writer1

No unauthorized photocopying. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Explorer Publishing House, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate copyright clearance organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to Explorer Publication, at the address above. You must not circulate this book in any other binding or cover and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer. Any websites referred to in this publication are in the public domain and their addresses are provided by Explorer Publishing House for information only. Explorer Publishing House disclaims any responsibility for the content. Writer 1 ISBN: 978-605-7881-36-6 3rd Edition 2022 Author: Çiğdem Kayıhan Aslan Graphic Design: Merve Ceylan Publisher: Kaşif Uluslararası Yay. Dış Tic. Ltd. Şti. Certificate Number: 41694 Printing: Hermes Tanıtım Ofset Baskı Hizm. Ltd. Şti. Certificate Number: 47869 Photo Credits: All photos and images www.shutterstock.com

For my mother, Prof Dr. Hülya Kayıhan



ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I sincerely thank Ece Er and Dr. Navid M. Talaei who have not only encouraged me and supported me in every possible way, but have continuously provided feedback on this book. I would like to thank Ayşe Akın, Ayşen Şengel, Duygu Dinç Kurtul, Emek Özer, Dr. Hayriye Avara, Dr. Hümeyra Can, İlksen Büyükdurmuş Selçuk, Lütfiye Ekiz, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mustafa Öztürk, Sakine Sincer, Dr. Şenay Saraç, Yusuf Emre Özdemir for contributing to this book with their helpful comments and feedback. This book was completed thanks to their contributions. I would like to express my gratitude to Güzide Önder, Prof. Dr. Nalan Büyükkantarcıoğlu and Asts. Prof. Recep Özbay for their encouragement and support. With sincere gratitude, I would like to thank all the instructors at the Department of Basic English, School of Foreign Languages, Hacettepe University. They have always provided worthwhile advice and feedback and motivated me with their positive attitude and encouragement. Last but not least, I would like to thank my family and friends for always being there for me. It would not have been possible for me to write this book without their encouragement and support.

ABOUT THE SERIES Writer is a two-book series intended to guide English language learners into the world of academic writing. The major aim of this book is to help students improve their writing skill by producing written language. Unlike in receptive skills which require students to make meaning from language input which they are exposed to, in writing skill, students must actually create meaning and produce their own language. In this book, students learn to write by writing. This book mainly focuses on paragraph writing. The first two chapters of this book teach how to write correct sentences. There are chapters on the academic paragraph types: descriptive paragraph types, narrative paragraph, academic paragraph, opinion paragraph, cause or effect paragraph, advantage or disadvantage paragraph, compare or contrast paragraph. The last chapter of the book focuses on writing an academic essay. The sample texts and writing exercises in this book are on topics which are familiar to most people and ones which will spark interest of teenagers and young adults. The book includes texts about different countries and cultures, and supports UN Sustainable Development goals with texts that focus on preserving natural resources, gender equality and healthy lifestyle. An important necessity in writing is the text to be organized meaningfully. This book teaches organization of academic paragraph types and the academic essay in a systematic way. In each chapter, organization is taught step by step. In every chapter of this book, there are editing exercises that focus on organization. This book teaches stages of writing and has exercises on pre-writing and making outlines. With the help of these exercises, students will be able to learn how to organize their thoughts, write unified and coherent paragraphs and edit their work. In written language, mistakes in spelling, grammar and word choice can easily be spotted. Therefore, in writing, students are expected to write not only meaningful texts but also ones with correct grammar and vocabulary. This book aims to help students learn the correct grammatical and lexical structures that are needed in academic writing. In every chapter of this book, there are exercises on relevant structures and editing exercises that focus on grammatical and lexical structures. These exercises help students learn how to find and correct mistakes. This book also teaches other aspects of writing such as punctuation and use of linking words. In language teaching, creativity is vital as it increases motivation, improves self-esteem and makes it easier to learn. In this book, there are writing exercises which will improve students creativity by making them think and write on creative topics.

CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO WRITING 8 CHAPTER 2 EDITING YOUR WRITING 14 CHAPTER 3 DESCRIPTIVE PARAGRAPH: DESCRIBING A PERSON 19 CHAPTER 4 DESCRIPTIVE PARAGRAPH: DESCRIBING A PLACE 29 CHAPTER 5 NARRATIVE PARAGRAPH 38 CHAPTER 6 ACADEMIC PARAGRAPH 48 CHAPTER 7 OPINION PARAGRAPH 64 CHAPTER 8 CAUSE OR EFFECT PARAGRAPH 76 CHAPTER 9 ADVANTAGE OR DISADVANTAGE PARAGRAPH 89 CHAPTER 10 COMPARE OR CONTRAST PARAGRAPH 100 CHAPTER 11 ACADEMIC ESSAY 116

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO WRITING 8 A. PARTS OF A SENTENCE A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought. A sentence should have a subject and a verb. Subject The subject of a sentence is the person or thing that does the action. e.g. - I am an astronaut. - Katie is on the Australian swimming team. - Most teenagers don’t do exercise before school. - My mobile phone records my pronunciation. Verb A verb is a word that expresses an action (walk, help, buy) or state of being (be, have, like). e.g. - After breakfast, we do exercise for an hour. - The sky is very blue and the light is pink. - A lot of people in the UK don’t go to boarding school. - I like learning languages because I want friends in other countries. The subject usually comes before the verb in a sentence. e.g. - We go to bed early. (Subject) (verb) - The writer likes Russian films. (Subject) (verb) In the ‘imperative’, the subject is ‘you’ but we do not say or write it. We use the verb without ‘to’. - Open your books. - Don’t use your dictionaries in the exam. EXERCISE 1. Read each group of words and decide which ones are complete sentences and which ones are not. Write yes next to the complete sentences and no next to non- sentences. Explain why the non-sentences are not sentences. e.g. - The man bought a new car. (yes) - Go out! (yes- the subject is ‘you’- ‘Imperative’) - Is very handsome. (no – there is no subject) - For example, Singapore, Hong Kong and Bangkok. (no – not a complete thought) - Every morning before breakfast. (no – there is no subject or verb) 1. Is very hot today. (....................................................................) 2. They don’t want. (....................................................................) 3. Because they are new students. (....................................................................) 4. He wants to start his own business. (....................................................................) 5. It is very cold today. (....................................................................) 6. Hurry! (....................................................................)

9 EXERCISE 2. Underline the subject/s and the verb/s and write ‘subject’ or ‘verb’ under the line in each sentence. First find the verb/s. Then to find the subject, ask the questions ‘who’ or ‘what’ to the action. Example: - Students and teachers eat lunch in the cafeteria and study in the library. (Subject) (verb) (verb) 1. During the first week of school, everyone works hard. 2. On the first day of school, students greet their friends and talk about their summer holiday. 3. Some children don’t go to school because their parents teach them at home. 4. In the evening, Simon watches TV and listens to music. EXERCISE 3. Write yes next to the complete sentences and no next to non-sentences. Explain why the non-sentences are not sentences. Then rewrite the non-sentences so that they are complete sentences. 1. Works out in the gym every day. (........................) ………………………………………………………………………………………………............................ 2. Every Sunday after lunch. (........................) ………………………………………………………………………………………………............................ 3. Because I don’t like rock music. (........................) ………………………………………………………………………………………………............................ 4. Speed kills. (........................) ………………………………………………………………………………………………............................ 5. Does your sister live with you? (........................) ………………………………………………………………………………………………............................ Complement You have learned that a complete sentence must have two parts, a subject and a verb. Most English sentences have three parts. We call the third part of the sentence the complement. The complement of a sentence completes the meaning of the subject and the verb. There are many different kinds of sentences in English, but most English sentences follow a basic word order: SUBJECT – VERB – COMPLEMENT. The teacher explains the learning points clearly. (Subject) (verb) (complement- rest of the sentence)

10 EXERCISE 4. The words below are not in the correct order to make a sentence. Put the words in order (S – V – C). 1. many services and benefits for students / my school / has .............................................................................................................................................................. 2. many interesting activities / student clubs on campus / plan .............................................................................................................................................................. 3. work / we / in small groups every day .............................................................................................................................................................. 4. everyone / to the teacher’s explanations / listens carefully .............................................................................................................................................................. B. TYPES OF SENTENCES Simple Sentences A simple sentence is a sentence that has one subject-verb combination. The subject in a simple sentence may be compound. e.g. My brother and I are completely different. The verb in a sentence may also be compound. e.g. They laugh and cry at the same time. These are simple sentences. Notice that no commas are used in them. 1. My older brother is a lawyer and has a good job. 2. My mother and father speak and write English well. Compound Sentences Compound Sentences are a combination of two or more simple sentences. They have two subject- verb combinations. Simple sentence: Sam and Liz are her cousins. (Subject) (verb) Compound sentence: Sam and Liz are her cousins, and Jonas and Mick are her friends. (Subject) (verb) (Subject) (verb) Simple sentence: He wants to get a job as a computer programmer. (Subject) (verb) Compound sentence: He wants to get a job as a programmer, but he still has several courses to take. (Subject) (verb) (Subject) (verb) Complex Sentences A complex sentence has one independent clause and at least one dependent clause. The clauses express related thoughts, but one clause acts as the foundation of the sentence. An independent clause can be a sentence on its own as it always makes a complete thought. However, a dependent clause cannot stand alone, even though it has a subject and a verb. The dependent clause includes a conjunction (because, when, after etc.)

11 Look at the examples: 1. I’m staying in because it’s raining. dependent clause (Not a complete thought on its own as it starts with ‘because’. It would be an independent clause if it did not have a conjunction.) 2. I watch TV until I sleep. dependent clause (Not a complete thought on its own as it starts with ‘until’. It would be an independent clause if it did not have a conjunction.) EXERCISE 5. Write a simple sentence, a compound sentence and a complex sentence. 1. .............................................................................................................................................................. 2. .............................................................................................................................................................. 3. .............................................................................................................................................................. C. CONNECTING SENTENCES • AND means in addition, it gives additional information. - School finishes, and I walk home with my friends (additional information). • BUT shows contrast, it gives contrasting or opposite information. The second idea is sometimes unexpected. - My sister never studies for her exams, but she always gets a good grade (contrasting information). • OR gives a choice. We use “or” when there are two possibilities to choose from. - My friends and I usually go to a party on Friday night, or we go to the cinema. one possibility another possibility • SO shows a result. - My sister studies very hard, so she always gets good grades. • BECAUSE shows the reason. - I do gymnastics because it gives me energy. » We usually put a comma before the connecting words, but we do not put a comma before ‘because’. EXERCISE 6. Use ‘and’ / ‘but’ to connect the simple sentences below. 1. My family and I go camping every summer. We usually have lots of fun. …........................................................................................................................................................... 2. She likes classical music. She doesn’t like rock music. .............................................................................................................................................................. 3. There are about one million words in English. Most people only use about ten thousand of them. .............................................................................................................................................................. 4. Russian is the third most spoken language in the world. Spanish is the fourth. ...............................................................................................................................................................

12 EXERCISE 7. Use ‘or’ and the information in parentheses to answer each question below. 1. What does Ali usually do on a Sunday afternoon? (surf on the net / play computer games) .................................................................................................................................................................. 2. What do you and your husband do to relax at the weekend? (watch TV / go on a picnic) .................................................................................................................................................................. 3. What do you do to keep physically fit? (run in the morning / stop at a health club on my way home) .................................................................................................................................................................. 4. What do you usually do on your birthday? (go out with friends / have a party at home) .................................................................................................................................................................. EXERCISE 8. Complete the following sentences. 1. They have lessons five days a week, so .............................................................................................................................................................. 2. Most students do homework in the evening because .............................................................................................................................................................. 3. Penny doesn’t go to bed late, so .............................................................................................................................................................. 4. I go to a bilingual school because .............................................................................................................................................................. EXERCISE 9. Complete the text below with ‘and’, ‘but’, ‘because’, ‘so’. My name’s Miyako Arakawa, _____________ (1) I am from Japan. I’m an environmental engineer. Environmental engineering is a good job _____________ (2) you can go to a lot of different places. I work in an office in the city most of the time, _____________ (3) I also work outside on industrial sites sometimes. I like working outside, _____________ (4) I am very happy with my job. My office is clean _____________ (5) quiet, _____________ (6) the industrial sites are dirty _____________ (7) noisy.

13 EXERCISE 10. Complete the text with the words ‘and’, ‘but’, ‘because’, ‘so’, ‘or’. Malaysia is in Southeast Asia, between Singapore, Thailand _____________ (1) Indonesia. It has coastlines on the South China Sea _____________ (2) the Strait of Malacca. There is a flat land around the coastline, _____________ (3) there are mountains in the centre of the country. There are many beautiful beaches in Malaysia. The country is very green and has very clean air _____________ (4) over half of the country has rainforests. Malaysia is a modern country. In many cities of the country, you can do many activities. For example, you can go to parks _____________ (5) do shopping at malls. EXERCISE 11. Write a text of at least 120 words about yourself answering the following questions. 1. Where are you from? 2. What do you do? 3. Which languages do you speak? 4. What are your hobbies? 5. What are your interests?

CHAPTER 2 EDITING YOUR WRITING 14 A. SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT Singular subjects need singular verbs; plural subjects need plural verbs. EXERCISE 1. Underline the ‘subject’s and circle the ‘verbs’ in the following text. Environmental engineers do important work. They find solutions to environmental problems. They think of ways to clean the water, air and soil. Some of the time they work in offices, but they also work outside in a lot of different places and with different groups of people. Environmental engineers usually work 40 hours a week, but they sometimes work more. EXERCISE 2. Correct the subject-verb agreement mistakes in the following sentences. 1. These people is always nice to me. ………………………………………………………………………………………………............................. 2. The list of items are on the desk. ………………………………………………………………………………………………............................. 3. Are there anything that tastes better than a hamburger and fries? ………………………………………………………………………………………………............................. 4. John and Sally is studying in the library. ………………………………………………………………………………………………............................. 5. A car and a bike is my favourite ways of transportation. ……………………………………………………………………………………………….............................

15 EXERCISE 3. Find and correct five errors in subject-verb agreement in the following paragraph. I am a mother of three kids. One of my kids are eight months old. The other two are twins and they are three years old. I doesn't have any free time these days because I take care of my kids all the time. I never gets much sleep anymore. I wake up several times during the night to feed the baby, so I am tired in the morning. I try to sleep in the day time, but it is not much possible because my other kids needs me throughout the day. I wash my kids’ clothes and blankets every morning. I also changes diapers all day long. All these are difficult, but when I see my kids sleep peacefully, I feel lucky to have three healthy kids. B. PUNCTUATION AND CAPITALIZATION Punctuation is used to create sense, clarity and stress in sentences. You use punctuation marks to structure and organise your writing. Period . Use a period at the end of a sentence (e.g. I usually study in the evenings.) Use a period with most abbreviations (e.g. i.e A.M.) Question Mark ? Use a question mark at the end of a question. (e.g. Who are you?) Comma , Use a comma to separate words or phrases in a series (e.g. I like ravioli, spaghetti and lasagne.) Use a comma to separate independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction. (e.g. – I like my school, but I don’t like exams. - I am tired, so I can’t go out.) Use a comma after many introductory phrases or dependent clauses. (e.g. Because I am sick, I sleep all the time.) Use a coma between the day of the month and the year. (e.g. November 15, 1986) Use a comma to separate cities from states or countries. (e.g. Tallahassee, Florida) Colon : Use a colon to introduce a series (e.g. The museum offers daily tours of the following collections: American, Asian, Classical and European.) Use a colon to introduce a quotation (e.g. Gandhi said: “Where there is love, there is life.” Use a colon to separate hours from minutes (e.g. 6:45)

16 Quotation Mark “” Use quotation marks to enclose a quotation (e.g. Picasso said: “Every child is an artist. The problem is staying an artist when you grow up.”) Use quotation marks to identify titles of songs, stories, poems, articles, essays and chapters from a book. (e.g. My favourite song is “Piece by Piece” by Katie Melua. ! Write the titles of books and works of art italic (e.g. Everybody likes the Mona Lisa.) Apostrophe ' Use to replace missing letters in contractions (e.g. I don’t like pizza.) Use with possessive S (e.g. This is Mary’s jacket.) Use with S to form the plural of numbers and letters (e.g. The ice skater received three 10’s and two 9.5’s for her performance.) The following rules summarize the main uses of capitalization: The first letter in a sentence The pronoun I Names or titles of people (e.g. John Quincy Adams, Dr. House) Names of racial and ethnic groups, religions, nationalities and languages (e.g. Asian, Hindu) Days of the week, months and holidays (e.g. Tuesday, September) Names of specific geographical locations including countries, states, cities, towns, cities, rivers, streets, mountains (e.g. Mt. Olympus, the Mississippi River) Names of buildings, monuments, bridges and tunnels, schools, colleges and universities (e.g. (the Eiffel Tower, Harvard University) Titles of books, movies, newspapers, articles and works of art (e.g. Titanic) EXERCISE 4. Punctuate the following sentences. 1. He was born in Poland on April 22 1981 2. How often do you read books 3. Most people like chocolate but I dont 4. I am sick so I dont go to school these days 5. I speak English French and German EXERCISE 5. Capitalize each of the following sentences correctly. 1. i meet my brother every tuesday and thursday morning. 2. my sister, ruth lives in athens. 3. do you like shakespeare’s romeo and juliet? 4. my russian teacher is very handsome. 5. shopping is one of the most popular activities of visitors to new york.

17 EXERCISE 6. Add the appropriate punctuation and capitalization to the sentences below. 1. in britain 65% of students dont like school uniforms 2. the himalayas are the worlds highest mountains 3. maria asked what time does the movie casablanca start 4. She goes to paris every july 5. professor dickens is sick so he isn’t at school today EXERCISE 7. Read the text below about Bill Gates’ daily routine and look at the use of the time-order signals. One of the richest men in the world, co-founder of Microsoft, Bill Gates has an ordinary life. Bill Gates wakes up at 7 a.m. First, he does some exercise by working out on the treadmill. Then he checks the newspaper headlines. Gates is a good reader, so he always goes to his library and reads books. He never stops learning. Throughout the day, Gates works. He finds new ideas and writes them down. He works until lunch. He usually has a sandwich or a burger for lunch. After lunch, he reads or works again. In the afternoon, he also spends time with his three kids. He goes out with his kids or plays games with them. Gates has dinner with his wife and kids. After dinner, he washes the dishes. He goes to bed before midnight to get seven hours of sleep. Time-Order Signals before + nouns and time adverbs after until e.g. She stays in bed until 9.30. time adverb After dinner, I go outside. noun A time clause can come before a main clause or follow a main clause. When a time clause precedes a main clause, a comma is used. When the time clause follows, no comma is used. e.g. After breakfast, I go to school. I go to school after breakfast.

sentence + First, + 18 Then subject and verb No comma is used after ‘then.’ e.g. I always get up early on week days. First, I wash my face. I have dinner. Then I wash the dishes. EXERCISE 8. Write a text of at least 120 words about your daily routine using the time- order signals (after, before, then … etc.) EXERCISE 9. Look at the text you wrote above and see if you have any subject-verb- agreement, punctuation and capitalization mistakes. Correct your mistakes.