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B. Complete the sentences with 6.2 the verb + object + preposition combinations in Exercise A. CRIME 1. I would like to ___________ you A Robbery Gone Wrong ___________ the medal for your service and bravery. When a robbery takes place, the police aren’t normally there to catch the robber red-handed. Last 2. Police officers on the scene week, however, that is exactly (1) ___. ___________ people ___________ being injured. It seems a young man, 18 years of age, entered the mechanic’s and was going to rob it. Dressed 3. The police ___________ the suspect in black and wearing a balaclava, the young ___________ running away. man walked in and pointed his gun at the staff. He then presented a young female clerk with a bag 4. Thedetectivesneedto___________ and ordered her to (2) ___. The five staff looked the crime ___________ the family. at each other and replied that they did not know the code to the safe, so they could not hand over 5. The father ___________ his family much money. The young robber argued with the ___________ the thieves. staff for a short time, but stopped abruptly, clearly frustrated. 6. The lawyer ___________ the jury ___________ photos from the At that point, it seemed (3) ___, said the staff, crime scene. but he turned around and began discussing the situation with the clerk. He then provided the clerk 7. Witnesses on the scene with two phone numbers and then told her to call ___________ police ___________ him as soon as their boss had arrived. information. He again pointed his gun at the staff and warned C. Work in pairs. Write sentences them about calling the police, saying that no one with five of the verb + object would be able to protect them and their families + preposition combinations in (4) ___. The employees of course knew they Exercise A, but have leave blanks weren’t supposed to call the police, but they still for the verbs and prepositions. decided it was the best thing to do. After a few Swap them with another pair and minutes, three plainclothes police officers arrived. complete the sentences. The staff supplied the police officers (5) ___. The READING police officers then told the staff to call the robber back and tell him that the boss had returned. The A. Read the text quickly and insert staff were then sent out behind the shop to prevent the phrases in the correct place. them from getting hurt. a. as if the young robber was When the young robber returned to the going to leave mechanic’s, wearing the same clothes as before, he noticed that the employees weren’t around. b. the young robber pointed his at Realising he had been caught red-handed, (6) the police officers ___. The police officers shot him twice and one of the officers was also shot in the leg. No one was c. give him all the money they supposed to get hurt, but fortunately, none of the had in the safe injuries were serious. d. what happened at a mechanic’s 103 in New Bedford e. with information about the young robber f. from harm if they called the police

6.2 GRAMMAR CRIME A. Read the sentences and answer the questions. B. Read the text again. Write true (T), false (F) a. The young robber was going to leave the or not mentioned (NM) for the sentences. mechanic’s. 1. The robber was disguised. ___ b. No one was supposed to get hurt. 2. The robber had a shotgun. ___ 3. The employees opened the safe. ___ 1. Which sentence expresses expectation? 4. The robber was feeling anxious. ___ 2. Which sentences expresses intention? 5. There were seven employees at the shop. ___ 6. The employees did not call the police. ___ B. Complete the sentences with was/were 7. One person was injured. ___ supposed to or was/were going to. You need to use not for one sentence. C. Work in pairs. Read the text again and discuss the questions. 1. We ____________ call the police, but then the people left. 1. How do you think the staff at the mechanic’s felt? 2. He ____________ arrive in court at 10, but his flight was delayed. 2. If you were the robber, what would you have done differently? 3. I ____________ miss the meeting with my lawyer, but my car broke down. 3. If you were the police, what would have done differently? 4. If you were a criminal, what place do you think would be easiest to rob? Why? 104

4. She ____________ tell her friends what 6.2 happened, but decided not to. CRIME 5. You ____________ be here at eight. Why are you late? WRITING 6. They ____________ visit their brother prison A. Read the newspaper article and answer the tomorrow, but it’s been snowing too much. questions. 1. Who was involved? C. Correct the mistakes in the sentences. 2. What did the robbers do? 3. What weapons were the robbers carrying? 1. He was going to moving move to the USA, but 4. When did the robbery take place? he didn’t get into the university he wanted. 5. Where did the robbery take place? 2. The exam was suppose to start at 9 a.m., but Local police have arrested three men in the teacher was late. connection with a robbery at the university last Tuesday evening. Two students were 3. I was going to the party, but I completely leaving the library at about 6 p.m. when forgot. they were robbed by the three men who were carrying knives. The students’ bikes 4. She was go to call me last night, but she fell were stolen and the men ran away. Police asleep. tracked the men to an apartment building in the suburbs. When the police arrived, 5. We was supposed to finish the report two the men tried to run away. They climbed weeks ago. out the window and took a boat across the lake to get away from the police. The police 6. I was going buying a new computer, but I didn’t finally caught up with the men and they have enough money. were arrested. All three men have been charged with armed robbery and the bikes have been returned to the students B. Create a robbery scenario. Answer the questions to help you. Then share your scenarios in groups. 1. Who was involved? 2. What did the robbers do? 3. When did the robbery take place? 4. Where did the robbery take place? C. Write a newspaper article about your scenario from Exercise B. Remember to include who, what, when and where, and to make article interesting and easy to read. GRAMMAR BANK p. 163 105

noun suffixes /æ/ and /e/ sounds causatives CRIME INMATES WARM UP! A. Look at the nouns and underline the suffixes. A. Work in pairs and make guesses about the 1. tidiness 2. security 3. educator questions. 4. assistance 5. population 6. relationship 7. movement 1. How many prisons are there in the world? 8. privacy 2. How many prisoners are there in the world? 3. Which countries have the highest number of B. Write the eight suffixes from Exercise A. Then think of other nouns with these suffixes. prisoners? 4. What is the percentage of prisoners in the USA? Noun suffixes Noun with suffixes B. Listen to the recording. How close 6.2 1. -ness ___________________ were your answers in Exercise A? 2. ________ ___________________ 3. ________ ___________________ C. Work in pairs and discuss the questions. 4. ________ ___________________ 5. ________ ___________________ 1. What are the most common reasons that 6. ________ ___________________ people go to prisons? 7. ________ ___________________ 8. ________ ___________________ 2. Do you believe all criminals belong in prison? Which ones do not? VOCABULARY INFO BOX A suffix is a letter or group of letters that we can add to the end of words to make a new word. 106

C. The bold nouns in the sentences are used 6.3 incorrectly. Replace them with the correct nouns. CRIME 1. She is an assistance dedicated to helping 107 prisoners. 2. Many prisons give prisoners little privacy of movement. 3. The prison has a low tidiness level. 4. In most prisons, there is little relationships. 5. Population is important for the prisoners. 6. The prison educator is decreasing in Norway. 7. The prison provides freedom to the prisoners. 8. It’s important for prisoners to develop security. PRONUNCIATION INFO BOX The /æ/ (and) and /e/ (end) sounds are similar and easily confused A. Listen to the recording and 6.3 underline the words you hear. 1. dad dead 5. pack peck 2. had head 6. pan pen 3. land lend 7. sad said 4. man men 8. sat set B. Work in pairs. Take turns saying and pointing to the words in Exercise A. C. Work in pairs and practise saying the tongue twisters. 1. One merry man. Two merry men. Many merry men. 2. Happy Ed said set a hat on your head. 3. Sad Pat sat on the sand. On the sand sat sad Pat.

6.3 CRIME READING A. Work in pairs. Look at the pictures and describe what you see. Most people believe there aren’t any good prisons in the world. We hear the word prison and think of tiny cells, no freedom, limited privacy, lack of movement. And these days a majority of people feel most prisoners are treated more like animals than humans. Still, one country is paying attention to the needs of prisoners and making their release back into the world a priority. The country is Norway and the prison is Bastøy Prison, located on Bastøy Island about 75 kilometres south of Oslo. Although Bastøy is a minimum-security prison, it does house prisoners who have committed serious crimes. Any prisoner in the country with less than five years left on their sentence, can be transferred to Bastøy. The goal here is to give prisoners the opportunity to study, complete training programmes and work to prepare themselves for society. The prison gets educators and trainers to come in and teach the inmates the skills they will need once they are released. During the day, the prison population at Bastøy spends time working. Some prisoners work on the farm where they grow vegetables and look after the animals. Others work in the laundry room or repair bikes – and all are offered a salary for their work. And just as in everyday society, all prisoners must get their work done before they can enjoy leisure time. At Bastøy, prisoners in small cabins with other inmates. Each cabin has separate bedrooms and the prisoners share the kitchen and bathroom. They only have one meal cooked for them, and the prisoners must cook other meals for themselves. The reason Bastøy makes the prisoners live this way is so that they develop responsibility, tolerance, awareness, relationships – even tidiness – as they go about their days. These are certainly useful skills for release to society. What’s truly surprising about the prison is the rate at which prisoners return to prison. It seems that the assistance and training that prisoners receive at Bastøy prison makes them much less likely to commit another crime. Only 14 per cent of the inmates from Bastøy end up back in the prison system. It seems that Bastøy is truly a place where prisoners prepare for and learn to readjust to life on the outside. B. Read the text and choose the best title. 1. Prisoners learning to live in society 2. A prison helps prisoners re-enter society 3. A prison that cares 108

C. Read the text again and answer the 6.3 questions. 1. What are prisons usually like? CRIME 2. Where is Bastøy Prison? C. Change the sentences into the causative form. 3. When can prisoners move to Bastøy Prison? 1. My room was cleaned. 4. What can prisoners do while they are in the 2. His dog was walked by a dog walker. prison? 3. Her nails were painted. 4. She told her children to clean their rooms. 5. Where do the prisoners live? 5. His colleague wrote his report. 6. He tried Indian food yesterday. 6. What is surprising about Bastoy prison? SPEAKING GRAMMAR A. Listen to the conversation about 6.4 A. Read the sentences and match them to the life in prison. Who do you agree rules. with? a. The prison gets educators and trainers to come in and teach the inmates. B. What do you think life in prison is like in your b. They only have one meal cooked for them. country? Note down your ideas. c. The reason Bastøy makes the prisoners live this way is so that they develop C. Work in groups. Discuss life in prison in your responsibility. country. Use your notes from Exercise B to help. 1. We can use have + someone + past participle to have someone do something for us. 2. We can use make + someone + bare infinitive to force someone to do something. 3. We can use get + someone + infinitive to convince someone to do something. B. Read the prompts and make causative 109 sentences. Do not change the order of the words. 1. physician / examine / my stomach 2. carpenter / polish / the dining table 3. plumber / clean up / his mess 4. optician / check / my eyes 5. secretary / type and send / the e-mails 6. chef / prepare / special sauces GRAMMAR BANK p. 164

adjective suffixes guessing phrases CRIME PUNISHMENT WARM UP! B. Work in groups and discuss the questions. A. Work in pairs. Look at the pictures and 1. What do you think it is like in prison? describe what you see. 2. What do you think is a prisoner’s daily routine? a 3. Do you think prisoners should be allowed to b study? Work? Why? VOCABULARY A. Combine the adjective suffixes with the words to make new words. Use a dictionary to help you if necessary. What changes in spelling are there? Adjective suffixes 1. -a(i)ble  understand (v) understandable 2. -al  practice (n) _________________ 3. -ent  obey (v) _________________ 4. -ful  use (n) _________________ 5. -ic  fantasy (n) _________________ 6. -ive  act (v) _________________ 7. -less  hope (v) _________________ 8. -ous  danger (n) _________________ c 110

6.4 CRIME B. Work in pairs. Think of at least three more LISTENING adjectives for the suffixes in Exercise A. Then compare your answers in groups. A. Work in pairs and discuss the questions. Adjective Adjectives suffixes 1. -a(i)ble ______________________________ 1. What do you think are the best/worst things 2. -al ______________________________ about being in prison? 3. -ent ______________________________ 4. -ful ______________________________ 2. What do you think are the most difficult things 5. -ic ______________________________ about being an ex-convict? 6. -ive ______________________________ 7. -less ______________________________ B. Listen to the first interview and 6.5 8. -ous ______________________________ answer the questions. C. Complete the sentences with words from 1. Why did Joe go to prison? Exercise A. 2. How long was he in prison? 3. What freedom did Joe have in prison? 1. You need to do something __________ with 4. When were the inmates locked in their cells? your time or you’ll go crazy. 5. Where did Joe work? 6. What benefits did he get from the work? 2. It’s __________ when prisoners learn new skills. C. Listen to the first interview and 6.6 answer the questions. 3. It’s easy to feel __________ when you first arrive in prison. 1. How long was Albert in prison? 2. What did Albert have to do to stay safe? 4. It’s important to learn __________ skills while 3. Why do most prisons damage people? you are in prison. 4. What did Albert have to learn about people in 5. Maximum-security prisons are very prison? __________ places. 5. What did Albert study? 6. What is Albert doing now? 6. It’s __________ to miss your family while in prison. 7. It’s good to work, exercise and stay __________ in prison. 8. For many prisoners, it can be difficult to follow orders and be __________. 111

6.4 CRIME GRAMMAR A. Listen to the conversation and tick the guessing phrases you hear. 6.7 I’d say I’m not sure, but I think She could be We’re talking maybe It’s difficult to say, but I’d guess But if I had to take a guess, I’d say Perhaps Off the top of my head, I think She might be B. Match the situations with the expressions. 1. I didn’t know that man. a. Perhaps she’s failed her exam. 2. I can’t remember the place. b. It was about three years ago. 3. I haven’t seen his new film yet. c. It’s difficult to say, but I’d guess he was 4. I can’t say the exact time. 5. She looks upset Mr Wobble. d. It might be good. It might be bad. e. I’m not sure, but I think it was close by the sea. C. Work in pairs. Answer the questions using the guessing phrases from Exercise A. 1. Do you think there is a lot of crime in your city? 2. Where do you think the worse prison in the world is? 3. How do you think people feel when they are released from prison? SPEAKING A. Work in pairs. Listen to the conversation and answer the questions. 6.8 1. Who is Frank Abagnale Jr.? 2. When was he born? 3. Why was he famous? 4. What is he doing now? B. Work in pairs. Research a famous criminal and then role play a conversation similar to the one in Exercise A. Remember to include guessing phrases in your role-plays. C. Talk to your classmates about your famous criminal. Talk to at least three classmates. Again, remember to include guessing phrases as you talk. 112 GRAMMAR BANK p. 164

6.4 CRIME 113

YAKUZA A. Watch the video and research the Yakuza B. Work in pairs. Brainstorm, do research and on the internet. Use the following questions prepare a list of questions about the Yakuza. as a guideline and write a report of 80-100 Find a documentary about the Yakuza and words about the topic. watch it with your partner. Take notes about the Yakuza in the documentary. Try 1. What is the Yakuza? to answer the questions you prepared with 2. What is the origins of the Yakuza? your partner. 3. Who are the major Yakuza clans? 4. How does the Yakuza differ from the other C. Prepare a presentation about the Yakuza at home. Use the report in exercise A, questions, organized crime groups? answers and your notes in exercise B. You 5. What are the sacred oaths of the Yakuza? can also show some pictures during your 6. What kind of crime are the Yakuza into? presentation. Do your presentation in class 7. What are the most effective enforcement tool to share your information about the Yakuza in general and in the documentary. against the Yakuza? 8. What kinds of tattoos do the members of the Yakuza wear? 114

A. Complete the text using the correct form of the collocations. accuse (someone) of the crime find (someone) guilty make an arrest send (someone) to prison commit murder hand down a sentence Last summer, there was a bank robbery in my UNIT 6 city. It didn’t go well. The bank manager and REVISION BOX two customers were shot and killed. It was all caught on the bank security camera and the 3. Nobody knows / is known the truth about the police were able to (1) ______________ within accident. 24 hours. The man, Jerry Jones, was arrested for (2) ______________ and for bank robbery. After 4. She asked / was asked me some weird he was (3) ______________, Jones had to go to questions about Daniel. court. Unfortunately, there was an unreliable witness and so the jury was not able to (4) 5. Our daughter is going to give / be given her ______________ Jones ______________. The name by my grandmother. judge, however, believed Jones was guilty and (5) ______________ and (6) ______________ Jones 6. The students took / were taken to an art gallery ______________ for the rest of his life. last week. B. Use the noun suffixes to change words into 7. This building is under construction. You can’t noun. You may have to change the spelling of enter / be entered there without permission. the base word. 8. Our classes teach / are taught by the same 1. aware _______________ teachers. 2. active _______________ 3. employ _______________ D. Work in pairs and write answers to the 4. assist _______________ questions. 5. populate _______________ 6. leader _______________ 1. When did last you get your hair cut? 7. amuse _______________ 2. Have you ever had your wallet stolen? 8. accurate _______________ 3. Have you ever had your computer repaired? 4. Have you ever had a photographer take photos C. Read the sentences and circle the correct options. of you? 5. What do you usually get people to do for you? 1. Guns ban / are banned in most countries for 6. Do you ever have things done for you? the common good. 115 2. The robbers have caught / been caught this morning.

noun suffixes the American /t/ third conditional (imaginary past) MOTHER EARTH DISASTERS WARM UP! VOCABULARY A. Work in pairs. Look at the pictures and A. Match the natural disasters to the pictures. answer the questions. 1. avalanch 2. blizzard 3. earthquake 4. flood 1. What are they showing? 5. hurricane 6. thunderstorm 7. tornado 2. What causes these events to happen? ab a cd b ef B. Work in the same pairs. Watch the videos g and discuss the questions. B. Work in pairs. Write definitions for the natural disasters in Exercise A. 1. Have you ever been in any of these 1. avalanche – ______________________ situations? 2. blizzards – ______________________ 2. What would you do if you were in these situations? 3. earthquakes – ______________________ 3. Which of natural disasters do you think is 4. floods – ______________________ most dangerous? Why? 5. thunderstorms – ______________________ 116 6. tornados – ______________________

7.1 MOTHER EARTH C. Complete the sentences with the natural A. Listen to the recording and repeat 7.1 disasters in Exercise A. the words. Decide which rule above (1–4) they follow. 1. The _________ destroyed many houses. 1. take 2. butter 3. waste 2. After the __________, it took the city two days 4. little 5. sentence 6. wanted to dig out of the snow. 7. what 8 meeting 3. The ___________ filled the city with four metres of water. B. Practise reading these sentences out loud. Then ask your partner to tell you which rules 4. The sound of a __________ scares my children. above (1–4) they follow. 5. Three hikers are missing after an __________ 1. I need to get a bottle of water. in the Himalayas. 2. I’m certain that he’s written it. 3. Tommy’s got a kitten. 6. A 6.5 __________ shook the ground in 4. I love winter. California in the early morning hours. 5. Enter it into the computer. 6. He’s an international writer. 7. The __________ hit the coast of Florida last night, bringing heavy wind and rain PRONUNCIATION INFO BOX In American English (AmE), there are different ways to pronounce the /t/ sound. 1. In AmE pronounce /t/ as /t/ when it is: • at the beginning of words, e.g. take, tick, ten, tomorrow, tuck. • the first sound of a stressed syllable, e.g. attach, content, pretend. • in the combinations st, ts, ct, and lt, e.g. best, cats, fact, fault. 2. In AmE pronounce /t/ as /d/ when it is: • between two vowel sounds, e.g. better, computer, water. • used with the /l/ sound, e.g. bottle, settle. 3. In AmE pronounce the /t/ as a glottal stop (the sound in the middle of uh-oh) in words with /t/ + vowel sound + /n/, e.g. button, curtain, kitten, listen, mountain. 4. In AmE /t/ is sometimes silent when it is: • after /n/, e.g. enter, interview, printer, twenty. • between /n/ and a vowel sound, e.g. advantage, centre, gentle. • at end of a word, e.g. hat, foot, sit, want. • between two consonants, e.g. acts, accepts, ants, facts, paints, prints. (With the first three bullet points, we only pronounce the /t/ when we want to add emphasis, e.g. I’m twenty, not nineteen. Be gentle! She’s only a baby. Sit down now! 117

7.1 MOTHER EARTH READING A. Work in pairs and look at the pictures. What do you think life would be like on the moon? Living on the moon For the first Moon landing in 1969, those first astronaut spent 11 hours on the Moon. If the astronauts had stayed on the moon for a few days – or even months and years –, life would have been quite different for them. We know that the gravity on the Moon is a lot weaker than on Earth, but what would this mean for people living there? For one thing, it would mean that sports would be a little challenging, to say the least. If you played football, American style, on the Moon you would be able to throw the football six times higher and farther than you could on Earth. Wow! That means if the first astronauts on the Moon had played football, they would have had to extend the field another 500 yards. The weather on the Moon wouldn’t be a problem because there is no weather on the Moon. No atmosphere, no oceans, no rain. No thunderstorms nor floods. No blizzards nor tornados nor hurricanes. However, you would have to keep your eyes open for avalanches, meteors falling from space and the occasional earthquakes – excuse me, ‘moonquakes’. Moonquakes are less common than earthquakes, and generally not as strong, but can last for up to 10 minutes and some have even rumbled for an hour. If we had decided to settle on the Moon years ago, we would have needed to think about building moonquake-proof buildings. Living on the Moon would be interesting as days and nights would be long and temperatures would be extreme. Each Moon day and Moon night would last about 14 Earth days, with temperatures reaching 123 degrees Celsius during the day minus 233 degrees Celsius at night. Because of this, we would have to live close to the lunar poles, where the temperature stays around 0 degrees Celsius. Putting aside gravity, weather and living conditions, the Moon would offer amazing views of Earth, especially during solar eclipses. From the Moon, we would see the Earth move in front of the sun and the Earth would be surrounded by a gorgeous bright red glow. And with technology these days, we would be able to post photos of solar eclipses online – or other stunning photos – for our friends back on Earth to see. Human technology has advanced quite a bit in the decades since that first Moon landing. Maybe living on the Moon is more of a possibility than we think. The real question is, who would be brave enough to spend the rest of their life living on the Moon? Are there any risk takers? B. Read the text and write the bold words next C. Read the text again and decide if the statements to their definitions. below are true (T) or false (F). 1. ______________ – a piece of rock or metal 1. ___ The first astronauts on the moon spent less that falls from space onto a planet than half a day there. 2. ______________ – a time when the moon 2. ___ Throwing balls on the moon would be easier. blocks out the sun 3. ___ Moonquakes occur more often than 3. ______________ – the gases that are around a Earthquakes. planet or star 4. ___ Moonquakes last longer than earthquakes. 5. ___ On the Moon, temperatures can reach 233 4. ______________ – the natural force that makes things move towards each other degrees Celsius during the day. 6. ___ Communicating with people on Earth would 5. ______________ –the most northern or southern points of the moon be easy. 118

7.1 GRAMMAR MOTHER EARTH A. Read the sentences and complete the rules. LISTENING a. If the astronauts had stayed on the moon A. Work in pairs. Listen to the 7.2 for a few days – or even months and years conversation between two friends –, life would have been quite different for about possible space colonies. them. Then discuss the questions. b. If the first astronauts on the Moon had 1. Where does the woman think humans will played football, they would have had to settle in future? Do you agree with her? Why? extend the field another 500 yards. 2. How would they be able to live on other planets 1. We form the third conditional using if + or in space? _______________________ tense …, would/ could + _______________________. B. Imagine what life would be like in space or on another planet. Read the questions and 2. We use the third conditional to talk about note down your ideas. Think of the movies _______________________. you watched. B. Complete the sentences with the verbs in 1. What would your daily routine be? brackets to make third conditional sentences. 2. What would you eat? 1. If Mary ____________ (study) harder, she ____________ (become) an astronaut. 3. Where would you live? 2. If he ____________ (not be) so late, he 4. What do you think are the dangers of living in ____________ (not miss) the rocket launch. space? 3. They ____________ (not meet), if she 5. What do you think would be the biggest ____________ (not get) a job at NASA. challenge about living in space or on another planet? 4. I ____________ (call) you, if I ____________ (not forget) my phone. 6. How long do you think it will take until humans are able to live in space? 5. I ____________ (come) to your welcome home party, if you ____________ (invite) me. C. Work in pairs. Talk about living in space or on another planet. Use your notes from Exercise 6. If I ____________ (have) time, I ____________ B to help you. (visit) you at the astronaut training centre. C. Create third conditional sentences based on the situations. 1. I got caught in the blizzard because I didn’t watch the news. 2. We couldn’t go on holiday in China because there was an earthquake. 3. I failed my exam because I didn’t study very hard. 4. There was so much rain that my house flooded. 5. We weren’t caught in the hurricane because my brother warned us. 6. The tornado was so strong that the building was destroyed. GRAMMAR BANK p. 165 119

adjective + preposition collocations present and past wish clauses MOTHER EARTH WISHES AND EMOTIONS WARM UP! VOCABULARY A. Work in pairs. Look at the pictures and A. Complete the adjective + preposition discuss the questions. collocations with the correct prepositions. 1. What do you see? 2. How do you think these people feel? about at (x2) of (x2) on to with a 1. excited __________ 2. frightened __________ b 3. good __________ 4. keen __________ c 5. satisfied __________ 6. similar __________ B. Work in pairs and answer the questions. 7. surprised __________ 8. tired __________ 1. What can you do very well? 2. What gets you excited? B. Complete the sentences with the adjective + 3. What frightens you? preposition collocations in Exercise A. C. Stand up and mingle with the rest of the 1. That’s it. I’m _______ working today. It’s time class. Find out their answers to the questions to play. in Exercise B. 120 2. I’m getting really _______ drawing. My teacher says I’m the best in the class. 3. I’m _______ playing basketball, but I’m not very good. 4. I’m really _______ moving to Japan. I can’t wait! 5. That was a great restaurant. I’m very _______ our dinner. 6. My mother is _______ lizards. 7. I like your shoes. They’re very _______ mine. 8. We’re really _______ the sales. I never thought the phone would be so popular.

7.2 MOTHER EARTH C. Work in pairs and talk about the following B. Listen to the conversation and tick 7.3 events. For each event, see who can use the the things Sara and Josie wish for. most adjective + preposition collocations. 1. birthday party 2. camping trip 3. concert 1. got paid more LISTENING 2. could come and visit you in New Delhi 3. could have taken the job up north in A. Work in pairs. Look at the pictures. In which place would you prefer to live? Why? Dharamshala a 4. lived in the mountains 5. lived closer to the ocean here b 6. could go on holiday right now 7. could come and visit you in New York c 8. had moved to the south of France together C. Listen again and circle the correct 7.3 answers. 1. Josie is tired because a. she just moved b. she is working a lot c. it’s late in New Delhi 2. New Delhi has about … million people. a. 12 b. 20 c. 2 3. Josie is … the crowds in New Delhi. a. afraid of b. excited about c. tired of 4. Sara cannot visit Josie because she a. has a lot to do at work b. is leaving New York c. dislikes pollution 5. Josie did not take the job in Dharamshala because a. it was too far away b. the city was too small c. the salary wasn’t good 6. Sara and Josie are both … about their jobs. a. excited about b. good at c. tired of 7. Sara and Josie are keen on … in future. a. getting new jobs b. living together c. going on holiday together 121

7.2 MOTHER EARTH GRAMMAR A. Read the sentences and match them to rules. a. I really wish I had taken the job up north. b. I wish I lived closer to the ocean. c. I wish I could go on holiday. d. She wishes her son would eat more vegetables. 1. We use the past simple tense in the wish clause when we wish the present were different. 2. We use the past perfect tense in the wish clause when we wish the past had been different. 3. We can use wish to express Intention or desire. 4. We can use wish to express possibility. B. Use the prompts to write wishes about the present. 1. I am so short. 2. I can’t speak English fluently. 3. I don’t know how to design a website. 4. She is so annoying. 5. I don’t have any money. 6. My brother is really lazy. 7. I cannot work-out regularly. C. Use the prompts to write wishes about the past. 1. I didn’t learn another language when I was younger. 2. I didn’t sleep well last night. 3. My dog was really noisy last weekend. 4. Maria couldn’t come to the party. 5. I was very mean to my sister yesterday. 6. I didn’t go to university. 7. I could not answer the questions very well in the exam yesterday. 122 GRAMMAR BANK p. 165

7.2 MOTHER EARTH D. Read the conversation and underline the wishes. Do you like the wishes? Why? A: Hey Marcus. I have a question. If you could go back and do anything differ- ently in your life, what would it be? B: Let me think … OK. I wish I had learned how to play an instrument. A: Oh, I know how to play the piano. But I wish I were better at playing. So what instrument would you have chosen? B: I wish I had taken up the guitar. I love rock music and the guitar is made for rock. A: That’s cool. How about now? Anything you wish were different? B: I wish I had more free time. And I wish I had more money to travel. There are so many places I want to go but can’t. A: I agree. Sometimes I wish I could take six months off and just travel. E. Think about things you would like to be different in your present and past life. Write at least four wishes for each. F. Work in pairs and make conversations about your wishes. G. “Wish” can also be used like “want” or “like”. Look at the examples below: 1. I wish to be a doctor 2. I wish to stay here 3. We wish to learn French. Now write your 3 wishes: 1. 2. 3. 123

binomial pairs /d/ and /ð/ sounds both/neither/all/none MOTHER EARTH ENVIRONMENT WARM UP! VOCABULARY A. Work in pairs. Look at the pictures and INFO BOX describe what you can see. Which place would you most like to go to? Why? Binomial pairs are two words joined by a a conjunction that almost always appear in the same order, e.g. black and white, bread and b butter, live and learn. A. Match the binomial pairs to their definitions. a. by and large e. sick and tired b. far and wide f. short and sweet c. more or less g. skin and bones d. neat and tidy 1. not long and very pleasing 2. clean and very organised 3. when all parts of a situation are considered together 4. over a large area 5. to be very thin 6. to become annoyed with someone or something 7. approximately/almost c B. Work with a partner. Listen to the 7.4 recordings and take notes about the place, the time of the day (day, night) and the surroundings. 124

B. The underlined binomial pairs in the 7.3 sentences are used incorrectly. Replace them with the correct binomial pairs. MOTHER EARTH 1. It’s not the best house, but short and sweet it’s PRONUNCIATION good condition and in a great location. INFO BOX 2. We searched neat and tidy for a shop that had the plants we wanted. Sounds like /d/ and /ð/ (th) often sound similar in English, e.g. day, they. 3. These flowers are far and wide similar to the one we have in our garden. A. Listen and circle the words you 7.5 hear. 4. The Blackburns really keep their garden skin and bones. 1. dare – their 5. doze – those 2. den – then 6. breed – breathe 5. I’m more or less of all the animals eating the 3. die – thy 7. header – heather vegetables in our garden. 4. dough – though 8. wordy – worthy 6. Thankfully, the CEO’s speech was by and large B. Listen and write the words you 7.5 and we could right into the training. hear. 7. I know you’ve been on a diet, but now you’re 1. ______________________ just sick and tired. You don’t look healthy. 2. ______________________ 3. ______________________ C. Work in pairs. Think of different situations 4. ______________________ 5. ______________________ for each the binomial pairs in Exercise A and 6. ______________________ write them down. Then share your situations 7. ______________________ with the class and see if they can guess the 8. ______________________ binomial pair for the situation. C. Listen and repeat the words. 7.6 125

7.3 MOTHER EARTH READING A. Read the text and put the sentences in the correct place. a. Like all carnivorous plants, they’re designed to live in places where other plants cannot, which means they have difficulty in adapting to other environments. b. The sides snap shut in one tenth of a second, trapping its meal. c. Then you see a beautiful plant and decide to breakfast there. d. Your desire for a drink has left you trapped. e. Both plants have special ways to attract and catch insects. f. Pitcher plants – so called because they look like water pitchers – are both attractive and dangerous. Of all the plant species, none are quite like carnivorous plants, plants that eat insects and animals. Though there are many kinds of carnivorous plants – cobra lily, corkscrew plant, bladderworts – the Venus flytrap and pitcher* plant are two of the most well known. (1) ____ Imagine you’re a flying insect. The sun is shining and you’re buzzing far and wide looking for breakfast. You’re not skin and bones but you’re hungry, and all the flowers you see look more or less the same in the morning sunshine. (2) ____ You land on its leaf and feel that it’s hairy … and then SNAP! You are caught in a Venus flytrap. Your short and sweet adventure comes to disastrous end. The Venus flytrap is an expert at trapping insects. It’s got two sides, connected in the middle, and both sides have got long thorns, like thin pointy teeth. When an insect lands on the plant, it brushes against tiny hairs. These hairs send an electrical signal telling the plant dinner has arrived. (3) ____ Once the trap is closed, the teeth grow together, making a kind of stomach. In this stomach, the Venus flytrap slowly starts to digest its meal. By and large, it’s a very neat and tidy system. Now imagine you’re an insect that is thirsty and sick and tired of looking for a drink. You look down and see a brightly coloured ‘pitcher’ full of sweet smelling nectar**. You land on it, walk inside to take a sip, then notice you’re sliding down the side and can’t climb out. (4) ____ (5) ____ The inside of the colourful pitcher is covered with a slippery slime and hard hairs that point down, making sure that neither bee nor butterfly can escape. Once trapped, pitcher plants can digest a small insect in two hours, while a bee might take a couple of days. Some large pitcher plants can hold 7.5 litres of nectar, making it dangerous place for a small lizard or even a bird to get a drink. Now you might think the Venus flytrap and pitcher plant are strong plants, but neither are easy to keep at home. (6) ____ Unfortunately, the habitats where carnivorous plants live are disappearing. Although many insects may be happy to hear this news, it suggests a sad ending for these beautiful plants. *pitcher – a pitcher is a large container for liquids **nectar – we call the sweet liquid we find in flowers nectar 126

B. Read the text again and choose the best title. 7.3 1. Plants that kill MOTHER EARTH 2. Plants that eat meat 3. Beautiful plants, deadly plants B. Complete the sentences with both, neither, all or none. C. Read the text again and answer the questions. 1. I have two children and __________ of them 1. How do Venus flytraps catch their food? are really good at the piano. 2. How fast does the Venus flytrap snap shut? 2. She is __________ American nor Australian. She’s British. 3. How does an insect die inside a Venus flytrap? 3. Out of __________ the places I have been on 4. How do pitcher plants catch their food? holiday, I like Spain the most. 5. How big can a pitcher plant get? 4. __________ of the employees were paid for last month’s work, so they don’t have any 6. Why are carnivorous plants in danger? money GRAMMAR 5. Almost __________ trees in the world need sunlight to survive. A. Read the sentences and complete the rules with the word given. 6. __________ Michael and Simon were late for work today. a. Both the Venus flytrap and pitcher plant have special ways to attract and catch C. Correct the mistakes in the sentences. insects. 1. Neither cafes are very good. b. Neither bee nor butterfly can escape. 2. She saw both of movies, but he didn’t see c. All plants are amazing. d. None are quite like carnivorous plants. either of them. 3. None the children ate their dinner. all … none noun 4. All of the student in my class work really hard. pronoun both … neither 5. All people were happy to be there. 6. Neither them wanted to visit the gallery. 1. We use ___________ and ___________ when we refer to two things. SPEAKING 2. We use ___________ and ___________ when A. Quickly use the internet to research a we refer to more than two things. poisonous plant from your country. Note down what it looks like, where it can be 3. We can use a ___________ after all. found, why it is poisonous and what happens 4. We sometimes use none as a ___________. if you touch or eat it. B. Work in groups and share information about your poisonous plant from Exercise B. GRAMMAR BANK p. 165 127

phrasal verbs with put expressing sympathy MOTHER EARTH ANIMAL FRIENDS WARM UP! VOCABULARY A. Work in pairs and look at the pictures. Which A. Match the phrasal verbs to their definitions. of the following animals would you like to have as a pet? Why? a. put away d. put out b. put off e. put up c. put on f. put up with B. Work in the same pairs. Discuss how to take 1. to not do something until a later time care of the pets in Exercise A. 2. to arrange something in a raised position 3. to put something in the place it is usually kept C. Work in groups. Discuss other pets people 4. to continue dealing with an unpleasant might have and how to take care of them. situation or person 128 5. to cover the body with clothing, make-up, etc. 6. to extinguish a fire B. Complete the sentences using the phrasal verbs with put in Exercise A. 1. You should __________ your hat before you go out. It’s cold out there. 2. Please __________ that cigarette now. You know how much the pets hate the smoke. 3. I don’t want to __________ my neighbour’s pets anymore. They’re so loud. 4. I always __________ taking my cat the vet. She really doesn’t like it. 5. Can you please __________ the toys __________ when you’re finished playing with the cat? 6. I’m going to __________ a fence to keep the neighbour’s dog out of our garden. C. Work in pairs. Use the phrasal verbs in Exercise A to talk about things in your daily life.

7.4 MOTHER EARTH LISTENING A. Work in pairs and look at the pictures. What do you think is special about these pets? B. Listen to the conversations and 7.7 complete the sentences with Miko, Clara, Sasha or Kurt. 1. __________ has a new cat. 2. __________ thinks kittens can be very excitable. 3. __________ is surprised that a cat can open the fridge. 4. __________ is curious about having a pet monkey. 5. __________ thinks Marco is silly. 6. __________ wants to meet Marco. C. Listen to the conversations again 7.7 and write true (T), false (F) or not mentioned (NM) for the sentences. 1. ___ Clara’s cat is active. 2. ___ Clara’s cat likes to spend time with her. 3. ___ Clara’s cat is very smart. 4. ___ Miko has a bird. 5. ___ Kurt’s pet monkey likes to play. 6. ___ Kurt’s monkey is 10 years old. 7. ___ Kurt’s monkey plays computer games. 8. ___ Sasha doesn’t want to meet Marco. 129

7.4 C. Read the sympathy message and complete it with the words given. MOTHER EARTH anything best feel help GRAMMAR shock sorry speedy A. Read the conversation and underline the Dear Nina, phrases for expressing and responding to sympathy. I was so (1) ____________ to hear about the accident. It was truly a (2) ____________. A: Hi Gina! How was the exam? I hope that you are already starting to (3) B: Oh, it was terrible. I only got 48 per cent. ____________ better. A: I’m so sorry. I know how disappointed you must feel. I know that you’ve been always was B: Thanks for your support. such a careful driver and I’m sure that A: Too bad you didn’t get the score you the accident wasn’t your fault. If there wanted. I was hoping you would. is (4) ____________ I can do for you, B: Sometimes things don’t go the way we please let me know. I’m very happy to (5) want, do they? ____________. I’m available to babysit or A: I guess not. I’m sure you’ll pass with flying shop or cook if you and your husband need colours next time. any help. B: Thanks so much, Paula. I will pray for a (6) ____________ recovery B. Read another conversation and underline and will visit you within the week. Please, the phrases for expressing and responding take good care. to sympathy. Wishing you the (7) ____________. A: Michael, I’m truly sorry to hear about your grandmother passing away. Your friend, Elizabeth B: I appreciate your kindness, Olivia. Thank you for the support. A: If there’s anything I can do to help, please let me know. B: Thank you very much. I’m deeply touched. I’ll let you know. A: How are you feeling now? B: I’m doing OK now. It’s good to be back at work. 130 GRAMMAR BANK p. 166

7.4 MOTHER EARTH SPEAKING A. Listen to the conversation and answer the questions. 7.8 1. What unusual pets are mentioned? 2. Which one of pets mentioned would you like to have? Why? B. Work in pairs and write a few unusual pets on pieces of paper. Give the pieces of paper to your teacher. C. Work in the same pairs. Draw or present two unusual pets on a piece of paper and have a conversation about them. Be prepared to have your conversation in front of class. 131

SUMATRA A. Watch the video and make notes. Do some B. Work in pairs. Brainstorm, do research and research about Sumatra on the internet. prepare a list of questions about Sumatra. Go Use the following questions as a guideline to a tourism agency with your partner and and write a report of 80–100 words about ask the contact person at the agency those Sumatra. questions. Listen and take notes about the information the contact person gives you. 1. Where is Sumatra? 2. How do people travel there? C. Prepare a flyer about Sumatra at home. Use 3. What are some popular activities that people the report in Exercise A and your notes in Exercise B. You can also draw pictures or print do on Sumatra? and paste them on the flyer. You can organize the flyer as you like. Split a cardboard in half 4. What famous events are associated with or use A3 (big size) paper. Present your flyer Sumatra? to the class and introduce Sumatra. 5. Are there any mountains on Sumatra? 6. Is accommodation cheap or expensive on Sumatra? 7. How many tourists visit Sumatra in a month? 8. Are there any foods special to Sumatra? 9. Can you go to Sumatra by car? 10. Are there any tours to Sumatra from your country? 132

A. Write sentences for each of the word, but leave a gap for the word. Then you’re your sentences with a partner and complete them. blizzard flood tornado avalanche thunderstorm earthquakes hurricane B. The adjective + preposition collocations are UNIT 7 used incorrectly. Replace them with the cor- REVISION BOX rect adjective + preposition collocations. 6. IfIhadsetmyalarmclock,I_________________ 1. Jennie is surprised at driving alone at night. and missed the meeting. 2. Doris is similar to the weekend, because she’s 7. If Gina ______________________________ to going skiing. university, she would have studied law. 3. Melissa is keen on studying all the time. She D. Complete the sentences with the correct needs a break. forms of the verbs in brackets. 4. Thai food is excited about Chinese food in 1. I wish I ____________ (have) lighter clothes many ways. with me. It’s too hot here. 5. I was frightened of the show last night. It was 2. My car has broken down and the mechanic’s awesome! is closed today. If only I ____________ (know) 6. Windsurfing is my favourite hobby. I’m really how to fix it myself. tired of any water sports. 3. I was late for a meeting at work. I wish they ____________ (take) a taxi instead of the bus. C. Complete the sentences with the third conditional form of the verbs given. 4. I went to bed late last night and now have a terrible headache. I wish I ____________ (go) ask go know lock to bed earlier. meet stay oversleep 5. Vanessa doesn’t like being so short. She wishes 1. Brandon ______________________________ she ____________ (be) taller. at that motel if his father hadn’t recommended it to him. 6. The baby has been crying for almost an hour. I wish his mother ____________ (do) something 2. Nancy ______________________________ to help her sleep. Kate if she had just asked just asked. 133 3. If Willy hadn’t been in a hurry, he ______________________________ himself out of his house. 4. Helen ______________________________ her husband if she hadn’t come to Turkey. 5. My mother wouldn’t have cooked so much food if she ______________________________ we weren’t very hungry.

talking about myths intonation gerunds and infinitives MYSTERIES ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS WARM UP! B. Listen to the conversations and 8.1 match the speakers with the pictures A. Work in pairs. Look at the pictures and in Exercise A. answer the questions. 1. What are these places? What countries are Speaker 1 ___ Speaker 2 ___ Speaker 3 ___ Speaker 4 ___ they in? 2. What do you know about these places and C. Work in groups and discuss other places from the past that have interesting or strange people who lived there? stories. 3. Do you know any strange stories about these VOCABULARY places? Do you believe the stories? A. Write the words next to their definitions. ab advanced amateur ancient civilization cd community inhabitant mainstream remote 134 1. _______________ – a societies and cultures of the world 2. _______________ – far away from major cities and towns 3. _______________ – a non-professional who does something for pleasure 4. _______________ – a group of people who live in the same area 5. _______________ – using well-developed modern methods 6. _______________ – someone that lives in a particular place 7. _______________ – from a very long time ago 8. _______________ – having ideas, beliefs, etc. that are accepted by most people B. Work in pairs. Write sentences using the words in Exercise A, but leave a blank for the words. Swap the sentences with another pair and complete them.

C. Work in groups. Have a conversation 8.1 about an ancient civilization, but you must use one of the words in RUMOURS Exercise A in each sentence you say. 135 PRONUNCIATION INFO BOX Intonation is the way the voice rises and falls in English. It is very important as intonation (word stress) can sometimes change the meaning of a sentence. Look at these examples: He isn’t going to Egypt. His father is going. He isn’t going to Egypt. He cancelled his trip. He isn’t going to Egypt. He’s going to Greece A. Listen to the sentences and underline the stressed words. 8.2 1. Can you please get three steak knives? 2. I need a clean cup. 3. I bought my son a new laptop. 4. I can’t find my keys. 5. You need to clean the blackboard. 6. She’s growing tomatoes in the greenhouse. 7. I’m not having a salad. 8. He’s not ready for the party. B. Work in pairs. According the stressed words, discuss the meaning of the sentences in Exercise A. C. Write three sentences that can have different meanings depending on the intonation. Then work with a partner and take turns saying your sentences and having your partner guess the meaning.

8.1 B. Read and complete the text with words from RUMOURS Vocabulary: Exercise A. READING C. Read the article again and answer the A. Work in pairs. Look at the picture and the title of the questions. article. What do you know about Atlantis? 1. Who first wrote about imaginary inhabitats famous Atlantis? advanced biomarine civilization remote 2. In what book Atlantis: Myth or Reality? was Atlantis first mentioned? Atlantis is an (1) __________________ island that some people believe was located in the Atlantic Ocean. Few people, however, 3. What is a possible believe that Atlantis was a real (2) __________________. We began hearing about Atlantic in Plato’s book Timaeus and Critias. In reason for the his writings, Plato wrote that Atlantis was an island that sank to the bottom of the ocean and disappeared forever, perhaps as disappearance of punishment from the gods for the immoral behaviour of the (3) __________________. Atlantis? In 1882, (4) __________________ scientist Ignatius Donnelly wrote 4. Who was Ignatius Atlantis: The Antediluvian World in which he claimed Atlantis was a Donnelly? real place and even suggested that Atlantian civilization influenced other ancient civilizations of the time like the Egyptians and 5. Whatothercivilizations Mayans. Since the publication of Donnelly’s book, many people did Donnelly believe have argued that Atlantis was real and claim that the civilization Atlantis was connected was incredibly (5) __________________, especially in terms of to? technology and transportation. 6. What do followers of However, (6) __________________ scientists have had difficulty Donnelly believe about finding any proof of this remarkable (7) __________________. A Atlantis? number of rock samples from the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean have been studied and nothing so far suggests there was once a large 7. How have scientists island civilization in the Atlantic. Some scientists suggest it is too tried to prove the difficult to prove such a theory and others accuse Plato of inventing existence of Atlantis? Atlantis based on a story he may have heard about an advanced civilization. Fiction or not, some people continue to believe in a 8. Where do some people real Atlantis and someday hope to find its true location. Believers think Atlantis might continue to talk about possible locations, including Antarctica, have been? the Mediterranean Sea, or a (8) __________________ island in the Bahamas. It is difficult to know if we will ever discover the truth. These days, the story of Atlantis is sometimes played out in films and books. It is a popular tale that writers have enjoyed retelling over the centuries. It is a story that allows us to escape reality and imagine an exciting and advanced lost world. Although the world of Atlantis may be completely fictional, audiences are fond of discovering the possibilities of a new world. 136

8.1 GRAMMAR RUMOURS A. Read the sentences and underline the C. Complete the sentences with gerunds or gerunds and infinitives. Then complete the infinitives using the verbs given. rules. be cook eat give up a. We began hearing about Atlantic in Plato’s go run start work book Timaeus and Critias. 1. I think I’m going to quit ___________ meat. b. Some scientists suggest it is too difficult to 2. He refused ___________. prove such a theory. 3. She really dislikes ___________ to the gym. 4. He decided ___________ his master’s degree c. Other scientists accuse Plato of inventing Atlantis based on a story he may have next year. heard. 5. I like ___________ in the evenings. 6. She started ___________ about an hour ago. d. Some people continue to believe in a real 7. I’m going to keep ___________ until I’m Atlantis and someday hope to find its true location. finished. 8. I hope ___________ able to travel to Thailand e. Audiences are fond of discovering the possibilities of a new world. next year. f. It is a popular tale that writers have SPEAKING enjoyed retelling over the centuries. A. Listen to the conversation and 1. We can use gerunds after the verbs __________ answer the questions. 8.3 and __________, and after ___________. 1. What is the conversation about? 2. We can use infinitives after the verbs ________ 2. What is the claim in the conversation? and ________, and after _________. 3. What are the reasons behind that claim? B. Work in pairs and write the verbs in the B. Work in pairs. Look at the conspiracy theories correct column. and answer the questions. avoid ask complete discuss a. The Great Pyramid of Giza was built by hope imagine plan promise aliens. Followed by a Followed by an b. Reptilian humanoids (shape-shifter aliens) gerund infinitive are living on Earth and trying to control the world. c. Americans found a UFO (Unidentified Flying Object), but they hid it from people. d. Hitler did not die at the end of World War 2. e. Men never set foot on the moon. 1. Do you think they are real? Why? 2. Why do some people believe they are real? Is there is possibility they might be real? 3. What other conspiracy theories do you know? Which ones are the most believable? GRAMMAR BANK p. 166 137

commonly misused words Reported speech: commands MYSTERIES CONSPIRACY WARM UP! VOCABULARY A. Work in pairs and discuss the questions. A. Circle the correct words in the sentences. 1. What conspiracy theories have you heard of? 1. His house is in the forest, between / among 2. Do you believe any conspiracy theories? Which the trees. ones? Why? 2. She is sitting between / among Jessica and Lilly. 3. When she got home, she lay / laid the flowers B. Work in the same pairs. Read the conspiracy theories and answer the questions. on the table. • Area 51 in the USA has UFOs and aliens. 4. I’m so tired. I need to lay / lie down. • Secret societies control the world. 5. The city is full of historic / historical buildings. • Shakespeare did not write his plays. 6. The day man landed on the moon was a historic • Elvis Presley is not dead. • Socrates never existed. / historical day. 1. Which of these conspiracy theories are you B. The words in Exercise A are commonly familiar with? misused. Match them to the definitions. 2. What do you know about these theories? 3. Which one do you think is most believable? 1. between a. related to the study of things from the past 138 2. among b. with something on either side; 3. historic related to two objects 4. historical 5. lie c. to put something in place d. important in history 6. lay e. surrounded by; part of a group of people or things f. to move into a horizontal position on a surface C. Write sentences using the pairs of commonly misused words in Exercise A. Be sure that the sentences show the difference in meaning between the pairs of words. 1. _____________________________________ 2. _____________________________________ 3. _____________________________________ 4. _____________________________________ 5. _____________________________________ 6. _____________________________________

8.2 RUMOURS READING A. Work in pairs. Look at the pictures and guess what conspiracy theories they refer to. abc The strange world of conspiracy theories One would think that in the age of information there would be fewer conspiracy theories, but instead these theories seem to be growing more numerous. There’s one about former US President John F. Kennedy’s assassination, another about the historic Moon landing being fake and even one that claims the earth is actually flat. Among all these conspiracy theories, what is a person to think? Here are a few conspiracy theories, some of them completely crazy. See what you think. One wild theory is the belief that the Moon itself is not real. That’s right. Not just the moon landing. The Moon itself is not real. The people who support this theory claim that the Moon is actually a hologram. They believe there’s something behind the Moon that shines an image of what we see as ‘the Moon’ into the sky. The problem with this theory is that believers are unable to explain where this hologram came from, when it started or how it works. Between you and me, this conspiracy is truly ridiculous. Another incredible conspiracy theory is about the pyramids in Egypt – and this one isn’t about aliens. In Malta, there’s a school that believes dinosaurs helped build the pyramids in Egypt. Yes, they believe dinosaurs helped carry and lay the stones in place. The problem is that there isn’t any historical evidence to support their claim. Yet believers in this theory tell us to question our history lessons at school. A favourite conspiracy theory in recent years is that our world leaders are actually lizards. That’s right. Some people believe Barack Obama and Queen Elizabeth II are lizards from outer space and have warned us not to trust them. So why haven’t we noticed long reptile tongues or scales on our world leaders? The answer: these lizard leaders are able to change their bodies – shape-shift – so that they look like humans. This theory was first popularised by David Icke in his book Children of the Matrix. Now Mr Icke has followers from more than 50 countries. Although these theories may not have you lying awake in bed at night, worrying about the world, there are a growing number of believers. So, are these conspiracy theories simply bizarre and entertaining or are they damaging and misguided? Should we listen to and research these theories or discard them? What do you think? 139

8.2 World leaders - Our world leaders are (5) __________ from RUMOURS (6) __________. - They can (7) __________ to look like humans. hologram – a hologram is a type of photograph - The man behind this theory is (8) __________. where objects look solid and real, not flat reptile – a reptile is an animal that lays eggs and C. Read the text again and answer the stays in the sun to keep its blood warm questions. scales – scales are small, flat, hard pieces of skin that cover a fish, snake, etc. 1. What projects the hologram of the Moon in the sky? B. Read the text and complete the notes. 2. What is the problem with the hologram Moon Conspiracy theories theory? Moon 3. Where do they believe dinosaurs helped build - The (1) __________ is fake. the pyramids? - The Moon itself is (2) __________ and is a (3) __________. 4. Which two world leaders do some people think are lizard? Pyramids in Egypt - The pyramids were built with the help of 5. What book made the theory of lizard leader (4) __________. well-known? 6. In how many countries does David Icke have followers? 140

8.2 RUMOURS GRAMMAR SPEAKING A. Read the sentences and complete the rules. A. Read the text about a famous alien abduction story and answer the questions. a. My mum said, ‘Clean your room.’  My mum told me to clean my room. In 1957, Antônio Vilas-Boas, a farmer from Brazil, claimed he was b. The professor said, ‘Don’t use your phone abducted by aliens. On the 16th of in class.’ October, 1957, Vilas-Boas said he saw a red star in the sky.  The professor told us not to us our phones in class. As the star came closer, he realised that it was a spaceship. He was taken into the spaceship 1. The pattern for reporting commands is by four aliens wearing helmets and overalls. _________ + indirect object + _________. Once inside the spaceship, Vilas-Boas reported the aliens took off all his clothes taken and 2. When we report negative commands, we put covered him in gel. Vilas-Boas was then put in not between the _________ and _________. a room on his own. There, a strange gas filled the room, making him very sick. Eventually, he B. Correct the mistakes in the sentences. was returned to a field near his home in Brazil. In total, he was gone for four hours. Vilas-Boas 1. My dad told I to stop reading about conspiracy later stated that he also believed that he was the theories. father of an alien child. 2. She always asks him to calling her when he 1. What colour was the spaceship? gets home. 2. What did the aliens do to Vilas-Boas? 3. How long was Vilas-Boas gone? 3. My friends often tell me don’t to worry so much. B. Work in pairs. Answer the questions and talk about the story in Exercise A. 4. He urged me come to the UFO meeting on Monday. 1. What do you find most interesting about the story? 5. My housemate asked to pay the rent. 6. Some people advise us not go out late at night. 2. Do you believe the story? Why? 3. Do you believe that aliens may abduct humans? C. Work in pairs. Change the direct commands to 4. Why do you think Vilas-Boas claims he was reported commands. abducted by aliens? 1. Do your homework. 2. Be careful when you travel. C. Work in the same pairs. Change the story in 3. Don’t talk to strangers. Exercise A into an interview and role play. 4. Listen to your teacher. 5. Help your sister with her homework. 6. Don’t believe everything you read. GRAMMAR BANK p. 167 141

three-word phrasal verbs /f/ and /v/ sounds Reported speech: requests and suggestions MYSTERIES ALIENS WARM UP! VOCABULARY A. Work in pairs. Look at the pictures and INFO BOX answers the questions. Some phrasal verbs in English have three 1. What are these? words, verb + preposition + preposition, 2. What stories have you heard about them? e.g. look up to. A. Complete the three-word phrasal verbs with the correct verbs. check go look take think wake B. Work in groups and discuss the questions. 1. ___________ down on 2. ___________ back on 1. Have you ever seen a UFO? 3. ___________ on about 2. Have you ever met someone who has seen a 4. ___________ up to 5. ___________ care of UFO? 6. ___________ up on 3. Do you believe that aliens have visited Earth? 4. Why do you think aliens would abduct humans? B. Write the three-word phrasal verbs in 142 Exercise A next to their definitions. 1. _________________ – to look after and provide the things a person needs 2. _________________ – to talk a lot about something, especially in an annoying way 3. _________________ – to believe you are better than someone 4. _________________ – to see what someone or something is doing to make sure they are OK 5. _________________ – to remember a past event or time 6. _________________ – to begin to believe that a situation or problem exists

8.3 RUMOURS C. Complete the sentences with the correct LISTENING phrasal verbs. A. Listen to the interviews and match 8.5 1. Whatever you do in life, Maria, don’t ever them with the UFOs. _______________ anyone. 2. When I _______________ my childhood, I think I was pretty lucky. 3. Your brother can really _______________ football. He never shuts up. 4. We need to _______________ the problems of climate change. 5. You go to the supermarket and I’ll _______________ the kids. 6. There’s a storm coming. I’m going to _______________ the horses. PRONUNCIATION A. Listen and underline the words you hear. 8.4 /f/ /v/ 1. fan van 2. ferry very 3. fine vine 4. leaf leave 5. lift lived 6. safe save 7. off of 8. surf serve B. Work in pairs. Take turns saying the words B. Listen to the interviews again and number in Exercise A and having your partner point the sentences 1–7 in the order. to them. ___ We’d better wake up to the possibility. C. Work in the same pairs and practise saying ___ I’ve seen loads of UFOs from my farm in Texas. the tongue twisters ___ She told me it looked as if it was made of metal 1. Fanny has a very fine van. A very fine van has and shaped like a giant Frisbee. Fanny. ___ They even asked me if I was taking any medication. ___ Have you ever been abducted? 2. Veggie on a vine. Veggie on a leaf. There ___ That’s how they move so fast, you know. veggies are safe on the leave and vine. ___ We’re talking to people about UFOs today. 3. It’s very safe to surf at Leaf Fin beach. Leaf Fin 143 beach is a very safe place to surf.

8.3 RUMOURS GRAMMAR A. Read the sentences and match them with the usages. a. Bob recommends having a drink at the cafe. b. Miranda asked her daughter not to touch her mobile phone. 1. reporting a request 2. reporting a suggestion B. Rewrite the sentences in indirect speech using the verbs in brackets. 1. The man said to the waiter, ‘Can you give me a menu, please?’ (ask) 2. Louis said, ‘I think you should buy an affordable car.’ (recommend) 3. Karen said to her sister, ‘If I were you, I’d invite Martha to the wedding.’ (advise) 4. The woman said to the children, ‘Keep away from the flowers!’ (warn) C. Listen to the interviews again and answer 5. I said to her, ‘Don’t make anything for dinner.’ the questions. (tell) Interview 1 6. The manager, ‘Meet at the conference hall on 1. When was the last time he saw a UFO? time.’ (order) 2. What did the police ask him? 3. According the first interviewee, why do UFOs C. Report three requests and three suggestions. Then swap your sentences with a partner spin around? and check the sentences are correct. 4. What does he do when he sees a UFO? Interview 2 5. Has she ever seen a UFO? 6. What does she think about life in space? 7. Why do UFOs have lights on the bottom? 8. What did the aliens ask her friend for? 144 GRAMMAR BANK p. 167

WRITING 8.3 A. Read the paragraph about UFOs and RUMOURS answer the questions. SPEAKING I believe that UFOs are completely fictional. Up to this time, there is no proof A. Work in pairs. Read and practise role that UFOs exist and there is nothing playing the conversation about UFO to show that there is life in space. Some sightings in the USA. people claim that they have seen UFOs. A: Do you know about any UFO sight- However, it is my belief these people have ings in the USA? seen something else in the sky. For B: Absolutely. Lots of people in the USA example, they may have seen an airplane say they have seen a UFO. or a satellite. Finally, there are no photos A: I’ve heard that, but I’m not sure I of UFOs that scientists have been able to belief the stories. Where do they agree on. Therefore, I believe that UFOs are usually see them? generally people not being able to identify B: Most people seem to see them when what they really saw. they are alone on a rural highway or in remote areas of the country. 1. Does the writer think UFOs exist? A: So they don’t see them in public 2. What are her main for her belief? places? 3. What examples does she give? B: No, they usually don’t. 4. How does she introduce her examples? A: And have many people taken photos of them? B. What is your opinion about the existence of B: I’m not sure about that. There are UFOs? Note down your opinion, your reasons some photos, but it’s difficult to and your examples. prove what they are. C. Write a short opinion paragraph about UFOs. B. Work in the same pairs and talk about Make sure you include reasons and examples. UFO sightings in your country. Use the structure of the paragraph in Exercise A to help you. 145 ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________

strong adjectives expressing lack of understanding and asking for clarification MYSTERIES CULTURAL AWARENESS WARM UP! B. Work in pairs. Cover the emphatic form adjectives in Exercise A. Say the regular A. Work in pairs and discuss the questions. adjectives and test your to see how many emphatic form adjectives your partner can 1. How many different countries have you remember. travelled to? INFO BOX 2. What do you know about the customs in those countries? We can modify regular adjectives with intensifiers like very and quite. We cannot 3. Would you consider yourself a multicultural use very with strong adjectives. person? Why?  very tiny  very gorgeous B. Go to page 172 and do the quiz. Then share your answers in groups. VOCABULARY With strong adjectives, we usually use intensifiers like quite, really, completely, absolutely, etc. A. Match the normal adjectives to the strong My uncle is really huge. adjectives. The beach was absolutely gorgeous Regular adjectives Emphatic form C. Look at the intensifiers and rank them from 1. angry a. exhausted strongest (1) to weakest (4). Notice that we 2. bad b. huge use some intensifiers for normal adjectives 3. big c. gorgeous and strong adjectives. 4. good d. thrilled 5. happy e. furious Intensifiers for Intensifiers for 6. pretty f. terrible normal adjectives strong adjectives 7. small g. excellent 8. tired h. tiny ___ very/really ___ quite ___ not ___ absolutely ___ not very ___ not really ___ quite ___ really 146

8.4 RUMOURS READING A. Work in pairs. Look at the pictures and think of tips are for avoiding cultural misunderstandings when travelling abroad. Preparing to travel abroad: Tips on culture It can be quite challenging to travel abroad, especially when you don’t know the culture or when the culture is very different from your native culture. As you don’t want to have a terrible holiday abroad, here are a few things you can do to prepare and make your holiday or business trip much more enjoyable. First, you should try to learn a few words in the language of the country you are visiting. This doesn’t take a lot of effort and the people you meet will be thrilled to see that you respect their culture and are making an effort. Of course, many people speak English these days, but it is much more polite to ask the locals if they speak English (in their native language) before you start asking directions to the nearest hotel when you’re exhausted. Travel guides are also a great way to help you prepare for your trip. Always read the culture section of the travel guide as this will give you an excellent idea of what not to do in different countries. One thing to be careful with are simple hand gestures. In some cultures, a tiny hand gesture could be a huge problem. Let’s look at the well-known thumbs-up gesture, for example, which means ‘good’ in many Western cultures. However, if you are travelling in the Middle East and Africa, this can be incredibly offensive. The common V sign for victory may also make people in some countries furious, so watch it with hand gestures. It’s also a good idea to find out the best way to greet people in the country you are going to. When travelling, we may come across customs and beliefs that we’re not very comfortable with. If you find yourself in such a situation when travelling, remember it is always important to respect another’s culture. This might mean doing something that you wouldn’t normally do at home, like covering your shoulders or knees, or not holding hands in public. Simple gestures like these show that you’re respectful of the local culture and understand their beliefs. Similarly, don’t forget to respect local holidays and customs. Travelling to a country where people observe Ramadan might mean eating in private during the day when the locals are fasting. Taking small steps to prepare for a trip abroad can mean the difference between a wonderful holiday and a nightmare. By showing respect for the culture you’re travelling in, you’ll get much better insight into the culture’s lifestyle and traditions, while also enjoying the gorgeous sites in the area. And this no doubt will lead to a much more fulfilling trip for you and those around you. B. Read the article and underline the tips mentioned. C. Write the bold words in the text next to their antonyms. 1. polite ________ 5. foreigner ________ 2. complex ________ 6. unpleasant ________ 3. big ________ 7. public ________ 4. remember ________ 8. insignificant ________ 147

8.4 RUMOURS C. Complete the conversation with the words given. GRAMMAR explain hear mean example clarify A. Listen to the conversation and tick 8.6 the phrases and sentences you A : Next month I’m travelling to Japan for a hear. conference. What should I expect? 1. Sorry, I didn’t hear what you said. B : Sorry, I didn’t quite (1) ______________ what 2. Sorry, I’m not quite sure what you mean. you said. 3. I beg your pardon, but I don’t understand. 4. Could you say that again, please? A : I said I’m going on a business trip to Japan and 5. To say it differently ... I wanted to know what to expect. 6. Do you mean ...? 7. Could you clarify that, please? B : I see. Well, you should always remember to 8. What are you trying to say? take a gift to anyone who invites you to their 9. Let me explain that. home. 10. Let me explain that in more detail. A : Could you give me a/an (2) ______________? B. Put the phrases from Exercise A under the B : Well, you could take some flowers. correct columns in the table. A : OK. And should I wear a kimono? B : Do you (3) ______________ should you wear Expressing lack of Asking for Clarifying a the traditional dress? understanding clarification topic A : Yes. B : No, you don’t have to. But you should dress conservatively. A : Could you (4) ______________ that, please? 148

B : Just make sure you wear quite formal clothing. 8.4 A : I still don’t understand. B : Let me (5) ______________ that. You should RUMOURS wear something that covers your knees and B: Of course. What’s your contact number? shoulders. A: Yes. It’s 0572 443 791. A : OK. I understand. Thank you. B: Sorry, I didn’t quite hear all that. 0572 443 … A: 791. SPEAKING B: I’ll repeat that. 0572 443 791 A: Yes, that’s it. A. Read the phone conversation and underline B: Great. Can I have your name, please? expressions related to lack of understanding A: It’s Miss Bond. B-O-N-D. and clarification. B: Thank you, Miss Bond. I’ll ask Mr Davidson to A: Hello, could I speak to Mr Davidson, please? call you back in the morning. B: I beg your pardon? A: Thank you. A: Yes, I’d like to speak to Mr Davidson, please. B: I’m sorry. He’s out of the office today. B. Work in pairs and role play phone A: Sorry. Could you repeat that, please? conversations based on these situations. B: He’s not in the office today. A: I see. Can I leave a message? 1. You are calling to make a doctor’s appointment. 2. You call your friend to invite them for dinner. 3. You need to cancel an interview. 4. You want to make a reservation at the restaurant. GRAMMAR BANK p. 168 149

UFOS A. Watch the video and make notes. Do some B. Work in pairs. Brainstorm, do research and research about the UFOs on the internet. prepare a list of questions about UFOs. Use the following questions as a guideline Find a documentary about UFOs and watch and write a report of 80–100 words about it with your partner. Take notes about the the topic. UFOs in the documentary. Try to answer the questions you prepared with your partner. 1. What does UFO stand for? 2. Do you believe in UFOs? Why? C. Prepare a class presentation about the 3. What is the origins of the term UFO? UFOs at home. Use the report in Exercise 4. Are there any popular events related to UFOs? A, questions, answers and your notes in 5. When was the first report of a UFO sighting in Exercise B. You can also show some pictures during your presentation. Present your human history? information about UFOs to the class. 6. What do UFOs look like? 7. What are some famous movies about UFOs? 8. Why do some people find UFOs so interesting? 150

A. Complete the sentences with the words UNIT 8 given. REVISION BOX among between historic historical laid lay 1. This city has got more _________ buildings that any other city I know. 2. She carried her baby upstairs and _________ him down in the crib. 3. My hometown is halfway _________ Milan and Rome. 4. Too many cities are tearing down _________ buildings. 5. I did nothing but _________ on the sofa and watch TV yesterday. 6. It felt so good to be standing in the garden _________ all the flowers. B. Complete the three-word phrasal verbs with D. Unscramble the words to make gramatically the words given. correct sentences. 1. do / asked / me / washing / mum / up / to / about care back down to up my / the 1. check _______ on 2. go on _______ 2. me / advised / my / to / doctor’s / to / go / boss 3. look _______ on 4. take _______ of 3. the / holiday / not / he / October / taking / a / 5. think _______ on in / recommended 6. wake up _______ 4. the / suggested / we / restaurant / new / Maria / Italian / try C. Make sentences with these verbs. Make 5. report / manager / me / my / to / today / finish sure the sentences have two verbs and use / the / told gerunds and infinitives correctly. 6. to / warned / much / she / not / eat / too / me avoid complete discuss hope imagine miss plan promise 151

IRREGULAR VERB LIST Base form Past simple Past participle be was/were been begin began begun break broke broken bring brought brought buy bought bought build built built choose chose chosen come came come cost cost cost cut cut cut do did done draw drew drawn drive drove driven eat ate eaten feel felt felt find found found get got got give gave given go went gone have had had hear heard heard hold held held keep kept kept know knew known leave left left lead led led let let let lie lay lain lose lost lost make made made mean meant meant meet met met pay paid paid put put put run ran run say said said see saw seen sell sold sold send sent sent set set set sit sat sat speak spoke spoken spend spent spent stand stood stood take took taken teach taught taught tell told told think thought thought understand understood understood wear wore worn win won won write wrote written 152