5 AN OVERVIEW OF THE BOOK............................................................................................................. 6 INTRODUCTORY UNIT: VIEWS ON “CHANGE”............................................................................ 8 UNIT 1: CHANGING THE SELF.......................................................................................................... 12 Text: Your Masterpiece – Yourself........................................................................................................... 19 Text: Change of Face ... Change of “Self “................................................................................................ 31 Study Skills: Previewing / Speed Reading............................................................................................... 56 UNIT 2: CHANGING COMMUNICATIONS..................................................................................... 63 Text: Online Identities............................................................................................................................... 68 Text: This is Your Space............................................................................................................................. 86 Study Skills: Using Graphic Organizers / Highlighting and Note-taking................................................................................................................ 101 UNIT 3: CHANGING HABITS............................................................................................................ 107 Text: The Future of Reading in Online Revolution............................................................................. 113 Text: Viewers Reveal Changing TV Habits.......................................................................................... 131

UNIT 3 UNIT 4 Understanding figurative speech Making inferences Identifying the writer’s technique Distinguishing between a fact and an opinion Writing a reaction paragraph Reading between the lines Writing an expository paragraph Writing an expository essay Listening for specific information Writing a reaction paragraph Listening for implied ideas Using discussion language Giving reasons Understanding long sentences UNIT 4: CHANGING GENERATIONS.............................................................................................. 167 Text: Kids Today....................................................................................................................................... 172 Text: It’s Time to Grow Up – Later ....................................................................................................... 185 Study Skills: Understanding Long Sentences....................................................................................... 194 CONCLUDING UNIT: CHANGING LIFE........................................................................................ 197 Text: The New Face of Education........................................................................................................... 198 Text: The New Face of Moral Values..................................................................................................... 199 Text: The New Face of Environment..................................................................................................... 200 Text: The New Face of Machines ........................................................................................................... 201 Text: The New Face of Energy................................................................................................................ 202 APPENDICES.......................................................................................................................................... 205 1.7 Keys to Comprehension.................................................................................................................... 206 2. Transitions............................................................................................................................................ 207 3. Prefixes and Suffixes............................................................................................................................ 213 4. Roots ..................................................................................................................................................... 219 5. Commonly Made Mistakes to be Avoided ...................................................................................... 222 6. A Brief Guide to Punctuation............................................................................................................ 226 7. Grammar............................................................................................................................................... 230 8. Study Skills Answer Key...................................................................................................................... 239 BIBLIOGRAPHY..................................................................................................................................... 241

U N I TINTRODUCTORY Views on “Change”

9 Discussion 1. Read the quotes below on the theme of “change” and identify what aspect of change each quote dwells on. 2. Form groups of four and discuss with your classmates which of the quotes you like the most and explain why. “Nothing is permanent but change” – Heraclitus “People are very open-minded about new things - as long as they’re exactly like the old ones.” - Charles Kettering “People can cry much easier than they can change.” - James Baldwin “People seldom improve when they have no other model but themselves to copy after.” - Oliver Goldsmith “Progress is a nice word. But change is its motivator. And change has its enemies.” - Robert Kennedy “That’s the risk you take if you change: that people you’ve been involved with won’t like the new you. But other people who do will come along.” - Lisa Alther “The art of life lies in a constant readjustment to our surroundings.” - Okakura Kakuzo “He who rejects change is the architect of decay.  The only human institution which rejects progress is the cemetery.”  - Harold Wilson “If you don’t like something change it; if you can’t change it, change the way you think about it.”  - Mary Engelbreit

“It is not necessary to change.  Survival is not mandatory.”  - W. Edwards Deming “All changes, even the most longed for, have their melancholy; for what we leave behind us is a part of ourselves; we must die to one life before we can enter another.”  - Anatole France “When we are no longer able to change a situation, we are challenged to change ourselves.”  - Victor Frankl “Change always comes bearing gifts.”  - Price Pritchett “Just because everything is different doesn’t mean anything has changed.” - Irene Peter “The man who never alters his opinion is like standing water, and breeds reptiles of the mind.”  - William Blake “If nothing ever changed, there’d be no butterflies.” - Author Unknown “We did not change as we grew older; we just became more clearly ourselves.”  - Lynn Hall “It is not the strongest of the species that survive, nor the most intelligent, but the one most responsive to change.” - Author unknown “The wheel of change moves on, and those who were down go up and those who were up go down.”  - Jawaharlal Nehru “All change is not growth, as all movement is not forward.” - Ellen Glasgow “If you want to make enemies, try to change something.”  - Woodrow Wilson “After you’ve done a thing the same way for two years, look it over carefully.  After five years, look at it with suspicion.  And after ten years, throw it away and start all over.”  - Alfred Edward Perlman “Continuity gives us roots; change gives us branches, letting us stretch and grow and reach new heights.”  - Pauline R. Kezer “People don’t change.  Only their costumes do.”  - Gene Moore

Academic Survival Skills I 11 “Things do not change; we change.”  - Henry David Thoreau “Our only security is our ability to change.”  - John Lilly “You could not step twice into the same river; for other waters are ever flowing onto you.” – Heraclitus Quotes taken from: Khurana, S. (Ed.). (2003). A select collection of quote: Change. Retrieved April 8, 2008, from http://quotations.about.com/cs/inspirationquotes/a/Change6.htm Quotations about change. (2007). Retrieved April 8, 2008, from http://www.quotegarden.com/change.html 3. As a group, write your own quote on the theme of “change”. 4. Considering the last decade, discuss with your classmates in which areas of life you have witnessed “change”. Fill in the chart below. Give specific examples. change

12 Changing the Self 1U N I T This book is on the theme: “change”. The starting point of change is the individual. Therefore, in Unit 1, you will study the concept of “changing the self ”.

13 In this unit, you will study the following skills: Reading: Speaking: n Previewing n Expressing an opinion n Skimming n Asking for clarification n Scanning n Asking questions n Identifying points of reference n Debating Writing: Language: n Writing an organized paragraph: n Identifying word combinations • Identifying explicit / implicit main ideas Critical thinking: • Separating major details from minor details n Making connections between ideas • Outlining n Reacting to an idea • Identifying patterns of organization n Reflecting on an idea • Identifying supporting techniques n Evaluating different viewpoints • Writing a concluding sentence n Making predictions • Maintaining coherence • Maintaining unity Study skills: n Using the target vocabulary learnt so far n Previewing a book in writing n Previewing a text n Speed reading Listening: n Listening for specific information n Listening for the main idea

UNIT 114 Changing the Self READING GETTING STARTED A. It seems that nowadays people are increasingly interested in changing themselves. Perhaps with the desire to look younger and more attractive, a great number of people try to modify their physical appearance. The following paragraph discusses this modern day desire to look different. Read the paragraph and with your classmate, try to determine what the jumbled words are. Developments in technology have been central to shifts in our understanding of what it is to be human, and the boundaries between body, nature and environment. Few would disagree that changes in technology reach into and transform our understanding of the body. In recent years, for example, (1. oydb – inglbudi) _____________________________ and (2. ftnssie ootechlniesg) _____________________________ have been developed parallel to increases in (3. ygm ebrhmemsip) ______________________ and (4. tpueqimen onerpwshi) _____________________________. The increase in (5. lcpasti rgersuy) _____________________________ is another example of the ways in which the body has been opened up to technological change, transforming our notion of the body, and the boundaries between natural and artificial, human and non-human. Adapted from: Adams, M. (2007). Self and social change. London: Sage Publications. B. Discussion 1. With your classmate, discuss other possible ways as to how people alter their physical appearance. 2. Make a list of the possible reasons why people might want to change their appearance. Reason

Academic Survival Skills I 15 15 C. Glancing at the Text 1. Before you start to read the text, “Your Masterpiece – Yourself ” on page 19, look at the title, the picture and the first sentences of the paragraphs. What do you think the text is about? Write down what you think the writer will discuss without reading the text. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ Previewing: Focusing on a Skill Instead of reading the text straight away, in this exercise you previewed the text; that is, you looked at the title, name of author, referential information, length, format, and illustration. PREVIEWING helps readers to predict the content, the purpose, the level of difficulty, and the organization of a text. Successful readers often preview the text they are going to read and PREDICT what the writer intends to say. The ability to predict is an important aid to understanding. Even if the expectations are wrong, predicting helps readers to start thinking about the topic and get actively involved. Adapted from: Cihan, N., Çavuşoğlu, C., & Şahin, V. (2003). Read to comprehend, write to react I. Ankara: METU Press. 2. Now go through the text in 3 minutes and find the two reasons for changing one’s self-image. Reason 1: ______________________________________ Reason 2: ______________________________________ Skimming: Focusing on a Skill In this exercise, in order to find the reasons for changing self image, you quickly read the text to draw an overall idea about the content. This is called SKIMMING. While skimming, readers try to get the gist (main idea) of a text, understand its organization, or get an idea about the tone or intention of the writer. Skimming is an important reading skill because it is a first glance at a text to see what it presents. THINK: How do you use this skill in real life? Give examples. Adapted from: Cihan, N., Çavuşoğlu, C., & Şahin, V. (2003). Read to comprehend, write to react I. Ankara: METU Press. 3. Now compare the reasons in the text with the ones you found with your classmate in the discussion part on page 14. Which of these are valid reasons to have cosmetic surgery?

16 Unit 1: Changing the Self D. Vocabulary 1. The text, “Your Masterpiece - Yourself ”, is about the reasons for the increasing interest in plastic surgery. Before reading the text, study the following word combinations. Verbs plastic surgery Adjectives plastic surgery to get major / minor to have radical to undergo extensive to need successful /unsuccessful 2. To be familiar with the types of surgery in the text, read their definitions and match them with the photos. 1. _____________ Tummy tuck: A tummy tuck removes excess fat and skin, and in most cases restores weakened or separated muscles creating a smoother and firmer abdomen (belly; stomach area). 2. _____________ Breast augmentation: Breast augmentation involves using implants to have fuller breasts or to restore breast volume lost after weight reduction or pregnancy. 3. _____________ Facelift: Facelift is a surgical procedure to reduce visible signs of aging in the face and neck. 4. _____________ Chin augmentation: Chin augmentation is a surgical procedure to reshape the chin by enhancement with an implant. 5. _____________ Eyelid surgery: Eyelid surgery changes the appearance of the upper eyelids, lower eyelids, or both, making you look more rested and alert. 6. _____________ Rhinoplasty: Also known as nose surgery, rhinoplasty changes the appearance and proportion of your nose. 7. _____________ Liposuction: Liposuction slims and reshapes specific areas of the body by removing fat deposits, changing your body contours and proportion.

Academic Survival Skills I 17 a. b. c. d. e. f. g.

18 Unit 1: Changing the Self 3. The words in bold in the following sentences will appear in the text, “Your Masterpiece - Yourself ”. Match the words with their definitions provided in the box below. 1. _____________ Of the patients who have consulted plastic surgeons in the last 10 years, the majority asked for enhancement of their body image because they were not happy with their physical appearance. 2. _____________ According to the 2007 report of the European Society of Plastic Surgeons, more and more men submit themselves to plastic surgery to achieve a stronger and fit-looking body. 3. _____________ The doctor warned the patient about the complications of the procedure. 4. _____________ The new generation is more interested than the older generation in working out at home or in the gym in pursuit of a perfect body. 5. _____________ Mr. Kenneth has a charming face; the only flaw is the small scar on his chin, which is almost invisible. a. in order to achieve, reach or accomplish something b. improvement in relation to value, quality or attractiveness c. defect; imperfection d. to subject oneself to a process or condition e. operation; surgery 4. The following are some adjectives and nouns used in the text. Go through the text quickly to find their combinations. Write down the nouns next to the adjectives they are used with. Adjectives Nouns 1. Physical ______________________________ outlook surgery 2. Extreme ______________________________ enhancement makeover 3. Different ______________________________ interest procedures 4. Cosmetic a. ___________________________ b. ___________________________ 5. Immense ______________________________

Academic Survival Skills I 19 TEXT Read the text below and do the exercises that follow. “Your Masterpiece - Yourself” 1 Following evaluations with the surgeon, and after surgery is still expensive, but many more people viewing a computer image of what additional are prepared to pay whatever it costs, which is physical enhancements could produce, Mr. Cole commonly seen as one of the major impacts of decided a little may be good, but a lot might be popular culture. better. Two phases of surgery over three weeks included a tummy tuck, a “mini-facelift,” eyelid 4 Popular culture has made us obsessed with surgery, chin augmentation, and rhinoplasty to shorten his nose and remove a bump. The results the two-dimensional images that are digitally of this extreme makeover? To the layman at least, it’s all very natural looking, with no visible enhanced or created to the point where we signs of the surgeries involved. Facelift scars, for example, are near the edges of his earlobes—not identify ourselves with them by using two main the most visible area. The scar from the tummy tuck is hidden so successfully that it is almost sources. One of the sources of these images is invisible. All told, Mr. Cole has been given a different outlook. the magazine covers we see in our visit to the 2 Year on year, there has been a supermarket. Nearly all the magazines have steady increase in the number of people – both men and women so charming people on their covers that our - consulting a specialist for a nip, tuck, or enhancement of subconscious makes us look at them even if some order. In the USA only, almost nine million clients we do not intend to buy those magazines and have such “work” done every year. The number of cosmetic makes us idealize the beauty of these people. procedures jumped a 393 percent in the last decade. The Who can say that he or she has never British are more reticent about it: 500,000 per year, but statistics show had a look at the beauty idols on the that the number is growing dramatically. Only a small group of these patients are reported covers of Elle, Marie Claire, Esquire to have had a single procedure. The rest preferred common combinations such as liposuction and or even Stuff when they drop by a tummy tuck, a facelift with an eyelid tuck, and breast augmentation coupled with a lift the supermarket to pick up (“Health Statistics”, 2008, para. 7). But what has given rise to this immense interest in modifying food for dinner? It is not ourselves? only these magazines; 3 Until the 1980s, cosmetic surgery was a luxury reserved mostly for stars and elite people. TV also frequently However, there is now democratization: cosmetic surgery is not only available but also shows images of beauty accessible to a wider distribution of people. The – both male and female. It’s almost impossible to watch TV for an hour before someone gorgeous appears, whether in a commercial or drama, or perhaps reading the news. “It is no wonder that the identification with the image of beauty on TV is so compelling,” Blum remarks (2003, p. 19). But we are not identifying with actual human beings, rather with their images. These sources of popular culture often lead to idealization and exaggeration of the beauty of these 2-D images, making judgments about ourselves by comparing our bodies against them, and modifying ourselves accordingly.

20 Unit 1: Changing the Self 5 People writer Michelle Green (2004, para. 3), 7 The cultural and moral climate has become one who investigated the impact of these beautiful of “self-interest” and a generation is progressively 2-D images on the young generation, reported isolating itself from the various features of society, on the role of celebrities in the young’s pursuit including military conflict, poverty and injustice of beauty. In her article, she told of fans who that the previous generation challenged. One of submitted themselves to surgical remodeling so the most pronounced tendencies to emerge from that they could look like their favorite celebrities. this climate is the therapeutic outlook, in which Of the youngsters Green interviewed, there were individuals endlessly examine themselves for those who had undergone a couple of surgeries signs of aging and flaws that might diminish their to give their buttocks the J.Lo look, or devotees attractiveness and then rely on plastic surgery of Keanu Reeves who had paid thousands of to remove what makes them uncomfortable. In dollars for rhinoplasties and an implant to fill fact, this is a well-known story: one from ancient out their chins. Fans said they learnt about Greece. Lasch (1991, p. 82) likens the modern how the fabulous looks of the stars they saw on generation to Narcissus because of the excessive screens and magazines were not as special or as interest they show in their own personal features. God-given as they might have supposed. If stars In Greek mythology, Narcissus was the character could have themselves surgically changed to who fell in love with his reflection in the water. look beautiful, so could fans. Anyone could have Like Narcissus, we look at our own reflection good looks. and have become obsessed with it. 6 However, popular culture is not the only 8 Whatever the reason for the motive to change underlying reason for the desire to change oneself, it is a fact that more and more people are oneself through plastic surgery. In his book The now willing to “buy good looks”. The strapline Culture of Narcissism, Christopher Lasch (1991, of an ad in the 1920s has finally become true: p. 80) approaches the issue of plastic surgery “Your Masterpiece - Yourself ”. We have started from a different perspective and claims that to make objects of ourselves: treating our bodies individualism is to be held responsible for this as a masterpiece on which we can work, trying trend. After the turbulent 1960s and 1970s*, in to achieve perfection. which young people all over the world challenged traditional ideals, values and norms, people * the turbulent 1960s and 1970s: the times when the saw the same problems again: wars, inequality, existing political regimes and views were challenged. racism, political corruption, and ideological There were conflicts among and within countries, such as divergence. Their rebellious efforts changed the Vietnam War and student revolts in France. hearts and minds, but not the material facts. From then on, they have dedicated themselves to purely personal preoccupations, according to Lasch, and switched their pursuits from trying to change the society to changing oneself. REFERENCES Blum, V. L. (2003). Flesh wounds: The culture of cosmetic surgery. Berkeley: University of California Press Ltd. Green, M. (2004, April). Those lips, that face. People Magazine, 61, (15). Retrieved March 12, 2008, from http:/ www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,20149879,00.html. Health statistics: Plastic surgery procedures by country. (2008). Retrieved March 2, 2008, from http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/hea_pla_sur_pro-health-plastic-surgery-procedures Lasch, C. (1991). The culture of narcissism: American life in an age of diminishing expectations. New York: W. W. Norton & Company Ltd.

Academic Survival Skills I 21 WORKING THROUGH THE TEXT A. Text Comprehension 1. How does the writer start this article? Why do you think she preferred such a starting technique? 2. What is the main idea of paragraph 2? 3. What does the writer mean by the following sentence? “Until the 1980s, cosmetic surgery was a luxury reserved mostly for stars and elite people. However, there is now democratization: cosmetic surgery is not only available but also accessible to a wider distribution of people.” (par. 3) 4. What does the writer mean by the following sentence? “But we are not identifying with actual human beings, rather with their images.” (par. 4) 5. What conclusion do teenagers draw when they see the effects of plastic surgeries on celebrities? 6. Why is there an increasing interest in individualism? 7. According to Lasch, modern people are similar to Narcissus because _________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 8. What does the writer mean by “´buy good looks´” in paragraph 8? 9. What does the writer mean by “Your Masterpiece-Yourself ”?

22 Unit 1: Changing the Self B. Vocabulary The following words are taken from the text. Look at the text and match the words with their definitions below. a. layman (par.1) b. reticent (par.2) c. immense (par.2) d. emerge from (par. 7) 1. distant in manner; reserved; restrained: _________________________________ 2. enormous; massive: _________________________________ 3. to come out; to appear: _________________________________ 4. a person who is not trained, qualified, or _________________________________ experienced in a particular subject or activity: C. Reference Words Determine what the following words / phrases from the text refer to. 1. them (par. 4): _________________________________ 2. their (par. 5): _________________________________ 3. this trend (par. 6): _________________________________ Focusing on Identifying Points of Reference: a Skill In order to avoid unnecessary repetition, writers use reference words while writing their texts. Identifying points of reference is also an important reading skill as readers need to understand what these words refer to so as to fully grasp the text. Following are the most common reference words: • Third-person pronouns such as it, they, he/she e.g. “Fans said they learnt about how the fabulous looks of the stars they saw on screens and magazines were not as special or as God-given as they might have supposed.” “they” refers to: ________________________________ • this, these, that, those e.g. “Of the youngsters Green interviewed, there were those who had undergone a couple of surgeries to give their buttocks the J.Lo look, or devotees of Keanu Reeves who had paid thousands of dollars for rhinoplasties and an implant to fill out their chins.” “those” refers to: ________________________________ • one/ones e.g. “In fact, this is a well-known story: one from ancient Greece.” “one” refers to: ________________________________ • such / this + noun e.g. “Year on year there has been a steady increase in the number of people – both men and women - consulting a specialist for a nip, tuck, or enhancement of some order. In the USA only, almost nine million clients have such ‘work’ done every year.” “such ‘work’” refers to: ________________________________ • so/do so e.g. “If stars could have themselves surgically changed to look beautiful, so could fans.” “so” refers to: ________________________________

Academic Survival Skills I 23 • then, there e.g. “After the turbulent 1960s and 1970s, … people saw the same problems again.... Their rebellious efforts changed hearts and minds, but not the material facts. From then on, they have dedicated themselves to purely personal preoccupations.” “then” refers to: ________________________________ Reference words may refer to a single word, a phrase, a clause, a sentence or sometimes a paragraph, which generally appear before the reference word. However, sometimes writers use a reference word before writing what it actually refers to. In other words, structures may come either before or after the reference word. There are also cases when what the reference word refers to does not exist in the text, but is implied. In this case, readers infer what it refers to. It is also important that the reference word is parallel to what it refers to in terms of grammar. GOING ONE STEP FURTHER by speaking Form groups of 4 and discuss the following: 1. • What are the effects of the media on the concept of beauty? Would you agree with the following quotation? Why / Why not? Regardless of its origins (causes), plastic surgery is now firmly entrenched in our collective psyche. This is evidenced... by “surfing” through television stations. Alan M. Engler • Compare and contrast different media tools (magazines, TV, newspapers, the Internet) regarding their effects on the interest in beauty. • Give specific examples of how these media tools encourage people to change their outer image. • Do you think this role of the media forms societies made up of healthy individuals that take care of their self images or psychologically unhealthy societies obsessed with beauty? 2. Your Country under Spotlight • Do you think that there is an increasing interest in plastic surgery in your country as well? If yes, what role do the media in your country have in this growing trend?

24 Unit 1: Changing the Self While stating your opinion, you may use the following expressions: Useful Expressions: Expressing an Opinion • In my opinion,… • I (personally) think/believe/feel that… • It seems to me that… • Not everyone will agree with me, but… • For me… • (Un)Like X, I believe… • While it may be true that…, I still think it is… • I absolutely believe that… • Without a doubt,… is Adapted from: Fragiadakis, H. K., & Maurer, V. (2000). Tapestry listening & speaking 4. Boston: Heinle & Heinle Publishers. LISTENING GETTING STARTED A. Discussion 1. You are going to listen to a telephone interview and a radio program on the effects of plastic surgery reality TV shows. Below are some examples of these programs. Read the excerpts below and fill in the chart on the next page with the possible effects of these programs. Extreme Makeover depicts ordinary men and women undergoing “extreme makeovers” involving plastic surgery, exercise regimes, hairdressing and wardrobing. Each episode ends with the subjects’ return to their families and friends, showing the reactions of their loved ones, who have not been allowed to see the incredible changes during the subjects’ absence. The Swan offers average-looking women called ugly ducklings to transform themselves into a beautiful swan after undergoing several forms of plastic surgery. Women undergo physical, mental and emotional transformations. During the program the whole process is monitored. The episode ends with a beauty contest in which one of the women is crowned “The Ultimate Swan.”

Academic Survival Skills I 25 Dr. 90210 is a reality television series focusing on plastic surgery in Los Angeles, California. Dr. 90210 gets its name from the zip code of the core of Beverly Hills, familiar to most viewers because of the former popular television series Beverly Hills 90210. The show stands out from other programs of this sort in that it also examines the lives of the doctors featured in its lineup. The show features interviews with the patients, semi-graphic footage of the surgeries, and before and after footage of the patients. For example, for patients wanting breast augmentation, the show displays the doctor examining the patient’s breasts before and after surgery. I Want a Famous Face is a reality television program on MTV. The show features young adults who undergo plastic surgery with the goal of looking more like a famous person. Celebrities that participants have chosen to look more like include Pamela Anderson, Jennifer Lopez, Jessica Simpson, Britney Spears, Brad Pitt, Ricky Martin, and Victoria Beckham. BECOMIN Becoming lets you see the glamorous world of video making as G fans get a chance to walk in the shoes of their favorite artists for 48 hours. From hair and makeup to wardrobe and choreography, the fans are completely transformed into their musical idols. The payoff, at the end of each episode, is the recreation of a video by their chosen artist. Adapted from: Becoming. (n.d.). Retrieved March 15, 2008, from http://www.tv.com/becoming/show/8828/summary.html Dr.90210. (n.d.). Retrieved March 15, 2008, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._90210 Extreme makeover. (n.d.). Retrieved March 15, 2008, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extereme_Makeover I want a famous face. (n.d.). Retrieved March 15, 2008, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Want_a-Famous_Face The swan. (n.d.). Retrieved March 15, 2008, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Swan_(TVSeries) Positive effects Negative effects

26 Unit 1: Changing the Self 2. Your Country under Spotlight • Do you know any programs with similar formats in your home country? • How would you evaluate such programs? WHILE-LISTENING 1: Telephone Interview on Plastic Surgery Listen to a telephone interview with Dr. Rod Rohrich. He is the president of the American Society of Plastic Surgeons and reveals his personal views on plastic surgery TV shows. Do the exercises that follow. 1. Which of the plastic surgery TV shows you have been introduced to in the previous exercise is/are mentioned by the presenter? Put a tick next to the shows he mentions. • _______ Dr. 90210 • _______ Extreme Makeover • _______ Becoming • _______ The Swan • _______ I Want a Famous Face 2. Which plastic surgery TV show worries Dr. Rod Rohrich the most? Give one reason. 3. Which plastic surgery TV show does Dr. Rod Rohrich find different? Give one reason. 4. Which plastic surgery TV show does Dr. Rod Rohrich have no idea about? WHILE-LISTENING 2: The Morning Show Now listen to the radio program and do the exercises that follow. Part 1: Margaret Eisen 1. Margaret Eisen made a plastic surgery reality show because ______________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. How did her friend help Margaret Eisen decide on such a format for her program?

Academic Survival Skills I 27 3. According to Margaret Eisen, these programs are beneficial because: a. _________________________________________________________________________________________________________ b. _________________________________________________________________________________________________________ c. they are informative. They inform viewers of: i. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ ii ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ Part 2: Anthony James 1. What is Anthony James’ attitude towards plastic surgery? Circle the correct answer. a. He is totally against plastic surgery because of its potential health risks. b. He is supportive of any kind of plastic surgery. c. He is supportive of plastic surgery when it is not an obsession with a celebrity. 2. Anthony James believes plastic surgery reality shows should be banned because of the following three reasons: a. They do not reflect reality because ___________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________________ b. _________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________________ c. _________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________________ GOING ONE STEP FURTHER by speaking Imagine that you have listened to this radio program. What two questions would you ask to Margaret Eisen and Anthony James on this issue? Question 1: ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ Question 2: ____________________________________________________________________________________________________

28 Unit 1: Changing the Self While asking questions, you may use the following expressions: Useful Expressions: Asking for Clarification / Asking Questions • What do you think about …? • How would you explain …? • Can you please comment on …? • Do you think that …? • Would you agree with the idea that …? • I am sorry I didn’t catch … • I am sorry. I didn’t get the part about … • Could/Can you please repeat …? • I am sorry I’m lost. Can you please explain again…? • I didn’t understand your point. Could you please clarify/elaborate on …? Adapted from: Fragiadakis, H. K., & Maurer, V. (2000). Tapestry listening & speaking 4. Boston: Heinle & Heinle Publishers. MAKING CONNECTIONS 1. Compare / contrast the views of Eisen and James on: a. whether or not plastic surgery shows are informative. b. the reasons underlying the opinions of Eisen and James. 2. Complete the following sentence: Both the writer of the reading text, “Your Masterpiece - Yourself ”, and the second speaker, Anthony James, in the listening task, “The Morning Show”, emphasize the role of ______________ ______________________________________________________ in the increasing interest in plastic surgery.

Academic Survival Skills I 29 READING GETTING STARTED A. Discussion 1. In the radio program, “Cosmetic Surgery: The New Face of Reality TV”, the final words of Anthony James were: “Plastic surgery is about fixing what you already have for better. It’s not about making you look like a different self.” • Do you agree with Anthony James? Why / why not? 2. Now compare this quote with the cartoons below and discuss the following questions. Cartoons adapted from: Diesslin, R. (2005, December 1). Pig plastic surgery. [Cartoon]. Retrieved April 15, 2008, from http://www.londonstimessuperstore.com Fran, O. (n.d.). [Cartoon]. Retrieved April 15, 2008, from http://www.francartoons.com • What is the relationship between the quote and the cartoons? What do they have in common? • What is the relationship between plastic surgery and identity? • Do you think people experience a different sense of identity / self when they go through plastic surgery? B. Vocabulary The words in bold in the following sentences will appear in the text, “Change of Face… Change of ‘Self ’”. Match the words with the definitions in the box below. 1. ___________ Going under the knife to alter appearance has become very popular among teenagers who wish to look like their idols. 2. ___________ There are many people who believe that if it does not serve a legitimate medical purpose, plastic surgery should not be practiced. 3. ___________ A recent study revealed that British women are more inclined to keep their cosmetic surgery a secret from their family and friends for fear of being humiliated.

30 Unit 1: Changing the Self 4. ___________ Some people regard plastic surgery as a miracle that can untangle the confusion in their lives. Thus, when they cannot see any major changes in their lives after the operation, they may encounter severe psychological problems. a. to make something more understandable and to work it out; to solve b. to change; to modify c. to have a tendency to d. valid; acceptable Reading should C. Glancing at the Text be a repeat performance. 1. Preview the text and answer the following questions: a. Who is the text written for? John Barton b. Do you think a medical student who is investigating the post surgical complications of plastic surgery (i.e. infections, scars, and the like) would make use of this article? Why / why not? 2. Now go through the text in 3 minutes to answer the following questions. a. Who is the writer of Listening to Prozac? b. In which magazine was Joan Gage’s story printed? c. Where is Katharine Castle from? d. Where does Joan Greden work? e. What does Kenneth Gergen do for a living? Focusing on Scanning: a Skill In this exercise, you did not read the text in detail but read through it quickly in order to find particular pieces of information, i.e. the answers to the given questions. This is called SCANNING. Scanning is reading rapidly for specific information rather than for general information. In other words, readers do not read to get the overall idea of the text; instead, they look for particular details. Scanning is a very important reading skill since it helps readers to find a particular item without dealing with irrelevant information and leads to quick and efficient reading. THINK: How do you use this skill in real life? Give examples. Adapted from: Cihan, N., Çavuşoğlu, C., & Şahin, V. (2003). Read to comprehend, write to react I. Ankara: METU Press. 3. Read the first paragraph of the text and answer the following question: What is the discussion that the writer will engage in throughout the text? Underline the parts that help you guess the writer’s argument.

Academic Survival Skills I 31 TEXT Read the text below and do the exercises that follow. Change of Face... Change of “Self”? 1 Plastic surgery is one of those subjects that depressant prescribed by the doctors, found almost everybody gets stirred up about. The that she felt, for the first time, like her “real” mere potential to change your appearance, self, what was one to conclude? The same and maybe your destiny, raises difficult question arises when people speak of plastic questions. Is our obsession with appearance surgery and can be exemplified by the cases a way of revealing—or perhaps concealing— of various people. the “real” self? Are people changing how they look to hide who they are? Or are they 4 Brenda Sweeney was a small-breasted woman altering their looks to fit their inner self? who became a bodybuilder and then got breast implants. Before the surgery, she used 2 Psychiatrist Peter Kramer, M.D., author of to describe her body as that of “a 15-year- the best-selling Listening to Prozac, discusses old boy.” Now she must have the implants these questions in his book. Kramer (1997) removed for medical reasons. I asked her a starts by making a direct analogy between few weeks ago how she felt. “They’re going to cosmetic surgery and psychopharmacology. look even worse than before,” she said. The “When I wrote Listening to Prozac, I sentence was factual, but the tone carried a specifically meant to signal the coming whole sea of emotion. It was as if she were to the fore of a whole set of ethical issues speaking of two children who were about to raised about modern biology. I coined the be taken away from her. There was incredible phrase ‘cosmetic psychopharmacology’ for tenderness and despair in her voice. “They” that reason. Plastic surgery is a legitimate were not just breasts, “they” were her procedure, used not only to clear medical feminine self, the self she thought she had conditions like burn injuries or facial acquired by surgery, and now would lose, anomalies, but also to take people from a and would have to search for elsewhere. normal but unrewarded state of appearance to another normal but usually more 5 The case of writer Joan Gage is somehow pleasant state of appearance. That form of similar to that of Brenda. When she gave a plastic surgery is called cosmetic surgery stitch-by-stitch account of her first face-lift in and there is an explicit parallelism between Vogue magazine, she wrote, “I am delighted that and giving a medication which might with the result. After the operation, I think I enhance or enrich someone’s life. I think look approximately my age but more like the this analogy goes even deeper. Cosmetic real me thanks to this miraculous operation. surgery is used psychiatrically, for better or It is the first time I look as I really am, so for worse” (p. 63). I won’t let this wonderful feeling go.” In the case of Gage, plastic surgery altered a “false” 3 When published, Listening to Prozac indicator, allowing her face to more precisely captured the attention of many people fit her inner personality and reach her real because it asked this significant question self. However, at this point, we should ask about the “real” self: If a woman, after years ourselves this question: Can plastic surgery of taking Prozac, the most well-known anti- always reach such a satisfying result?

32 Unit 1: Changing the Self 6 A 51-year-old New Jersey woman, Katharine 8 Psychologists like Kenneth Gergen (1991, Castle, who had just gotten a face-lift, told me, p. 51) challenge the idea of self by drawing “I aged terribly. The lines around my mouth attention to features of today’s society: were the worst. So I decided to have a face-lift. “Because of technology, we have many But the operation was a total disappointment. different audiences, many more types of I became someone else. After the operation, people we have to appeal to. We have an people started to say, ‘You’d be so pretty if you audience in our home, our community, smiled.’ I am smiling, but the expression on friendships all over the world, people in the my face makes me look so unhappy. I don’t business setting, people that we know on look like I feel. I couldn’t get used to the new television or through our media. All these Katharine. It is like wearing a mask all the different groups have different senses of the time. I once walked into a plate-glass mirror ideal person, so we have a lot more criteria because I didn’t recognize myself. I thought it to meet. And so when people say they’re was another woman coming toward me and getting surgery, just for themselves, it’s hard when I stepped to the right, she stepped to to define what the ‘self ’ is.” the right also and I walked straight into the mirror. I didn’t know it was me.” 9 Another example is the case of John Dowell, a 62-year-old Georgia businessman. He got 7 John Greden, M.D., chairman of psychiatry a face-lift for pragmatic reasons. When I at the University of Michigan Medical interviewed him, he said “I wanted to look like School, sheds light on why the experiences I did when I was younger. I own a business of patients such as Castle are not as pleasing. and call on customers. It’s very important Greden reminds us that facial expressions to look good if you’re in competition with are a vast, complex, and subtle language that people who are young and look good.” But may actually be inherited genetically and when he called back, his tone had changed that humans are innately inclined to make from joyous to somber. “I didn’t tell you the facial expressions clearly indicating a wide most important thing,” he said. “When you range of emotions. Plastic surgery, however, get to be my age, people stop noticing you. may alter one’s facial expression and wipe That’s everybody, anywhere. You become a out such genetic heritage, which inevitably nonperson. After my facelift, people noticed results in individuals acquiring an unreal me again. They noticed me being alive. I self. became a person again.” 10 The notion of the real, or core, self is a troublesome one in this era because no one seems to be able to untangle the relationship between body and the self. The two are as intertwined as the double helix of DNA itself. What we know for the time being is that the body has become a modern battlefield for our conflicts about the self and that plastic surgery has become one of the best weapons to use. REFERENCES Gergen, K. (1991). The saturated self: Dilemmas of identity in contemporary life. New York: Basic Books. Kramer, P. D. (1997). Listening to Prozac: The landmark book about antidepressant and the remaking of the self. New York: Penguin Books.

Academic Survival Skills I 33 WORKING THROUGH THE TEXT A. Text Comprehension 1. According to Kramer, plastic surgery is used not only to ______________________________________ _____________ but also to _______________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________. 2. What is the similarity between taking Prozac and undergoing cosmetic surgery? 3. When reporting the words of Brenda Sweeney, what does the writer mean by “the tone carried a whole sea of emotion” in paragraph 4? 4. Why does the author call Joan Gage’s face before the procedure “a ‘false’ indicator” in paragraph 5? 5. Why was Katharine Castle’s operation a total disappointment? 6. Compare and contrast the cases of Joan Gage and Katharine Castle in terms of the effects plastic surgery has on an individual’s real “self ”. 7. According to Greden, facial expressions are not learned but __________________________________ ______________________________________, and they are important because ____________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________. 8. Why does Gergen believe “it’s hard to define what the ‘self ’ is” (par. 8)? 9. Although the 62-year-old businessman told the interviewer that he had plastic surgery because ________________________________________________, his real motive was _______________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________. 10. Why does the writer compare the body to “a modern battlefield” in paragraph 10?

34 Unit 1: Changing the Self B. Vocabulary The following words are taken from the text. Look at the text and match the words with their definitions below. a. captured (par. 3) b. account (par. 5) c. sheds light on (par. 7) d. to appeal to (par. 8) e. intertwined (par. 10) 1. a written or spoken description that says __________________________________________ what happens in an event or process: __________________________________________ __________________________________________ 2. closely related to each other; twisted together: __________________________________________ 3. to get; to attract: __________________________________________ 4. to seem attractive: 5. to make something easier to understand by providing new or better information: C. Reference Words Determine what the following words / phrases from the text refer to. 1. their (par. 1) : ___________________________________________ 2. these questions (par. 2): ___________________________________________ 3. that (par. 4) : ___________________________________________ 4. The two (par. 10): ___________________________________________ MAKING CONNECTIONS 1. Read the lines taken from T.S. Eliot’s play, “The Cocktail Party”, and explain where Eliot stands in the discussion of the relationship between undergoing surgery and the self. Or, take a surgical operation. In consultation with the doctor and the surgeon, ... you are still the subject, The centre of reality. But, stretched on the table, You are a piece of furniture in a repair shop For those who surround you, the masked actors; All there is of you is your body And the “you” is withdrawn.

Academic Survival Skills I 35 2. Evaluate the two texts of this unit in terms of their main ideas and fill in the blanks below. While the text, “Your Masterpiece - Yourself ”, is about _______________________________________ _____________________________________ , “Change of Face … Change of ‘Self ’” is about ___________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________. VOCABULARY The following are some verbs used in the reading texts, “Your Masterpiece – Yourself ” and “Change of Face … Change of ‘Self ’”. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate prepositions that are used together with these verbs. 1. to be obsessed __________________ something /somebody 2. to lead __________________ something 3. to isolate oneself __________________ something /somebody 4. to submit oneself __________________ something 5. to rely __________________ something /somebody 6. to identify oneself __________________ something /somebody 7. to dedicate oneself __________________ something /somebody 8. to emerge __________________ something 9. to remind someone __________________ something 10. to appeal __________________ something /somebody Check your answers by looking at the texts.

36 Unit 1: Changing the Self GOING ONE STEP FURTHER by speaking 1. Now read the excerpt, “Me, Myself, and I”, and discuss the following questions: ME, MYSELF, AND I As a kid, when I was asked who I went out to play with, I would reply, “Me, Myself, and I.” I thought it was a cute answer. Little did I realize then how profoundly true my statement was. It is because we are not one person, but three people. The first is the person we were born as. That is, it is the person we were before our caregivers and others made us doubt our own power and worth. This person is our True Self, and you can see it in any infant. They, as you were, are filled with courage, trust, and an adventurous spirit. However, True Self is then covered by another layer, which is False Self. The False Self is the second person we are and is created according to the society we live in. The values prevalent in a society play an important role in the formation of this self. What is the third person we are? It is our Fake Self. It is the mask we wear, the person we pretend to be. The inadequacies we believe we possess cause us to wear a mask. Because we are afraid people will realize our weaknesses, we pretend to be what we are not. Adapted from: Gallozzi, C. (n.d.). Improve self image. Retrieved February 20, 2008, from http://www.personal-development.com/chuck/self-image.htm In the excerpt above, our “True Self ” is associated with courage, trust, and an adventurous spirit. a. What would you associate with our “False Self ”? What influence does society have on “False Self ”? b. What could be associated with our “Fake Self ”? What kinds of masks do people wear? 2. There are three cases described below. Read each of them and in groups discuss which of the three selves described in the text, “Me, Myself, and I”, these people want to achieve. a. It is now very desirable to have a small nose among celebrities. It is almost impossible to see a celebrity who has not undergone rhinoplasty. Almost all the stars we see on TV have had their noses done. Before After

b. Perhaps the most famous example of Before Academic Survival Skills I 37 someone with plastic surgery addiction Before is Michael Jackson.  Michael Jackson’s After appearance drastically changed after After 1984.  Jackson underwent multiple nasal surgeries as well as a forehead lift, thinned lips and cheekbone surgery. c. Dennis Avner, known as the Catman, has had several plastic surgeries and tattoos to transform himself into a tiger. He has had all his teeth removed and replaced with tigerlike dentures and fangs. He has had his lip split to resemble the mouth of a cat. He has six stainless-steel mounts implanted on his forehead and 18 piercings above his lip to which he can attach whiskers. He has had nose and brow implants, and silicone cheek, chin and lip injections. The tips of his ears are pointed. And he has so many tattoos that they almost cover his body. 3. Your Country under Spotlight • Do you know any famous people from your home country who have undergone extensive plastic surgery? • Why do you think they had plastic surgery? • Do you think that they are content with the results? • Do you think that there might be any change in their identities? 4. Debate You will now conduct a group discussion on “plastic surgery”. Get into groups of four or six. Half of the group members will be FOR plastic surgery; the rest will be AGAINST. Read the questions below and get prepared with your group members who share the same opinion with you. • Should anyone at any age go under the knife? • Is plastic surgery a remedy for aging? Or should people age naturally? • Do you think plastic surgery helps conceal signs of aging? • Should people in show business undergo plastic surgery? After this preparation, you will discuss your opinions as a group in front of your classmates.

38 Unit 1: Changing the Self While presenting your argument, you may use the following expressions: Useful Expressions: Debate Language To express total disagreement I don’t agree. To express an opinion I disagree with… In my opinion,… I don’t see it that way. I think/believe/feel that… On the contrary,… It seems to me that… Not everyone will agree with me, but… To express partial agreement/disagreement For me… Yes, but… (Un)Like X, I believe… Yes, but on the other hand… While it may be true that…, I still think it is… That may be true but… I absolutely believe that… Without a doubt,… is To interrupt Excuse me for interrupting but… To argue against something That’s true, but … That may be true but … Yes, but … Maybe but … I would like to make a point here. Yes, but don’t forget … I’d like to ask a question. But don’t you think … I have a question for… I would like to comment on that. To express total agreement That makes sense to me. That’s what I think about it, too. Taken from: Keller, E., & Warner, S. T. (1988). Conversation gambits: Real English conversation practices. Hove: Language Teaching Publications. Note: While one group is performing, the rest of the class acts as the audience. When you are the audience, you are expected to jot down the debate language structures your friends use. The debate language my friends have used:

Academic Survival Skills I 39 THE PARAGRAPH A pen is the Writing tongue of the A paragraph is a group of sentences that develop one central idea in an organized way. All the mind. ideas in a paragraph directly support the central idea, in other words, the “main idea”. Anonymous The following paragraph is taken from the text, “Your Masterpiece – Yourself ”. Read it to identify the main idea that the paragraph revolves around. Underline the main idea. Popular culture has made us obsessed with the two-dimensional images that are digitally enhanced or created to the point where we identify ourselves with them by using two main sources. One of the sources of these images is the magazine covers we see in our visit to the supermarket. Nearly all the magazines have so charming people on their covers that our subconscious makes us look at them even if we do not intend to buy those magazines and makes us idealize the beauty of these people. Who can say that he or she has never had a look at the beauty idols on the covers of Elle, Marie Claire, Esquire or even Stuff when they drop by the supermarket to pick up food for dinner? It is not only these magazines; TV also frequently shows images of beauty – both male and female. It’s almost impossible to watch TV for an hour before someone gorgeous appears, whether in a commercial or drama, or perhaps reading the news. “It is no wonder that the identification with the image of beauty on TV is so compelling,” Blum remarks (2003, p. 19). But we are not identifying with actual human beings, rather with their images. These sources of popular culture often lead to idealization and exaggeration of the beauty of these 2-D images, making judgments about ourselves by comparing our bodies against them, and modifying ourselves accordingly. Explicit Main Idea / Topic Sentence Concentrate on the essentials ... Like in the paragraph above, the main idea of a paragraph is usually introduced explicitly. The You will then be sentence which gives the explicit main idea is called the “topic sentence”. Generally, the topic accomplished the sentence introduces the topic, so it is a good idea to place it at the beginning of the paragraph. greatest result However, depending on the kind of paragraph, the topic sentence may be placed near the middle with the effort or even at the end of the paragraph. expended. TASK 1 R. Alec Underline the sentence that gives the explicit main idea in the following paragraphs. MacKenzie 1. Most people must have heard of liposuction. It was first introduced in the United States in 1982, and its popularity has increased as refinements to the technique since its introduction have improved results and reduced recovery times. Now, about 100.000 Americans undergo liposuction every year. The number is estimated to be around 1.000.000 for Europe. However, not everyone agrees on the function of this cosmetic surgery. While some regard it as a way to remove some unwanted fat, some others believe it is a procedure that cures obesity or deals with the underlying causes of weight problems. It seems that liposuction has become one of the most popular but also controversial forms of cosmetic surgery. 2. The desire for perfection sometimes reaches so deep into the core of a person that it becomes a kind of madness. We all know about people who have had 20 or 30 surgeries because of their wish to look more attractive. Certainly people have their own reasons for this craze: Some still see imperfections after the surgeries and want to get it fixed while some are never satisfied and seek further perfection. In addition, there are also people who become murderers due to the unwanted results of the surgeries. Last year alone two plastic surgeons were reported to have been killed because of this craze. One of them was killed by a man who said he was upset that his surgeon was not able to change him to look like George Clooney, who was chosen as the most attractive person of the year 2006. The other surgeon was killed by a woman who was displeased with her face-lift.

40 Unit 1: Changing the Self Implied Main Idea Writing Unlike the paragraphs above, some paragraphs may not have topic sentences. In such paragraphs, the topic sentence is implied rather than stated, but still you can tell the central idea without it as it is clearly suggested in the development of the paragraph. The keywords and key phrases that occur again and again in the paragraph may give a hint as to what the central topic is. TASK 2 1. Read the paragraph below and choose the implied main idea. American Indians crushed the skull to flatten it; the Mangbetus tribe in Africa wrapped knotted rope made of bark around the child’s head to lengthen it, which was considered to be aesthetically appealing. The feet of very young Chinese girls were bound and joined together, intentionally and irreversibly deforming them, because this was seen to guarantee the girl’s eventual matrimonial success. In Polynesia, unless a girl was tattooed, she would not find a husband. An unornamented hand, to them, could not cook and anyone who refused to test tattoo was seen to be marginal and suspect. Among the Tivs of Nigeria, women called attention to their legs by means of pearl leg bands. Another extreme example is tribal scars behind the ears of Chad men. They rendered the skin “as smooth and stretched as that of a drum”. Men would subject themselves willingly to this custom, hoping for scars deep enough to attract single women. a. Some cultures have developed marginal methods to alter physical structure and appearance. b. Primitive cultures acted more cruelly than modern societies for the sake of beauty. c. In Chad tribe, men were more willing to attract the opposite sex than women were. 2. Read the paragraph below and write the implied main idea in the blank provided. The concept of beauty is getting more and more important in various cultures. Whatever reason people might have to choose tattooing and a particular tattoo image, people should note that each tattoo image is not a word, nor a sentence, but an entire pamphlet on who they are, what they think of themselves and of others, what group they do and do not belong to, the beliefs they hold, the memories they wish to broadcast. There is also the fact that like any language, each tattoo is complex and open to many interpretations, many of which are not in the wearer’s control. Like any language, it can also be misunderstood; its meanings go back a long way, and they change over time. Most importantly, a tattoo is for ever. Individuals might change: your body changes cells naturally, your self is constantly adapting to new experiences. Even the deeply-rooted religious beliefs or worldviews might change direction in time. But the tattoo is forever, and it does not change as people do. Implied main idea: _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Important Keep in mind that it is usually a good idea to write the main idea explicitly, not only to be certain that Reminder the idea is clear but also to help control the development of the paragraph. In academic contexts, it is suggested to be precise and direct in order to help the reader better understand the text.

Academic Survival Skills I 41 Writing Supporting Ideas TASK 3 Examine the paragraph below again to identify the ideas that support the main idea. Popular culture has made us obsessed with the two-dimensional images that are digitally enhanced or created to the point where we identify ourselves with them by using two main sources. One of the sources of these images is the magazine covers we see in our visit to the supermarket. Nearly all the magazines have so charming people on their covers that our subconscious makes us look at them even if we do not intend to buy those magazines and makes us idealize the beauty of these people. Who can say that he or she has never had a look at the beauty idols on the covers of Elle, Marie Claire, Esquire or even Stuff when they drop by the supermarket to pick up food for dinner? It is not only these magazines; TV also frequently shows images of beauty – both male and female. It’s almost impossible to watch TV for an hour before someone gorgeous appears, whether in a commercial or drama, or perhaps reading the news. “It is no wonder that the identification with the image of beauty on TV is so compelling,” Blum remarks (2003, p. 19). But we are not identifying with actual human beings, rather with their images. These sources of popular culture often lead to idealization and exaggeration of the beauty of these 2-D images, making judgments about ourselves by comparing our bodies against them, and modifying ourselves accordingly. The main idea, “Popular culture made us become obsessed with the two-dimensional images that are digitally enhanced or created to the point where we identify with them.”, is developed with two ideas: magazines and TV, which are further supported with different ideas. In a paragraph, ideas that support the main idea are called major supports. Major supports can be further explained through minor supports. All details in a paragraph- both the major and the minor supports- must ultimately be related to and support the main idea. The following diagram shows the relationship between the main idea, major supports and minor supports. Explicit Main Idea / Topic Sentence Major Major Major Support Support Support Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Support Support Support Support Support Support Writers generally follow this pattern, but they may sometimes feel the need to further develop minor supports.

Writing 42 Unit 1: Changing the Self TASK 4 Read the paragraphs below. Identify the topic sentence, major and minor supports and make an outline of them in the boxes that follow. 1. Better and easier opportunities provided by the developing techniques in medicine have generated significant interest in cosmetic surgery. First, the current techniques in medicine enabled surgeons to guarantee fewer side effects and shorter recovery time. It is now possible to recover from rhinoplasty in 2 weeks or have breast implants durable for longer years thanks to the new techniques in plastic surgery. Second, the advances in medicine have enabled surgeons to perform the surgery without the patient staying in hospital. A great number of people today have botox during lunch time because the application generally takes 5-10 minutes only. Laser treatment for the removal of acne scars, which takes approximately half an hour, can also be counted as one of these applications. 2. People use their bodies for self-expression by means of tattoos to indicate who they are, or rather, who they want to present to the world. Firstly, the body is used as a canvas to represent a person’s mind or self. Therefore, it is the most obvious place for self-expression. People find or create images that would represent them in the way they want to be perceived outside. Secondly, there is the “everyone does it so why don’t I” perspective. When there are more people who decorate their bodies with tattoos, acceptance of such body modification becomes easier. Many people have at least two or three friends with tattoos and this comforts people considering getting a tattoo. Thirdly, people may wear tattoos to celebrate an important moment in their lives or to imply their never-ending bonds with a certain doctrine, a philosophy or a person. The tattoo then serves as a reminder or memory, for the individual, but most of all for others, to whom you choose to show it. Moreover, history cites some beliefs that tattoos are associated with. Many cultures, past and modern, attach to tattoos the belief that it protects the wearer against danger. For example, the anchor on the sailor’s arm is such an amulet, which might be connected to war and violence, or pain. People might find comfort in this function of the tattoo.

Academic Survival Skills I 43 Writing Different Patterns of Organization Every piece of writing needs to be well-organized and well-developed in content so that the writing can achieve its purpose. In other words, the reader should be able to follow the flow of ideas easily with the help of patterns of organization. Various patterns that you might use in your written work are: narration definition description exemplification process analysis problem-solution cause-effect comparison-contrast classification argumentation TASK 5 Which pattern of organization do the following boxes describe? Match the types listed above with these descriptions. a. _________________ portrays people, places, things, moments, theories, with enough vivid detail to help the reader create a mental picture of what is being written about. b. _________________ is written generally in 1st person ‘I’ but 3rd person ‘he’ and ‘she’ can also be used. It relies on concrete, sensory details to convey the input in order to create a unified, forceful effect and a dominant impression. It has some conventions like a plot, including setting and characters, a climax and an ending. c. _________________ defines objects, conditions, events, activities and so on for the readers likely to be unfamiliar with particular terms. It has different kinds such as dictionary _________________, sentence _________________, extended _________________, historical _________________ and the like. d. _________________ sorts out various scattered materials into an orderly presentation, combines items into a number of discrete groupings and labels each new group, in other words, divides something into its constituent parts in order to consider the elements of each part separately. e. _________________ analyzes or evaluates two or more things such as two people, two concepts, or two phenomena against a set of pre-defined criteria. A basic principle of learning theory says that we acquire new concepts most readily if we can see how they are similar to or different from concepts we already know.

Writing 44 Unit 1: Changing the Self f. _________________ involves reasoning carefully, supporting well, inquiring and advocating, presenting a position in a thoughtful and convincing way, making claims, offering and supporting reasons and evidence, handling counterarguments by focusing on common abuses and errors of them. It does not connote with raised voices, doors slammed, or anything alike. g. _________________ describes how to do something or tells how something happens. When readers finish this text, they will know how to do something that they did not know how to do before. It uses a variety of transitional tags, and avoids abbreviations. Consistency of the pronoun used is the chief virtue in this mode. h. _________________ uses a variety of specific, detailed examples that appeal to readers and helps them understand one’s main point. Effective examples add vitality to this type of writing and make it stand out. Examples must reflect the majority. i. _________________ not only argues that there is a problem, but also presents a convincing argument in favor of a particular solution, is conscious of the reader and clearly defines the problem. Then it presents the solution. Next it argues for the merits of the proposed solution, presents several plausible reasons supporting the proposed solution. j. _________________ deals with explaining, examining or exposing two events or actions (which could be thought of as topics) and how each has an effect on the other and/or the results of these events or actions. Topics always have a number of possible reasons and results. Task 5 taken from: Bağcı, A., Sığınan, Ö., Tarakçıoğlu, B., & Tarhan, Ş. (2005). English for academic purposes II. Ankara: METU Press. Important Writers generally reveal the pattern of organization of a paragraph in the topic sentence. Below are Reminder some example topic sentences reflecting how topic sentences might give clues about the pattern of organization: • Adolescents today tend to change their clothing styles because of two main reasons. (cause- effect) • Getting a tattoo is a process that involves several steps. (process analysis) • There are two types of ink used in tattooing. (classification) Writers may use more than one pattern of organization while writing. However, one of the patterns is generally more dominant than the others.

PARAGRAPH PATTERNS AND THEIR SIGNAL WORDS CLASSIFICATION EXAMPLE SIMPLE SEQUENCE COMPARISON AND CAUSE AND EFFECT DEFINITION LISTING OR CONTRAST TIME ORDER categories for example 1, 2, 3, 4 first COMPARISON CONTRAST CAUSE EFFECT to define characteristics for instance a, b, c, d second as a result to be to illustrate third to compare although because consequently classes specifically first next in comparison as opposed to to cause to be defined as classification second most important in the same due to hence to be known as such as also way/manner but for this reason in effect elements another last to be like/alike conversely on account of the outcome is that is; i.e. features moreover now different since therefore the term means groups next after likewise however kinds then before to resemble in contrast (to) why thus numbers finally similar(ly) instead parts furthermore nevertheless sorts later on the contrary types stages on the other hand ways steps rather than then when unlike whereas yet Table taken from: Academic Survival Skills I 45 Wassman, R., & Rinsky, L.A. (1997). Effective reading in a changing world (2nd ed.). New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Writing

Writing 46 Unit 1: Changing the Self TASK 6 Identify the pattern of organization in the following paragraphs and underline the words that helped you. 1. ________________________________________________ A self-concept is a person’s perception, or view, of his or her personality and character traits. It consists of one’s ideals and feelings concerning who s/he is. To discover self-concept, one should consider how he or she might answer the question “What kind of person am I?” Self- concepts are built out of daily experiences and our reactions to those experiences. Think of a child who consistently does well in sports but finds it hard to be part of a team. She might then begin to describe her self-concept in the following terms: “I’m a good athlete, but I’m not much of a team player.” Self-concepts, however, can – and sometimes should – be revised, particularly if they are overly negative. And, here again, experience is the key. 2. ________________________________________________ Tattoo regret is the unfortunate side-effect of body art, with around 50 per cent of people who have undergone the needle having second thoughts. Unfortunately, I am one of the regretful. My tattoo adventure began thirteen years ago, when I was in my first year at university. I decided that I fancied a tattoo, but unlike my female friends who had more feminine tattoos such as flowers, a seahorse, rainbows and a ridiculous-looking Winnie the Pooh figure, I wanted to be different. So I went for a spider. To this day, I have no clue how I reached that decision, nor any understanding why it seemed like a good idea. I didn’t think about it for long. A week later, I went to the tattoo store and told the tattooist to do his best on my shoulder. But the minute I went home, the regret started: Why hadn’t I thought this through properly? I considered removal but felt that, as I had known full well that tattoos are permanent, it would be my punishment for being too impulsive. 3. ________________________________________________ Many people use hair dye, whether it is to cover up gray hair or to change up a look.  Far more women use hair dye than do men and on a much more frequent basis.  What many women do not know is that hair dye can cause unexpected damage.  First of all, as hair dyes use chemicals to set color into the hair, damage can occur to the hair and its follicles.  The chemical used, including ammonia and peroxide, are abrasive and damaging, and hair can be sensitive.  The combination of these two factors can cause unexpected damage to over processed hair.  Negative effects of hair dyes can also be observed on the scalp. Irritation, hair breakage, hair loss, and allergic reactions (including itching, swelling of the face, and difficulty breathing) are just some of the complications one may encounter. Another negative effect of hair dyes is a result of people’s misuse or overuse of hair dye treatments. Leaving dye in too long or mixing the formula incorrectly may be some examples to such misuse. To reduce your chances of getting a reaction from hair dye, make sure to follow all directions, do not leave hair dye in longer than advised, use hair dyes less frequently, and try to substitute a semi-permanent color for alternate treatments. 

Academic Survival Skills I 47 4. ________________________________________________ Writing When considering cosmetic surgery, people are almost universally unaware of the difference between “cosmetic” surgery and “plastic” surgery. Cosmetic surgery is a form of plastic surgery which is designed to improve cosmetics and appearance through surgical and medical techniques that can be applied by any medical doctor regardless of specialty. It is specifically concerned with maintaining normal appearance, restoring it, or enhancing it toward some aesthetic ideal. Some examples of cosmetic surgery include skin resurfacing by means of laser, chemical peeling, and collagen injections as well as chin augmentation. Unlike cosmetic surgery, plastic surgery deals with the repair, reconstruction or replacement of physical defects. So doctors specializing on plastic surgery focus on burn, micro and hand surgery as well as fixing birth defects. 5. ________________________________________________ One of the most heated debates today concerning plastic surgery is whether teenagers should be able to have it or not. Although some people relate this issue to freedom of choice, in fact teenagers should not be let undergo such serious surgeries due to the fact that a teenager’s body is still growing. A teenager’s body undergoes development even after the age of 18, and for any teenager to decide that something is not correct, even if it has not finished its growing, maybe an incorrect way to do things. Many teenagers have chosen plastic surgery and in most cases it comes down to socialized patterns. A young adult, who has plastic surgery done to look like a movie star, is only doing it in order to fit into a crowd that they would not have fit into to begin with. This may also lead to further emotional scars as that teenager grows older and wonders if the operation was a good choice. Teenagers are obsessed with how they look and how others perceive them. No matter how much they change, they will never be perfect in their own mind’s eye. So what it really comes down to is that teenagers just may not be emotionally able to decide appropriately as to whether or not a procedure should take place. In such cases it is of vital importance that the parents not give the necessary consent as well as the cash for their child to undergo a procedure. 6. ________________________________________________ Movie stars were never more adored or imitated than in the 1940s and 1950s. In the thirties, when a beautiful platinum-blond actress named Jean Harlow became a box-office hit, women all over the country dyed their hair platinum-blond. By the time the forties rolled around, thousands of women were wearing a peek-a-boo hairstyle like the one actress Veronica Lake wore in the film The Glass Key. And women were not the only ones who imitated their favorite stars. Men even began imitating the style of James Dean after watching him in the film called East of Eden. Everywhere was the replicas of Dean in his famous jeans and leather jacket. 7. ________________________________________________ Having worked in a tattoo studio for the past year, I have come to recognize three types of annoying customers.  The first is the “Time Waster”.  Generally the Time Waster is not serious about getting a tattoo now, or probably ever, but nevertheless is insistent on wasting the artist’s time with numerous questions.  They often talk big and have grandiose plans. When it comes time to put down a deposit for the work, however, they suddenly say something like, “That

Writing 48 Unit 1: Changing the Self sounds great.  I will be back next month when I have more money.”  Meanwhile, the artist has started drawing the design while three serious clients went to another less “busy” studio.  The next type of annoying client is the “Know-it-all”.  These people usually have a friend with a tattoo, or maybe even a small one themselves, and therefore consider themselves to be experts on the subject. They contradict the artist on everything, and insist on using words they heard in a movie because they think it makes them sound wise.  Finishing up the list of types of annoying tattoo studio customers is the “Bargain Hunter”.  The Bargain Hunters clearly believe that when having a design committed to their skin for life, getting the lowest price is the top priority.  Bargain Hunters often have a “friend” who “would do it much cheaper.”  What all these people fail to realize is that tattooing is a serious art form that artists dedicate their lives to learning and executing.  A little respect and some manners would be appreciated. 8. ________________________________________________ Henna – a flowering plant - has been used to adorn young women’s bodies as part of social and holiday celebrations. When used to color the palm, henna requires a series of preparation stages. First of all, henna leaves are dried and milled to make henna powder. Afterwards, this powder is mixed with lemon juice, strong tea, or other mildly acidic liquids to form a paste. Following this, the mixture is applied on skin to rest for 6 to 12 hours. That way the leaf cellulose is dissolved, making the lawsone available to stain the skin. During this waiting time henna tends to crack and fall off the skin, so it is often sealed down by dabbing a sugar- lemon mix over the dried paste, or simply adding some form of sugar to the paste. When the paste has fallen off the skin or been removed by scraping, the stain will be orange, but should darken over the following three days to a reddish brown. Supporting Techniques Different supporting techniques can be used to support a general idea or opinion. Depending on the type of information available and the pattern of organization used, the technique of the supporting statements may vary. Below is a list of supporting techniques that can be used to develop a paragraph adequately. One or more of these supporting techniques may be used in a single paragraph. Which supporting technique or combination of supporting techniques is most effective depends on the topic and the type of writing task. The support can take the form of: • examples and illustrations • data (facts, statistics, evidence, and details) • testimony (quotes and paraphrases of what authorities say on the issue) • anecdote • explanation • description • definition

Academic Survival Skills I 49 TASK 7 Identify the supporting techniques used in the following paragraphs. 1. Techniques used: _________________________________________ Writing For many people in modern societies, dieting is the only path for being attractive and this has some consequences. First of all, for some people, dieting has become a life-time habit. It is easy to see people who are on a never-ending diet. In Turkey, about 10% of all university students reported that they have been on a diet for nearly 5 years (Smith, 2007, p.13). This is striking data. Another problem with dieting is the risk of catching eating disorders like Anorexia. Anorexia is a serious eating disorder that is characterized by a pathological fear of weight gain; it is a means of self-control for the sufferer. This may sound ironic because patients are not able to control the amount of weight they lose in time and they can only overcome this problem through standard treatment programs. Finally, people do not consult dietitians and get involved in unconscious dieting which is the most commonly observed problem among dieters. For example, a person may have little amounts of iron in his / her blood and may choose to quit eating meat to lose calories. This may be badly affecting the person’s metabolism and may result in a serious drop in the level of iron. That is why unconscious dieting may have serious consequences. On the whole, dieting, which has been a common method to be physically pleasing, may have drawbacks if not applied carefully. 2. Techniques used: _________________________________________ The use of cosmetics shows significant variations among different cultures. In Western societies, the major reason bodies are decorated is to enhance them – to make them appear more perfectly in accord with society’s ideals of beauty. In these societies, the term, “cosmetics”, refers to the preparations designed to improve the appearance of a part of the body, mainly the face, for the sake of beautifying it. In order to look more beautiful, these civilizations depend mainly on make- up, which is the most common form of cosmetics. Traditional African cultures, however, differ from Western cultures in their primary motivation for applying cosmetics because these societies regard cosmetics as a way to express their social status. The term, “cosmetics”, is used not only for face paints but also for body paints in these societies. Faris (1999) exemplifies this type of cultures while reporting the tribes living in the Sudan of northern Africa in which cosmetics is used as a marker of social status. “For these tribes each change of status means a new kind of body decoration, and thus the use of more products in a wider range of colors and designs” (p. 72). Concluding Sentence At the end of a paragraph, writers sometimes write a sentence which summarizes and/or comments on the information presented in the paragraph. This is the concluding sentence. A concluding sentence is optional but important because it is needed to show that the writer has completed what he wants to say and that he wants to leave in the reader’s mind a final statement of the paragraph’s main idea. A concluding sentence: • summarizes and restates the main idea expressed in the topic sentence. • does not introduce another subject that is not covered in the paragraph. Now find the concluding sentence of the paragraph you studied in TASK 3.

Writing 50 Unit 1: Changing the Self UNITY AND COHERENCE Unity An effective paragraph has unity. That is, it focuses on a main point. The chief tool for achieving paragraph unity is the topic sentence. The major ideas must support and explain the main idea. Thus, each sentence in a paragraph should relate to the topic and develop the main idea. If any sentence does not relate to or develop that idea, it is irrelevant and it should be omitted. Otherwise, it disrupts the unity of the paragraph. Cartoon taken from: McDonald, S., & Salomone, W. (2004). The writer’s response: A reading-based approach to college writing (3rd ed.). Boston MA: Thompson/Wadsworth. TASK 8 Identify the main idea of the following paragraphs and find the irrelevant sentence in each. 1. People today have an endless desire to be more beautiful and attractive. The first reason why modern people have become so much beauty-oriented is the advantages that beauty provides in work life. For example, beauty has become a hidden criterion when hiring people. Many employers admit that their decisions are generally influenced by the appearance of the candidates in job-interviews. Also, if a person is attractive, he or she has more chances to be promoted and become the best candidate for the managerial position. However, it is not enough to be physically attractive to be a manager; it is vital to have good administrative skills. This is further confirmed by the new “charisma” phenomenon. Another reason for the increasing interest in beauty stems from the desire to be admired by the other sex. In order to look much more attractive to the opposite sex, many people try their best to change themselves. Although many people claim to give more importance to inner beauty, in reality physical appearance is the primary criterion when choosing a mate. This is evidenced by the fact that attractive men have more chances of finding partners than the less attractive. 2. By changing her image constantly, pop star Madonna has always been able to grab and hold on to the spotlight. When she burst onto the music scene in 1983 with a fast-selling album titled “Madonna”, the singer wanted America to see her as a coy, thrift-shop vamp. She wore heavy make-up, tons of junk jewelry, and was photographed sporting lacy lingerie outside her clothing. For the hit recordings “Like a Virgin” and “True Blue” in 1984 and 1986, Madonna transformed herself into a sleek update of movie-star Marilyn Monroe. She slimmed down, slipped into glamorous gowns, and dyed her hair platinum. But her “Marilyn” image was certainly not the last of Madonna’s transformations. In 1988, Madonna evolved into a brunette temptress. She ran headlong into serious issues and she starred in a