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READING 4.1 A. Look at the picture and discuss the TRAVEL following questions with a partner. A Man Who Travelled the 1. Do you enjoy flying? World for Free 2. Would you like to fly on an airplane as a Next time you are planning a holiday, don’t go for the easy job? Give reasons. option of a staycation or daycation, where you see the same old things; take a leaf out of Ben Schlappig’s book instead. Ben Schlappig has flown over the Pacific Ocean 6 times in one trip. Where was he flying? The answer is – nowhere in particular. Ben is a member of a group of people who call themselves Hobbyists. They fly for fun, and they fly for free, almost always in first class. Ben has been flying this way since he was 16 years old. He is 25 now and has been flying about 400,000 miles every year since then. He doesn’t fly to see the sights of countries; he flies because he simply loves flying. It is more than just a hobby or an obsession for him, it is almost a pilgrimage! His trips can last for days, but he usually never even leaves the airport. He has been all over the world, but his favourite city is Hong Kong. He hasn’t rented an apartment since last year. He now lives out of a backpack in airports, in hotels and on aeroplanes. How does he do it? He started by finding very cheap flights and collecting frequent flyer miles. Then he learned which flights are usually overbooked. If a flight was overbooked, the airline asked for volunteers to move to a different flight, and they gave $400. Then Ben learned that if something on the airplane was broken, the airline would give him $200. He always volunteered to move to a different flight, and he could almost always find something broken on the airplane, like headphones or a bathroom cabinet lock. He has earned $10,000 this way, and he uses the money to buy more tickets and get more frequent flyer miles. Another trick he uses is to use credit card programs to earn free tickets. He has spent thousands of dollars on credit cards to get reward tickets, but he isn’t in debt. His trick is that he always buys money with the credit card. He gives the cash back to the bank and keeps the rewards points. He has been writing a blog to share his secrets for a few years now. In addition to travel secrets, he also shares good deals that he has found. How can a 16-year-old fly around the world as a hobby? His parents have been supporting his hobby since he was a child. His mother used to take him to the airport just to watch the planes for hours when he was 4 years old. His father thinks that flying is a useful hobby, and not dangerous like other things that teenagers do, so he’s glad that his son likes flying. Another reason? The whole family has flown to Europe for free many times, and Ben bought a house in Florida for his parents with some of the money he has earned. 51

4.1 TRAVEL B. Scan the article and find what the figures refer to. a. 16 b. 25 c. 400,000 d. $400 e. $200 f. $10,000 C. Discuss the following questions with your partner. 1. Do you think Ben’s parents should have supported his hobby when he was a teenager? Give reasons. 2. “A good traveler has no fixed plans, and is not intent on arriving.” Lao Tzu Do you agree? GRAMMAR A. Write the verbs in present perfect simple or present perfect continuous. In some cases, both are possible. 1. I _________________ to three stores today and I still can’t find any mushrooms! (go) 2. No thanks. I _________________ three cups of tea already. (drink) 3. She _________________ the laundry since early this morning. (do) 4. He _________________ engineering for three years. (study) 5. Poor Sandy is so tired. She _________________ all night and still has an hour to go. (drive) B. Complete the sentences using a present perfect simple/continuous form of the verbs below. eat fight cook buy not ride 1. Carol / since / early / morning. 2. I / two cars / in my life. 3. She / a horse. 4. Bob and Jane / all morning. 5. We / cereal / everyday this week. 52

4.1 TRAVEL C. Find the mistakes below. 1. Joe has been wanting a new car for some time now. 2. Newman has been visited me twice this week. 3. My parents haven’t been going on holiday for three years. 4. My daughter has been spoken since she was 1-year-old. 5. Have you been stopping smoking yet? SPEAKING Travel the World Some people prefer a beach holiday, others like to go where they can find gourmet food. You may want to see a natural park of the city of Chengdu, China, where you can see pandas in their natural environment. Cuba is also an up-and-coming destination, where features beautiful beaches, historical sights rich culture, not to mention delicious food. Istanbul has also been developing at a rapid pace with dozens of new, glamorous hotels and restaurants opening this year. If you’re more interested in a winter skiing holiday, there is Utah and its famous ski resorts. Finally, Tanzania is often overlooked for its more popular neighbour, Kenya, but Tanzania offers amazing nature parks where you can see lions, elephants, and hippos, as well as beautiful beaches. A. Read the text and answer the following questions. 1. Which place in the text appeals to you most? 2. Which natural places in your country should people visit? Why? GRAMMAR BANK p. 125 53

air travel minimal pairs /r/ /l/ past perfect simple vs. past perfect continuous TRAVEL ANCESTORS WARM UP! B. Match questions below to the pictures in Exercise A and discuss them with your A. Work with a partner. Read the quotation and partner. discuss the following questions. 1. What do you know about your ancestors? “Leaving home in a sense involves a kind Where did they come from? What did they do? of second birth in which we give birth to 2. If you had to live for a year on an uninhabited island, with no mobile connection, what one ourselves.” object would you take to make it habitable? - Robert Neelly Bellah 3. What is the difference between immigrant, emigrant, migrant, refugee and asylum 1. Do you agree or disagree with the quotation seeker? above? Give reasons. 4. Do you think the world is overpopulated? Is 2. What does leaving home means in this context? having too many children irresponsible? 3. What does freedom mean to you? 4. Do you feel like ‘giving birth to yourself’ when 5. What motivates you to get up and go to school/work every day? you travel far distances? 6. Does your country have any traditional VOCABULARY costumes? Have you ever worn any? A. Write down the words that come to mind C. Work with a partner. Using the base when you look at these pictures. Then word of the words in bold, write as discuss your wordlists with a partner. many word formations or collocations that you can. a bc e.g. migrant/migrate/immigration refugee camp/refugee crisis/the plight of refugees PRONUNCIATION d ef A. Write the words you hear in 4.3 the correct column. /r/ /l/ rice lice 54

B. Circle the word that you hear. 4.4 4.2 1. late rate TRAVEL 2. lime rhyme 3. rare lair Retracing Their Ancestors’ 4. bar ball Path 5. fry fly About 1000 years ago a large group of Polynesians READING set out from their islands to migrate to other areas of the Pacific, including New Zealand and Hawaii. A. Work with a partner and discuss the Polynesian culture spread throughout the Pacific following questions. along with those brave travellers. Today we can see the effects of their migration over 16 million square 1. Do you know of any large migrations in miles of the Earth, on every habitable island in the human history? South Pacific. This is amazing when we consider that they had only their traditional canoes and 2. Which one do you think is the most methods to make those tremendous journeys. It amazing? isn’t clear why the Polynesians left their original island and migrated all over the Pacific. Most people B. Look at the title and the picture. Then guess that their original home must have become make a prediction with your partner on overpopulated. Where too many people are living the following question. on an island, for some people there is no choice but to move to another place. This may have been their motivation as well. 1. What do you think the article is about? In 2010 a group of their descendants decided to a. the features of the Pacific Ocean relive the journey to connect with their ancestors b. the wooden carvings on the beach in a closer way and feel what it must have been like c. the migration routes of people to travel in this way. The new group of travellers around the Pacific consisted of crews from New Zealand, the Cook d. the difficulties of migration in the past Islands, Fiji, and a multinational group from Samoa, Vanuatu, and Tonga. They had set out from New Zealand and retraced the path back towards the Polynesian island of Raiatea in their canoes before they were joined by a crew from Tahiti. They took the opposite path that their ancestors had taken 1000 years ago. They had been working on their boats for about a year before their journey. The boats were made of fibreglass but were held together with more traditional materials such as rope and wood. Each of the five boats could hold 16 crew members. The goal of the journey had been to connect with the past, but there was also an added element of reviving traditional ancient sailing skills, such as traditional canoe-building. The crews also had decided beforehand to navigate the journey without maps or modern equipment, as their ancestors did. Making the journey was a sacred act for the sailors, who believe deeply in respecting their ancestors and connecting with the past. 55

4.2 TRAVEL B. Which is the best ending to the sentences below? C. Find the words in the text that match these definitions. 1. I was soaking wet because a. it had rained 1. a strong, but light, material used for making b. it had been raining cars and boats 2. Clive’s friend was in hospital after 2. an extreme adjective meaning very great a. he had had an accident with some fibreglass 3. something that is too important to change or b. he had been having an accident with some fibreglass. forget 4. involving people from different countries 3. My grandfather gave me his grandfather’s gold 5. a relative of someone who lived in the past watch; it was a sacred tradition that a. had been handing down for generations D. Read the text again and complete the b. had been handed down for generations following sentences. 1. The original group left Polynesia ____________ 4. Katie finally found out about her distant ancestry; years ago. a. her great-grandmother had escaped from 2. The modern group left from ____________. an Italian prison 3. Each boat could hold ____________ people. b. her great-grandmother had been escaping 4. The original migration spread over from an Italian prison ____________ square miles. 5. The refugees were exhausted; 5. There were ____________ boats in total on a. they had been sailing in a rubber boat with no water for three days. the modern journey. b. they had sailed in a rubber boat with no water for three days. GRAMMAR C. Find the mistakes. There is one mistake in A. Fill in the blanks with the past perfect simple each sentence. or past perfect continuous. 1. The toy had already been selling out before I 1. The refugees _______ (come) ashore in got to the store. tremendous numbers all morning before local 2. Nancy had complaining to her boss for an hour police offered any assistance. when the phone rang. 2. I thought my ancestors ______ all _______ 3. Yoshi hadn’t done his homework like he said (work) in the coalmines until I found out there were all sailors who _______ (emigrate) from he was. Norway. 4. The child at the hospital had been falling from 3. We were shocked to find out that the once- a window. uninhabited island _______ (turn) into an 5. Our car had broken down more frequently overpopulated island dedicated to package holidays. before we decided to sell it. 4. I asked Seraina why she _______ (choose) to work with asylum seekers, and she told me she _______ (do) it for years since she _______ (motivate) by the news story about the refugee boy who _______ (drown). 5. The traditions of the Polynesians _______ (die out) slowly, until their descendants revived them. 56 GRAMMAR BANK p. 125

4.2 TRAVEL WRITING A. Answer the following questions. 1. What is the most memorable trip you have had? Why was it so memorable? What was the most amazing thing you did/saw during that trip? 2. If you wrote about this trip for people your own age: a. What would they find most interesting to read? b. How were the people, their lifestyle and the country different from your own? c. What would you enjoy writing about? B. Read these extracts from some travel blogs. Which do you like the most? Why? 1 The first day, I woke up at 6am because the hotel’s curtains open automatically. I wasn’t very happy. Then, when I tried the shower, I found I was too tall to stand underneath the water – it must’ve been designed for the stereotypical Japanese person, who is usually shorter than American tourist. Then I went down for breakfast… 2 Tuesday: Went to the market. Lots of people rushing all over the place. Amazing sights and sounds – everything was so bright and colourful. Walked past a stall selling fried insects – tried one. Yuck! The juice squirted all down my chin and onto my shirt. Bought a traditional dress – not sure if I’ll find a situation to wear it back home. 3 If you’re looking for nightlife, then London is the place to go. It’s really popular with young people from all over the world. The English have a reputation of being reserved and polite, but this isn’t what I experienced. In fact, they are either partying all night or being rude to foreigners. Anyway, I found a great Brazilian bar where I could speak Portuguese all night. It was like a home from home. I even met a guy from Sao Paulo who knows my brother. C. Write a travel blog entry, in a style your classmates will find interesting, about a place you have visited. 57

adverbs of degree interrupting phrases TRAVEL CONVERSATIONS WARM UP! A. Label the thermometers with an adverb of degree “hot” or “cold”. A. Discuss the following questions with a extremely very quite too partner. 1. How do you think the people are feeling? 2. Have you ever been in a similar situation? B. Go to page 135. Do the quiz and compare your results with your friends. VOCABULARY INFO BOX B. Complete the following sentences with the adverbs of degree below. Adverbs of degree show the intensity of an adjective or adverb. absolutely a bit really e.g. Today is extremely hot. rather too completely The water is too cold. The water isn’t hot enough. 1. Sorry I’m ______ late; the traffic was ________ Note: You can only use adverbs of degree with awful! gradable adjectives. With ungradable adjectives (e.g. filthy, terrible) 2. That lesson was _______ good; I learned a lot. we usually use the adverbs “absolutely”, 3. Can you turn that music down? It’s _______ “utterly” or “completely”. “Really” can be used with gradable and loud. ungradable adjectives. 4. Why did you put my jumper in the washing machine? It’s ______ ruined now! 5. I’m ______ fond of Cynthia, but she doesn’t know I exist! C. Arrange these adjectives in order of degree. - cold, warm, chilly, hot, freezing, cool, boiling - boring, interesting, dull, mind-numbing, fasci- nating, tedious - bad, ok, amazing, good, terrible, alright 58

4.3 TRAVEL READING A. You’re at a party and a really tedious person is talking to you. Do you: a. Ask them to shut up? b. Move away and talk to someone else? c. Pretend you’ve received an important text asking you to call back? d. Say you need the toilet? e. Yawn loudly and look at your watch? B. Read the article and find out if it mentioned any of your ideas. How do you get out of a boring conversation? We’ve all been there, haven’t we? From time to time we can all find ourselves stuck in an extremely dull conversation, wishing the ground would open up and swallow us alive. Imagine you are at a party, and you sit down next to someone you don’t know. That person proceeds to talk incessantly about their mind-numbing new hobby of growing worms and continues to show you pictures of his new worm collection. You are bored out of your mind, but you don’t want to be rude. You’ve tried to steer the conversation toward something more interesting, but it always comes back to the utterly mind-blowing subject of dirt and worms. What should you do? Well, the first trick you might try is to bring someone else into the conversation. With three people it is easier to find a more interesting topic. Another trick is to secretly signal a friend that you need help. If your friend understands your signal, they might come over and pretend to need your help for something. This isn’t always the best choice since if the boring person understands your tactic, it will hurt them quite a bit. The next piece of advice involves asking the person to introduce you to someone else. This only really works if the uninteresting person knows many people in the group, or if you don’t know everyone. And be careful: their friends could be even more tedious! This wouldn’t work at a family gathering, for example. The best move if you’re at a family dinner is to prod the person into lending you a hand with some chores. This will at least give you something to do, and it breaks up the boring conversation. For example, you might ask for help setting out extra chairs, or ask them to join you in getting dessert. This will also give you another chance to include other people in your conversation. Another thing you might try is just excusing yourself. Say you need to do something really important, make a phone call or just go to the bathroom. That should give both of you time to find another conversation partner. Whatever strategy you choose, it’s important not to be rude when you leave the conversation. Use your body language to signal that you’re almost ready to leave, then thank the person for a nice conversation, and walk away. You might say something like, “Well, it was great to meet you. Best of luck with those worms!” Be sure to end on a positive note. Who knows? Maybe next time it’ll be you that everyone thinks is mind-numbingly tedious. 59

4.3 LISTENING 4.5 TRAVEL A. Listen to the conversations. Do the speakers interrupt rudely or C. Work out the meaning of the words in bold politely? How would you react to in the text and then use a form of them to the people who interrupt? complete the sentences below. GRAMMAR 1. The special effects in the new Star Wars film were _________. I’d never seen anything like A. Listen and fill in the blanks with it before! interrupting phrases. 4.6 2. I scratched my dad’s car, so he gave me loads 1. A: I don’t think it was right what he did. of _________ as punishment. B: I totally agree. C: Can I _____________ something here? I can 3. Shelia was terribly embarrassed when the actually see why he did that. teacher asked where her homework was. She wanted _________. 2. A: So what’s the point of all of that… B: May I ____________ for a minute? 4. The _________ flow of lorries going past my A: Oh, sure, what is it? house is driving me nuts! 3. A: Sorry to interrupt. Now, what were you saying? 5. David didn’t need any _________ when his B: To get ___________ to what I was saying, I girlfriend asked him to marry her! He said yes think they should really consider… immediately. 6. I hate people who talk shop! When I’m out with colleagues, I always try to _________ away from work. D. Discuss the following questions with a partner. 1. Which advice do you think is the best for you? 2. Have you tried any of these strategies before? 60

4.3 TRAVEL B. Choose the correct phrase for the blanks. SPEAKING A: They wanted 15000 for the car, but we talked A. Listen to the conversation and 4.7 them... answer the following questions. B: _________________, but what time is it? 1. What kind of phone does the customer have A: It must be around 6. currently? B: Oh, alright, that’s fine. So, ______________? A: _________________, they wanted 15000, but 2. What are the subjects of the conversation? we offered 12000 and they accepted. It was… B. Listen to the conversation again and tick the B: _________, do you really think the car is worth phrases the speakers use to interrupt and get back on topic. that much? I mean, that’s a lot of money. A: Oh,yes!Imean,Ithinkso._________________? 1. Well, … 2. May I interrupt? Yes, so I spoke to the man about picking it up, 3. Anyway, … and he said he’ll come next week. 4. Pardon me, but … 5. Excuse me, but … a. Now, where was I? 6. Sorry to interrupt, but … b. What were you saying 7. Let’s get back to … c. Anyway 8. Ok, what was I saying? Yes, … d. Sorry to interrupt 9. Could I jump in here? e. Pardon me, but C. In groups take turns talking about a topic from the list below. While one person is talking the other people in the groups should interrupt using the phrases above. your favourite TV show a time when you laughed really hard what you did last weekend Something you’d like to buy soon your favourite café or restaurant GRAMMAR BANK p. 126 61

EXTREME TRAVEL DESTINATIONS A. Watch the video and do some research about B. Work in pairs. Brainstorm, do research and extreme travel destinations on the internet. prepare a list of questions about extreme Use the following questions as a guideline travel destinations. Find a documentary and write a report of 80-100 words about about extreme travel destinations and the topic. watch it with your partner. Take notes about extreme travel destinations in the 1. What are some steepest peaks on Earth? documentary. Try to answer the questions 2. What are some coldest inhabited places? you prepared with your partner. 3. Why do you think the Atacama Desert is an C. Prepare a presentation about extreme extreme travel destination? travel destinations at home. Use the report in exercise A; questions, answers and your 4. If you want to live somewhere close to outer notes in exercise B. You can also show some space, where would you go to? pictures during your presentation. Do your presentationinclasstoshareyourinformation 5. Where is the hottest place on Earth? about extreme travel destinations in general 6. What is the coldest continent on Earth? and in the documentary. 7. Where is the tallest waterfall in the world? 8. What is the World’s smallest island? 62

A. Choose the correct alternative from the UNIT 4 italics. REVISION BOX 1. I can’t stand this weather; it’s absolutely / a bit 2. The city looked as if someone had covered it / too boiling. with a white blanket because _________ all night. 2. We’ve looking / been looking / looked at this grammar for two hours now, and I still don’t 3. My friends were absolutely freezing because understand it! the temperature _________, they _________ for hours and _________ their coats. 3. I hope my descendants/ancestors don’t look back and wonder why we didn’t do more to 4. Last night wasn’t the first time I _________ help migrants / refugees / economic migrants. Julie, so we got on like a house on fire. 4. That concert I went to was mind-blowing / C. Look at the types of holidays and write mind-numbing, in fact it was the best I’ve ever a paragraph about the one you prefer been to! explaining your reasons. 5. We need to do more to protect the natural a. gap year holiday inhabitants / inhabits / habitats of our wildlife b. cruise in order that they survive. c. backpacking d. pilgrimage 6. Your incessant talking is driving me very / too / e. daycation completely mad! f. house swap g. staycation B. Complete the following sentences with past perfect simple or past perfect continuous form of the verbs below. walk eat snow forget meet fall 1. Mike couldn’t face trying his mum’s dessert because he _________ a huge main course just ten minutes before. 63

adjectives describing illnesses and diseases syllables (3/4 syllables) modal verbs revision SURVIVAL VIRUSES WARM UP! B. Match the words to their definitions. A. Discuss the following question with a part- 1. acute ner. 2. stubborn 3. contagious 1. Without which one of the followings would 4. epidemic you find difficult to survive a whole day? fluids 5. chronic (water, coffee), food, contact with people (face- 6. curable to-face, social media, phone), entertainment, 7. terminal parties, shelter. 8. viral B. Go to page 135. Do the quiz and discuss your a. able to be treated with medicine or other results with your friends. therapies VOCABULARY b. comes back again and again c. severe or intense A. Chose the odd one out by looking at d. doesn’t go away easily or quickly their forms. e. results in death f. resulting from a virus 1. acute / sickness / chronic g. can be passed to other people 2. disorder / infection / contagious h. infection occurring in many people at the 3. disease / curable / condition 4. viral / stubborn / contagion same time 5. curable / ailment / acute 64

C. Fill in the blanks with the words from exer- 5.1 cise B. SURVIVAL 1. Ebola was a(n) _______________ in West Africa. It infected thousands of people. READING 2. The doctor said that her cancer is A. Discuss the following question with a _______________. There is no treatment for partner. it. 1. Do you like shows or films about being 3. I have a _______________ infection, not a stranded on an island? bacterial one, so antibiotics won’t help me. 2. Would you rather be stranded on an 4. Many diseases are _______________ now uninhabited island, in the jungle or in the thanks to modern medicine. mountains? Give reasons. 5. I have a _______________ cough. It just won’t go away. 6. The footballer experienced _______________ pain in his knee after the injury, so he had to sit out of the game. 7. Wash your hands to prevent the spread of _______________ illnesses like the common cold or flu. 8. My father has _______________ back pain. It comes back again from time to time. PRONUNCIATION A. Write the words you hear in the 5.1 correct column. 3 syllable words 4 syllable words B. Take turns saying the phrases below with a partner. 1. unattractive photographer 2. reliable computer 3. convincing proposition 4. entertaining carnival 5. attractive invitation C. Listen and check your answers from 5.2 Exercise B. 65

5.1 SURVIVAL B. Skim the text and choose the best title for it. a. Shows about Survival b. Important Tips to Survive on a Tropical Island c. How to Purify Water? ____________________________ Being trapped on a desert island is one of the most popular stories. There are shows like Survivor and Lost, films like Castaway, and books like Robinson Crusoe and Lord of the Flies to help us imagine what it might be like to survive on a deserted island alone. But what if you are stuck on a tropical island someday? First of all, you need to keep a good attitude and believe that you will survive and rescued. Secondly, you should avoid getting injured, even with the tiniest of cuts. Scratches can develop into sores, which can easily become infected. You must werar any sort of footwear on all the times, especially when you walk in the water. It is easy to get injured on coral or other types of sea life, Such risky activity might cause acute pain that can not be cured by taking a couple of paracetamol tablets. Next, you must take all you need from the boat or plane, you were on. If you are on a deserted island, it is supposed that you would survive a kind of liner or boat crash. So, it is recommended to take everything you can, even if it looks useless at the moment. It may become useful later. The next important step is to find a source of water. If there are trees on the island, there is certainly water. Find a river or stream, or a cave where you can collect water. Create spaces where you can collect rainwater when it rains. If there is not any water, you can make a simple device by wich you can turn seawater into freshwater, or look for small animals, birds and fruit on the island. Be wary of berries and fungi, due to– many are highly poisonous and can cause chronic or lingering pain and even death. Next, you need to build a shelter. A shelter is more urgent than food because storms or animals can kill you faster than hunger. If you have a sheet or net, be sure to create a mosquito barrier so that you can sleep without getting bitten by insects – malaria is usually terminal if remain uncreated. And be on the look-out for spiders; their bites can be fatal too. Also, you need to clear a space around your shelter and make a fire at night to prevent venomous snakes from approaching your shelter. A fire will also show your exact place at night to the rescuers while they are looking for you. The final step is to find a reliable source of food. Food should be easy to find. You can catch fish and shellfish in the sea, or look for small animals, birds, berries and fruit on the island. Do not forget that, you should always cook any meat that you get to avoid diseases brought about by bacteria. With these survival tips, you should be able to stay alive and relatively happy until rescuers find you. 66

5.1 C. Read the text and mark the following SURVIVAL sentences as true (T), false (F) or not B. Match the first half of the sentence to the mentioned (NM). second half to make meaningful sentences. 1. You can make drinking water from seawater. 2. A rescue team may come to find you. 1. I had to go home early… 3. You don’t have to cook meat if you eat it 2. I’ll be there… 3. Would you help me… immediately. 4. I might go to the match tonight… 4. A fire will put snakes off from approaching you. 5. I can’t fix the pipe myself… 5. Birds’ eggs are an available source of protein. 6. You should collect small twigs and dry leaves a. but I’m not sure. b. as soon as I can. to use as tinder when building a campfire. c. because I felt ill. 7. Wearing shoes on a desert island is very d. so I’ll have to call a plumber. e. with this bag? important. 8. It is usually easy to find water. C. Find the mistakes in the sentences below. D. Put the following steps in order of urgency 1. Melanie shouldn’t get to work on time because the train was late. according to the article. a. find food 2. You have to study this grammar. It’s very b. collect supplies important. c. find shelter d. be positive 3. The new sofa might be purple, but it is red. I’m e. find water sending it back. f. avoid injury 4. Bridget would play the piano very well. E. With a partner, name five objects that you 5. Sarah tried and tried, but she doesn’t need to would take to an isolated island and give find a job, so she decided to go back to school. reasons. SPEAKING GRAMMAR A. Listen and answer the following 5.3 A. Circle the correct words in italics. questions. 1. Bob might / can / should see a doctor soon. He 1. How many people live in the Cold Pole? seems very ill. 2. Why is the place at the base of Mount Merapi 2. You ought not to / wouldn’t / aren’t able to dangerous? gossip about others. It’s rude. 3. What are the effects of deforestation on the 3. I had to / could / should ride a bike when I was island? four years old. 4. Where do tornadoes occur frequently? 4. Shall / May / Would you please tell me what B. Have a group discussion on the following time it is? questions. 5. You don’t have to / couldn’t / mustn’t eat in 1. Which place do you think is the most difficult class. It’s prohibited. to live? Give reasons. 2. Which place would you prefer to live? Give reasons. 3. Do you have any dangerous places in your city or country? GRAMMAR BANK p. 126 67

confusing adverbs and adverbial phrases minimal pairs /eə/ /ɪə/ past modal verbs SURVIVAL STRANDED WARM UP! VOCABULARY A. Work in groups of four. Read the instruction A. Match the adverbs and adverbial phrases to below and do the activity. their meanings. Instruction: You are going to stay on an desert 1. near a. almost island for one month. You are not allowed to take 2. nearly b. close anything with you except for your clothes. You can only take two items with you. Read the items in the 3. especially a. exceptionally box and make your choice. 4. specially b. for a specific purpose pocket knife lighter 5. ever a. stresses something tent sleeping bag surprising compass fishing rod 6. even b. at all times, any time smartphone mirror soap vitamin pills 7. late a. after the right or B. Work with the same group and discuss the expected time following questions about the activity in Exercise A. 8. lately b. recently 1. Was it easy for you to decide on the items? 9. in the end a. as a conclusion 2. Are there any other survival tools that you 10. at the end b. in the final or terminal would want to take with you? Name hem and give reasons. place 3. Do you think you could survive on an remote island without any tools? B. Complete the following sentences with the words from Exercise A. 1. He _____________ hit the dog, but was able to stop in time. 2. Sadly, the main character dies _____________ of the book. 3. Karen invited the whole class to the party, _____________ that girl who bullies her! Luckily, she didn’t turn up. 4. I’ve been very tired _____________. I should see a doctor. 5. This food was chosen _____________ for this reception. 68

6. Cometotheparty,butdon’tbe_____________. 5.2 Come on time. SURVIVAL 7. We had a huge fight, but we made up _____________ . B. Read the text put the following sentences into the correct places. 8. Have you _____________ been to Spain? 9. I chose this dress _____________ for you. It’s 1. On the other hand, some knives can cost up to $1000, but this knife no doubt contains the best one I could find. features that you will never use in the end 10. I can’t sleep at night because of the incessant 2. there are two things to consider: your needs traffic coming from the main road which is and your budget _____________ my house. 3. if you are a hunter who intends to take your PRONUNCIATION knife into the wilderness A. Write the words you hear into the 5.45 4. The knife should be small enough to carry correct row. comfortably in your pocket /ɪə/: here /eə/: hair 5. although this knife does not fit in a pocket B. Listen to the following pairs of 5.65 The Swiss Army Knife words. Are they the same or different? Write S for same and D The Swiss army knife has been an essential tool for for different. survival since it was first made in 1884. Now militaries all over the world give their soldiers the Swiss army 1 _______ 2 _______ 3 _______ knife or something close. Civilian, or non-military 4 _______ 5 _______ people, also find it useful in everyday life because it is easy to carry around and usually contains at least READING five or six tools in one compact case. The knives usually have one or two sharp blades. When you are A. Look at the picture and answer the following choosing which Swiss army knife is right for you, (a) questions. ______________________. First of all, what will you be using the knife for? 1. Do you know what this tool is called? Are you a worker who needs to open a few boxes 2. Which tools can you see in the picture? and letters each day, or maybe cut some string or some tape? Then a small, sharp blade, scissors, a letter opener, bottle opener and corkscrew are probably all that you need. On the other hand, (b) _____________________, you could probably use a more specialized, larger knife with a fish scaler, wood saw, lighter and LED light on it. The most basic Swiss army knives have six tools: a knife blade, screwdriver tip, scissors, tweezers, nail file and even a toothpick. The largest Swiss army knife contains nearly 90 different tools (c) ______________________. The second point to consider is your budget. You can buy some Swiss army knives for as little as $10, but this knife may not have the features that you need. (d) ________________________. Thus, you should make a list of features that you absolutely need, ones that you want, and ones that would be nice to have, but are not essential. Then you can decide how large a knife you can afford. And remember, with Swiss army knives, bigger is not always better. (e) _______________________, so you should look for the smallest knife that will meet your needs. 69

5.2 GRAMMAR SURVIVAL A. Circle the correct words in italics. C. Find words in the text that match these defi- 1. Regina would / should / couldn’t have finished nitions. her chores. She just started! 1. similar 2. I should / could / might have called you 2. small, but well-arranged yesterday. I’m sorry that I didn’t. 3. a person not in the armed forces 4. a tool for opening wine bottles 3. You might / needn’t / could have planned 5. a tool for plucking small hairs or splinters from ahead better, so you’re not in a rush. your skin 4. Alice may / would / should have taken the bag with her, but I’m not sure. D. Discuss the following question with a partner. 5. I couldn’t / can’t / needn’t have got up so early – it’s Saturday, so there’s no school. 1. Which Swiss Army knife tools would be most useful to you? B. Complete the sentences with the appropriate modal verb and correct form of LISTENING the main verbs below. A. Discuss the following questions with a give wear see eat find partner. 1. She __________ me at the nightclub; I was in 1. Do you ever get fed up with living where you bed that night. do? Why? 2. If I’d had the money, then I_______ it to you, 2. What would entice you into living on an but I’m skint. uninhabited island? 3. It’s your fault you feel sick. You ___________ B. Listen to the conversation again and 5.6 all that pizza! correct the mistakes in the following sentences. 4. You __________ a suit; it’s not a formal interview. 1. Robert lives on his island only in summer. 2. Robert lives with his family on his island. 5. Gary looks stressed. He _________ out his wife 3. Robert got divorced after he saw his island. is pregnant. 4. Robert is the first person to live on the island. 5. Robert is a tour guide on the island. C. Work in pairs. Write a past modal reply to these statements. C. Listen to the conversation again and 1. I went skiing in Holland last year. complete the following sentences. 2. My dad bought his first mobile phone in 1975. 3. I feel really tired this morning. 1. Robert bought the island in the ____________. 4. I’ve bought you a brilliant birthday present. 2. Robert has planted ____________ of new 5. The teacher looks really angry about plants on the island. something. 3. The island is now a ____________. 6. Hey! Watch where you’re going! You nearly 4. People can visit the island on ____________. 5. Robert is ____________ years old. spilled my coffee! 70 GRAMMAR BANK p. 127

SPEAKING 5.2 A. Read the quotes. What is the situation? SURVIVAL “We shouldn’t have brought them with us!” _________________________________ “You should have gone to the toilet before we left!” “You can’t be bored already. We’ve only just left!” If you have to take a long car trip with “Well, you can’t have been reading the map children, there are a few things that you properly. We wouldn’t have got lost if you had should take with you to make sure that you bought a SatNav.” won’t have a disastrous trip. These include a few of your child’s favourite toys, lots of B. Read the text and give it a title. stickers, and some paper, pens - be careful about felt-tip pens due to they might leak 1. What are the best ways to survive a car with all over your nice upholstery. You should a child? also take plenty of snacks. Nuts are good, but avoid taking messy fruit like oranges. 2. What problems may occur during a car trip And if you have a cooler, cheese is another with small children? good option, but don’t let it get warm or spoiled because the smell is terrible. 3. How long do you think you can keep children Finally, technology can help you a lot when entertained during a very long car trip? you’re on a road trip with a child. You can load children’s movies onto a tablet or smart phone and let the child watch it when they get bored – but insist on wearing headphones! You can also use children’s apps to let the child play games for a while. These tips can help you survive on a car trip with a toddler. Good luck! C. Discuss the following questions with your partner. 1. Have you ever ridden in the car with a small child? 2. What are the challenges? 3. “Children should be seen, but not heard.” Do you agree? 71

expressions with body parts prepositions in relative clauses SURVIVAL UNDER WATER WARM UP! VOCABULARY A. Work with a partner. Which of these Off the top of your head means to do/say something statements about sharks are true? without giving much thought. 1. Sharks have been in our oceans for over 400 A. Complete the quotes below with the body million years. parts from the box. 2. There are an average 150 fatal shark attacks eyes shoulders thumb toes back reported per year. a. “Boxing is a great sport. It can take men from 3. Embryonic sand tiger sharks eat their own humble beginnings and have them rub ______ with siblings inside their mother’s womb. royalty.” Mike Tyson, boxer b. There’s nothing wrong with a little anxiety to 4. Sharks are colourblind. keep people on their ______.” Sean Connery, actor 5. There are nearly 120 known shark species. c. “You scratch my ______, and I’ll scratch yours.” 6. Each year, more people are killed by falling Proverb d. “My rule of ______ is: be skeptical of things coconuts on their head than by sharks. you learned before you could read.” Ben Canocha, entrepreneur and writer B. Off the top of your head, name 10 sea e. “When you run your ______ over something, it creatures. How many of your list are usually runs away from you.” Anonymous dangerous? B. Match the expressions from Exercise A with the definitions below. 1. to make someone give their full attention to something 2. quickly scan 3. do someone a favour 4. to spend time with someone, usually an important or famous person 5. general principle 72

5.3 SURVIVAL C. Discuss in groups. 1. Would you like to rub shoulders with the rich and famous? Who in particular? 2. How would you keep your boyfriend or girlfriend on their toes? 3. In what way would you scratch your parents’ backs to get them to buy you a new car? 4. Do you have any rules of thumb for being happy? 5. Do you find running your eyes over a text (skim reading) easier than scan reading? READING A. Run your eyes over the text to find the five main sea creatures. Which did you think of in the Warm Up activity? Underwater Kings What comes to mind when you think of the ocean? Sailing? Surfing? Swimming? Drowning? Being eaten by a hungry shark? For many people, the oceans that cover over 70% of our planet’s surface are a place of fearsome beasts rubbing shoulders with each other, just waiting to kill us. One of the strongest animals living in the ocean is the Orca, also known as the killer whale. It belongs to the dolphin family, and therefore is an air-breathing mammal. The orca is amazing because it is one of the sea animals which can live almost anywhere in the world, from very cold to very warm waters. The orca can be up to 32 feet long and weighs up to 6 tonnes. Another strong animal, which is also one of the most well-known, is the Great White Shark. The shark, which most people are afraid of, lives in groups, but tends to hunt alone. It can be up to 20 feet in length. Its 300 teeth, which are used to injure and kill the prey, are sharp and triangle-shaped – guaranteed to rip the unwary swimmer to shreds. But how likely are swimmers to be a victim? Surprisingly, only a few people are reported to be killed by sharks, about 5-10 people per year. In fact, you have more chance of being killed by a coconut falling on your head than be a Great White’s dinner. Around 97% of the 500 or so shark species are harmless to humans, but sharks are said to be attracted to the “yummy yellow” of some wetsuits (it’s a myth that they are colourblind), just to keep you on your toes next time you go swimming! Another gruesome fact: baby sand tiger sharks eat their own brothers and sisters inside their mother’s womb. More a case of “you scratch my back and I’ll eat yours” than sibling harmony. Another mysterious and powerful creature of the ocean is the Giant Squid. The giant creature, which researchers haven’t been able to take many pictures of, lives in the very deep ocean. Although rare videotape footage of a live giant squid was taken in 2006 by a group of Japanese scientists, most of our knowledge of the giant squid comes from the dead squid bodies that wash up on beaches all over the world. The largest squid ever found was 43 feet long. The fourth powerful sea animal is the giant octopus. The largest giant octopus ever was 30 feet across. Giant octopuses usually eat small sea creatures like crabs, fish, and lobsters, but they can also attack small sharks. They are also incredibly smart. Scientists at an aquarium in which a giant octopus lives have taught a giant octopus to open a jar. More famously, Paul the octopus at a German aquarium was able to predict 12 out of 14 outcomes of international football matches. Intelligence or pure luck? The final powerful sea creature is the saltwater crocodile. The crocodile, which can be up to 17 feet long, lives in the South Pacific around India and Australia. As a rule of thumb, crocodiles live for a very long time, sometimes up to 100 years. The saltwater crocodile has the most powerful bite of any animal in the world, and some scientists think that the power of its bite is even more than dinosaurs. 73

5.3 C. Rewrite the following sentences in informal form. SURVIVAL 1. Pricilla, with whom I danced all night, was B. What do these numbers represent? stunning in her blue dress. a. 2006 b. 100 c. 6 d. 30 e. 17 f. 300 2. Istanbul is the city in which I lived for 7 years. 3. The house of which the roof was leaking C. Find words or phrases in the text that mean: needed extensive repairs. 1. an animal caught and eaten by another animal 4. I gave the box to Donald, from whom I also got 2. not paying attention to dangers around you 3. torn to pieces a large amount of money. 4. very unpleasant (often involving death) 5. Birds usually live in our lake to which they 5. intelligent return year after year. D. Discuss the question with your partner. D. Tick the correct sentence(s). Correct the 1. Which animal do you think is the most incorrect sentence(s). dangerous? Give reasons. 1. Bob, to who Patty has been married for 3 years, GRAMMAR is in the hospital now. A. Look at these two sentences from the text. 2. This is exactly the type of thing for that I’ve Which sounds more formal, and why? been looking! 1. Scientists at an aquarium in which a giant 3. Jerry is the type of person that I’ve always octopus lives have taught a giant octopus been fond of. to open a jar 2. The shark, which most people are afraid 4. This is the song which I always listen of. of, lives in groups. 5. The box of which I put the books in is by the door. B. Rewrite the following sentences in a more Fancy grabbing a bite for lunch? formal way. a. The film stars at the movie premiere, who I rubbed shoulders with, were people I’d admired for years. b. I went to the after-show party in a taxi that I paid £30 for. c. The jungle the celebrities stayed in is in Australia. d. The film star I am sending a fan letter to is Nicole Kidman. e. Tricia, who I bought a present for, has been quite ill this month. 74 GRAMMAR BANK p. 127

5.3 SURVIVAL WRITING A. Discuss the following questions with a partner. 1. What reality shows are popular in your country? 2. Do you like reality shows? Why or why not? 3. Would you like to take part in a reality show? Which one and why? B. Work with a partner. Read the quotation and discuss the following questions. “ ”Many reality shows have failed because everyone’s acting. - Nigel Barker 1. Do you agree or disagree with the quotation above? Give reasons. 2. Do you think it is possible to reflect a real identity in reality shows? Give reasons. Reality TV Reality television started in early 2000’s with the show Survivor. Since then reality TV has become more and more popular every year. There are hundreds of different reality shows nowadays, from cooking and singing contests to shows in which viewers just watch a celebrity’s everyday life. I believe that most of these shows are beneficial to the audiences, but there are also negative sides to reality TV. In the first place, reality TV is quite informative. When a viewer watches a cooking show he or she can learn new recipes. Watching a jungle survival show can help people learn real survival skills, such as how to build a shelter or how to light a fire. In addition, reality shows are very entertaining. It’s fun to watch how celebrities become professional dancers, and it’s exciting to watch a singing contest in which people chase their dreams of being a famous singer. On the other hand, reality television has some downsides. To begin with, its name is “reality”, but most of the shows do not present real life. This misleads the viewers. They might confuse the reality with the show and by imitating it creat a dangerous or harmful situation. The other point is that it’s not fair to appearing on a reality TV show. Most of the time they are not talented as much as other singers, actors, dancers or chefs, but since they were on a TV show, they became famous. Reality television has made a lot of celebrities with little or no talent. To sum up, although watching reality shows can be pleasurable and educational, their negative aspects like confusing the viewers and introducing fake celebrities should be paid attention. All in all, I think that besides reality television is good entertainment, but we should be careful what we watch. A. Read the sample essay above and discuss C. Write your own ‘for and against essay’ on the questions below. one of the following topics. 1. What is the writer’s opinion? a. reality shows 2. Where does the writer state that opinion? b. hunting animals for sport and food c. having children B. Discuss the following questions with a d. government spending on space travel partner. e. animals being used for research 1. What positive points for reality television f. English being the official language of the does the writer make? world 2. What point does the writer make against it? 3. What points do you agree or disagree with? 75

DESERT NOMADS A. Watch the video and do some research about B. Work in pairs. Brainstorm, do research and desert nomads on the internet. Use the fol- prepare a list of questions about desert lowing questions as a guideline and write a nomads. Find a documentary about desert report of 80-100 words about the topic. nomads and watch it with your partner. Take notes about desert nomads in the 1. Who are nomads? documentary. Try to answer the questions 2. How do nomads live in the desert? you prepared with your partner. 3. Why are camels called ships of the desert? 4. What kind of plants are in the Sahara Desert? C. Prepare a presentation about desert nomads 5. What are some types of nomads? at home. Use the report in exercise A, 6. What are the survival strategies used by desert questions, answers and your notes in exercise B. You can also show some pictures during nomads? your presentation. Do your presentation in 7. What kind of animals are there in deserts? class to share your information about desert 8. Do you think life is easy or difficult for nomads? nomads in general and in the documentary. 76

A. Choose the correct alternative from the UNIT 5 italics. REVISION BOX 1. Malaria is a chronic / contagious disease. 2. He suffers from acute / viral headache. C. Make these sentences more formal. 3. High blood pressure caused him to develop 1. As a rule of thumb, I don’t talk to people I’m epidemic / chronic kidney disease. not friends with. 4. Smallpox is a curable / chronic disease. 5. Black Death refers to an acute / epidemic 2. Off the top of my head, I can only think of one sports star I’m a fan of. caused by plague and affected most of Europe. 6. Terminal / Viral illnesses are diseases that 3. This is exactly the sort of exercise I’m not keen on. cannot be cured. 4. Being alone is the time I’m the happiest in. B. Complete the sentences with a present or 5. There are a few situations where it’s past modal. 1. I _______ bothered my mum buying that dress acceptable to scratch someone’s back in. 6. That’s the actress that Brad Pitt was married because it’s too small for her. 2. You _______ finished this exercise already! to. This is only question two! 77 3. You _______ crazy to go bungee-jumping at weekends; it’s too dangerous. 4. We _______ a little bit late getting to you because our SatNav is broken. 5. I _______ passed my exams if it wasn’t for the help of my teachers.

geographical features connected speech reporting with passive verbs EXPLORATION EXPLORERS WARM UP! VOCABULARY A. Work in pairs and discuss the following A. Match the words below to the images. questions. 1. isle 2. valley 3. cliff 4. wood 1. What are these explorers famous for: 5. moor 6. swamp 7. tide 8. peninsula ab a. Yuri Gagarin b. Marco Polo cd c. Roald Amundsen d. Francisco Pizarro e. Sir Edmund Hillary f. Christopher Columbus g. Amelia Earhart 2. Why do you think people remember more male than female explorers, such as Valentina Tereshkova, the first woman in space? B. Go to page 136 and take the quiz. Then discuss your results with your partner. ef gh 78

B. Discuss with a partner. 6.1 1. Which of these features are close to your city? EXPLORATION 2. Which would you like to explore on a daycation? 79 PRONUNCIATION A. Listen to the following sentences. 6.1 Notice how the underlined sounds are connected. Then listen and repeat. 1. In the early morning 2. She wants to be a doctor 3. two or three minutes 4. I score a goal 5. please answer a question B. Repeat the tongue twisters. Focus on connecting your speech into one constant stream. 1. Pat gave back the backpack. 2. Suzie sells seashells by the seashore. 3. Four furious friends fought for the phone. 4. Twist twice to tie tightly. 5. She saw a shy sheep. READING A. Work with a partner and decide which of these statements are true or false. 1. Vikings wore helmets with horns. 2. The majority of Vikings were warriors. 3. Vikings took special delight in destroying religious buildings and sites. 4. Vikings lived in North America as well as Scandinavia. 5. The Vikings’ favourite weapon was the double- headed axe. 6. The Vikings drank from the skulls of people they had killed.

6.1 EXPLORATION VIKINGS: THE GREAT EXPLORERS Eric the Red was a Viking born in Norway around 950 AD. He is known for being the first European who sailed the tide to the isle of Greenland. His family moved to Iceland when he was a child because his father had killed a man and was banished from Norway. He wasn’t allowed to live there anymore. From Iceland Eric was again banished for three years after he killed two men. He had heard of more land in the west of Iceland, so he decided to explore. He sailed his ship and crew towards Greenland in 982. He passed some islands that another explorer had found before and continued to the eastern coast of Greenland. He kept sailing around the southern tip of Greenland and landed on the western coast, near the Nuussuaq Peninsula, where he is believed to have stayed for two years. He spent two years exploring the area, and he founded a good idea to return with a larger group. After three years he was allowed to return to Iceland, so he went back and tried to encourage people to accompany him to Greenland. He named the new place Greenland to convince people to go there, however in reality Greenland is a mostly snowy and freezing place with very few woods and forests. A large area of the island is made up of barren moors, where is also known for its midges (flying insects) whose bite can infect plague in the summer. Finally, about 500 people agreed to travel with him. They moved to Greenland in 14 Viking ships in 986. They succeeded to live for many years, however, eventually all of the Vikings on Greenland left. Some returned to Iceland because of its extremely cold weather and others who decided to stay, were disappeared. They probably died of cold and starvation, have been killed by native Inuit people. Contrary to the popular beliefs that, Vikings were horn-helmeted warriors with double-headed axes, drinking from their victims’ skulls, they were mostly nonviolent farmers and tradespeople. They certainly were intolerant of other religions, and destroyed many sacred sites, but most of the time they would have lived with natives in peace. Eric the Red died around 1003 AD, but his love of exploration lived on in his son, Leif. Leif Ericsson was also an explorer. He grew up in Greenland but decided to explore a new land that others had seen when they got lost during one of their trips. That new land was North America. So Leif Ericsson was the first European to set foot in North America around 1000 AD. He returned to Greenland in 1002, thus his father probably knew of his discovery before he died. B. Read the article and answer the following questions. 1. Were your predictions to Exercise A correct? 2. Which facts surprised you most? C. Read the article again and find out what the numbers refer to. a. 950 b. 982 c. 500 d. 14 e. 1000 80

D. Mark the sentences as true or false. Correct 6.1 the false ones. EXPLORATION 1. Eric the Red wasn’t the first European to see 3. The price of cars is expected to go up / have Greenland. gone up this year. 2. Eric the Red was the first person to go to 4. It is hoped that / who the criminal will turn Greenland. himself in. 3. Eric the Red named Greenland because it’s 5. It is believed that the Category 5 storm will green. make / has made landfall tomorrow. 4. Eric the Red was born in Greenland. C. Find the mistakes in the following sentences. 5. Eric the Red had to leave Iceland because he 1. They is said that Carla didn’t pay her rent. killed two men 2. The boy is been thought to have a rare disease. 3. Carol is believe to have spent all the money. E. Work in pairs and discuss the following 4. It was discover that Joanie stole the documents. 5. It has understood that we will pay our rent on questions. time. 1. What common misconceptions have you heard about your country’s history, culture SPEAKING and customs? A. Read the introduction below about Evliya 2. Thinking back to famous explorers, which Celebi and answer the following questions. expedition would you like the most to have been on? Evliya Celebi, born as Mehmed Zilli, was a member of the Ottoman court in the 1600s. GRAMMAR He travelled extensively throughout the Ottoman Empire and Europe. He made A. Write these sentences using passive reporting many journeys in his lifetime, and he recorded each of them in great detail. His verbs. journals were collected in 10 volumes called Seyahatname. His journals contain valuable 1. The neighbours claimed that it was Sheila historical and linguistic data about life at causing the problems. that time. The linguistic data is especially important as he recorded many languages 2. We estimate that their arrival will be on that were previously not written down. Thursday. 1. Who is Evliya Celebi and why is he famous for? 3. The scientists believe that the Genesis project 2. What else do you know about him? is progressing too slowly. 3. Do you like reading journals? Give reasons. 4. The latest data prove that the evidence was B. Work in groups. Do an online research and tampered with. discuss the following questions. 5. People say that the project will be finished 1. What other explorers are you aware of? Why next year. are they famous? B. Circle the correct words in italics. 1. George has / is said to be the one that caused the problems. 2. The temperature is thought to have risen / been risen more than usual this year. GRAMMAR BANK p. 128 81

animal body parts and their functions causatives EXPLORATION MOVIES WARM UP! VOCABULARY A. Read the titles of the films below and answer A. Find the eight animal body parts in the the following questions. wordsearch and match them to the clues. a. Jaws b. King Kong K EMB I L I S T I B N c. Jurassic World d. Rise of the Planet of the Apes N K O L E QQ EWC C Z e. Arachnophobia 1. In which years were these films released? U J AWS A N R B A J C 2. Which animals are the main characters of RXYFHTKL FVLH these films? 3. Have you seen any of these films? T F F BA I SGNA F C If yes, did you like it? C I DCHQF X V T Y R If no, would you be interested in seeing them? ZNL EFBE J SRAX B. Go to page 136 and check your answers in Exercise A. F E NM J ZWY Q D U G 82 S A RQQVA S L T NO MY B D D C K C R PWB V Z F XB S F I TVHD NK L K SQHGC CQ L 1. Large, pointed teeth of a lion, wolf, snake, etc. _______ 2. Sharp, curved parts at the end of a tiger’s toes. _______ 3. Long, thin arms of an octopus. _______ 4. Long hair on the neck of a horse or lion. _______ 5. An elephant’s long nose. _______ 6. Thin, flat part of a shark, dolphin, etc. that sticks out. _______ 7. Includes the lower part of your face and bottom teeth. _______ 8. Hard, curved or pointed part of a bird’s mouth. _______

6.2 EXPLORATION B. Write a relevant body part for the following animals. Use each body part only once. 1. What is the function of each animal part mentioned above? 2. What wild creature would you like the least to come face-to-face with? READING A. Look at the picture and title. Then answer the following question. 1. Have you seen Game of Thrones? What would you do if you had a fire-breathing dragon as a pet? 2. St George, the patron saint of England, is celebrated for killing a dragon. Do you think dragons ever existed? Five Living Dragons Flying Dragon You may think that dragons are purely the stuff of No, it’s not just the name of a Chinese restaurant! imagination. They appear in films such as The Hobbit The flying dragon is a species of lizard in the tropical and How to Train Your Dragon, but it’s just fantasy, forests of Southeast Asia. It glides from tree to tree isn’t it? Well, after reading this, you may change your with its wings open, and it can glide up to half the mind. Here we introduce five types of dragon that are length of a football field when threatened. The male so much real… flying dragons are territorial, so they don’t let any other males onto their trees. They don’t spend much Komodo Dragon time on the ground. Even the female dragon flies away soon after laying her eggs in the ground and leave her The Komodo dragon is a huge, poisonous lizard unborn babies to their fate. living on the islands of Indonesia. Growing up to the lengths of 3 metres, this terrifying beast feeds on Black Dragonfish large animals, such as pigs, deer, and water buffalo. Komodo dragons can knock down animals with their Black Dragonfish are a deep sea fish with a long, black huge tail and also stand on their hind legs to claw body. One very interesting fact about dragonfish their prey. They are known to attack humans and is, there is a huge difference between the male and are very speedy, so unless you fancy having your legs female fish. The female fish are about 48 cm in length, bitten off in their powerful jaws, you had better steer and have sharp fangs. They also have organs that clear of and don’t dare take a selfie with one! Komodo emit light to communicate with other Dragonfish. dragons have slow metabolisms, so they don’t need to The male fish are only 5 cm long and have no teeth eat very often; in fact, they can survive on 12 meals a or stomach. As the old saying goes, the female of the year – just be careful that one of those meals isn’t you! species is deadlier than the male. Bearded Dragon Seadragons The bearded dragon is a lizard native to Australia, These small, delicate, carnivorous creatures are and has a flap of skin around its head that it can puff actually fish. They look like seahorses, but they have out, resembling a beard, when it feels afraid. The flap brighter colours and only live off the coast of southern can also change colours if the animal feels stressed. Australia. They feed by sucking their prey through Although they have a scary name, the bearded dragon their pipe-like snout into their toothless mouths. only feeds on plants and small insects and is not They are about 24 cm long. Some seadragons have poisonous. Since they are harmless and easy to care natural camouflage – they look like they have leaves for, they are popular pets for children. But they are a hanging of their bodies, enabling them to blend in big commitment: they live in captivity up to 14 years. their surroundings. As seahorses, it is the male that cares for the eggs – carrying up to 250 eggs on its tail for around 9 weeks before they hatch. 83

6.2 C. Mark the following sentences as true (T), false (F) or not mentioned (NM). Correct the EXPLORATION false ones. 1. Orangutans are human’s closest-living species. B. Write the name of the dragon next to the fact. ___ 2. They live in Borneo, Sumatra and Thailand. ___ 1. It lives in the deep sea. ____________ 3. They spend most of their time in nests on the 2. It is territorial. ____________ 3. It is poisonous. ____________ ground. ___ 4. It makes a good pet. ____________ 4. They are unique because males look after their 5. It lives off the coast of Australia. __________ babies. ___ C. Find words or phrases in the text that mean: 5. They are able to use tools to get their food. ___ 6. The durian fruit has a smell like honey. ___ 1. keep away from 2. not dangerous D. Discuss in groups. 3. something unpleasant that might happen 4. to produce or send something out 1. Orangutans and many other species are in 5. only eats meat danger of extinction, but is it worth the time 6. a long nose and money we spend trying to protect them? D. Work with a partner and discuss the 2. What three species of wildlife do you think are following question. the most important, and why? 1. Which dragon do you think is the most 3. Of your three important species, you can only amazing? Discuss with a partner. save one – which do you choose? 2. Do you agree that generally females are GRAMMAR deadlier than males? A. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of LISTENING ‘get’, ‘have’ or ‘make’ and a verb below. A. Work with a partner and discuss the plait put down trim look after clean out following question. 1. My cat _________ its claws ________ at the 1. What do you know about orangutans? vet’s right now. B. Listen to the conversation and check 6.2 2. I always _______ the stable girl to _____ my your answer in Exercise A. horse’s mane before I ride it at exhibitions. 3. My parents used to _______ me ______ the parrot cage when I was young. The smell was terrible! 4. I _____ my friend to ______ my goldfish when I went on holiday. 5. Would you ______ your pet ________ if it was terminally ill? B. Rewrite the sentences without changing the meaning of them. 1. I pay someone to wash my car every week. 2. Joel had caused Angela to cry. 3. I will ask my brother to drive me to school. 4. Ben paid someone to cut his hair. 5. Jason has forced Billy to give him the money. 84

6.2 EXPLORATION C. Find and correct the mistakes in the sentences. One sentence is correct. 1. She should had the gardener mow the lawn. 4. The boss had the workers clean up before 2. The commander used to makes the soldiers closing. sing a song. 5. Pam made her dog to do a trick. 3. I get my mother cook for me every weekend. WRITING A. Insert the following words into the summary. d. after e. but f. so a. However b. in the meantime c. finally Jurassic Park Summary In Jurassic Park, a wealthy man, John Hammond (played by the brilliant Richard Attenborough), opens a dinosaur theme park on a tropical island where he has populated by real dinosaurs. The dinosaurs were cloned from ancient dinosaur DNA. A lawyer, Donald Gennaro, is brought to the island to verify its safety after a worker dies from a dinosaur attack. The lawyer invites a mathematician, Ian Malcolm (portrayed fabulously by Jeff Goldblum) and Hammond invites two scientists, Dr. Alan Grant and Dr. Ellie Sattler. Sam Neill and the beautiful Laura Dern play these characters as believably as they can, even though the plot is a bit far-fetched. 1. ____________ they arrive the group and Hammond’s grandchildren, Lex and Tim, go on a tour of the theme park together. In the visitors’ centre, they learn how the dinosaurs were made – dinosaur DNA was taken from ancient mosquitoes preserved in tree sap, and the missing DNA parts were taken from frogs. All of the dinosaurs were female so that they can’t breed. Everything starts well, but the tour ends up being cancelled because of an approaching tropical storm. Most of the visitors and park employees leave in boats, 2. __________ the scientists decide to stay to study the dinosaurs further. 3. ____________, the park’s computer programmer deactivates the park’s security system in order to steal a dinosaur embryo in order to sell it, but this also enables many of the dinosaurs to escape from their enclosures. When the power goes out, the electric tour vehicles are also deactivated, 4. ________ the group gets stuck in the wild with the dinosaurs. They decide to walk back to the visitor’s centre. 5. _________, many of the group are killed or injured before they are able to return. The heart-thumping music and incredible special effects in these scenes had me on the edge of my seat. As they are trying to escape, one of the scientists notices dinosaur eggs and realises that the dinosaurs can breed. 6. ____________, the group gets the power turned on and calls for help. The remaining members board a helicopter and leave the island. As the group leaves the island, Hammond decides to abandon the idea of the theme park and let the dinosaurs remain isolated on the island. As I have said, the plot is not very believable, but thanks to the acting, music and special effects, the movie is a brilliant popcorn-movie and can be enjoyed by audiences of all ages. B. Choose your own film to review. You should include your opinion of the film. Take notes about whether you thought the film was great, ok or terrible, and why we should consider the following for ideas: 1. acting 3. musical score 2. plot 4. excitement (or lack of) C. Use your notes in exercise B and write a review about your favourite film. GRAMMAR BANK p. 128 85

phrasal verbs with up / down asking for and expressing approval EXPLORATION SPACE WARM UP! C. Complete the questions with the same phrasal verbs and then discuss with a partner. A. Discuss the following questions with a partner. 1. What sort of posters or pictures have you _________ on your bedroom walls? 1. Do you think there are aliens in space? Why or why not? 2. Is it fair to be _________ for a job because you don’t have enough experience? 2. Why do you think humankind is so curious about exploring the space? 3. Do you _________ your thoughts and what you’ve done each day into a diary? B. Go to page 136. Do the quiz and compare your results with your friends. 4. Could you easily _________ the time you spend on social media? VOCABULARY 5. Would you like to have been _________ by A. Listen and put a tick near the phrasal 6.3 your grandparents rather than your parents? verbs you hear. 6. When the teacher asks for volunteers to speak 1. put down 7. build up in class, do you usually _________ your hand 2. turn down 8. wake up _________ or speak up? 3. put up 9. cut down 4. keep down 10. cool down 7. What do you do to ______ when you’re angry? 5. sit down 11. come down 8. What can we do to stop crime figures from 6. go up 12. bring up _________ in your town? 9. Give your partner some advice on how to ____ their confidence in speaking English. B. Match the phrasal verbs you ticked in Exercise A to their definitions. 1. encourage; develop 2. stay hidden by crouching 3. hang 4. set; record in writing; criticise 5. raise 6. chop; reduce 7. be built; explode into flames 8. gradually return to a normal temperature; become calm 9. refuse 86

6.3 EXPLORATION READING A. Look at the picture and answer the following questions with a partner. 1. What do you think this is a picture of? 2. Where on Earth could these live? Unexplored Parts of the World Humans are very interested in other planets. We’re curious to discover whether there is life on other planets or places in the universe. However, there are also four unexplored areas on our own planet, which brings up the question of whether we should cut down expenditure on space travel and spend more time and money on exploring places on home closer to us.These places could contain particular facts just as discovering probable life in space. The first unexplored habitat is under our feet. It’s the Earth’s mantle and core, the inner parts of our planet. Our planet is a sphere, we have mostly concentrated on exploring the surface of it up until now. The Earth is over 17 trillion kilometres in volume, which the surface is only 510 million square kilometres, much of that is under unexplored oceans. Just going down to the Earth’s mantle, only 6 miles below us, it has proven that the constituent is incredibly hard. Some scientists hypothesise that there may be another ocean below that could contain life.This space is worth exploring. The next unexplored habitat is the ocean floor.We usually explore the water above the ocean floor, but we don’t really know what’s on the ocean floor itself. Less than 5% of the ocean floor has been explored, although the oceans cover 71% of our planet.That means the vast majority of our planet is totally unexplored. Moreover, the creatures we have known from our limited exploration of the ocean look more alien-like than most aliens we could ever imagine. This brings us to the air above our heads: the upper atmosphere. This vast expanse remains largely unexplored. A balloon which went up into the upper atmosphere in 2013 found a surprise – floating algae.This means that organisms can and do live in our upper atmosphere, but until a few years ago, we had no idea they even existed. The final unexplored place on our planet is the frozen world. From time to time an area of ice thaws and reveals a surprise, such as prehistoric woolly mammoths, bodies of soldiers from World War I or living viruses. However, the last woolly mammoth was found in Siberia in 2007, but more surprises are likely to build up with the Earth heating up rather than cooling down each year.We really don’t know what is lain inside of the most frozen districts on our planet, so as it melts, we shouldn’t turn down the chance of exploring them. 87

6.3 C. Discuss with a partner. EXPLORATION 1. Do you think going up into space is more or less important than exploring these places on B. Decide whether these statements are true Earth? Why? (T), false (F) or not mentioned (NM). 2. What is more important to find on Earth: alien 1. The last time humans reached the Earth’s life, an extinct species, new living organisms or mantle was in 2017. ___ new fossil fuels? Why? 2. Scientists have always known the upper D. Discuss the following question with a atmosphere contained life. ___ partner. 3. Extremely low temperatures kill all viruses. ___ 1. Do you think it is more important to explore 4. Over 70% of the ocean floor is yet to be Earth or other planets? Give reasons. explored. ___ 5. The DNA from Woolly mammoths give scientists hope they can recreate the species. ___ 88

GRAMMAR 6.3 A. Listen and fill in the blanks with 6.4 EXPLORATION proper expressions. C. Correct the mistakes in the dialogue. 1. A: Mum, what would you __________ of me getting a tattoo? A: Hi Carol. I was thinking of staying home today. Are you think I should do it? B: You wouldn’t do that, __________ you? A: Well, I want to… Do you think it would be B: Oh, it’s not very nicely. There is a lot to do at the office today. really __________ if I did it? B: Well, I __________ of you getting one. A: I know, but there’s a concert I’d really like to see. Do you think it’s alright staying home just 2. A: Honey, are you in __________ of me getting one day? a second job? B: Is it necessarily for you to do that? I mean, it’s B: I’m __________ for it! We need some extra just a concert. money. A: I know, but I really like this band, and they A: Great. So, what would you __________ if I never come here. Do you think it could be worked as a night guard? really awful if I did it? B: Work all night? You shouldn’t __________ B: Yes, I do. You shouldn’t be that. that. We’ll never see you! Can’t you get a A: Alright, I see your point. weekend job? D. Listen and check your answers in 6.5 Exercise C. B. Complete the conversation below with the SPEAKING following phrases. A. Complete the situations in the box with one A: Hi Julie, so (1) ___________ if I left early today? thing that you think will get approval and B: The boss just said yesterday we need to be one thing that you think will get disapproval. Then add your own situation careful about the time. (2) ___________? A: Oh, alright. I won’t leave early. I was just • change your hair colour to (1) __________ (red, blonde, etc.) thinking of getting my hair cut. And (3) ___________ ? I’d like to change the colour! • buy a (2) __________ car (new, old, expensive, B: (4) ___________! You know I’ve always etc.) thought you’d look great as a brunette! A: Well, that’s just it. I was thinking of something • not going to class/work because (3) _________ bolder. Like blue. (5) ___________? (you want to watch a film, you want to help B: (6) ___________! It’s crazy! your grandmother, etc.) a. do you have to do that B. Student A goes to page 138, student B goes b. perfect to page 138 and read the role play cards. c. do you reckon I ought to do it Then do the role play with your partner. d. do you think anyone would mind e. you can’t do that f. what is your attitude to this idea GRAMMAR BANK p. 129 89

EXPLORE A. Watch the video and do some research B. Work in pairs. Brainstorm, do research and about exploration on the internet. Use the prepare a list of questions about exploration. following questions as a guideline and write Find some videos about exploration and a report of 80-100 words about the topic. watch it with your partner. Take notes about exploration in the videos. Try to answer the 1. What does ‘explore’ mean to you? questions you prepared with your partner. 2. What country was discovered by Christopher C. Prepare a presentation about exploration at Columbus? home. Use the report in exercise A, questions, 3. How much of space has been explored by answers and your notes in exercise B. You can also show some pictures during your humankind so far? presentation. Do your presentation in class 4. How much of ocean has been explored by to share your information about exploration in general and in the movies. humankind so far? 5. Why did Europeans begin to explore the world in the 15th century? 6. What are some notable periods of human exploration? 7. What happened during the Age of Discovery? 8. What are some devices used by today’s explorers? 90

A. Find eight geographical features in the wordsearch. Z SDL LPA J DK UNIT 6 P B A X YWO Z A F REVISION BOX D E I UMU N B O J E P N PMAWS V Z C. Report the following sentences to a partner. ULU I EVPQAD KNS YNEAC LD 1. Sheila: “It is my book.” UZS I RS LQLO 2. Jason: “I am very hungry now.” QV FOD I UGEO 3. Jessica: “I won’t be able to sleep tonight.” S P O F FWV L YW 4. Tyson and Michelle: “We were in New York WM Z F T I D E A A last week.” B. Write animals which have the body parts 5. Carla: “They went on holiday two weeks ago.” below. 6. Xavier: “I will have finished the project by 1. fangs 2. claws Friday.” 3. tentacles 4. mane 5. trunk 6. jaw 7. fin 8. beak D. Why would you do these things or say these things? Use ‘get’, ‘have’ or ‘make’. 1. Go to a plastic surgeon. 2. Go to an undertaker. 3. Visit a fortune-teller. 4. Say, “Shut up!” to your classmate 5. Go to a tailor. 91

reporting verbs intonation on the question tags reported speech: orders, requests, suggestions RULES AND REGULATIONS LAWS WARM UP! A. Work in pairs. Read the following sentences and underline the reporting verbs. A. Where would you see these signs? 2 1. Fred asked Betsy to go to the dance with him, but 1 she refused. Now he has to find someone else. 3 2. Lucas apologised for hurting her feelings. He didn’t mean to do it. 45 3. Oliver reminded me to pick up the children B. Which public place has these rules: from school. I had forgotten. You shouldn’t take your shoes off. You mustn’t smoke. Sometimes, children cannot 4. The police asked him about the robbery, and enter. You must turn off your mobile phone. he admitted that he had done it. Now he will You are allowed to eat, but it should be done go to prison. quietly. 5. The girl denied breaking the vase, but it was Work in small groups. Write 5 rules of a obvious that she was lying. public place for the other groups to guess the location. 6. The commander ordered the soldiers to return to the line, so they did. VOCABULARY 7. The boy begged his mother to buy him some INFO BOX candy, so she did. A reporting verb is a verb indicating that a 8. I wonder if Jill will be at the party tomorrow. statement is being quoted or paraphrased. I’ll ask her. 92 B. Work in pairs. Match the reporting verbs from Exercise A with their definitions. a. to think about something curiously b. to say something isn’t true c. to say sorry for something d. to command someone to do something e. to ask for something wanted very much f. to say that a person won’t do something or isn’t willing to do something g. to confess to something h. To make someone remember something something

C. Complete the following sentences with past 7.1 form of the verbs below. RULES AND REGULATIONS PRONUNCIATION remind apologise admit INFO BOX deny order beg order refuse wonder We use question tags in English to ask a question, check information or make 1. “Mom, please can I go to the party tonight?” conversation. If a question tag is really Jana ___________ her mom to let her go to asking for information, we use rising the party. intonation. 2. “Go back to your room right now!” Father e.g. You don’t know the way to their ___________ Jimmy to go back to his room. house, do you? 3. “You couldn’t have seen me at the club; I didn’t If a question tag is just checking the go out last night.” Carlos ___________ going information you already know or making out. conversation, we use falling intonation. 4. “Do you think it will rain today?” She e.g. ___________ if it would rain that day. That film was terrible, wasn’t it? 5. “I won’t tell you who called.” He ___________ to tell her who had called. The film starts at 7, doesn’t it? 6. “I’m really sorry for ruining your evening.” The A. Work in pairs. Practice saying these 7.1 waiter ___________ for ruining their evening. question tags with rising intonation. Then listen and check if your 7. “Yes, I cheated in the exam.” The student pronunciation is correct. ___________ to cheating on the exam. 1. You aren’t going to call her, are you? 8. “Remember when we first met? It was 2. You couldn’t come too, could you? wonderful.” She ___________ her friend of 3. Jim’s coming, isn’t he? when they had first met. 4. Harold doesn’t know judy, does he? 5. Arthur and Sam like mushrooms, don’t they? B. Work with the same partner. 7.2 Practice saying these question tags with falling intonation. Then listen and check if your pronunciation is correct. 1. It’s just four o’clock now, isn’t it? 2. It isn’t anything special, is it? 3. She always lies, doesn’t she? 4. We’ve stayed too long, haven’t we? 5. I can’t play the piano, can I? C. Ask your partner 5 questions about themselves. At least two should be about things you already know. Make sure you use the correct rising or falling intonation. 93

7.1 RULES AND REGULATIONS READING A. Look at the pictures below and discuss the following question. 1. Which of these do you think could be illegal? A. Using a fake B. Writing a scary C. Owning a D. Singing Happy name online story permanent marker Birthday B. Read t he text and check your answers from Exercise A. Four Laws You’ve Probably Broken There are a few things that most people do regularly that are actually against the law. Most of the time these laws are not enforced, but if they were most people would have to go to jail or pay a fine. The first law most people break is singing the song “Happy Birthday” in public without paying. The song “Happy Birthday” is actually covered by copyright. That is why if anyone does a public performance of it, they should pay the owner, The Time Warner company. A few years ago the company legally got ordered a group of Girl Scouts not to sing the song at their meetings, but people got so angry at the company so their lawyer advised them to drop the case. Another law that most of us break says that people can’t use false information on the internet. It means that we should always use our real name and information on websites. However, most people warn against doing this for our own safety, so some use names like “runner239” instead of real names. However, this is actually illegal, it usually makes no problem unless you bully other people online with a fake identity. If anyone commit such crime, they would be imprisoned or fined. Have you ever written a story about zombies or vampires? Have you ever thought of a story in which someone dies or gets killed? This could be illegal in some places. That’s because such stories are considered “disturbing material”; however, what can actually be categorized as disturbing material isn’t very clear. A high school student in the United States was arrested in 2001 because he wrote a story about an attack on his school, which his teacher found “disturbing”. Most teachers advise their students not to write the same like this to avoid this problem. The final outrageous act that could result in a fine or a prison sentence is the possession of a permanent marker. Since police consider it as a tool for vandalism, if you are caught with one, you could be ordered to pay a fine. Police recommend that people not carry permanent markers in public, but sometimes they are necessary, so this is a difficult situation to avoid. 94

C. Match the illegal acts in exercise A with the reasons. 7.1 a. It bothers other people. RULES AND REGULATIONS b. You could commit a crime online. c. It’s copyrighted. 95 d. You could destroy property with it. D. Discuss the following questions in groups of three. 1. Which law do you think is the strangest? Give reasons. 2. Do you know of any strange laws where you live? Why do you think they were written? 3. If you had the power to legislate against something, what would it be? GRAMMAR A. Write the following sentences in reported speech. 1. The doctor said to Gary, “You really need to lose some weight.” 2. Claire – “I think we should have fish for dinner.” 3. Miles told his son, “You have to do your homework now.” 4. Joseph – “That restaurant is the best in town. You should try it!” 5. Justin – “Turn off the lights, children, or else!” B. Rewrite the following text as direct speech. Then perform it aloud with your partner. Sasha walked into class and apologized for being late. The teacher warned her that this was the third time that week and that if she was late again, she would be in trouble. Sasha begged the teacher not to get angry and said that her alarm clock was broken. The teacher suggested buying a new one, but when Sasha said she didn’t have any money, the teacher recommended getting a part-time job. Sasha laughed and said if she got a part-time job, she’d be too tired to come to school. The other students laughed, but the teacher was very angry and ordered Sasha to leave the classroom. Sasha advised the teacher to calm down, and then went home to bed. SPEAKING A. Work in groups of three. Student A goes to page 138, Student B goes to page 138, and Student C goes to page 139. Read the information cards and do the activities. B. Work in pairs. Student A goes to page 139, student B goes to page 139, and read the conversation and report the conversation to your partner using reporting verbs. GRAMMAR BANK p. 129-130

politics minimal pairs /e/ /æ/ unreal conditionals RULES AND REGULATIONS WARS WARM UP! B. Complete the following questions with the words from above. Then discuss in small A. Discuss the following questions with a groups. partner. 1. Can __________ governments achieve much, 1. Are you interested in politics? or do their differences make it difficult to work 2. Do you share the same political beliefs as your together? parents? 2. How often should there be a national _______? 3. Can you name five current world leaders? Every year? Every four years? B. Go to page 137. Do the quiz and compare 3. Should there be positive discrimination so that your results with your friends. there are always an equal number of male and female __________ for president? VOCABULARY 4. What are the benefits of having a _________, A. Match the words with the definitions below. such as Queen Elizabeth II? 1. monarch 2. nominee 3. electorate 4. vote 5. At what age should people be allowed to 5. election 6. coalition 7. ballot 8. politics _______? a. the people who can vote in an election 6. There’s a secret _______ for “the hardest- b. to choose a person for a position working student in class”. Who do you c. a system of voting where you write your nominate? choice on a paper 7. Are the ________ in your country generally d. a king or queen who rules a country ignorant about ______? e. a person who wants a position in an PRONUNCIATION election f. the process of choosing a person for a A. Listen to the words and 7.3 put them into the correct position column. g. when two or more political groups decide /e/: bed /æ/: bad to work together h. ideas and activities associate with running a country 96

B. Listen to the following 7.4 7.2 sentences and circle the word that you hear. RULES AND REGULATIONS 1. Have you got a pen / pan? THE BATTLE OF WATERLOO 2. Can you lend / land it? 3. The bad / bed rooms are on the Waterloo, then in the Kingdom of the Netherlands, now in modern-day Belgium, was the site of Napoleon second floor. Bonaparte’s famous defeat by a coalition of English 4. I have never seen this men/man and Prussian armies. The battle marked the end of the Napoleonic Wars and accordingly the beginning before. of forty years of peace in Europe and changing the 5. It is said / sad that the team lost history. What if Napoleon Bonaparte had won the Battle of Waterloo in 1815? yesterday. Some historians argue that our world, and its READING political situation, would be largely the same as it is today even if Napoleon Bonaparte had won the A. Look at the picture and discuss the Battle of Waterloo. This is because even though he following questions. was defeated, his nephew, Napoleon III, was elected and became ruler of France due to a revolution in 1. Have you ever seen a military re- 1848. We know from Napoleon’s character that if enactment*? he had won at Waterloo, he would have pursued the British and Prussian armies to totally defeat. If he 2. Do you think it is important to study had done this, he would have had to confront other history. Give reasons. armies, such as the Austrian and Russian armies, as they made their way across Europe. These were great *re-enactment refers to the action armies that greatly outnumbered the French, so if he in which an old event is being had won at Waterloo, he would probably have lost performed again soon after, to different armies. Also, it is important to remember that Napoleon Bonaparte died 6 years after the Battle of Waterloo. Even if he had won, he would have passed power to his nephew, who would have been 13 years old when he became ruler, when he died anyway – much as a monarch’s power is handed down to his or her heir. This would have allowed Napoleon III to rule for longer, but it wouldn’t have necessarily changed his actions. Napoleon III’s defeat at the Battle of Sedan in 1870 ended the French Empire and changed the map of Europe. It also created tensions that finally resulted in World War I which still affect European society to the present day. People see the Battle of Waterloo as an event that changed the world history. As a matter of fact, history most likely would have remained largely unchanged even if Napoleon Bonaparte had won. It is, therefore, more accurate to see Napoleon Bonaparte as a man who changed history rather than seeing the outcome of one battle as the single variable that has brought us to the modern day. 97

7.2 D. Work in pairs. Choose another historical battle. Discuss with your partner how history RULES AND REGULATIONS might be different if it had had a different outcome. B. Read the text and mark the following sentences as true (T), false (F) or not GRAMMAR mentioned (NM). A. Explain the differences in meaning between 1. Napoleon Bonaparte was defeated by the these sentences. Russian army. ___ 1. a. If I was interested in politics, I would vote. 2. Napoleon III was Napoleon Bonaparte’s b. If I had been interested in politics, I’d have grandson. ___ voted. 3. France wasn’t powerful enough to win the Battle at Waterloo. ___ 2. a. If I had voted, the other party would be in power now. 4. The Battle of Sedan ended the French Empire. ___ b. If I was interested in voting, the other party would have won the election. 5. Waterloo is in the modern-day Netherlands. ___ c. If I had voted, the world would be a happier place next year. 6. Napoleon Bonaparte was the first emperor of France. ___ B. Write the third conditional for the given situations. 7. Napoleon Bonaparte lost the Battle of Sedan. ___ 1. The monarch was very old, so she abdicated in favour of her son. 8. Napoleon had never been to Waterloo in person. ___ 2. I forgot to vote, so my party didn’t win the election. C. Read the text again and complete the following sentences. 3. The coalition parties disagreed on everything, so nothing got done. 1. Napoleon Bonaparte died ________ years after the Battle of Waterloo. 4. Marie drew a picture on her ballot paper, so it wasn’t counted. 2. Napoleon III was ________ years old when Napoleon Bonaparte died. 5. The Green Party nominee was disqualified because he told lies to the electorate. 3. The Battle of Waterloo was in the year ________. 4. The Battle of Sedan was in the year ________. 5. Napoleon III rose to power in the year ________. 98

7.2 RULES AND REGULATIONS C. Match the halves of the sentences below. 1. If Julie had won the race 2. If Kathy hadn’t told a lie 3. If I hadn’t invited our friends for dinner yesterday 4. If you weren’t so sensitive 5. If the teacher hadn’t punished me for cheating a. they wouldn’t be coming tomorrow. b. I could have told you how I really feel. c. she would be a star now. d. I wouldn’t be successful today. e. we would have believed her. WRITING 99 A. Go to page 140 and read the sample essay, then answer the following sentences. 1. What is the author’s opinion? 2. Where does the author state it? B. Fill in the chart with transitions from the essay. Stating opinion: I think... Giving reasons: Firstly, ... Giving an opposing view: On the other hand,... Concluding: To sum up, ... INFO BOX When writing an essay on an issue, it is important not to repeat the same words again and again. This is called vocabulary enrichment. C. Circle all of the words that the author uses to mean “refugee” in the essay. D. Look back at the statements from the quiz on page 137. Choose one to write an opinion essay about. GRAMMAR BANK p. 129-130

crimes wish clauses: present and past meanings RULES AND REGULATIONS JUSTICE WARM UP! VOCABULARY A. Discuss the following questions with a A. Match the words with the pictures below. partner. a. mugging b. shoplifting c. fraud 1. Are you generally a spontaneous decision- d. arson e. abduction f. murder maker, or do you think carefully before you make a choice? g. smuggling h. assault 12 2. “It’s better to regret something you have done than to regret something you haven’t done.” 34 Do you agree? 3. What is your biggest regret? What would you do if you had the chance to change your decision? B. Go to page 137. Do the quiz and compare your results with your friends. 56 78 100