sachhaymienphi.com - van-hoa-phuc-hung-va-chinh-phuc-nhung-mien-dat-moi

["c \u1ee7 A BI\u1ec2N N\u00c0Y V\u00d9A R\u1ed8NG L\u1ea0I V\u1eeaA S\u00c2U, C\u1ed1 L\u1eba CH\u00daNG TA S\u1eba T\u00ccM RA EO BI\u1ec2N. Rio de la Plata Ihu\u1ed9c d\u1ea1i l\u1ee5c Nam Mi, 5\u00d5NGRI0 DE LA PLATA 7 \/ \u1ed0I, \u0110\u00c2Y X TH\u1ea2I D\u1ea0I ' KH\u1ed4NG PH\u1ea2I B\u00ccNH T\u00c2Y D\u01af\u01a0NG D\u01af\u01a0NG EO BI\u1ec2N M\u00c0 L\u00c0 C\u00cd\u1ec8A S\u1ed4NG, H\u00c3Y H\u1ea2I TR\u00ccNH C\u1eecA MAGELLAN TI\u1ebeP T\u1ee4C XU\u1ed0NG PH\u00cdA NAM T\u00ccM ki\u1ebfm! y Kh\u00f2ng l\u00f4u sau, \u0111\u1ed9i \u00edhuy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Magellan g\u1ed9p ph\u00e1i b\u00e2o lu y\u1ebfi m\u1ed9\u00ed chi\u1ebfc Ihuy\u1ec1n b\u1ecb h\u01b0 h\u1ee3i. Do Ih\u00f2i li\u1ebf l kh\u1ed5c nghi\u1ec7i Magellan hg l\u1ec7nh cho d\u1eebng chuy\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh Ir\u00ecnh, c\u1ea3 \u0111o\u00e0n fr\u1ecfi qua m\u00f9o \u0111\u00f4ng gi\u00e1 l\u1ecdnh \u1ecf l\u1ee5c \u1ec1\u1ecba Nam Mi. \\\\ Oo th\u00f2i gian d\u00e0i m\u00e0 ch\u1ed5ng c\u00f3 k\u1ebft qu\u00e1 g\u00ec, m\u1ed9} s\u1ed1 ' th\u1ee7y Ih\u1ee7 n\u1ed5i logn, nh\u01b0ng b\u1ecb Magellan dgp f\u00f5f.","Mogellan c\u00f9ng \u0111o\u00e0n thuy\u1ec1n tr\u00e1i quo bao kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, <Wi c\u00f9ng c\u00f9ng t\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed 50 ef\u00f4 vi Nam. Nh\u01b0ng b\u1ed1l hgnh fhay, khi \u0110\u1ea0I d\u01b0 \u01a1 n g n \u00e0 y qua eo bi\u1ec3n, chi\u1ebfc thuy\u1ec1n R\u1ed8NG L\u1edaN V\u00c0 ch\u1ecf luong Ih\u1ef1c San Anlonio \u0111\u1ecf Ih\u1eeba co tr\u1ed1n v\u1ec1 \u0129\u00e2y Ban HI\u1ec2N H\u00d2A, H\u00c3Y G\u1eccI Nha. Magellan ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n ba N\u00d3 L\u00c0 T h \u00e1 i b \u00ecn h chi\u1ebfc thuy\u1ec1n^ d\u01b0\u01a1ng!","\u00cbt150","","Khi giao tranh v\u1edbi Ih\u1ed5 d\u00e1n, Ih\u1ee7 may man s\u00f5ng s\u00f3t, \u1ec3\u00e2 c\u00f3 24 th\u1ee7y Ih\u1ee7 b\u1ecf mgng. fll^\u00a74i\u1eb9-luj\u00f9ngJBP\u00ed\u1ef3flg l\u00fac d\u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n c\u1ea3 ba con t\u00e0u n\u00ean bu\u1ed9c l\u00f2ng ph\u00e1i \u0111\u00e1nh dam m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc r\u1ed3i ch\u1ea1y \u00edho\u00e1l kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ea3o c\u00f3 th\u1ed5 dahrti\u1ebfp l\u1ee5c h\u00e0nh \u00edr\u00ecnh. \u0129i\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ed9i thuy\u1ec1n l\u1edbi \u0129r\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ec1, do Ihi\u00eau ih\u00f2n qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o Moluccan, sau khi l\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00edh\u1ef1c v\u00e0 g\u1eb7p b\u00e0o bi\u1ec3n, h\u1ecd mua xong h\u1ed3 li\u00eau, h\u1ecd quay tr\u1ecf l\u1ee3i \u0129\u00e2y Ban Nha. l\u1ea1i m\u00f4l m\u1ed9t con Ihuy\u1ec1n n\u1eeda, jeu ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ec7t m\u1ea1ng. Ng\u00e0y 6 th\u00e1ng 9 n\u00e2m 1522, chi\u1ebfc thuy\u1ec1n \\\" G\u00ec C\u01a1? 1 r\u00e1ch n\u00e1t Vicloria v\u1ec1 l\u1edbi \u0129\u00e2y Ban Nha. * \u0110\u1ed8I THUY\u00caN C\u1ee6A MAGELLAN \u0110\u1ea2 V\u1ec2 T\u1edaI N\u01a0I SAO?","D\u1ed9i Ihuy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Magellan xu\u1ed1t ph\u00e1i l\u1eeb m\u1ed9i h\u1ea3i c\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a \u0129\u00e2y Bon Nha, Irai qua h\u00e0nh Ir\u00ecnh ba n\u00e2m Ir\u1eddi r\u00f2ng r\u00e2, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n 18 ng\u01b0\u00f2i s\u00b0n9 r\u00f4t. to^ \\\\ L\u1ee4C m3 \u0110\u1ea0I T\u00c0Y D\u01af\u1eeeNG TH\u1ea2I B\u00ccNH D\u01b0ONG > B\u00c1C M\u00cc QU\u00c0N \u0110\u00c0O PHILLIPIHES QU\u00c0N \u0110\u00c1O - J^fOLUCCAN H\u1ea2I TR\u00ccNH C\u1ee6A MAGELLAN \u1ea2 !\u1eab\u1ea4 \\\\ \\\\ \\\\ 1 TV \/ \/A \u00bb m m \\\\ \u1ec8 V N ' te L k \\\\ \u1eb6 k ' F V \u1ecb r\u1ecar\u1ef71 Khi c\u00f2n \u00edr\u1ebb, Magellan \/ ] u\u1ebf l\u1eebng d\u1ea7n Ihuy\u1ec1n theo h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0110\u00f4ng t\u1edbi D\u00f4ng Nam A, n\u1ebfu l\u00ednh c\u1ea3 l\u1ea7n l\u1edbi Phillipines Iheo h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0129\u00e2y n\u00e0y th\u00ec c\u00f3 fh\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, Magellan \u1ec3\u00e2 \u0111i v\u00f2ng quanh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u00f2ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ec3n. __ S i \u1eca Hi 1 L J f\/___\\\\ w V^\u00ca\u00c6\u00ca^L\u2014 si \\\\v% V3 \\\\r","Sau khi Columbus ph\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n ra ch\u00e2u Mi, \u0129\u00e2y Ban Nha v\u00e0 B\u1ed3 D\u00e0o Nha b\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ed9t \u00e1ch \u00edh\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb fh\u1ef1c d\u00e2n l\u00e8n l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba m\u00f3i. ^N H \u01af N G CH\u00daNG \u0110\u00d3 CH\u00cdNH L\u00c0 TA C\u1ea6N T\u00ccM RA M\u1ed8T \u0110\u1ea4T N\u01af\u1edaC V\u00c0NG, PH\u1ea2I T\u00ccM RA \u0110\u1ea4T N\u01af\u1edaC V\u00c0NG S\u00c1NG L\u1ea4P L\u00c1NH. C\u1ee6A V\u00c0NG \u1ecf L\u1ef0C \u0110\u1ecaA M\u1edaI N\u00c0Y.","T \/ \u0129h\u1ef1c ra \u1ed5\u1ea5l n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a v\u00e0ng B\u1ee9c h\u00ecnh th\u1eadt c\u00faa di ch\u00ed Tenochtitlan kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i l\u00e0 fruyen thuy\u1ebf\u00ed. Kh\u00f4ng l\u00e2u sau, ng\u01b0\u00e0i \u0129\u00e2y Ban Nha \u0111\u00e2 ph\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n ra hai qu\u1ed1c gia Irong l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba ch\u00e2u Mi, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Azfec v\u00e0 Inca. Aziec ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n v\u00e2n minh b\u00fat ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb cao nguy\u00ean Mexcico, th\u1ee7 \u1ec3\u00f4 l\u00e0 \u0129enochlillan (ng\u00e0y nay l\u00e0 ih\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Mexico), n\u00f2m fren m\u1ed9t h\u00f2n \u0111\u00e2o nh\u1ecf g\u1ea7n b\u00f2 \u0129\u00e2y h\u1ed3 \u0129excoco. TH\u00c1I B\u00ccNH D\u01af\u01a0NG TR\u1edcI \u01a0I, SAO L\u1ea0I C\u00d3 TH\u00c0NH PH\u1ed0 V \u0128 \u0110\u1ea0I NH\u01af\u1edcNG N\u00c0Y? NGO\u00c0I s\u1ee9c T\u01af\u1edaNG T\u01b0\u1ee3ng! T h \u1ead t tr\u00e1 n g l\u1ec7 ! T h \u1ead t th \u1ea7 n k\u00ec!","Di th\u1ec9 kim t\u1ef1 ih\u00e1p \u0129eotihuacan ph\u00e0n \u00e1nh n\u1ec1n v\u00e2n minh Mexico Ih\u1ebf k\u1ec9 th\u1ee9 8 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh-\u0111i\u00eang. N\u00f3 kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi kim }\u1ef1 th\u00e1p Ai C\u1ed9p, b\u1ecfi \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua m' l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ebf f\u1ebf b\u00e1i.","Nen v\u00f9n minh i\u00f3m nhai ch\u00e0u Mi l\u00e0 0n\u00e8n v\u00e0n minh Maya th\u00e0nh c\u00f2 Chichen liza, n\u00f2m ph\u00eda Nam Yucolon, Mexico. Irong Ih\u00e0nh c\u00f2 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 hon 100 cong \u1ec9rinh ki\u00e8n fruc \u0111u\u1ee3c xay {l\u1ee5ng tiong ih\u00f3i ki C\u00edi\u1ed3i cuo n\u00e9n 1 # minh Moyo. N\u00f2m 1988. th\u00e0nh (0 nay \u1ed5uoc \u1ec9t\u00e8i \/\u1ed3o s\u1ea3n v\u1eddn li\u00f3 q ffiTgtpi- Ww SAi 1 1'\u2022{ \u00bffi^rr [\u00ec","TR\u1edcI \u01a1l! \u0110\u00daNG L\u00c0 TINH x \u1ea3 o ! L\u1ea1i l\u00e0 V\u00c0NG TH\u1eacT N\u1ee8A CH\u00da! OA HA HA h a ! Ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ea3 t \u00ecm ra \u0110\u1ea4T N\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00daA J \\\\ V\u00c0NG R\u1ed3i! G i\u00e0u <1 1 TO R\u1ed5l! y","\u25a0 . TH\u00c3I BINH D\u01af\u01a0NG N\u1ec1n v\u00e2n minh c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Inca c\u1eefng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9i n\u1ec1n v\u00e2n minh ph\u1ed3n vinh c\u00f9ng Ih\u1eddi v\u1edbi n\u1ec1n v\u1edfn minh Aztec. V\u00e2n minh Inca b\u1ed1i ngu\u1ed3n l\u1eeb v\u00f9ng Cusco c\u1ee7a Peru v\u00e0o kho\u00e1ng v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 12.","","","4 Di ch\u1ec9 Machu Picchu c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Inca, ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 ru\u1ed9ng b\u1eadc thang.","","N\u00e2m 1533, qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0ang Alahualpa b\u1ecb nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb \u00edh\u1ed1ng fri ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0129\u00e2y Bon Nha x\u1eed l\u1eed, \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Inca di\u1ec7t vong. $au \u1ed5\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0129\u00e2y Ban Nha v\u1edbi l\u00f2ng \u00edhom v\u00f4 \u0111\u00e1y \u0111\u1edf \u0111\u00e0o l\u00e2ng m\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ed1t, c\u01b0\u1edbp sgch c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3 l\u00f9y l\u00e1ng. \u0129\u1ed1t c\u1ea3 v\u00e0ng b\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u00ean ch\u1ecf v\u1ec1 \u0129\u00e2y Ban Nha. v\u1edfn v\u0103n h\u00f3a fr\u00eden nh\u01b0 vu c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u Au Ch\u00e2u Au b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o m\u1ed9\u00ed th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i m\u1edbi","t\u00ed NNhh\u1eefngph\u00e1tk\u1ec9\u1ebfn\u0111\u1ecbal\u00ed cao tr\u00ean th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng, bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n nh\u1eefng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m Nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ecba l\u00ed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 coi l\u00e0 d\u1ea5u m\u1ed1c n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 tr\u1edf n\u00ean gi\u00e0u c\u00f3, v\u00ec th\u1ebf quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ea9u ti\u00ean trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ch\u00e2u \u00c2u khi r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u00f4m \u1ea5p gi\u1ea5c m\u1ed9ng chuy\u1ec3n giao t\u1eeb th\u1eddi trung c\u1ed5 sang th\u1eddi c\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea1i. ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng. \u0110\u00fang l\u00fac n\u00e0y, ngh\u1ec1 \u0111\u00f3ng t\u00e0u v\u00e0 Colunbus ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra ch\u00e2u M\u0129, Vasco da Gama k\u0129 thu\u1eadt h\u00e0ng h\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 v\u01b0\u1ee3t m\u1edf ra con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ec3n v\u00f2ng qua c\u1ef1c Nam ch\u00e2u b\u1eadc, gi\u00fap hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c h\u00f3a \u01b0\u1edbc m\u01a1 th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m Phi t\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng; Magellan v\u1edbi h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ec3n. v\u00f2ng quanh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ecba l\u00ed n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 di\u1ec5n ra trong v\u00f2ng v\u00e0i ch\u1ee5c n\u0103m C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i nh\u1eefng l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea1i vi\u1ec5n d\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00edt \u1ecfi t\u1eeb nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 ch\u00e2u n\u0103m 1490 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1520 \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n thay \u00c2u, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 th\u00ea' gi\u1edbi. \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng kh\u00e9p k\u00edn c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 c\u0169ng g\u00e2y ra nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh tranh gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea5t D\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c t\u1ea1o n\u00ean nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ecba l\u00ed \u0111\u00f3 \u0111ai thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba \u1edf c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c \u1edf l\u1ee5c \u1ee5 \u00ab !\u2018m\u1edbi nh\u01b0 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 l\u1ee3i \u00edch kinh t\u1ebf. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y ch\u00e2u M\u0129, v\u00f9ng ven bi\u1ec3n ch\u00e2u Phi v\u00e0 ch\u00e2u \u00c1, ch\u1ee7 gi\u1edd r\u1ea5t th\u00edch h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a t\u1eeb ch\u00e2u \u00c1 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i ngh\u0129a th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n c\u0169ng v\u00ec v\u1eady m\u00e0 lan t\u1edbi m\u1ecdi ng\u00f3c h\u01b0\u01a1ng li\u1ec7u (h\u1ed3 ti\u00eau, nh\u1ee5c qu\u1ebf, \u0111inh h\u01b0\u01a1ng, nh\u1ee5c ng\u00e1ch tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. \u0111\u1eadu kh\u1ea5u...) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3 xa x\u1ec9 (l\u1ee5a t\u01a1 t\u1eb1m, b\u1ea3\u1ecd th\u1ea1ch, v\u1ea3i v\u00f3c). Nh\u1eefng h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a n\u00e0y c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 r\u1ea5t Lab\u00e0n Cungdi\u1ec7nAlhambra La b\u00e0n c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 kim ch\u1ec9 nam, l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e2y kim Cung \u0111i\u1ec7n Alhambra l\u00e0 cung \u0111i\u1ec7n ho\u00e0ng gia nam ch\u00e2m, c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o la b\u00e0n r\u1ea5t \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, g\u1ed3m tr\u00e1ng l\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Granada, n\u1eb1m \u1edf m\u1ed9t v\u1ecf hay h\u1ed9p \u0111\u1ef1ng kim xoay h\u00ecnh tr\u00f2n, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n th\u00e0nh ph\u00f4' n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng mi\u1ec1n nam T\u00e2\u1ef5 Ban Nha, chia theo \u0111\u1ed9; d\u00e2y ng\u1eafm v\u1edbi khe v\u00e0 ti\u00eau \u0111i\u1ec3m; c\u0169ng l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac \u0111\u1ea1o H\u1ed5i c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kim nam ch\u00e2m. La b\u00e0n r\u1ea5t \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 g\u00ecn gi\u1eef kh\u00e1 nguy\u00ean v\u1eb9n. ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c k\u00e9m n\u00ean ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng trong nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 chu\u1ea9n x\u00e1c \u1edf tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ed3i ph\u00eda \u0110\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 cao, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 \u0111o h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0\u1ecd Granada, cung \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 \u0111\u00f3, x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t th\u1ee9 13, 14 v\u1edbi kien tr\u00fac ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 cung \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u1ead hay r\u1eebng r\u1eadm, \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 v\u1eadt b\u1ea5t li th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a d\u00e3y nh\u00e0 d\u00e0i h\u00ecnh \u1ed1ng, trong \u0111\u00f3 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m. l\u00e0 T\u00f2a c\u00e1c S\u01b0 T\u1eed v\u1edbi trung t\u00e2m l\u00e0 122 con s\u01b0 t\u1eed \u0111\u00e1 c\u1ea9m th\u1ea1ch \u0111ang \u0111\u1ee1 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e0i phun n\u01b0\u1edbc h\u00ecnh m\u1eb1 tr\u00f2n, c\u00e1c hi\u00ean h\u00e0nh lang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u00ea' tinh x\u1ea3o, l\u00e0 ki\u1ec7t t\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac mang phong c\u00e1ch \u1ea2 R\u1eadp. Alhambra trong ti\u1ebfn \u1ea2 R\u1eadp c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u201c T\u00f2a th\u00e0nh m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf\u201d , v\u00ec th\u1ebf t\u01b0\u1eddng bao ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y b\u1eb1ng sa th\u1ea1ch m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf, d\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1nh n\u1eafng d\u1ecbu d\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a bu\u1ed5i ho\u00e0ng h\u00f4n, c\u1ea3 t\u00f2a th\u00e0nh \u1ea5m \u00e1p \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf cam, khi\u1ebfn du kh\u00e1ch ph\u1ea3i m\u00ea \u0111\u1eafm. C\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch l\u00ed gi\u1ea3i kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i t\u00ean \u201c T\u00f2a th\u00e0nh m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf\u201d , \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 khi x\u00e2y t\u00f2a th\u00e0nh n\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3 \u0111\u00eam l\u1eabn ng\u00e0y. Ban \u0111\u00eam ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta nh\u00f3m nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1ng l\u1eeda l\u1edbn, \u00e1nh l\u1eeda b\u1eadp b\u00f9ng gi\u1eefa \u0111\u00eam khuya chi\u1ebfu r\u1ecdi v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng sa th\u1ea1ch khi\u1ebfn ch\u00fang \u00e1nh m\u00e0u l\u1eeda \u0111\u1ecf, v\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u1edbi c\u00f3 c\u00e1i t\u00ean Alhambra.","Lisbon Lisbon n\u1eb1m \u1edf b\u1edd ph\u00eda B\u1eafc c\u1eeda s\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u1ecf c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ed5 \u0110\u00e0o Nha, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi v\u1ecb Tagus, con s\u00f4ng c\u1ef1c T\u00e2y c\u1ee7a l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. tr\u00ed \u0111\u1ecba l\u00ed \u0111\u1eafc \u0111\u1ecba v\u00e0 k\u0129 thu\u1eadt h\u00e0ng h\u1ea3i \u01b0u vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e3 C\u01b0 d\u00e2n s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t \u1edf Lisbon l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Phoenicia v\u00e0 khi\u1ebfn Lisbon tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng Carthage, t\u1edbi n\u0103m 205, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Roma m\u1edbi t\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ec3n. Sau khi nh\u1eefng con \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0. Sau th\u00ea' k\u1ec9 th\u1ee9 8, v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ea1o H\u1ed5i du \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai th\u00f4ng th\u00ec h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a t\u1eeb nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o v\u00e0 th\u1ea5m d\u1ea9n v\u00e0o ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n Lisbon, sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 pha tr\u1ed9n gi\u1eefa v\u0103n h\u00f3a H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o 3Trung Qu\u1ed1c nh\u01b0 j \u1ed1m s\u1ee9, tr\u00e2n ch\u00e2u, t\u01a1 l\u1ee5a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a C\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o, mang \u0111\u1ebfn cho Lisbon nh\u1eefng di t\u00edch v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng qu\u00fd gi\u00e1. v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n t\u1edbi \u00c2n D\u1ed9 r\u1ed3i c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi h\u01b0\u01a1ng li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng s\u1ea3n v\u1eadt n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1edbi Lisbon Sang th\u00ea' k\u1ec9 th\u1ee9 13, Lisbon tr\u1edf thanh thu \u0111\u00f4 b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ec3n. N\u0103m 1755, khi Lisbon \u0111ang \u1edf c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha, sau n\u00e0y th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u00ec ph\u1ed3n vinh nh\u1ea5t th\u00ec b\u1ed7ng x\u1ea3y ra m\u1ed9t r\u1ed9ng. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi h\u01b0ng th\u1ecbnh nh\u1ea5t n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 n\u00fat tr\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng c\u00f3 trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, sau d\u00f3 giao th\u00f4ng v\u00e0 giao th\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a v\u00f9ng c\u00f2n th\u00eam h\u01a1n 20 \u0111\u1ee3t d\u01b0 ch\u1ea5n, g\u1ea9n nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ee7y T\u00e2y \u00c2u, ven bi\u1ec3n D\u1ea1i T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi khu v\u1ef1c ho\u1ea1i to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i. Lisbon ng\u00e0y nay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft sau Trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ecba l\u00ed, tr\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t kinh hoang d\u00f3, ki\u00ean tr\u00fac Lisbon Lisbon b\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh cao c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p tinh t\u00ea' g\u1eefa v\u0103n minh c\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u Ch\u00ednh kh\u00e1t v\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u00c2u v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a van minh hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i n\u00ean v\u1eabn l\u00e0m say l\u00f2ng du kh\u00e1ch nh\u01b0 x\u01b0a. hB\u00e0\u1ebfn\u1ec9gc\u1ea3hn\u1ea3hitmh\u1ee9\u1eddii\u0111\u1ea1it\u1ea1o\u0111\u1ec9\u1ec1nki\u1ec7nchovi\u1ec7ckholth\u00f4ngnh\u1eefngcond\u01b0\u1eebng Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y \u00c2u mu\u1ed1n giao d\u1ecbch qua tay ki\u1ec3u n\u00e0y, h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n^ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 s\u1ef1 m\u1edf nh\u1eefng con du\u1ee1ng h\u00e0ng h\u1ea3i m\u1edbi. Mong mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n l\u0169ng \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00dd v\u00e0 \u1ea2 R\u1eadp, tr\u1ef1c n\u00e0y l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ti\u1ebfp mua h\u00e0ng t\u1eeb ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng. th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd, l\u00e0 xu th\u1ebf ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 sau n\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ti\u1ec1m t\u00e0ng. Th\u1ee9 ba, khoa h\u1ecdc k\u0129 thu\u1eadt ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u00e3 cung c\u1ea5p nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho vi\u1ec7c noi th\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng con \u0110\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 th\u1ee9 15, \u1edf T\u00e2y \u00c2u, v\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ec3n. Sau khi nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft du\u1ee3c Tr\u00e1i D\u1ea5t h\u00ecnh tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh kim lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 trao \u0111\u1ed5i, chi tr\u1ea3 quan tr\u1ecdng tr\u00f2n th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u0169ng tin \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 v\u00e0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c nh\u1ea5t \u1ef1ong giao d\u1ecbch thu\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0ng v\u00e0ng \u1edf n\u1eb1m \u1edf ph\u00eda b\u00ean kia \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng, ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n qua ch\u00e2u \u00c2u l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 h\u1ea1n, ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 khai th\u00e1c c\u00e1c m\u1ecf \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng. Trong v\u00e0ng c\u0169ng ch\u1eadm ch\u1ea1p, th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 T\u00e2y \u00c2u khi \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1eefng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 h\u00e0ng h\u1ea3i nh\u01b0 la b\u00e0n, th\u01b0\u1edbc lu\u00f4n nh\u1eadp si\u00eau t\u1eeb c\u00e1c nu\u1edbc ch\u00e2u \u00c1, v\u00e0ng c\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ed5 tr\u1eafc tinh... v\u00e0 k\u0129 thu\u1eadt h\u00e0ng h\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, c\u00f3 ra ngo\u00e0i ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, cho n\u00ean nh\u1ee5 c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 v\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t, cung c\u1ea5p c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u201c c\u01a1n s\u1ed1t\u201d c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. Cu\u1ed1n \u201c Nh\u1eefng b\u1ecb cho nh\u1eefng chuy\u00ean vi\u1ec5n d\u01b0\u01a1ng. chuy\u1ebfn th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a Marco Polo\\\" (T\u00ean kh\u00e1c: K\u00ed s\u1ef1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng) \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ea1i rang \u1edf c\u00e1c \u0110i\u1ec3m cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t, nu\u1edbc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng, kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 v\u00e0ng, khi\u1ebfn ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u00e1c cho l\u00e0n s\u00f3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u t\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110ong t\u00ecm n\u01b0\u1edbc cho nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ebfn vi\u1ec5n du\u01a1ng. L\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ea3 v\u00e0ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng th\u00eam m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd. T\u00e2y Ban Nha v\u00e0 B\u1ed5 \u0110\u00e0o Nha \u0111\u1ec1u x\u00e2\u1ef5 d\u1ef1ng cho m\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t ch\u00ea' \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb chuy\u00ean che trung \u01b0\u01a1ng Th\u00eam v\u00e0o_ \u0111\u00f3, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi c\u00e1c con \u0111u\u1eddng bi\u1ec3n t\u1eadp quy\u1ec1n, vl v\u1eady c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh h\u00f9nq m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed1i th\u00f4ng, giao l\u01b0u th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i gi\u1eefa h\u1eadu, h\u1edbn n\u1eefa vi\u1ec7c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 vi\u1ec5n d\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u0169ng the ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb hi\u1ec7n tham v\u1ecdng mu\u1ed1n m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm ph\u00eda \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i, ph\u1ea3i th\u00f4ng qua s\u1ef1 cho ra b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5, \u0111\u00fang l\u00fac \u1ea5y l\u1ea1i xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n ph\u00e9p c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00dd hay ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea2 R\u1eadp, cho n\u00ean khi nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m h\u1eebng h\u1ef1c \u00fd ch\u00ed. t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 h\u1ee3p h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ebfn tay ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y \u00c2u, gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed9i l\u1ea1i t\u1ea1o n\u00ean nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ecba l\u00ed ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng c\u00f3 l\u00ean cao. Vi\u1ec7c gia\u1ecd th\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e3 trong l\u1ecbch S\u1eea. khi\u1ebfn ngu\u1eddi T\u00e2y \u00c2u kh\u00f4ng th\u00ea l\u00e0m ng\u01a1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc vi\u1ec7c","Columbus ph\u00e1t, nh\u01b0ng chuy\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y t\u1eeb d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u00ean tr\u00ean cao, I Columbus sinh ra \u1edf \u00dd, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn tr\u1ecdn thuy\u1ec1n bu\u1ed3m c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eddi cho ng\u00e0nh h\u00e0ng h\u1ea3i v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 h\u00e0ng l\u00ean n\u1ed5i kh\u00f4ng?\u201d Columbus \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ea3i v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i. y\u00ean l\u1eb7ng kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 th\u1ebf l\u00e0 b\u1ecb ph\u1ee7 quy\u1ebft. T\u1eeb nh\u1ecf \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 say m\u00ea nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ebfn th\u00e1m Nh\u01b0ng Columbus \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ec3m tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 sau khi \u0111\u1ecdc cu\u1ed1n kh\u00f4ng t\u1eeb b\u1ecf, ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u201c Nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ebfn th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a Marco Polo\u201d , t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm m\u1ecdi n\u01a1i. \u00f4ng lu\u00f4n \u1ea5p \u1ee7 \u01b0\u1edbc m\u01a1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1edbi \u00c2n \u0110\u1ed9 v\u00e0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c, th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, thuy\u1ebft Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t h\u00ecnh tr\u00f2n l\u1ea1i N\u1eefho\u00e0ngIsabela c\u00e0ng khi\u1ebfn Columbus tin t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn v\u00e0o t\u00ednh kh\u1ea3 thi c\u1ee7a k\u00ea' ho\u1ea1ch vi\u1ec5n d\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 N\u1eef ho\u00e0ng Isabella sinh n\u0103m 1451, l\u00e0 con g\u00e1i l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t t\u1edbi xin h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 t\u1eeb qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c vua n\u01b0\u1edbc Castilla - vua Juan II, b\u00e0 k\u1ebf B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha, T\u00e2y Ban Nha, Ph\u00e1p, Anh nh\u01b0ng th\u1eeba v\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb khi m\u1edbi 13 tu\u1ed5i. \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb ch\u1ed1i t\u1eeb, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n b\u1ecb xem nh\u01b0 k\u1ebb l\u1eeba \u0111\u1ea3o. C\u00f3 l\u1ea9n, trong cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp \u1ee7y ban th\u1ea9m N\u0103m 1469, Isabella k\u1ebft h\u00f4n c\u00f9ng Ferdinand II tra v\u1ec1 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch h\u00e0ng h\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a Columbus, m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc Aragon, nh\u01b0ng do cu\u1ed9c h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n n\u00e0y ch\u01b0a \u1ee7y vi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecfi \u00f4ng r\u1eb1ng: \u201c K\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cha ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn n\u00ean b\u00e0 b\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbc quy\u1ec3n th\u1eeba h\u00ecnh tr\u00f2n ch\u0103ng n\u1eefa, c\u1ee9 \u0111i v\u1ec1 h\u01b0\u1edbng T\u00e2y s\u1ebd k\u1ebf v\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb. t\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m xu\u1ea5t N\u0103m 1479, vua Juan II qua \u0111\u1eddi, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c c\u201c\u1ee7Nah\u1eefMnagrccohuPyo\u1ebflon\u201dth\u00e1mhi\u1ea9m tranh gi\u00e0nh v\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb \u00e1c li\u1ec7t v\u00e0 Isbella \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e0nh th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh n\u1eef ho\u00e0ng n\u01b0\u1edbc Castilla, t\u1ef1 \u201c Nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ebfn th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a Marco Polo\u201d , x\u01b0ng l\u00e0 Isbella I. C\u00f9ng n\u0103m \u0111\u00f3 n\u01b0\u1edbc Castilla v\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u00ean kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 \u201c K\u00ed s\u1ef1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng\u201d , l\u00e0 cu\u1ed1n k\u00ed Aragon h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 b\u00e0 d\u1ed5n t\u00e2m s\u1ee9c v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 ghi l\u1ea1i chuy\u1ebfn th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a Marco Polo t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c tr\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1492, \u0111\u00e3 thu c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia l\u00e0m 4 t\u1eadp: v\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec3m cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea2 R\u1eadp tr\u00ean T\u1eadp 1 ghi ch\u00e9p l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u1eaft th\u1ea5y tai nghe b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o Iberia, th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t T\u00e2y Ban Nha. C\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 tr\u00ean h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh t\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng, n\u0103m \u0111\u00f3 b\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch vi\u1ec5n d\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed1n 2 ghi ch\u00e9p v\u1ec1 H\u1ed1t T\u1ea5t Li\u1ec7t (Kublai) v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh Columbus. h\u00ecnh c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd, cu\u1ed1n 3 ghi ch\u00e9p v\u1ec1 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc N\u0103m 1504, n\u1eef ho\u00e0ng Isabella qua \u0111\u1eddi. ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng, cu\u1ed1n 4 ghi ch\u00e9p v\u1ec3 quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa hai n\u01b0\u1edbc llkhanate v\u00e0 Qipchaq Ulisi. Cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch c\u00f3 n\u1ed9i dung v\u1ec1 Trung Qu\u1ed1c, g\u1ed3m 82 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu thu\u1eadt l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ghi ch\u00e9p v\u1ec1 10 \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u00f4, Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110\u00f4, Kinh B\u1ea5c (nay l\u00e0 T\u00e2y An, Thi\u1ec3m T\u00e2y), Th\u00e0nh \u0110\u00f4, C\u00f4n Minh, \u0110\u1ea1i L\u00ed, T\u1ebf Ram, D\u01b0\u01a1ng Ch\u00e2u, H\u00e0ng Ch\u00e2u, Tuy\u1ec1n Ch\u00e2u, Ph\u00fac Ch\u00e2u... Nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed1n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i ghi ch\u00e9p v\u1ec3 t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2u \u00c1 th\u1eddi trung c\u1ed5 nh\u01b0.\u0111\u1ecba l\u00ed, d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, phong t\u1ee5c, s\u1ea3n v\u1eadt, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a... \u201c Nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ebfn th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a Marco Polo\u201d l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng c\u0103n c\u1ee9 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 ch\u00e2u \u00c1 trong su\u1ed1t v\u00e0i th\u1ebf k\u1ec9.","Nh\u1eefng con d\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ec3n m\u1ee9i t\u1ea1o n\u00e2n t\u1ea7ng l\u1ee9p t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n m\u1ee9i Sau khi m\u1edf th\u00f4ng c\u00e1c con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ec3n m\u1edbi, s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t gi\u1ea3m s\u00fat r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t, cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed5 v\u00e0o T\u00e2y \u00c2\u1ee5, kh\u1ed1n kh\u00f3. T\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ee7 phong ki\u1ebfn \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng kim lo\u1ea1i qu\u00fd hi\u1ebfm, d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3 \u1edf T\u00e2y \u00c2u. \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f3 m\u00e0 ki\u1ebfm cho \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea9y nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc, t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 v\u1ecb th\u1ebf ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng xu\u1ed1ng th\u1ea5p, th\u1eadm D\u1ea9u th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 16, h\u1eb1ng n\u0103m ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y Ban Nha ch\u00ed h\u1ecd c\u00f2n r\u01a1i v\u00e0o c\u1ea3nh n\u1ee3 mang v\u1ec1 2.900 kg v\u00e0ng, 30.700 kg b\u1ea1c t\u1eeb ch\u00e2u n\u1ea9n ch\u1ed5ng M\u0129. Gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 th\u1ee9 16, t\u0103ng l\u00ean 5.500 kg v\u00e0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 246.000 kg b\u1ea1c. C\u00f2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ed5 \u0110\u00e0o Nha ch\u1ec9 l\u1ee3i l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 t\u1ea9ng t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1493 \u0111\u1ebfn 1600 \u0111\u00e3 mang v\u1ec1 t\u1eeb ch\u00e2u Phi t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n, t\u1ea7ng 276.000 kg v\u00e0ng. qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c m\u1edbi ph\u00fa n\u00f4ng. H\u1ecd Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn v\u00e0ng b\u1ea1c \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea3y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0o th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng T\u00e2y \u00c2u, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng g\u00e2y ra s\u1ef1 r\u1edbt trong tay quy gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc T\u00e2y \u00c2u, v\u1eadt gi\u00e1 th\u00ec c\u1ea3 v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn t\u0103ng ch\u00f3ng m\u1eb7t. th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng, c\u00e1ch v\u1ed1n \u00edt, Th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 16, v\u1eadt gi\u00e1 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc T\u00e2y \u00c2u t\u0103ng g\u1ea9n nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ebf g\u1ea5p hai l\u1ea7n, \u1edf T\u00e2y Ban Nha t\u0103ng t\u1edbi 4 \u0111\u1ebfn 5 l\u1ea9n, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ee3i \u00edch. nh\u01b0ng ti\u1ec1n l\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1ea1i kh\u00e1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ec9 t\u0103ng trong ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 30%. Tinh h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m s\u00e2u s\u1eafc th\u00eam s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n h\u00f3a, thu nh\u1eadp th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp","cNhg\u00e2un\u1ed3nMgi\u1ea5cc\u1ee7ath\u1ed5d\u00e0n Cc\u1ee7oalumthbuu\u00f3sc,l\u00e1\u201cd\u1ea1is\u1eed\u201dd\u1ea7nt\u1ec9\u00ean C\u00f3 ba c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh m\u1edf mang nh\u1eefng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00e2u M\u0129: bi\u1ec3n m\u1edbi, Columbus kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra \u0111\u1ea1i l\u1ee5c m\u1edbi m\u00e0 c\u00f2n mang nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ea3n v\u1eadt v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, kho\u1ea3ng 20.000 n\u0103m tru\u1edbc, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m v\u1ec1 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 thu\u1ed1c l\u00e1, v\u1eabn c\u00f3 t\u1ea9m ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e3u \u00c1 \u0111\u00e3 qua Eo bi\u1ec3n Bering \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba B\u1eafc \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng t\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eadn lo\u1ea1i M\u0129, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng c\u00e2y \u201cc\u1ea7u t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean\u201d b\u0103ng t\u1edbi t\u1eadn b\u00e2y gi\u1edd. tuy\u1ebft n\u1ed1i qua eo bi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u M\u0129. N\u0103m 1492, khi t\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea3o San Salvador, Columbus ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra gi\u00e0 tr\u1ebb trai g\u00e1i tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t Th\u1ee9 hai, nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u g\u1ea9n \u0111\u00e2y cho bi\u1ebft, \u1edf B\u1eafc t\u1ea9u thu\u1ed1c, c\u1ea3 \u0111o\u00e0n th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ec1u r\u1ea5t ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean. M\u0129 v\u00e0 Trung M\u0129 ngu\u00f4i ta t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 x\u01b0\u0169ng c\u00f3 M\u1ed9t tay ngu\u00f4i th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n c\u1ea7m thanh Ti\u1eefa \u0111ang nhen ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i xa xua. Sau khi ki\u1ec3m nghi\u1ec7m, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u1ea5y l\u1eeda, tay kia c\u1ea9m m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i t\u1ea9u d\u00e0i, mi\u1ec7ng h\u00edt h\u00e0 kh\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 xi\u1ec9\u01a1ng n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 thu\u1ed1c. Sau khi t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 \u0111u\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft b\u00ed m\u1eadt b\u00ean c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 xu\u01a1ng t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u1edf B\u1eafc M\u0129, h\u01a1n n\u1eefa k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc trong, \u00f4ng li\u1ec1n mang n\u00f3 v\u1ec1 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh gi\u1ed1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Java. Cho n\u00ean c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e2y m\u1edbi l\u1ea7 thu\u1ed1c l\u00e1 m\u00e0 c\u1ea3 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0 Columbus l\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a ngu\u00f4i ch\u00e2u M\u0129, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb \u0110\u00f4ng Nam ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea9u ti\u00ean c\u00f9a thu\u1ed1c l\u00e1. \u00c1 qua \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ec3n \u1edf Nam Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh Du\u01a1ng t\u1edbi Trung M\u0129, sau \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi s\u1ed1ng r\u1ea3i r\u00e1c c\u00e1c n\u01a1i tr\u00ean ch\u00e2u l\u1ee5c. Cc\u1ea3hauyC\u1ebfonlovmi\u1ec3bnusdrfatagd\u1ea7nti\u00e8n Th\u1ee9 ba, t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p hai c\u00e1ch ki\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ean, cho r\u1eb1ng Ng\u00e0y 3 th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1492, Columbus th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh-\u0111i\u00eang \u1edf B\u1eafc M\u0129 v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n Trung, Nam chuy\u1ebfn vi\u1ec5n d\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, mang theo l\u00e1 th\u01b0 c\u1ee7a Ml ch\u00ednh l\u1ea7 h\u1eadu du\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng rig\u0169bi B\u1eafc \u00c1 \u0111a di c\u01b0 qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y Ban Nha g\u1eedi cho ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Trung t\u1edbi ch\u00e2u M\u0129 qua c\u1ea7u b\u0103ng thi\u00ean t\u1ea1o b\u1eafc qua eo bi\u1ec3n Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u00c2n \u0110\u1ed9, c\u0169ng v\u1edbi 84 ngu\u1eddi tr\u00ean ba Bering. C\u00f2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh-\u0111i\u00eang Trung v\u00e0 Nam M\u0129 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 con thuy\u1ec1n l\u1edbn \u201c Santa Maria\\\", \u201c Pinta\u201d , \u201c Nina\\\" v\u01b0\u1ee3t n\u0103ng l\u00e0 h\u1eadu du\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Malay \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3o qu\u1ed5c tr\u00f9ng d\u01b0\u01a1ng ra kh\u01a1i. tr\u00ean Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng. H\u1ecd kh\u1edfi h\u00e0nh t\u1eeb b\u1ebfn c\u1ea3ng Barros n\u1eb1m \u1edf b\u1edd T\u00e2y cN\u00e2ha\u1eefnvgi\u1ec7\u1ea3cnmh\u1edfhmuoannggtdi\u00ea\u01b0n\u1eebnc\u1ef1gcbi\u1ec3n Nam T\u00e2y Ban Nha, \u0111i ngang qua qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o Canary ti\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda T\u00e2y, v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n t\u00e2m l\u00ed s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i Vi\u1ec7c m\u1edf mang du\u1eddng bi\u1ec3n th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y n\u1ec1n kinh trong chuy\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh d\u00e0i, chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng v\u00f4 v\u00e0n t\u1ebf T\u00e2y \u00c2u ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nhanh ch\u00f3ng, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra \u0111\u1ea3o mang d\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng tai Ji\u1ecda cho ba ch\u00e2u l\u1ee5c ch\u00e2u Guanahani (ng\u00e0y nay l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3o Watling), thu\u1ed9c qu\u1ea7n d\u1ea3o \u00c1, ch\u00e2u Phi v\u00e0 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. \u0110\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c Bahamas v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 12 th\u00e1ng 10. Ban \u0111\u1ea7u Columbus c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y Ban Nha v\u00e0 B\u1ed5 \u0110\u00e0o Nha. T\u00e2y Ban Nha \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean cho h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u201c San Salvador\u201d, r\u1ed3i ti\u1ebfp g\u1ea9n nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfm ch\u00e2u M\u0129, c\u00f2n B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra b\u1edd \u0110\u00f4ng B\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea3o Cuba, \u0111i ti\u1ebfp v\u1ec1 Nha kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ea1i b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn ch\u00e2u \u00c1 v\u00e0 ch\u00e2u Phi, ph\u00eda \u0110\u00f4ng t\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea3o Haiti. Columbus g\u1ecdi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3o n\u00e0y cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh gi\u00e0nh thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1eb1ng t\u00ean chung l\u00e0 \u201c Hispaniola\u201d (ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 Ti\u1ec3u T\u00e2y b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5, sau hai n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00ean, \u0111\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3t Anh, Ph\u00e1p, Ban Nha), \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra v\u00e0ng \u1edf Haiti v\u00e0 x\u00e2y H\u00e0 Lan gi\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00f3ng vu\u1ed1t x\u00e2m l\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. th\u00e0nh l\u0169y, ph\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi coi gi\u1eef, sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0a thuy\u1ec1n v\u00ea T\u00e2y Ban Nha, v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3ng Barros. C\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n trao \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ec3 c\u01b0\u1edbp b\u00f3c Columbus \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 b\u1ea5t v\u00e0 v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n c\u00e1c c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 v\u00e0ng ng\u1edd ngay trong l\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ea9u vi\u00ean d\u01b0\u01a1ng. Nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh b\u1ea1c v\u00edh\u00ect\u00ec\u1eb5u \u00c2u, chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed1i l\u1ee3i to l\u1edbn. C\u00f9ng qua n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 ch\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ed9ng T\u00e2y Ban Nha m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, b\u1ecdn h\u1ecd ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n l\u00e0m rung chuy\u1ec3n c\u1ea3 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 nh\u1eabn t\u00e2m, khi\u1ebfn nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba r\u01a1i v\u00e0o c\u1ea3nh n\u00f4 d\u1ecbch. N\u1ebfu n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng nh\u1edd c\u00f3 m\u1eb3 vi\u1ec7c m\u1edf mang d\u01b0\u1eebng bi\u1ec3n m\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc T\u00e2y \u00c2u \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf ra con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00ean thi\u00ean \u0111\u00e0ng th\u00ec \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi d\u00e2n c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1edbi g\u1eb7p qu\u1ef7 sa t\u0103ng du\u1edbi \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c.","cC\u1ee7hauyC\u1ebfonluvmi\u1ed7bnusd\u01b0\u01a1ngth\u1eedhai B|j|pc\u1ee7MayC\u1ea5onluvmi\u1ec3bnusd\u01b0\u01a1ngth\u1ee9ba Sau khi k\u1ebft th\u00fac l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng l\u00e2u, ng\u00e0y 25 Ng\u00e0y 30 th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 1498, Columbus d\u1eabn th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1493, Columbus l\u1ea1j mang theo ni\u1ec1m theo 6 con thuy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 200 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea9u cu\u1ed9c tin ch\u00e1y b\u1ecfng c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y Ban Nha, d\u1ea5n vi\u1ec5n d\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9 ba. L\u1ea9n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean th\u00e2n vi\u1ec5n d\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1ea9n th\u1ee9 hai. M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch l\u1ea7n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 Columbus \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u00e2n l\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t Nam M\u0129, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u00e0y 31 th\u00e1ng 8 th\u00ec quay l\u1ea1i Haiti. L\u00fac n\u00e0y tr\u00ean chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb l\u1eadp thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba v\u00e0 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm v\u00e0ng r\u00f2ng, \u0111\u1ea3o Haiti, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y Ban Nha b\u1ecb l\u1ee3i \u00edch \u00f4ng d\u1eabn theo \u0111o\u00e0n thuy\u1ec1n 17 chi\u1ebfc v\u1edbi 1.500 l\u00e0m m\u00f9 m\u1eaft n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 tranh gi\u00e0nh, x\u00e2u x\u00e9 l\u1eabn ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ch\u1edf \u0111\u1ea9y gia s\u00fac, n\u00f4ng c\u1ee5, h\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 nhau, ngay c\u1ea3 Columbus c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng t\u00e0i n\u00e0o l\u00fc\u00f6ng th\u1ef1c, xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb Cadiz sang ch\u00e2u M\u0129. \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tinh h\u00ecnh. Th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1500, Columbus v\u00e0 hai em trai c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb c\u01b0\u1ee1ng Ng\u00e0y 3 th\u00e1ng 11, h\u1ecd ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra \u0111\u1ea3o Dominica, ch\u1ebf d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i v\u1ec1 T\u00e2y Ban Nha. Sau n\u00e0y Columbus ti\u1ebfp theo l\u1ea1i ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra qu\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ea3o Guadeloupe v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00f3ng th\u00edch nh\u01b0ng m\u1ea5t \u0111i quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ea3n h\u1ea1t Puerto Rico, sau \u0111\u00f3 v\u00f2ng t\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea3o Haiti. Columbus c\u1ea3 ch\u00e2u Mi. ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh l\u0169y m\u00ecnh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ea9n tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea3o san ph\u1eb3ng, \u00f4ng x\u00e2y th\u00eam m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh n\u1eefa \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean l\u1ea7 Isabella, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n. Nh\u1eefng th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y b\u1ecb t\u00e1ch kh\u1ecfi cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng y\u00ean b\u00ecnh, ngu\u1eddi b\u1ecb \u00e9p l\u00e0m n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, ngu\u1eddi b\u1ecb b\u00e1n sang ch\u00e2u \u00c2u... N\u0103m 1496, em trai c\u1ee7a Columbus \u1edf l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea3o Haiti x\u00e2y th\u00eam m\u1ed9t c\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u1edbi cho T\u00e2y Ban Nha g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh Santo Domingo, c\u00f2n Columbus quay v\u1ec1 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. fW-cy\u1ee7aiCnoluvm\u1ec9\u1ebbbnusd\u01b0\u01a1ngth\u1ee9t\u01b0 \u25a0 i vVia\u1ec3sncodtdftafnGgamanh\u1eadnl\u1ec7nh Ng\u00e0y 11 th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 1502, Columbus d\u1eabn Gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 th\u1ee9 15, vua Joao II c\u1ee7a vu\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c theo 4 \u0111o\u00e0n thuy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 150 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t B\u1ed5 \u0110\u00e0o Nha mu\u1ed1n x\u01b0ng b\u00e1 thi\u00ean h\u1ea1. Th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 t\u1eeb Cadiz, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u chuy\u1ebfn vi\u1ec5n d\u01b0\u01a1ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng ai chi\u1ebfm gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3n kh\u01a1i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd n\u1eafm c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi m\u00ecnh, mong r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tlm th\u1ea5y con quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t, v\u00ec v\u1eady \u00f4ng vua n\u00e0y nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea9n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed1i th\u00f4ng t\u1edbi \u00c2n \u0110\u1ed9. L\u1ea9n n\u00e0y \u00f4ng c\u1ee9 \u0111i ph\u00e1i thuy\u1ec1n \u0111i th\u0103m d\u00f2 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1edbi \u00c2n \u0110\u1ed9, theo h\u01b0\u1edbng T\u00e2y th\u00ec t\u1edbi v\u1ecbnh Darien c\u1ee7a Panama nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ec3u th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i. v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0nh ph\u1ea3i quay tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 T\u00e2y Ban Nha. Ng\u00e0y 7 th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 1504, \u00f4ng ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh cu\u1ed9c vi\u1ec5n N\u0103m 1488, Dias, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c B\u1ed5 d\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1ea9n th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 v\u00e0 c\u0169ng k\u1ebft th\u00fac cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi \u0111i \u0110\u00e0o Nha ph\u00e1i \u0111i \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra m\u0169i H\u1ea3o V\u1ecdng bi\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec b\u00e3o bi\u1ec3n n\u00ean bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i quay v\u1ec1. N\u0103m 1493, kh\u00f4ng l\u00e2u sau \u0111\u00f3, tin Columbus \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn Columbus \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ed1n l\u1ea9n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh trinh theo \u0111o\u00e0n thuy\u1ec1n t\u00ecm ra l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba ch\u00e2u M \u0129 lan d\u00e0i tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n, nh\u01b0ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng t\u1edbi truy\u1ec1n kh\u1eafp ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, khi\u1ebfn cho vua B\u1ed5 \u0110\u00e0o Nha \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5t h\u1ee9a gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 trong l\u00f2ng m\u00ecnh. c\u00e0ng quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m tlm con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ec3n t\u1edbi \u00c2n \u0110\u1ed9, Vua T\u00e2y Ban Nha vl th\u1ebf kh\u00e1 th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng v\u00e0 l\u1ea1nh nh\u1eb1m ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ng\u00f4i v\u1ecb b\u00e1 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ec3n nh\u1ea1t d\u1ea9n v\u1edbi \u00f4ng. c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y Ban Nha. L\u1ea9n n\u00e0y, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ebb tu\u1ed5i thu\u1ed9c d\u00f2ng d\u00f5i qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 gi\u00e0u l\u00f2ng d\u0169ng c\u1ea3m Ng\u00e0y 20 th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 1506, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i \u0111\u1ea9u l\u00e0 Vasco da Gama nh\u1eadn tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00e0ng h\u1ea3i - Columbus - \u0111\u00e3 qua \u0111\u1eddi n\u00e0y. N\u0103m 1497, \u00f4ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea9u chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i \u0111\u1ea9u ti\u00ean. trong ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh \u1ed1m b\u1ec7nh v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3i ngh\u00e8o.","VChaascyo\u00e9nda\u0111iGbaim\u1ec3nad\u1ea7ntiAnc\u1ee7a VL\u1ea7anscvoi\u1ec3dnadG\u01b0a\u01a1mnagth\u1ee9haic\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0y 8 th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 1497, Vasca da Gama d\u1eabn L\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn t\u1eeb chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i \u0111\u1ea9u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Vasco theo 4 con thuy\u1ec1n c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi 140 th\u1ee7y th\u1ee7 bu\u1edbc l\u00ean con da Gama khi\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u1ea5n kh\u1edfi. Vi th\u1ebf v\u00e0o \u0111\u0169\u00f2ng t\u1edbi \u00c2n \u0110\u1ed9 xa x\u0103m. th\u00e1ng 2 n \u0103 m J 5 0 2 , \u00f4ng l\u1ea1i d\u1eabn \u0111o\u00e0n thuy\u1ec1n v\u01b0\u1ee3t bi\u1ec3n t\u1edbi \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 l\u1ea9n th\u1ee9 hai. M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a \u00d4ng kh\u1edfi h\u00e0nh t\u1ea1i Lisbon, n\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u01b0\u1edbng chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i n\u00e0y l\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u1ecb th\u1ebf b\u00e1 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00f2ng m\u00e0 11 n\u0103m tru\u1edbc Dias \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra m\u0169i H\u1ea3o B\u1ed5 \u0110\u00e0o Nha \u1edf tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 D\u01b0\u01a1ng. Th\u1ee7 V\u1ecdng. Sau 4 th\u00e1ng r\u00f5ng r\u00e3 l\u00eanh \u0111\u00eanh tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n, h\u1ecd \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u01b0\u1edbp \u0111o\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a nu\u1edbc n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 t\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t g\u1ea9n v\u1edbi M\u0169i H\u1ea3o V\u1ecdng, c\u00e1c th\u1ee7y ph\u1ea3i kinh h\u00e3i. th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ec7t m\u1ecfi b\u1edfi qu\u00e3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e0i n\u00ean ai n\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec3u kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n \u0111i ti\u1ebfp, Vasco da Gama bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i ra l\u1ec7nh \u0110\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n \u1ea2 R\u1eadp c\u01b0Bng ch\u1ebf, chuy\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh m\u1edbi ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c. tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i l\u1ee5c \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, Vasco da Gama d\u00e3 cho ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y t\u00e0u thuy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n \u1ea2 R\u1eadp. Kh\u00f4ng Tr\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u00e0y Gi\u00e1ng sinh n\u0103m 1497, h\u1ecd cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng ch\u1ec9 ph\u00e1 thuy\u1ec1n m\u00e0 \u00f4ng c\u00f2n cho thi\u00eau s\u1ed1ng to\u00e0n c\u0169ng v\u00f2ng qua M\u0169i H\u1ea3o V\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 v\u00e0o v\u00f9ng b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n b\u1ed9 h\u00e0nh kh\u00e1ch tr\u00ean thuy\u1ec1n, ngay c\u1ea3 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef v\u00e0 ch\u00e2u Phi ph\u00eda T\u00e2y \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 D\u01b0\u01a1ng. Sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111o\u00e0n thuy\u1ec1n tr\u1ebb em c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng bu\u00f4ng th \u00e8 th\u1ee7 \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng qua m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i c\u1ea3ng bi\u1ec3n \u1edf ch\u00e2u Phi r\u1ed3i vu\u1ee3t qua \u1ea4n t\u00e0n nh\u1eabn, \u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u00e9p v\u00e0 l\u1ec7nh cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ed1ng D\u1ed9 D\u01b0\u1eddng. tr\u1ecb Calicut ph\u1ea3i \u0111u\u1ed5i to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea2 R\u1eadp, r\u1ed5i th\u1eb3ng tay c\u01b0\u1edbp b\u00f3c h\u01b0\u01a1ng li\u1ec7u \u1edf b\u1edd Th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 1498, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 t\u1edbi c\u1ea3ng bi\u1ec3n ph\u00eda Nam T\u00e2y Nam \u00c2n \u0110\u1ed9, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng ch\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7y chi\u1ebfn l\u1ee3i \u00c2n \u0110\u1ed9, thuong c\u1ea3ng Calicut, v\u00e0 cho\u00e1ng ng\u1ee3p tru\u1edbc ph\u1ea9m v\u1ec1 Lisbon v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1503. c\u1ea3nh ph\u1ed3n vinh t\u1ea5p n\u1eadp gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 t\u1ea1i n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ea5t kh\u00e1ch qu\u00ea ng\u01b0\u1eddi. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng v\u00e0ng b\u1ea1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5 d\u00f9ng mang theo Theo ghi ch\u00e9p th\u00ec nh\u1eefng hu\u01a1ng li\u1ec7u, v\u1ea3i v\u00f3c, d\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng s\u1ea3n v\u1eadt, ng\u1ecdc ng\u00e0 v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u01a1ng li\u1ec7u c\u00f9a b\u1ea3o th\u1ea1ch-, m\u00e0 Vasco da Gama c\u01b0\u1edbp b\u00f3c v\u1ec1 t\u1eeb \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9. Nh\u01b0ng sau \u0111\u00f3, tru\u1edbc s\u1ef1 ch\u00e8n \u00e9p v\u00e0 th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbch ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng trong chuy\u1ebfn n\u00e0y c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c thu\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n \u1ea2 R\u1eadp n\u00ean cu\u1ed1i th\u00e1ng 8 h\u1ecd bu\u1ed9c 60 l\u1ea7n ti\u1ec1n v\u1ed1n b\u1ecf ra, v\u00ec v\u1eady \u0111\u00e2y th\u1ef1c ra l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea3i r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi Calicut s\u1edbm h\u01a1n d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn. h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb c\u01b0\u1edbp. Tr\u00ean \u0111u\u1eebng v\u1ec1, c\u00e1c th\u00f9y th\u1ee7 m\u1eafc ch\u1ee9ng ho\u1ea1i t\u1eed v\u00e0 m m bHaam\u1ea8nd\u1ed9B\u1ed9iBD\u1ed5tfBtf\u00e0nogNhax\u01b0ng nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft. Th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1499, \u0111o\u00e0n thuy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Vasco da Gama \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf v\u1ebf Lisbon nh\u01b0ng s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi S\u1ea1u khi Vasco da Gama m\u1edf th\u1ed1ng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda so v\u1edbi l\u00fac kh\u1edfi h\u00e0nh. t\u1edbi \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, v\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ea5t B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha \u0111\u00e3 l\u0169ng \u0111o\u1ea1n l\u1ee3i \u00edch kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng, b\u1ecbt k\u00edn tin t\u1ee9c lTuh\u1ed3\u1eddnixH\u1ea5\u00e9ut\u1eedm\u0169iH\u1ea3oV\u1ecdng v\u1ec3 vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng qua m\u0169i H\u1ea3o V\u1ecdng t\u1edbi \u00c2n 00, r\u1ed3i ng\u1ea7m phong t\u1ecfa m\u1ecdi con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ec3n tr\u00ean \u00c2n M\u0169i H\u1ea3o V\u1ecdng n\u1eb1m \u1edf n\u01a1i giao l\u01b0u gi\u1eefa \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ed9 Du\u01a1ng, khai chi\u1ebfn d\u1eef d\u1ed9i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea2 R\u1eadp. T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 \u00c2n \u0110\u1ed9 D\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u1ea3 n\u0103m lu\u00f4n h\u1ee9ng Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng nh\u1edd v\u00e0o thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u \u01b0u vi\u1ec7t m\u00e0 ch\u1ecbu gi\u00f3 T\u00e2y th\u1ed5i m\u1ea1nh, nh\u1eefng d\u00f2ng n\u01b0\u1edbc xi\u1ebft B\u1ed4 \u0110\u00e0o Nha \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i h\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ed9i \u1ea2 R\u1eadp. \u0110\u1ecba cu\u1ed9n xo\u00e1y th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201c xo\u00e1y n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00e1t v\u1ecb b\u00e1 quy\u1ec1n tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u00e3 mang nh\u00e2n\u201d . Nh\u1eefng con s\u00f3ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ef1ng cao l\u1ea1i ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ee3i kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed5, khi\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 v\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5 \u1ee5p xu\u1ed1ng, ng\u1ecdn s\u00f3ng thu\u1eddng m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia nh\u1ecf b\u00e9 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 d\u00e2n cao t\u1eeb 15 - 20 m, th\u01b0\u1eddng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0o m\u00f9a s\u1ed1 1,5 tri\u1ec7u d\u00e2n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f4ng. Gi\u00f3 v\u00f9ng c\u1ef1c c\u0169ng t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng xo\u00e1y th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n m\u1eadu d\u1ecbch n\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00ec th\u1ebf th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft bi\u1ec3n r\u1ea5t x\u1ea5u. Kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 khu v\u1ef1c \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00e2y th\u1ebf d\u00f2ng h\u1ea3i l\u01b0u v\u00e0 s\u00f3ng bi\u1ec3n g\u1eb7p nhau \u1edf m\u0169i D\u01b0\u01a1ng, T\u00e2y Th\u00e1i Binh D\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 H\u1ea3o V\u1ecdng n\u00ean m\u1eb7t bi\u1ec3n hi\u1ebfm khi ph\u1eb3ng l\u1eb7ng, c\u1ea3 \u00c2n \u0110\u1ed9 D\u01b0\u01a1ng. thuy\u1ec1n b\u00e8 kh\u00f3 qua l\u1ea1i, n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c hi\u1ec3m nguy tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00e0ng h\u1ea3i. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 Dias d\u00e3 t\u1edbi n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y v\u00e0 g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 M\u0169i B\u00e3o Bi\u1ec3n, c\u00e1i t\u00ean m\u0169i H\u1ea3o V\u1ecdng l\u00e0 t\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi sau \u0111\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea9u ph\u00fac v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean m\u00ecnh.","Magelan vM\u00e0atgrenlya\u1ec3nntghi\u1ef1\u00e1ocd\u00e0n Ferdinand Magellan (1480 - 1521) l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 H\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh v\u00f2ng quanh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00e0ng h\u1ea3i n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00f2ng quanh th\u00ea' gi\u1edbi b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n. bi\u1ec3n. \u00d4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra trong m\u1ed9t gia \u0111\u00ecnh k\u1ecb s\u0129 \u1edf B\u1ed3 D\u00e0o Nha, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 tham gia v\u00e0o th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m N\u0103m 1521, Magellan t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3ng nh\u1ecf \u1edf tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n t\u1eeb r\u1ea5t s\u1edbm v\u00e0 tin r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng mi\u1ec1n Trung Phillipines, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft giao v\u1edbi th\u1ee7 bi\u1ec3n n\u1ed1i th\u00f4ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00eda Nam n\u1ebfu c\u1ee9 l\u0129nh b\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 gi\u00fap h\u1ecd v\u1ec1 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1, v\u1edbi \u0111i v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda T\u00e2y tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n D\u1ea1i T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng. N\u0103m d\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh cho \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng 1517, \u00f4ng b\u1ecf qu\u1ed1c t\u1ecbch B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha, \u1ea5p \u1ee7 l\u00ed tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y Ban Nha v\u00e0 kh\u00edch l\u1ec7 h\u1ecd gia nh\u1eadp \u0111\u1ea1o t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1edbi T\u00e2y Ban Nha t\u00ecm con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed1i li\u1ec1n C\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed1c. \u0110\u1ec3 cho h\u1ecd th\u1ea9n ph\u1ee5c T\u00e2y Ban Nha, \u00f4ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng. \u0111\u00e3 cho di\u1ec5n t\u1eadp qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1, v\u00e0 th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh b\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng g\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea9u \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n Ng\u00e0y 20 th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1519, Magellan ph\u1ee5ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea9n l\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00e0m l\u1ec5 r\u1eeda t\u1ed9i ngay sau \u0111\u00f3, l\u1ec7nh ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n T\u00e2y Ban Nha b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea7u cu\u1ed9c Magellan tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ch\u1ed7 d\u1ef1a cho c\u00e1c t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 C\u01a1 h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh t\u1eeb \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00e2y D\u1ef1\u0169ng \u0111i v\u1ec1 h\u01b0\u1edbng T\u00e2\u1ef5. D\u1ed1c m\u1edbi n\u00e0y, c\u0169ng ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch th\u1ef1c N\u0103m 1521, Magellan ch\u1ebft trong m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. \u0111\u1ea5u. Th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 1522, \u0111\u1ed9i thuy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 quay v\u1ec1 t\u1edbi T\u00e2y Ban Nha, ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh chuy\u1ebfn m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed h\u00f2a hi\u1ebfu ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t \u0111i. Th\u1ed5 du h\u00e0nh v\u00f2ng quanh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Magellan \u0111\u00e3 d\u00e2n mang \u0111i m\u1ed9t s\u00f4' \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u00ean thuy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec3 xem v\u00ec d\u00f9ng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh Tr\u00e1i th\u1ea5y m\u1edbi l\u1ea1, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 chi\u1ebfc thuy\u1ec1n c\u1ee9u sinh \u0110\u1ea5t tr\u00f2n, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecf m\u1ea1ng gi\u1eefa \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cu\u1ed1i t\u00e0u. Magellan r\u1ea5t t\u1ee9c gi\u1eadn, li\u1ec1n d\u1eabn ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi v\u1eabn nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn vinh quang m\u00e0 b\u1eafn ch\u1ebft 7 th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n, c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ed1t m\u1ed9t s\u00f4' con thuy\u1ec1n \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng. nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 tranh, t\u1ed9 r\u00f5 b\u1ed9 m\u1eb7t th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n hung b\u1ea1o, \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t v\u1ebft nh\u01a1 trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed h\u00e0ng h\u1ea3i S\u1ec9! Gi\u1ebftng\u01b0\u1eddivichny\u1ec7nnh\u1ecf c\u1ee7a minh. Th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 1521, \u0111o\u00e0n thuy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Magel\u00ad lan \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111u\u1ee3c qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o Mariana, th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o da \u0111en, v\u00f3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi cao l\u1edbn, \u1edf tr\u1ea9n ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea5t, \u0111\u1ed9i m\u0169 b\u1eb1ng l\u00e1 c\u00e2y c\u1ecd d\u1ea7u (c\u00e2y cau d\u1eeba). Nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y \u0111o\u00e0n thuy\u1ec1n h\u1ecd v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean, nhi\u1ec7t t\u00ecnh mang rau c\u1ee7, hoa qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m t\u1edbi cho th\u1ee7y th\u1ee7 \u0103n. C\u1ea3 \u0111o\u00e0n th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ec1u r\u1ea5t c\u1ea3m k\u00edch, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00ednh v\u00ec t\u1ec9nh t\u00f2 m\u00f2 hi\u1ebfu k\u00ec","\u00ab 1 1 t\u00ddr\u00ecnnghhd\u0129a\u1ea7ntotil\u00ea\u1edfnnvc\u00f2\u1ee7nagcqhuuayn\u1ebfhnthh\u00e0\u1ebfnghkri Di\u1ebfu\u01b0\u1ee9cTordesilas Th\u1ea3ng 9 n\u0103m 1522, \u0111o\u00e0n thuy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Magellan Nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ecba l\u00ed v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Columbus v\u1ec1 t\u1edbi T\u00e2y Ban Nha, khi xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t c\u00f3 5 chi\u1ebfc thuy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 Dias \u0111\u00e3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u00ean vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n tranh ch\u1ee7 nay ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc, th\u1ee7y th\u1ee7 c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u quy\u1ec1n nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t m\u1edbi d\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n, cu\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecf m\u1ea1ng, g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 Magellan, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng chi\u1ebfn x\u00e2u x\u00e9 \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba gi\u1eefa B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n 18 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t. Tuy nhi\u00ean, vi\u1ec7c \u201c ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 T\u00e2y Ban Nha di\u1ec5n ra th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean h\u01a1n. \u0110i\u1ec1u tu\u1edbng\u201d m\u1ea1ng vong, t\u1ed5n hao l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc Tordesillas ra \u0111\u1eddi trong ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u00f3. l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a chuy\u1ebfn du h\u00e0nh v\u00f2ng quanh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. B\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, h\u1ecd N\u0103m 1494, \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00f2a gi\u1ea3i cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh du\u1ee3c Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t tr\u00f2n, b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u0111a ph\u1ea7n v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t m\u1edbi gi\u1eefa B\u1ed5 \u0110\u00e0o Nha v\u00e0 T\u00e2y Ban Nha, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba m\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i duong, \u0111\u1ea1i du\u01a1ng gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Alexander VI \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ee9ng ra l\u00e0m tr\u1ecdng t\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb ng\u0103n c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 n\u1ed1i li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi nhau... Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ec3 hai nu\u1edbc k\u00ed k\u1ebft \u0110i\u1ec1u \u01b0\u1edbc Tordesillas. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u1eddi n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn ng\u00e0nh h\u00e0ng h\u1ea3i n\u00e0y quy \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t gi\u1edbi tuy\u1ebfn d\u1ecdc theo kinh tuy\u1ebfn ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n h\u01a1n, m\u1edd ra nhi\u1ec1u con du\u00f2ng bi\u1ec3n. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00e0i 370 league (100 league b\u1eb1ng v\u1edbi 3 d\u1eb7m Anh) n\u00f3i, nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t ki\u1ebfn h\u00e0ng h\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u1ef7 ngh\u0129a l\u00e2u d\u00e0i, ph\u00eda T\u00e2y c\u1ee7a m\u0169i Verde (c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ranh tru\u1eddng t\u1ed5n m\u00e3i m\u00e3i. gi\u1edbi gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Meridian\u201d ). Ph\u00eda \u0110\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ranh gi\u1edbi thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha, ph\u00eda T\u00e2y thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 T\u00e2y Ban Nha. L\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y Ban Nha ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng \u0111i ph\u00eda T\u00e2y s\u1ebd t\u1edbi \u00c2n \u0110\u1ed9, cho n\u00ean ngh\u0129a r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ee3i h\u01a1n nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ranh gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap B\u1ed5 \u0110\u00e0o Nha \u201c b\u1ecf t\u00fai\u201d t\u1eeb v\u00f9ng ch\u00e2u Phi cho t\u1edbi \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9. Stfi\u01b0\u1ef1cl\u1ecbchs\u1eedv\u00e3nh\u00f3aAztec N\u1ec1nv\u0103nminhAztec N\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh Aztec b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea9u h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb N\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh Aztec l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh-\u0111i\u00eang th\u1eddi c\u1ed5 \u1edf Trung M\u0129, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u1eddth\u1ebf k\u1ec9 th\u1ee9 14, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 mi\u1ec1n Trung n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh n\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp sau n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh r\u1ef1c r\u1ee1 Maya trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Mexico. v\u00e0 Nam Mexico. N\u1eeda \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 th\u1ee9 15, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Aztec v\u00e0 hai b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c l\u00e2n c\u1eadn k\u1ebft li\u00ean minh, th\u00e0nh Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm, l\u1eadp n\u00ean li\u00ean minh b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c v\u1edbi qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 Aztec l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, c\u00f3 th\u00e0nh ph\u00f4' Motecuhzoma I, c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Motecuhzoma quy m\u00f4 v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng t\u00f4ng mi\u1ebfu v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebf. cung \u0111i\u1ec7n cao r\u1ed9ng s\u1eebng s\u1eefng, ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u00e2u \u0111\u1eadm t\u1eeb n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh Maya. V\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng Motecuhzoma II, ph\u1ea1m vi l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 ph\u00eda \u0110\u00f4ng t\u1edbi V\u1ecbnh Mexico, ph\u00eda T\u00e2y D\u1eb7c s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a Aztec l\u00e0 \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc t\u1edbi Th\u00e1i Binh D\u01b0\u01a1ng, ph\u00eda Nam \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng d\u00e1 n\u00ean c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201c v\u0103n minh \u0111\u00e1\u201d . t\u1edbi Guatemala, n\u1ec1n qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 t\u1eebng m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ef1c th\u1ecbnh. N\u0103m 1519, Motecuhzoma II tr\u1edf Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Aztec th\u1edd th\u1ea7n M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi, h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 th\u00e0nh con r\u1ed1i trong tay th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n T\u00e2y Ban Nha, l\u1ea5y th\u1ea7n M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc \u0111\u00e1 m\u00e0 n\u0103m sau, h\u1eafn khuy\u00ean nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea9u h\u00e0ng n\u00ean c\u00f2n t\u1ebf tim c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng cho th\u1ea7n. b\u1ecb nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n b\u1eafn ch\u1ebft. Sau n\u00e0y, n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh Aztec c\u0169ng b\u1ecb mai m\u1ed9t Th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n T\u00e2y Ban Nha kh\u00f4ng cam t\u00e2m n\u00ean v\u00e0 di\u1ec7t vong do s\u1ef1 x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y Ban Nha. n\u0103m 1521 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng Aztec. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2u anh d\u0169ng v\u1edbi qu\u00e2n T\u00e2y Ban Nha, 173\u1eb3 nh\u01b0ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng do l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c c\u1ea1n ki\u1ec7t l\u1ea1i b\u1ecb \u00bb b\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1eadu m\u00f9a n\u00ean b\u1ea1i tr\u1eadn, th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 Tenochtitlan b\u1ecb chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng v\u00e0 Aztec di\u1ec7t vong.","V\u0103n minh Inca l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c c\u1ed5 \u1edf Nam M \u0129 v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 th\u1ee9 11. Theo khai qu\u1eadt kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5, \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Inca l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111i\u1ebfu v\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 dao, lu\u1ee1i h\u00e1i, li\u1ec1m, r\u00ecu... H\u01a1n n\u1eefa k\u0129 thu\u1eadt luy\u1ec7n kim c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd kh\u00e1 tinh x\u1ea3o. H\u1ecd c\u00f2n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u1ee7y l\u1ee3i t\u01b0\u1edbi ti\u00eau, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u00e1. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec1u cho r\u1eb1ng ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac, y h\u1ecdc, d\u1ec7t v\u00e0 nhu\u1ed9m v\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a ngu\u1eddi Inca kh\u00e1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. O\u00ea' qu\u1ed1c Inca th\u1edd th\u1ea7n M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi, h\u1ecd th\u1ea5y v\u00e0ng c\u00f3 m\u00e0u s\u1eafc l\u1ea5p l\u00e1nh nh\u01b0 \u00e1nh m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi n\u00ean r\u1ea5t y\u00eau qu\u00fd v\u00e0ng, th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00edch tr\u1eef v\u00e0ng, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed \u0111\u1eafp th\u00e0nh n\u00fai v\u00e0ng... Do ni\u1ec1m y\u00eau th\u00edch v\u00e0ng n\u00ean c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh th\u1ea7n \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a B\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Inca \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0ng, \u0111a ph\u1ea9n ng\u01b0\u1eddi Inca th\u00edch \u0111eo v\u00e0ng v\u00e0 t\u00edch tr\u1eef v\u00e0ng, n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201c \u0110\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a v\u00e0ng\u201d . Ch\u00ednh l\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed5n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 \u201c v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0ng\u201d n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn T\u00e2y Ban Nha r\u1eafp t\u00e2m x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 d\u1eabn t\u1edbi h\u1ecda di\u1ec7t vong \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc Inca. ribj BB\u1ebf\u00ed\u00e1qnu\u1ed1t\u00edcchIntcra\u00edv\u00e0ngc\u1ee7a Dis\u1ea3av\u00e0nh\u1ecdce\u00e1ang\u01b0\u1eddiInca N\u0103m 1525, Pizarra, m\u1ed9t k\u1ebb x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c T\u00e2y Ban Trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng di s\u1ea3n v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u00f2n s\u00f3t l\u1ea1i Nha \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed5i l\u00f2ng tham v\u00e0ng, d\u1eabn qu\u00e2n T\u00e2y Ban c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Inca, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra m\u1ed9t Nha x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c Inca, \u0111\u1ecbnh chi\u1ebfm v\u00e0ng cho ri\u00eang b\u00e0i tr\u01b0\u1eddng ca do m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Inca s\u00e1ng m\u00ecnh. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng khi t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng v\u00e0o th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c v\u1eabn c\u00f2n luii truy\u1ec1n cho t\u1edbi ng\u00e0y nay, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Inca l\u00e0 Cusco, \u00f4ng ta m\u1edbi ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u201c Ollantay\u201d , b\u00e0i th\u01a1 \u0111\u1ea1i \u00fd l\u00e0 v\u00e0o th\u1eddi Pachac\u01b0ti v\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng nhi\u1ec1u nh\u01b0 l\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed5n \u0111\u1ea1i. th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t d\u0169ng s\u0129 t\u00ean l\u00e0 Ollantay y\u00eau m\u1ed9t c\u00f4 g\u00e1i Inca, v\u00e0 ch\u00e2n th\u00e0nh c\u1ea7u xin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu tin v\u00e0 cho k\u1ebft h\u00f4n nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f4i tr\u1ebb b\u1ecb ng\u0103n c\u00e1ch... Th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 th\u1ee9 r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Inca \u0111\u0103 v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n v\u00e0 c\u1ea5t gi\u1eef v\u00e0ng 15, b\u00e0i th\u01a1 c\u00f2n du\u1ee3c bi\u00ean th\u00e0nh h\u00e0i k\u1ecbch. Giai \u1edf n\u01a1i b\u00ed m\u1eadt. Nh\u01b0ng d\u00f9 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00f9ng s\u1ee5c kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i, \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1770 \u0111\u1ebfn 1780, b\u00e0i tr\u01b0\u1eddng ca n\u00e0y th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n T\u00e2y Ban Nha v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng t\u00ecm ra ch\u00f4 \u0111u\u1ee3c c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 T\u00e2y Ban Nha d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef La Tinh gi\u1ea5u v\u00e0ng. Sau n\u00e0y c\u0169ng c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecf ghi ch\u00e9p l\u1ea1i. th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng s\u1ee9c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm nh\u01b0ng n\u01a1i gi\u1ea5u v\u00e0ng v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u00ed \u1ea9n thi\u00ean c\u1ed5."]