Dem truong trung co

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T\u1ea9ng l\u1edbp n\u00f4ng n\u00f4 \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o s\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi tin v\u00e0o \u0111\u00e1y x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t t\u1ef1 do, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f9y \u00fd r\u1eddi Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf kh\u1ecfi v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a l\u00e3nh ch\u00faa, khi l\u00e3nh ch\u00faa b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111i thi n\u00f4ng n\u00f4 c\u0169ng b\u1ecb chuy\u1ec3n nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng theo. Sm\u1ebe\u00ca\u1ea7v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t C\u00e1c n\u00f4ng n\u00f4 ph\u1ea3i canh t\u00e1c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a l\u00e3nh ch\u00faa v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 lao d\u1ecbch. Khi t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i c\u00f9a h\u1ecd. k\u1ebft h\u00f4n v\u00e0 th\u1eeba k\u1ebf t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n, h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i n\u1ed9p m\u1ed9t Th\u1eddi trung c\u1ed5 kho\u1ea3n thu\u00ea' nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh cho l\u00e3nh ch\u00faa, v\u00ec th\u00ea' cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111a s\u00f4' n\u00f4ng n\u00f4 r\u1ea5t ngh\u00e8o kh\u1ed5. c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m quan tr\u1ecdng, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 C\u00e1c qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7p s\u0129 chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p, chi\u1ebfn xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea5u l\u00e0 ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p su\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. H\u1ecd l\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed1. Th\u00e0nh ph\u00f4' l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m bu\u00f4n trung th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 d\u0169ng c\u1ea3m trong tinh th\u1ea7n hi\u1ec7p s\u0129 b\u00e1n, nh\u00ecn chung \u0111\u1ec1u \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c l\u1eb7ng l\u1ebd s\u1ed1ng. S\u1ef1 chia r\u1ebd v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb, d\u00e2n th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o chi\u1ebfn lo\u1ea1n x\u1ea3y ra li\u00ean mi\u00ean \u1edf th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5 l\u00e0 l\u00e3nh ch\u00faa gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 n\u00f4ng n\u00f4. Do \u0111\u00f3, khi b\u1ecb m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00ed t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecd h\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1. l\u00e3nh ch\u00faa \u00e1p b\u1ee9c qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c, n\u00f4ng n\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb. Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u00f2n l\u1ea7 nh\u1eefng C\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p \u01b0u vi\u1ec7t kh\u00e1c. H\u1ecd n\u01a1i xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a m\u1edbi, \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n n\u1eafm gi\u1eef quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c v\u1ec3 tinh th\u1ea7n, chi ph\u1ed1i \u0111\u1eb7c m\u00f3ng cho phong tr\u00e0o Ph\u1ee5c H\u01b0ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a ch\u00e2u quy\u1ec3n h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft l\u00e1ch. Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 quan tr\u1ecdng \u00c2u sau n\u00e0y. nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng de, khuy\u00ean Cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng \u1ea9n tn c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1nh Benedict Ct\u00ed B\u1ed1c gi\u1ea3o Sinh ra \u1edf La M\u00e3, Th\u00e1nh Benedict (480 - 547) l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp ra ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea9n tu c\u1ee7a C\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed1c D\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5, C\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1edbng gi\u00e1o ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 529, t\u1ea1i v\u00f9ng Monte \u1ea9n tu, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng \u1ea9n d\u1eadt tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi ch\u1ed1n tr\u1ea9n t\u1ee5c. Cassino c\u1ee7a Italy, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t tu vi\u1ec7n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cTu vi\u1ec7n Benedict\u201d. Tu vi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edfng do c\u00e1c M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng tu s\u0129 \u1ea9n tu \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a C\u01a1 tu s\u0129 b\u1ea9u ch\u1ecdn, c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean \u0110\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 Th\u00e1nh Antonio ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ai C\u1eadp v\u00e0o qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u, ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00fap vi\u1ec7c. Nh\u1eefng tu s\u0129 cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 3. \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh \u1ea9n c\u01b0 n\u01a1i hoang m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3i qua giai \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1eed th\u00e1ch m\u1ed9t m\u1ea1c, s\u1ed1ng kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh, mong mu\u1ed1n m\u01b0\u1ee3n s\u1ef1 \u0111au n\u0103m, sau \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1edbn v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e0nh l\u1ea5y _s\u1ef1 c\u1ee9u r\u1ed7i c\u1ee7a th\u1ee9c. Sau khi v\u00e0o tu vi\u1ec7n, tu s\u0129 ph\u1ea3i tuy\u00ean th\u1ec7 linh h\u1ed5n. V\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 4-5, ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u1edf th\u1eddi k\u00ec cao \u1ea9n tu su\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eddi, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh. Tu tr\u00e0o c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea1i di c\u01b0 c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i s\u0129 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1eafm gi\u1eef t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n ri\u00eang, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n, do \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u00edt t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 C\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3u ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00f9ng t\u1eadp th\u1ec3. kh\u00e1t khao cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng \u1ea9n tu thanh t\u1ecbnh. Ngo\u00e0i C\u00e1c tu s\u0129 trong tu vi\u1ec7n Benedict h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y c\u1ea9u ra, tru\u1edbc t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng nguy\u1ec7n v\u00e0 l\u1ec5 b\u00e1i 5-6 ti\u1ebfng, \u0111\u1ecdc \u201cKinh Th\u00e1nh\u201d ng\u1eebng l\u0103ng, cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 cao c\u1ea5p v\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i s\u00e1ch Th\u00e1nh kh\u00e1c 4 ti\u1ebfng, ngo\u00e0i ra ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng xa hoa, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00e0ng mu\u1ed1n h\u01b0\u1edbng h\u1ecd c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i tham gia lao \u0111\u1ed9ng trong 5 ti\u1ebfng. t\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o gi\u1ea3n d\u1ecb, thanh khi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y. Th\u1ebf l\u00e0, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea9n Tu s\u0129 kh\u00f4ng du\u1ee3c vi ph\u1ea1m quy \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1ea9n tu c\u1ee7a c\u01b0 n\u01a1i ho\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1c hay tu luy\u1ec7n kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh m\u1ed7i tu vi\u1ec7n Benedict, sau n\u00e0y t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c tu vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00fac m\u1ed9t nhi\u1ec1u. \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a tu vi\u1ec7n Benedict. 4101","Th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3, ch\u1ec9 ri\u00eang ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 25 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ra ngo\u00e0i!\u201d H\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00eam, nh\u1eefng thi th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5t t\u1eed vong do m\u1ea9c ph\u1ea3i c\u0103n b\u1ec7nh n\u00e0y. Kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc xe ch\u1edd d\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00e9o \u0111i. gian \u0111\u1ec9nh \u0111i\u1ec3m b\u00f9ng ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1i d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1347 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1351. Do n\u01a1i \u1edf ch\u1eadt ch\u1ed9i v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3u ki\u1ec7n v\u1ec7 sinh k\u00e9m, c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft \u0110en nhanh ch\u00f3ng lan r\u1ed9ng trong th\u00e0nh C\u00e1i ch\u1ebft \u0110en ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 b\u1ec7nh d\u1ecbch h\u1ea1ch. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ed1. Tuy c\u00e1c tu vi\u1ec7n c\u00e1ch li v\u1edbi khu d\u00e2n c\u01b0, b\u1ec7nh th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ed1t cao, n\u1ed5i h\u1ea1ch \u1edf b\u1eb9n, n\u00e1ch, c \u1ed5 - nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tho\u00e1t n\u1ea1n, b\u1edfi v\u00ec Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u00e0i gi\u1edd sau khi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c tri\u1ec7u nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u0103c b\u1ec7nh t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ebfn tu vi\u1ec7n xin tr\u1ee3 ch\u1ee9ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ec7nh s\u1ebd t\u1eed vong. gi\u00fap c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 mang c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft \u0110en t\u1edbi. Tr\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea1i d\u1ecbch n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean do qu\u00e2n M\u00f4ng c\u1ed5 Trong c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi k\u00ec \u0111em \u0111\u1ebfn Baghdad v\u00e0 b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o Krym (Cr\u01b0m), n\u00e0y, c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft \u0110en \u0111i\/\u1ee3c mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 th\u00e0nh b\u1ed9 x\u01b0\u01a1ng sau \u0111\u00f3 qua \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ec3n l\u00e2y lan \u0111\u1ebfn Genoa, ti\u00eap ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u01b0\u1ee1i tr\u00ean l\u01b0ng ng\u1ef1a. \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Paris v\u00e0 London, v\u1ec1 sau c\u00f2n l\u00e2y lan sang c\u1ea3 b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o Scandinavia v\u00e0 ph\u00eda B\u1eafc Nga. S\u1ef1 gieo r\u1eafc c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft \u0110en d\u00e3 l\u00e0m dao \u0111\u1ed9ng ni\u1ec1m tin c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n thi\u00eau h\u1ee7y qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ebf, b\u1edfi v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ed1t c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ebft gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 h\u00f2ng ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n b\u1ec7nh d\u1ecbch lan tr\u00e0n, nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u1ea5u, ro r\u00e0ng l\u1ea7 b\u1eabt h\u1ee3p l\u00ed. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u1ecb ch\u1eb3ng co t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng g\u00ec, b\u1edfi v\u00ec ngu\u1ed5n p\u1ed1c g\u1ea7y ra c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft \u0110en lan tr\u00e0n, c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2u \u00c2u th\u00f4ng tr\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea1i d\u1ecbch n\u00e0y l\u00e0 lo\u00e0i b\u1ecd ch\u00e9t s\u00f4ng k\u00ed sinh th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u01b0 th\u1eeba l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, ti\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng rai tr\u00ean chu\u1ed9t, m\u00e0 th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf kh\u1eaff) n\u01a1i. th\u1ea5p. Nh\u01b0ng sau khi c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft \u0110en tr\u00e0n qua, l\u1ef1c C\u00e1c tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n vi\u00ean \u0111i t\u1edbi m\u1ecdi ng\u00f5 ph\u1ed1 k\u00eau l\u01b0\u1ee3ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng thi\u1ebfu th\u1ed1n d\u1eabn t\u1edbi ti\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng t\u0103ng g\u1ecdi: \u201cH\u00e3y chuy\u1ec3n thi th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n cao, r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u1edf n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n b\u1eb5t \u0111\u1ea7u di chuy\u1ec3n ra c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf. S\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c L\u1ea3nh ch\u00faa th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1\u2019 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ebf C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 T\u00e2y \u00c2u th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5 nh\u00ecn Trong v\u00e0i th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5, c\u00e1c chung \u0111\u1ec1u x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i n\u01b0\u1edbc T\u00e2y \u00c2u x\u1ea3y ra chinh chi\u1ebfn li\u00ean mi\u00ean. Khi v\u00e0 l\u00e3nh ch\u00faa phong ki\u1ebfn. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea1i di c\u01b0 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n l\u1ea5ng quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb chi\u1ebfm d\u1ecbu, sau khi qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta quy\u1ebft ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n, h\u1ecd ra s\u1ee9c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t l\u0129\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec9nh th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 do thu\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a l\u00e3nh nghi\u1ec7p. Vi\u1ec7c t\u0103ng s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 ch\u00faa n\u00e0o. L\u00e3nh ch\u00faa c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed th\u00e0nh cung c\u1ea5p \u0111i\u1ec3u ki\u1ec7n v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng cho s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec1 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng. chia nh\u1ecf ho\u1eb7c cho ch\u00e1u ch\u1eaft \u0111\u1eddi s\u00e1u c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c trang tr\u1ea1i phong ki\u1ebfn, nh\u1eefng Nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m ngh\u1ec1 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ee5 t\u1eadp t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh chua, \u0111\u00f4i khi, m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thu\u1ed9c n\u01a1i nh\u01b0 ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i, tu vi\u1ec7n, b\u1ebfn s\u00f4ng... \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu chung c\u1ee7a v\u00e0i l\u00e3nh ch\u00faa, ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 lu\u00f4n \u1edf \u0111\u00f3. L\u00e2u d\u1ea7n, nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i n\u00e0y tr\u1edf h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 Paris t\u1eebnp do hai l\u00e3nh ch\u00faa s\u1edf h\u1eefu. th\u00e0nh n\u01a1i h\u1ecdp ch\u1ee3. C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a n\u01a1i Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n th\u00ec r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn c\u00f3 h\u1ecdp ch\u1ee3 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng nhanh v\u1ec1 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1, nh\u1eefng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n chia quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea9u ti\u00ean d\u1ea7n d\u1ea9n h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh. l\u00e3nh ch\u00faa c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3. C\u00e1c th\u1ecb d\u00e2n h\u00e0ng n\u0103m ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng cho l\u00e3nh ch\u00faa trong bao nhi\u00eau ng\u00e0y, ngo\u00e0i ra, h\u1ecd c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i n\u1ed9p c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i thu\u00ea' m\u00e1 cho l\u00e3nh ch\u00faa. C\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u00eau danh m\u1ee5c thu thu\u1ebf, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n thu\u1ebf s\u1eed s\u1ee5ng m\u00e1y xay x\u00e1t v\u00e0 l\u00f2 n\u01b0\u1edbng b\u00e1nh m\u00ec... 102 \u1ea7","Cu\u1ed9c d\u1ea5n banh gi\u1eefa d\u1ea7n Ch\u1ee9ng thtf \u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb v\u00e0 l\u00e3nh ch\u00faa \u0110\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, th\u1ecb d\u00e2n d\u00f9ng Nh\u1eefng th\u1ecb d\u00e2n sinh s\u1ed1ng trong th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 m\u1ecdi c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ea5u tranh v\u1edbi l\u00e3nh ch\u00faa \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e0nh l\u1ea5y ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 phong ki\u1ebfn. C\u00e1c th\u1ecb d\u00e2n th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p cho ngh\u1ec1 th\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 th\u00f4ng qua can thi\u1ec7p ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb ho\u1eb7c n\u1ed9p m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i. H\u1ecd y\u00eau c\u1ea7u l\u00e3nh ch\u00faa b\u1ea3o kho\u1ea3n ti\u1ec1n chu\u1ed9c l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ea5y b\u1ea3n ch\u1ee9ng th\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea3m quy\u1ec3n t\u1ef1 do, b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh khu v\u1ef1c, \u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c mi\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3m g\u00e1nh n\u1eb7ng thu\u00ea' m\u00e1 v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 an l\u00e3nh ch\u00faa l\u1edbn, b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n to\u00e0n c\u1ee7a th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng... t\u1ef1 do nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb. N\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9ng th\u01b0 \u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n kh\u00f4ng Do \u0111\u1ee5ng ch\u1ea1m t\u1edbi l\u1ee3i \u00edch n\u00ean c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh ch\u00faa gi\u1ed1ng nhau, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng, th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i ho\u1eb7c l\u1edd \u0111i. V\u00ec do th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n, mi\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3m thu\u1ebf th\u1ebf, nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i l\u00e3nh ch\u00faa m\u00e1, mi\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3m ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 lao d\u1ed9ng... th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 l\u1edbn m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p th\u1ecb d\u00e2n d\u1ea9n tr\u1ecf n\u00ean gay g\u1eaft. Th\u00ea' nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu d\u00f9ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n b\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ec3u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u0111u\u1ee3c thl th\u1ecb d\u00e2n s\u1ebd s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. x&y d\u1ef1ng c\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 t\u1ef1 do C\u00f4ng x\u00e3 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb Theo quy \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n c\u01b0 tr\u00fa c\u1ee7a thanh ph\u00f4' \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5. Qu\u00e1 trong th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 do, nh\u01b0 v\u1eady k\u1ec3 tr\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u00f4ng x\u00e3 \u1edf th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Lugdunum c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t n\u00f4ng n\u00f4 c\u00f3 th\u00e2n ph\u1eadn th\u1ea5p h\u00e8n ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea9n l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh. c\u01b0 tr\u00fa trong th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ee7 1 n\u0103m l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00e0nh d\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb d\u00e2n. VI th\u1ebf, \u1edf ch\u00e2u L\u00e3nh ch\u00faa th\u00e0nh Lugdunum l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i gi\u00e1m \u00c2u th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u ng\u1ea1n ng\u1eef th\u1ebf n\u00e0y: m\u1ee5c. N\u0103m 1108, kh\u00f4ng l\u00e2u sau khi th\u1ecb d\u00e2n b\u1ecf \u201cKh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 gi\u00fap ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta t\u1ef1 do\u201d. ti\u1ec1n ra mua quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb, vi\u00ean gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 do thu h\u00fat ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u n\u00f4ng s\u1ea1ch ti\u1ec1n b\u1ea1c v\u00e0 l\u1ea1i h\u1ee7y b\u1ecf quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb th\u00e0nh n\u00f4 tr\u1ed1n v\u00e0o th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u0169ng khi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c thu ph\u00ed. N\u0103m 1112, th\u1ecb d\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9ng cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a v\u0169 trang, \u0111\u00e1nh t\u00ean gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e1ng gh\u00e9t d\u00f3 cho \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ebft r\u1ed5i, th\u00e0nh Theo th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea, v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1050, T\u00e2y \u00c2u c\u1ed1 l\u1eadp c\u00f4ng x\u00e3 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. \u00edt l\u00e2u sau, cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi kho\u1ea3ng 20 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi, trong \u0111\u00f3 th\u1ecb d\u00e2n chi\u1ebfm ngh\u0129a bj qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 l\u00e3nh ch\u00faa phong ki\u1ebfn kho\u1ea3ng 1%, c\u01b0 d\u00e2n trong c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 nhi\u1ec1u tr\u1ea5n \u00e1p. Tr\u1ea3i qua nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ea5u tranh, l\u00e3nh ch\u00faa nh\u1ea5t c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0i ng\u00e0n ng\u01b0\u1eddi. \u0110\u1ed1n n\u0103m 1200, m\u1edbi th\u00e0nh Lugdunum \u0111\u00e3 ban b\u1ed1 \u201cPh\u00e1p l\u1ec7nh h\u00f2a T\u00e2y \u00c2u c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 40 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi, trong \u0111\u00f3 thi b\u00ecnh\\\" v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1128, kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c quy\u1ed5n t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n chi\u1ebfm kho\u1ea3ng 10% , c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ed5u th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 20.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00edt th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u00f3 h\u01a1n 100.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi. C\u01a1 quan quy\u1ec3n l\u1ef1c cao nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng x\u0103 th\u00e0nh-ph\u1ed1 l\u00e0 h\u1ed9i nghi ch\u00ednh quy\u1ed5n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 do th\u1ecb d\u00e2n b\u1ea9u ra, c\u00f3 quy\u1ec3n so\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o ph\u00e1p l\u1ec7nh, quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c m\u1ee9c thu\u1ebf, th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n v\u0169 trang v\u00e0.t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c x\u00e9t x\u1eed. Th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u0169ng do th\u1ecb d\u00e2n b\u00e1u ra. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng tr\u1ebdn th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, th\u1ef1c quy\u00e9n c\u1ee7a c\u1eefng x\u00e3 l\u1ea1i n\u1eb1m trong tay c\u00e1c qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 ho\u1eb7c t\u1ea9ng l\u1edbp l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u00e1c Nghi\u1ec7p \u0111o\u00e0n.","s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a Nghi\u1ec7p \u0111o\u00e0n \u25a0 \u0168 * \u00ab suy tho\u00e1i trang n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 Nghi\u1ec7p do\u00e0n \u1edf th\u1eddi k\u00ec \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1edbi th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, do th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1ecf h\u1eb9p, s\u1ee9c ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a kh\u00f4ng C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 th\u1ecb cao, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m ngh\u1ec1 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng b\u1ecb l\u00e3nh tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng, s\u1ef1 c\u1ea1nh tranh gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng ch\u00faa phong ki\u1ebfn b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t v\u00e0 b\u1ecb nh\u1eefng n\u00f4ng n\u00f4 di ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m ngh\u1ec1 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng trong n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 Nghi\u1ec7p c\u01b0 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea1nh tranh. \u0111o\u00e0n ng\u00e0y m\u1ed9t t\u0103ng. Cho d\u00f9 hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i ra s\u1ee9c h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf s\u1ef1 c\u1ea1nh tranh trong n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9, nh\u01b0ng xu th\u1ebf n\u00e0y D\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi. C\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 x\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh li\u00ean minh c\u00f9ng ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m ngh\u1ec1 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng tu\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 b\u00f3c Nghi\u1ec7p \u0111o\u00e0n. Nghi\u1ec7p \u0111o\u00e0n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n v\u0169 trang l\u1ed9t, n\u00f4 d\u1ecbch c\u00e1c x\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ngu\u1eddi th\u1ee3. ri\u00eang. C\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed1i n\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m \u0103n l\u1edbn cung c\u1ea5p nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 Nghi\u1ec7p \u0111o\u00e0n l\u00e0 ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba s\u1ef1 c\u1ea1nh tranh c\u1ee7a b\u00e1n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea9m cho c\u00e1c x\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1ecf l\u00e0m thay h\u1ecd, c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u00f9ng ngh\u1ec3, c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed1i ngo\u1ea1i sau \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi thu mua v\u00e0 bao ti\u00eau s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. l\u00e0 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng duy tr\u00ec \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec1 \u0111\u00f3. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0u th\u00ec c\u00e0ng gi\u00e0u, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng ngh\u00e8o. S\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Nghi\u1ec7p \u0111o\u00e0n th\u1eddi k\u00ec \u0111\u1ea7u r\u1ea5t gi\u00fap \u00edch cho c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng Cu\u00f4Tth\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5, do kinh t\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m ngh\u1ec1 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng. th\u1ea7n t\u1ed1c, th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng trong v\u00e0 ngo\u00e0i n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng, ngh\u1ec3 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t H i B\u1ea1i Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01b0ng tri\u1ec3n nhanh chonp. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ch\u1ee7 x\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00ec mu\u00f4n thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn t\u00f4i \u0111a n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 v\u00e0 \u201c\u0110\u1ea1i Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u201d hay \u201c\u0110\u1ea1i Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0ang v\u1ec1 l\u1ec7nh c\u1ea5m c\u1ee7a Nghi\u1ec7p \u0111o\u00e0n, h\u1ecd li\u00ean t\u1ee5c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vua John c\u1ee7a nu\u1ee1c Anh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u1edbi quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn, c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 v\u00e0 k\u0129 k\u00ed v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1215 du\u1edbi \u00e1p l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a li\u00ean minh c\u00e1c thu\u1eadt, n\u00e2ng cao s\u1ee9c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t. C\u00e1ch l\u00e0m l\u00e3nh ch\u00faa phong ki\u1ebfn, gi\u00e1o s\u0129, hi\u1ec7p s\u0129 v\u00e0 th\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3 d\u00e3 ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 nh\u1eefng quy t\u1eafc gi\u1eef c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng trong d\u00e2n, t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 63 \u0111i\u1ec1u. \u201c\u0110\u1ea1i Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u201d ngh\u1ec1. \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o quy\u1ec1n th\u1eeba k\u1ebf th\u00e1i \u1ea5p c\u1ee7a l\u00e3nh ch\u00faa v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7p s\u0129, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n tr\u01b0ng thu th\u00eam thu\u1ebf th\u1eeba Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1' Venice gi\u00e0n c\u00f3 k\u1ebf ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n ti\u1ec1n c\u1ed1ng n\u1ed9p, thu\u1ebf \u0111inh; t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng quy\u1ec3n qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u1ee7a t\u00f2a \u00e1n l\u00e3nh ch\u00faa, qu\u1ed1c Venice l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ph\u00f4' c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh v\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eaft gi\u1eef v\u00e0 giam c\u1ea7m b\u1ea5t k\u00ec h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Italy. l\u00e3nh chua n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed5ng th\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai, t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd; qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng t\u1ef1 Khi qu\u00e2n Th\u1eadp t\u1ef1 \u0110\u00f4ng chinh l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 t\u01b0, do b\u1ea7u c\u1eed c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i; th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb \u0111o Venice t\u1eebng l\u00e0 b\u00ean t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh, do \u0111\u00f3 th\u00e0nh l\u01b0\u1eddng trong n\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u1ef1 do cho c\u00e1c th\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ed1 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i to l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i. nh\u00e2n... Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, kh\u00f4ng l\u00e2u sau khi v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n Venice c\u00f3 ngh\u1ec1 th\u1ee7 c\u00f2ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00ed thl n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb vua John c\u1ee7a nu\u1edbc Anh ngh\u1ec1 \u0111\u00f3ng t\u00e0u, ngh\u1ec3 d\u1ec7t v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec1 s\u1ea3n xu\u00e2t th\u1ee7y \u0111\u01a1n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u00e9 b\u1ecf. tinh. Th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, v\u00ec th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 n\u00e0y chi\u1ebfm \u01b0u th\u00ea' v\u1ec1 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Trong th\u1eddi kl c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n T\u00e2y n\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c l\u1ef1c kinh t\u1ebf r\u1ea5t m\u1ea1nh. n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh v\u00e0o th\u1ebf ki 17, \u201c\u0110\u1ea1i Hi\u1ebfn chu\u00f4ng\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u1ea7 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea5u tranh cho quy\u1ec1n T\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 9 - 15, Venice lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n, t\u1ef1 do bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n v\u00e0 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e1p tr\u1ecb, tr\u1edf th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y \u00c2u. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n mang t\u00ednh hi\u1ebfn l\u00e0 t\u1eeb th\u00ea' k\u1ec9 13 - 15, \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Venice ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 l\u1eadp hi\u1ebfn n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh. lan t\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3o Crete, Cyprus v\u00e0 v\u00f9ng bi\u1ec3n Aegean. D\u00e2n s\u1ed1 Venice kho\u1ea3ng 200.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u1ea7 \u2019M thu nh\u1eadp h\u00e0ng n\u0103m \u0111\u1ee9ng h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u trong c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 T\u00e2y \u00c2u th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3. Venice \u1edf th\u1eddi k\u00ec c\u1ef1c th\u1ecbnh s\u1edf h\u1eefu 300 chi\u1ebfc t\u00e0u bu\u00f4n l\u1edbn, 3.000 chi\u1ebfc t\u00e0u nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 46 chi\u1ebfc t\u00e0u chi\u1ebfn, ch\u1ec9 ri\u00eang th\u1ee7y th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 t\u1edbi 36.000 ngu\u1eebi, l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u00f4' m\u00e0 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ch\u00e2u \u00c2u kh\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 so b\u00ec.","Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Florance ph\u1ed3n hoa Florence n\u1eb1m b\u00ean b\u1edd s\u00f4ng Arno thu\u1ed9c mi\u1ec1n Trung Italy, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a Italy th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5. Th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 14 - 16 l\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u00ec ph\u1ed3n vinh v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a Florence. D\u1ea9u th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 14, Florence l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m ng\u00e0nh ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. Th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f3 h\u01a1n 80 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb l\u00e0m nghi\u1ec7p v\u1ee5 ng\u1ea7n h\u00e0ng. N\u0103m 1206, \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n v\u00e0ng Florin do Florence \u0111\u00fac ra \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh lo\u1ea1i ti\u1ec1n t\u1ec7 th\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a khu v\u1ef1c \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i. Florence c\u00f2n l\u1ea7 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea9u ti\u00ean manh nha ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. V\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 14 - 15, n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t len d\u1ea1 c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 xu\u1edfng th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t len d\u1ea1 v\u1edbi quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y. Th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y ki\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 th\u00ea' c\u00f3 s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00e0ng n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi 70.000 - 80.000 s\u00fac v\u1ea3i, s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 tr\u00ean th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u00c1 - \u00c2u v\u00e0 v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng. V\u00e1n h\u1ecdc th\u1eddi Trang c\u1ed5 \u25a0\u25a0 V\u0103n h\u1ecdc t\u1ed1n gi\u00e1o Nh\u00ecn chung ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta cho r\u1eb1ng th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5 l\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u00ec t\u1eeb kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 450 khi \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c La M\u00e3 C\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u0103n h\u1ecdc t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u suy tho\u00e1i \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi k\u00ec Ph\u1ee5c H\u01b0ng v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 15. th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5 c\u00f3 s\u00f4' l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ed9 v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7ng lo\u1ea1i Tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 19, \u0111a s\u1ed1 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho r\u1eb1ng v\u0103n nhi\u1ec1u v\u00f4 k\u1ec3. \u201cKinh Th\u00e1nh\u201d t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 quan h\u1ecdc th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5 n\u1eb1m gi\u1eefa v\u0103n h\u1ecdc Hy L\u1ea1p, tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3. B\u1ed9 \u201cKinh Th\u00e1nh\u201d l\u01b0u La M\u00e3 c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u1ecdc th\u1eddi k\u00ec v\u0103n h\u00f3a Ph\u1ee5c h\u00e0nh r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i trong th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5 l\u00e0 do nhi\u1ec3u H\u01b0ng kh\u1edfi ngu\u1ed5n t\u1eeb Italy, \u1edf th\u1eddi k\u00ec n\u00e0y, kinh t\u1ebf nh\u00e0 th\u1ea9n h\u1ecdc sau khi bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u00ednh \u0111\u00ecnh tr\u1ec7, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb b\u1ea1o lo\u1ea1n, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a m\u00f4ng nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea9n \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef La tinh (Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng mu\u1ed9i ho\u00e0nh h\u00e0nh, v\u0103n h\u1ecdc th\u00ec tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u1ee9 theo gi\u00e1o La M\u00e3) v\u00e0 ch\u1eef H\u1ef5 L\u1ea1p (Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i ch\u00ednh \u0111u\u00f4i th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc. th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o \u0110\u00f4ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng) vi\u1ebft th\u00e0nh. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i l\u00e3ng m\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea9u \u201cKinh Th\u00e1nh\u201d do hai b\u1ed9 \u201cC\u1ef1u \u01af\u1edbc\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cT\u00e2n th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 19 \u0111\u00e3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a l\u00ed t\u01b0\u1edfng, ch\u1ee7 \u01af\u1edbc\u201d h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh. C\u00e1c phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a \u201cKinh ngh\u0129a anb Jh\u00f9ng, s\u1ef1 ca ng\u1ee3i ph\u00e1i n\u1eef trong v\u0103n Th\u00e1nh\u201d v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng nhi\u1ec3u, nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed1n n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng h\u00f3a Gothic th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5. V\u1eady n\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc th\u1eddi bao g\u1ed5m b\u1ea3n \u201cSeptuagint\u201d v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n \u201cSinaiticus\u201d. Trung c\u1ed5 du\u1ee3c xem x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i k\u0129 c\u00e0ng h\u01a1n, \u0111\u1ed5ng th\u1eddi d\u1ea9n d\u1ea9n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng d\u00f2ng Trong th\u1eddi gian c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0o th\u1ebf ch\u1ea3y quan tr\u1ecdng trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u0103n h\u1ecdc phuong k\u1ec9 16, \u201cKinh Th\u00e1nh\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00f4n T\u00e2y. ng\u1eef kh\u00e1c nhau. 105^k","_ Ch\u1ee7 nahia c\u1ea5m d\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u25a0 Th\u01a1 tr\u1eef t\u00ecnh h\u1ec9\u1eacp 8\u0128 \u00bb TnTilJL I \u1ea9 Th\u01a1 tr\u1eef t\u00ecnh hi\u1ec7p s\u0129 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t \u1edf M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi Trung Provence thu\u1ed9c mi\u1ec1n Nam n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p. Th\u01a1 ca c\u1ed5 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u1ea5m d\u1ee5c trong t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, \u00e1p ch\u00ea' Provence b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea9u ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1n cung \u0111\u00ecnh. d\u1ee5c v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129, nghi\u00eam c\u1ea5m c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 c\u1ee7a Provence l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 \u0111\u1ea9u s\u0129 k\u1ebft h\u00f4n, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft h\u00f4n th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i t\u1eeb ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u1ecdc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, nh\u01b0ng s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ecf h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n, v\u1ec1 sau, gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i quy \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng: t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u00f2n l\u01b0u l\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t \u00edt. Nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m Th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ed9c th\u00e2n trong c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129, th\u01a1 ca n\u00e0y \u0111a s\u1ed1 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 \u00e1i m\u1ed9 v\u00e0 s\u00f9ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ch\u00ea' \u0111\u1ed9 n\u1eef tu, \u0111\u1ec1 x\u01b0\u1edbng kh\u00f4ng k\u1ebft h\u00f4n b\u00e1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7p s\u0129 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c phu nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c. qu\u00fd, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng \u201cAlbas\u201d (Kh\u00fac ca b\u00ecnh minh), n\u1ed9i dung mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u00ed lu\u1eadn, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ea5m d\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p c\u1ea3nh chia tay l\u01b0u luy\u1ebfn gi\u1eefa ch\u00e0ng hi\u1ec7p s\u0129 v\u1edbi d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng cho c\u1ea3 nam v\u00e0 n\u1eef gi\u00e1o s\u0129. Th\u1ebf c\u00f4 g\u00e1i l\u00fac b\u00ecnh minh sau cu\u1ed9c h\u1eb9n h\u00f2 b\u00ed m\u1eadt. nh\u01b0ng, n\u1eef gi\u1edbi l\u1ea1i b\u1ecb coi l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb kh\u01a1i g\u1ee3i ham mu\u1ed1n v\u00e0 b\u1ecb khinh mi\u1ec7t. \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o nam gi\u1edbi D\u1ea9u th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 13, c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec3u nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 c\u1ee7a v\u00f9ng kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb n\u1eef gi\u1edbi \u201cd\u1ee5 d\u1ed7\u201d, gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng Provence s\u1ed1ng l\u01b0u vong \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i, \u0111em th\u01a1 h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c tu vi\u00ean, \u1edf \u0110\u1ee9c, n\u1eef tu vi\u1ec7n c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 sang t\u1eadn Italy, th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t h\u01a1n nam tu vi\u1ec7n, \u1edf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, 1\/4 s\u1ed1 n\u1eef tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a th\u01a1 ca th\u1eddi k\u00ec v\u0103n h\u00f3a Ph\u1ee5c H\u01b0ng. gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ebfn tu\u1ed5i tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec1u \u1edf trong tu vi\u1ec7n. Ngo\u00e0i v\u00f9ng Provence c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p, \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0 T\u00e2y Ban Nha c\u0169ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ea5m d\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e3 \u1ea3nh hu\u1edfng nghi\u00eam th\u01a1 thu\u1ed9c t\u1ea9ng l\u1edbp hi\u1ec7p s\u0129. tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ebfn x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. Cu\u1ed1i th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5, s\u1ed1 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9c th\u00e2n \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u nhi\u1ec3u g\u1ea5p 4 l\u1ea9n. Nh\u1eefng c\u00f4 d\u00e2u m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nam gi\u1edbi l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng qu\u1ea3 ph\u1ee5 nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n h\u1ecd t\u1edbi m\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ea5y tu\u1ed5i. \u2022m Tr\u01b0\u1eddng B\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Paris th\u1eddi Trang c\u1ed5 Th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5 l\u00e0th\u1eddi k\u00ec \u0111ent\u1ed1i c\u1ee7ach\u00e2uAu, ph\u1ea1m, l\u00f4gic, tu t\u1eeb, hlnh h\u1ecdc, to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c v\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc. khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ed1n dung th\u00e2n. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, v\u00e0o ch\u00ednh th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta l\u1ea1i Sau khi ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh 7 m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc, c\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean th\u1ea7nh l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc. c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc v\u1ecb c\u1eed nh\u00e2n, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ea1c s\u0129, sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec7m ch\u1ee9c danh Th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3, g\u1ea9n nh\u01b0 \u1edf m\u1ed7i tu vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3u ch\u1ee7 trl gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ee5 7 m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc. C\u00e1c m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc, m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o ra chuy\u00ean ng\u00e0nh: th\u1ea9n h\u1ecdc, tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, lu\u1eadt h\u1ecdc, nh\u1eefng cha x\u1ee9 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. 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BX t TH\u00fcYl C\u00fc\u00f4l fX lp C JEANNE C\u00d9NG MAY C\u00dcNG B| T\u00d4Mf D'ARC R\u00d4l! 125 A v W1","TLHN\u00c0EHMO\u1ee8Tt\u0110N\u00dd\u1ea4hG\u1ec0T\u1ea7CUGnHC\u00ccT!\u1ea2\u1ec8UTC\u00d4\u00c2\u1ee6INA Sau khi ]eanne d'Arc b\u1ecb b\u00fat. c\u00f3 bi \u00e1p gi\u00f2i \u0111en Rouen - c\u00e0n c\u00fa \u0111io cuo qu\u00e0n Anh \u1ecf Normandy v\u00e0 b\u1ecb x\u00e9l x\u00fa v\u00ec l\u00ed do t\u00f4n giao. Kh\u00f4ng! t\u00f4i KH\u00d4NG PH\u1ea2I L\u00c0 PH\u00d9 TH\u00daY T\u1eef\u00ed CH\u1ec8 TU\u00c2N THEO CH\u1ec8 D\u1ea8N\u2122 C\u00c2M MI\u1ec6NG[ PH\u00d9 TH\u00daY NH\u01af NG\u01af\u01a0I TH\u00cc PH\u1eaeI D\u00d9NG L\u1ec8\u1ec8A TH\u1ec2U CH\u1ebeT\u0128","NG\u00c0Y30TH\u00c1NG5N\u0102M1431, JEANNED'ARCB\u1ecaGI\u1ea2I\u0110\u1ebeNQU\u1ea2NG TTBRR\u1eca\u01af\u01afx\u1edc\u1eda\u1ee9NCGTS\u1ee9T\u1ef1RBCU\u1eb0HNN\u00daGGNGTG\u00c2I\u00c0MKNI\u1ebeCHN\u1ee6\u1eceACA\u00daRTAHouID\u00cae\u00c2UnN, CH\u00daNG. \u1ec2\u00ca CH\u00daA \u01a1l\u0129 GI\u1edc \u0110\u00c2Y CON s \u00e8 \u0110\u1ebeN B\u00caN NG\u01af\u1edcI...","YT\u00c1HH,A\u1ec6TNT\u01b0HTTVHH\u1eac\u1ea6\u1ebeYN' TTHHJDUE\u1eac'YAATNRKLNCH\u00c0E\u1ed0CPN\u00d3HNG\u00d9?\u2019 CGTHHI\u00daL\u1ebe\u00c1N\u1ebaTNGNNHT\u00c0HNAO\u1ea6\u1ee9M\u0110!\u00c3 J Saol\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 HO\u00c0NGCUNG K\u00fcflc PH\u1ea4P V\u1eacY CH\u00da... Ta L\u1ea0i KH\u00d4NGTH\u1ec2 JEANNED'ARC, c\u1ee9uJEANNE KHANHH\u00c3YTHA D'ARC... TH\u00daCHOTA\u0128","KHC\u00d4HN\u00daGNTGH\u1ec2ta\u0110\u1ec2 rJE\u0110ANN\u00d3HN\u1eecMEN\u1edaGDI'LGA\u00c0\u00ccRC JEANNED'ARCHI MONGmu\u1ed1n! SINHM\u1ed8TC\u00c1CH Kh\u00f4ng ^ U\u1ed4NG PH \u00cd BAO d \u1edd QU\u00caN JEANNE D'Ar c ! GI\u1edc\u0110\u00c2YCH\u00cdNH L\u00c0L\u00daCNH\u00c2ND\u00c2N Ph\u00e1p\u0111\u1ed3ngT\u00e2m \u0110HUI\u1ec6\u1ed4PIQL \u1ef1U\u00c2cN\u0110A\u00c1NNHH. MAU \u0111 u \u1ed1 i QU\u00c2N ANH \u0110 l\u0129 -","C\u00f3i chef c\u00faa Jeanne d'Arc \u0111\u00f5 danh d\u1ee5 cho c\u00f3. Ih\u1ee9c l\u00ednh l\u00f2ng d\u00f9ng com cua ng\u01b0\u00f2i Ph\u00e1p, th\u00fac \u0111\u00e1y h\u1ecd \u0111oan k\u1ebf\u1ec9 l\u1ecdi. N\u00e1m 1453, cu\u1ed1i cung qu\u00e0n Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 \u0111u\u00f2i qu\u00e1n Anh ra kh\u00f3i b\u00f2 C\u1eceI, cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn Iranh Anh - Ph\u00e1p k\u00e9o d\u00e0i l\u1eddi 100 n\u00e1m CU\u1ed0I c\u1ee7ng \u0111\u1ecf k\u1ebfl Ih\u00fac. NG\u00c0JENIA\u1ee9LN\u00c0TNHME\u1ef0\u1ed8DCT'ASTR\u1ef1HC!\u00c1!NH XwH\u00d3\u1eccCTN\u1ee6HGA\u1ec2\u01afTQ\u1edcAIU,P\u00caNHNH\u00c1\u01afTPN\u00caNG kSN\u1ed0GN\u01afGM\u1edc\u1eccITIR5n\u1ec2OgN\u01b0MG\u1edd\u00c3iLI!\u00d2MN\u00c0GI","B\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn banh Tr\u1ea3m N\u0103m T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1337 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1453, gi\u1eefa n\u01b0\u1ee9c Ph\u00e1p r\u1ea5t s\u00e2u s\u1eafc, v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb th\u00ec b\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc nghi\u00eang v\u1ec1 v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n ra cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh \u0111\u1ee9t vua Ph\u00e1p, nh\u01b0ng th\u1ecb d\u00e2n l\u1ea1i \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh. qu\u00e3ng k\u00e9o d\u00e0i t\u1edbi h\u01a1n 100 n\u0103m, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn tranh Tr\u0103m N\u0103m. Hai n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh - Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3u th\u00e8m mu\u1ed1n th\u00e0nh ph\u00f4' Flander gi\u00e0u c\u00f3, \u0111\u1ec3 tranh gi\u00e0nh quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t T\u1eeb khi c\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edbc x\u1ee9 Normandy l\u00e0 William \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 n\u00e0y, hai b\u00ean \u0111eu \u0111\u00e3 \u201cgi\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Anh, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eddi vua Anh \u0111\u1ec1u cung tu\u1ed1t ki\u1ebfm t\u1eeb l\u00e2u. s\u1edf h\u1eefu r\u1ea5t nhi\u00eau lanh \u0111\u1ecba \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p, nh\u01b0ng v\u1ec1 danh ngh\u0129a th\u00ec vua Anh l\u00e0 ch\u01b0 h\u1ea9u c\u1ee7a vua Ph\u00e1p. Ngo\u00e0i ra, d\u00f2 ho\u00e0ng t\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a hai n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh - Ph\u00e1p k\u1ebft th\u00f4ng gia trong th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i, khi\u1ebfn C\u00e1c \u0111\u1edd\u00ed vua Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec1u c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng gi\u00e0nh l\u1ea1i toan cho v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1eeba k\u1ebf ngai v\u00e0ng c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean b\u1ed9 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ecba t\u1eeb tay vua Anh\\\" nh\u01b0ng vua Anh l\u1ea1i ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. Vua Anh Edward III l\u00e0 ch\u00e1u ngo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a m\u01b0u toan gi\u1eef ch\u1eb7t c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ecba t\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p, \u0111\u1ed3ng vua Ph\u1eadp Charles IV. Sau khi vua Charles IV qua th\u1eddi gi\u00e0nh l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai b\u1ecb vua Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1eddi, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 con c\u00e1i k\u1ebf v\u1ecb ngai v\u00e0ng, v\u00ec th\u1ebf vua th\u00f4n t\u00ednh, v\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn gi\u1eefa vua Anh v\u00e0 vua Anh Edward III mu\u1ed1n l\u1ea5y t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 ch\u00e1u ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1eeba k\u1ebf ngai v\u00e0ng n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p. Nh\u01b0ng n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p r\u1ea5t s\u00e2u s\u1eafc. Ph\u00e1p l\u1ea5y l\u00ed do \u1ecdh\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ch\u00e1u trai b\u00ean n\u1ed9i th\u1eeba k\u1ebf Flander l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 duy\u00ean h\u1ea3i ph\u00eda B\u1eafc theo truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng n\u00ean ti\u1ebfn c\u1eed ch\u00e1u trai Philip n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p, v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a b\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p, l\u00e0 h\u1ecd h\u00e0ng xa v\u1edbi Charles IV l\u00e0m vua, khi\u1ebfn vua n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y kinh t\u1ebf ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n do c\u00f3 ngh\u1ec1 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t Edward III n\u1ed5i gi\u1eadn. len d\u1ea1. Nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t len d\u1ea1 Xung \u0111\u1ed9t gi\u1eefa Anh v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p v\u1ec1 l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5, l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a Flander ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u t\u1eeb n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh, v\u00ec th\u1ec1' \u00edch kinh t\u1ebf, c\u1ed9ng th\u00eam v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c th\u1eeba k\u1ebf ng\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng m\u1eadt v\u00e0ng c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng cu\u1ed9c chien thi\u1ebft v\u1edbi Anh. tranh gi\u1eefa hai n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed5 ra. M\u00e2u thu\u1eabn gi\u1eefa b\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc x\u1ee9 Flander v\u00e0 th\u1ecb d\u00e2n Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a G\u1ec9ai do\u1ea1n th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ea3a chi\u1ea5n banh Tr\u1ea3m N\u0103m chi\u1ebfn tranh Tr\u1ea3m N\u0103m T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1337 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1360 l\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1ee9 T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1368 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1396 l\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh Tr\u0103m N\u0103m. Th\u00e1ng 10 th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfn tranh Tr\u0103m N\u0103m. E)\u1ec3 gi\u00e0nh n\u0103m 1337, vua Anh l\u00e0 Edward III t\u1ef1 x\u01b0ng l\u00e0 vua l\u1ea1i l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh chi\u1ebfm, vua Charles n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p, d\u1eabn qu\u00e2n t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng Ph\u00e1p. Th\u00e1ng 6 V c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p thay \u0111\u1ed5i chi\u1ebfn thu\u1eadt, ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9t n\u0103m 1340, tr\u1eadn h\u1ea3i chi\u1ebfn Sluys \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i k\u00edch \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f4i ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi qu\u00e2n Anh h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh, \u00f4ng nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng cho qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p, Anh gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f2n ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i, quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n. Th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 1346, d\u00f9ng b\u1ed9 binh \u0111\u00e1nh thu\u00ea thay cho m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn qu\u00e2n Anh chi\u1ebfm v\u00f9ng Rouen cua n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p, k\u1ecb s\u0129, \u0111ong th\u1eddi x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng phao binh d\u00e3 chi\u00ean v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 8 th\u00ec \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1eafng qu\u00e2n tr\u00ean b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a h\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ed9i m\u1edbi. N\u0103m 1368, nh\u00e2n cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9ng Ph\u00e1p trong tr\u1eadn Cr\u00e9cy, n\u0103m sau chi\u1ebfm \u1ec9\u0129nh th\u1ecb ch\u1ed1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n v\u00f9ng Gascogne, tr\u1ea5n tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu Calais. qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 thu l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t. I\\\\l\u00e1m 1372, h\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p Sau \u0111\u00f3 trong th\u1eddi gian hai n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1eebng chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i h\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ed9i n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh t\u1ea1i La Rochelle, g\u1ea7n JQ n\u0103m (n\u0103m 1347 - n\u0103m 1355), n\u01b0\u1edbc ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3 v\u00f9ng duy\u00ean h\u1ea3i ph\u00eda T\u00e2y Anh l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9t nhi\u00ean t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng, chi\u1ebfm ph\u00eda T\u1ea7y B\u1eafc Ph\u00e1p Nam n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p. Th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1356, Ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed \u0110en - con trai c\u1ee7a Edward III \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft s\u1ed1ng vua Sau khi vua Charles V qua \u0111\u1eddi, ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eeba k\u1ebf Ph\u00e1p John II v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u01b0 h\u1ea7u. N\u0103m 1360, n\u01b0\u1edbc ngai v\u00e0ng l\u00e0 Charles VI kh\u00f4ng the cai tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea5t Ph\u00e1p bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i k\u00ed k\u1ebft h\u00f2a \u01b0\u1edbc, c\u1eaft nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00f9ng n\u01b0\u1edbc, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh ch\u00faa phong ki\u1ebfn l\u1edbn l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn t\u1eeb ph\u00eda Nam s\u00f4ng Loire xu\u1ed1ng trong n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u1ed5 ra gi\u00e0nh quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c, nh\u01b0ng v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ebfn Pyrenees cho n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh. th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3 n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh c\u0169ng n\u00f4 ra cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a do Wat Tyler l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o. Hai n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfn tranh Tr\u0103m th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 k\u00ed hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00ecnh N\u0103m k\u1ebft th\u00fac v\u1edbi k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 qu\u00e2n Anh to\u00e0n th\u1eafng. chi\u1ebfn v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1396. 131","Gia\u1ec9 do\u1ea1n th\u1ee9 ba c\u1ea3a chi\u1ebfn Gia\u1ec9 \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1eed t\u01b0 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ec9\u1ea5n * tranh Tr\u1ea3m M\u1ea3m tranh Tr\u00e1m N\u0103m T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1415 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1420 l\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1ee9 T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1428 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1453 l\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1ee9 ba c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh Tr\u0103m N\u0103m. Khi \u0111\u00f3, m\u00e2u t\u01b0 c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh Tr\u0103m N\u0103m, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 giai thu\u1eabn trong n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng gay \u0111o\u1ea1n cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng. Th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1428, qu\u00e2n Anh g\u1eaft: Phe l\u00e3nh ch\u00faa phong ki\u1ebfn Burgundy va phe li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi phe Burgundy c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng Armagnac g\u00e2y chi\u1ebfn tranh gi\u00e0nh quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c, c\u1eadc th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Orl\u00e9ans tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam n\u01b0\u1edbc cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u00eda c\u1ee7a n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n v\u00e0 th\u1ecb d\u00e2n li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp Ph\u00e1p, phong tr\u00e0o \u0111\u00e2u tranh gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c n\u1ed5 ra... Nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00f3, vua Anh Henry V th\u1eeba c\u01a1 m\u1edf l\u1ea1i c\u00f9a n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p d\u00e2ng cao. N\u0103m 1429, c\u00f4 g\u00e1i Jean cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh. d\u2019Arc xu\u1ea5t th\u00e2n t\u1eeb gia \u0111\u00ecnh n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ec9nh c\u1ea9u ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed Charles de \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u. C\u00f4 d\u1eabn qu\u00e2n Th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1415, vua Henry V d\u1eabn qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p gi\u1ea3i v\u00e2y cho th\u00e0nh Orl\u00e9ans, v\u00ec th\u1ebf nhu\u1ec7 kh\u00ed t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p. D\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb chien \u0111\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p d\u00e2ng cao. N\u0103m 1437, d\u1ed5np minh l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edbc x\u1ee9 Burgund\u00fd, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p gi\u00e0nh l\u1ea1i Paris. N\u0103m 1441, h\u1ecd thu l\u1ea1i chi\u00eam mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc Ph\u00e1p, \u00e9p bu\u1ed9c n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p k\u00ed v\u00f9ng Champagne. N\u0103m 1450, qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p gi\u1ea3i k\u1ebft hi\u1ec7p \u01af\u1edbc Troyes nh\u1ee5c nh\u00e3 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1420. ph\u00f3ng v\u00f9ng Normandy, \u0111\u1ed5ng th\u1eddi g\u00e2y thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i D\u1ef1a v\u1eb1o quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc th\u00ec n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p n\u1eb7ng cho qu\u00e2n Anh trong tr\u1eadn Bayonne. N\u0103m tr\u00f4 th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c 1453, h\u1ecd chinh ph\u1ee5c Guyenne. Th\u00e1ng 7, qu\u00e2n Anh. Vua Anh Henry V l\u00e0 nhi\u1ebfp ch\u00ednh v\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i qu\u00e2n Anh trong nu\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p, c\u00f3 quy\u1ebfn th\u1eeba k\u1ebf ng\u00f4i vua Ph\u00e1p sau tr\u1eadn Castillon. Ng\u00e0y 19 th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1453, qu\u00e2n khi vua Charles VI qua \u0111\u1eddi. Anh \u0111\u1ea9u h\u00e0ng t\u1ea1i Bordeaux, chi\u1ebfn tranh Tr\u0103m N\u0103m cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft th\u00fac v\u1edbi th\u1ea5ng l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p th\u1eddi \u1ea5\u1ef5 th\u00ec cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh nu\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p. Tr\u0103m N\u0103m \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. k\u1ecbp th\u1eddi x\u00f4ng ra chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng, qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p ph\u1ea3n cong d\u1eef d\u1ed9i. C\u00f4ng tu\u1edbc x\u1ee9 \u0102lencon d\u0169ng m\u00e3nh * r Tr\u1eadn Ag\u1ec9n_co_n_rt phi th\u01b0\u1eddng, ch\u00e9m l\u00e0m b\u1ecb thu\u01a1ng c\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edbc x\u1ee9 Gloucester c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n Anh, ti\u1ebfp do \u0111\u00e1nh ng\u00e3 vua Ng\u00e0y 25 th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1415, qu\u00e2n Anh v\u1edbi Henry V. Trong t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf ng\u00e0n c\u00e2n treo s\u1ee3i t\u00f3c, 1.000 k\u1ecb binh c\u00f9ng 4.000 x\u1ea1 th\u1ee7 v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p qu\u00e2n Anh li\u1ec1u ch\u1ebft t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 gi\u1ebft c\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edbc x\u1ee9 v\u1edbi h\u00e0ng v\u1ea1n qu\u00e2n do ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed Charles ch\u1ec9 huy Alencon. Ch\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng hi sinh t\u1ea1i tr\u1eadn, \u0111\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n th\u1ee9 \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eb7p nhau t\u1ea1i Agincourt. hai c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng l\u00fang t\u00fang, r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh t\u00f9 binh c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n Anl\u00ec. Tuy qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p chi\u1ebfm \u01b0u th\u1ebf tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1ec1 qu\u00e2n s\u1ed1 nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd l\u1ea1i b\u00e0y th\u1ebf tr\u1eadn ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7, c\u00f2n vua \u0110\u1ec3 tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3nh b\u1ecb bao v\u00e2y t\u1ee9 ph\u00eda, Anh Henry V \u0111\u00fang th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i y\u00eau c\u1ea7u gi\u1ea3ng vua Henry V ra l\u1ec7nh t\u00e0n s\u00e1t c\u00e1c t\u00f9 binh. R\u1ea5t h\u00f2a. Ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed Charles y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ph\u00eda Anh tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 nhi\u1ec1u qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o to\u00e0n t\u00ednh t\u1eeb b\u1ecf tham v\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u00f4i vua c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p. m\u1ea1ng trong cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u00e1c li\u1ec7t n\u00e0y, b\u1edfi h\u1ecd ngh\u0129 Vua Henry V kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu h\u1ee9a h\u1eb9n v\u00e0 quy\u1ebft li\u1ec1u r\u1eb1ng theo th\u00f4ng l\u1ec7, sau cu\u1ed9c chi\u00ean ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n giao m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadn. Henry V ra l\u1ec7nh cho \u00e9\u00e1c cung th\u1ee7 t\u1ea1o n\u1ed9p m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3n ti\u1ec1n chu\u1ed9c l\u1ea7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea3, kh\u00f4ng ng\u1edd th\u00e0nh th\u1ebf tr\u1eadn 6 \u0111\u1ed9i h\u00ecnh n\u00eam. B\u1ea3n th\u00e2n \u00f4ng v\u1edbi trong nh\u00e1y m\u1eaft t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u m\u1ea5t m\u1ea1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u00f9\u00e9i c\u00e1c k\u1ecb binh kh\u00e1c c\u00f9ng xu\u1ed1ng ng\u1ef1a, h\u1ee3p l\u1ef1c v\u1edbi ki\u1ebfm t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o. c\u00e1c cung th\u1ee7 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng. C\u1ea3nh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u1ebft ch\u00f3c hi h\u1eefu \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra hi\u1ec7u Qu\u00e2n Anh ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea9u ti\u00ean, c\u00e1c qu\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng ng\u1edd, s\u1ef1 hung t\u00e0n c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n Anh l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c c\u1ee5ng th\u1ee7 nhanh ch\u00f3ng ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u0111\u1ec3 k\u00e9o cung lam qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p ho\u1ea3ng s\u1ee3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ea5y b\u1eafn t\u1edbi t\u1ea5p, s\u00e1t th\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea9n l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ed9i q\u1ee5\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea9u ti\u00ean b\u00e0ng ho\u00e0ng th\u00e1o ch\u1ea1y. c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p. Qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00f4ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi, xep h\u00e0ng d\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c n\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n. \u0110\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed9ng, Trong tr\u1eadn \u0111\u00e1nh n\u00e0y, qu\u00e2n Anh ch\u1ec9 t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e0nh ph\u1ea3i x\u00eap th\u00e0nh 30 h\u00e0ng ngang qiiay m\u1eb7t h\u01a1n 500 ngu\u1edfi, c\u00f2n qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p th\u00ec m\u1ea5t t\u1edbi 5.000 v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda qu\u00e2n Anh \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3n c\u00f4ng. C\u00e1c x\u1ea1 th\u1ee7 cua - 6.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi. V\u00ec th\u00ea' tr\u1eadn \u1ea0gincourt tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh v\u00ed qu\u00e2n Anh t\u1ecf r\u00f5 uy l\u1ef1c th\u1ea9n k\u00ec, qu\u00e2n l\u00ednh Ph\u00e1p b\u1ecb d\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh l\u1ea5y \u00edt th\u1eafng nhi\u1ec1u trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebft v\u00e0 b\u1ecb th\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u1eafm ng\u1ed5n ngang \u1edf tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u. tranh c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Qu\u00e2n Anh th\u00e2y \u0111\u1ed9i h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n b\u00e8n nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00e0 x\u1ed1ng l\u00ean. Khi cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra \u00e1c li\u1ec7t th\u00ec \u0111\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 huy c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edbc x\u1ee9 Alencon \u0111\u00e3","n\u1eef Jean d\u2019Arc \u25a0 L S\u1ee9c chi\u00ean d\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n Trong cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh Tr\u0103m N\u0103m, qu\u00e2n Anh Anh v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n Ph\u00e1p li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp \u00e1p s\u00e1t, n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p m\u1ea5t \u0111i ph\u1ea9n l\u1edbn l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5, v\u00f9ng tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh Orl\u00e9ans c\u0169ng g\u1eb7p T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1337 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1453, hai b\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u nguy kh\u1ed1n. \u0110\u00fang v\u00e0o th\u1eddi kh\u1eafc nguy c\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f4 th\u1eafng thua \u1edf c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n kh\u00e1c nhau. \u0110\u1ed5ng th\u1eddi, g\u00e1i Jean d\u2019Arc m\u1edbi 17 tu\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e2n t\u1ef1 x\u01b0ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf chl d\u1eabn t\u1edbi gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 s\u1ef1 hai b\u00ean c\u0169ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i. ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed Charles (ng\u01b0\u1eddi sau n\u00e0y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh vua Charles V II) ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i qu\u00e2n Anh. D\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 d\u1eabn Th\u1eddi k\u00ec \u0111\u1ea9u c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn, qu\u00e2n Anh ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu d\u1eaft c\u1ee7a Jean d\u2019Arc, nhu\u1ec7 kh\u00ed c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 l\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1nh th\u1ee5\u00ea g\u1ed5m b\u1ed9 binh ki\u1ec3u m\u1edbi (c\u00e1c t\u0103ng cao, h\u1ecd li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp gi\u00e0nh l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng cung th\u1ee7), c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9i k\u1ecb s\u0129 \u0111\u00e1nh thu\u00ea, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t, Jean d\u2019Arc c\u0169ng v\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi \u0111\u1ec1u h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c trung th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 vua. Qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 th\u00e1nh n\u1eef gi\u00e1ng tr\u1ea9n. ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9i k\u1ecb s\u0129 phong ki\u1ebfn, v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, k\u1ec9 lu\u1eadt qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i v\u00e0 d\u00e0o t\u1ea1o th\u00ec qu\u00e2n \u0111\u00e1nh thu\u00ea Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, chi\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3n h\u00e1ch v\u00e0 uy c\u1ee7a Anh c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n ch\u00ednh quy, kh\u1ea3 danh l\u1eaby l\u1eebng c\u1ee7a Jean d\u2019Arc \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m c\u00e1c quan n\u0103ng t\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng k\u1ecb s\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ea7n ghen t\u1ee9c. H\u1ecd lo l\u1eafng r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y phong ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p. C\u0169ng v\u00ec v\u1eady m\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, Jean d\u2019Arc - ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed ph\u1ea3i b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edfc n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp qu\u00e2n \u0111\u00e1nh Charles t\u00edn nhi\u1ec7m, s\u1ebd thay th\u00ea' v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. V\u00ec thu\u00ea ph\u00f2ng b\u1ecb. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ebf, trong tr\u1eadn Compiegne, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eeda th\u00e0nh minh r\u1eb1ng k\u1ecb binh h\u1ea1ng n\u1eb7ng r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 uy l\u1ef1c l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 k\u00e9o c\u1ea9u treo l\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1eaft \u0111\u1ee9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng lui qu\u00e2n nh\u01b0 ng\u00e0y tr\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh c\u1ee7a Jean d\u2019Arc. Jean d\u2019Arc b\u1ecb qu\u00e2n ph\u1ea3n lo\u1ea1n ki\u1ec3u m\u1edbi c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng cung th\u1ee7 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh Burgundy b\u1eaft gi\u1eef, sau \u0111\u00f3, l\u1ea1i b\u1ecb qu\u00e2n Anh \u201cmua b\u1ea1i c\u00e1c k\u1ecb binh. l\u1ea1i\\\" b\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n l\u1edbn. H\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0a c\u00f4 ra t\u00f2a \u00e1n d\u1ecb gi\u00e1o, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng x\u1eed t\u1eed c\u00f4 v\u1edbi t\u1ed9i danh l\u00e0 ph\u00f9 th\u1ee7y. Th\u1eddi k\u00ec cu\u1ed1i, qu\u00e2n ph\u00f2ng b\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea3i Jean d\u2019Arc b\u1ecb thi\u00eau s\u1ed1ng \u1edf tu\u1ed5i 19. ti\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n v\u00e0 tranq b\u1ecb cho qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u00fang \u0111\u1ea1n de \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi cung t\u00ean c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n Anh. T\u1eeb \u0111\u1ed5, s\u00fang \u0111\u1ea1n c\u0169ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i trong c\u00e1c tr\u1eadn \u0111\u00e1nh. Tr\u1eadn h\u1ea3i chi\u1ebfn Slnys \u0111\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n m\u0169 gi\u00e1p nh\u1ea3y l\u00ean t\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecbch \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1p l\u00e1 c\u00e0. C\u00f2n c\u00e1c t\u00e0u chi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p do kh\u00f4ng Th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 1337, vua Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 Philip VI quy\u1ebft c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ea1i thi\u1ebfu cung th\u1ee7, qu\u00e2n l\u00ednh th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecbnh xu\u1ea5t qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 chinh ph\u1ee5c v\u00f9ng Guyenne v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 m\u0169 gi\u00e1p n\u00ean r\u01a1i v\u00e0o th\u1ebf b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed9ng. Sau 8 gi\u1edd thu\u1ed9c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a Anh, cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh Anh chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u \u00e1c li\u1ec7t, h\u00e0ng t\u00e0u chi\u1ebfn th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a - Ph\u00e1p n\u1ed5 ra. Th\u00e1ng 11 c\u00f9ng n\u0103m, vua Anh l\u00e0 qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i, qu\u00e2n l\u00ednh tr\u00ean h\u00e0ng t\u00e0u Edward III d\u1eabn qu\u00e2n t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng nu\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p. chi\u1ebfn th\u1ee9 hai m\u1ea5t nhu\u1ec7 kh\u00ed chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u, \u0111ua nh\u1ea1u th\u00e1o ch\u1ea1y, kh\u00f4ng chi\u1ebfn m\u00e0 b\u1ea1i. H\u00e0ng t\u00e0u chi\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111o\u1ea1t l\u1ea5y quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n, v\u00e0o th\u1ee9 ba c\u0169ng b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh tan trong tr\u1eadn ban \u0111\u00eam. th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 1340, vua Anh Edward III d\u1eabn T\u1edbi s\u00e1ng s\u1edbm ng\u00e0y 25, \u0111\u1ed9i t\u00e0u chi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p 22.000 qu\u00e2n, 250 t\u00e0u chi\u1ebfn ti\u1ebfn qu\u00e2n v\u00e0o c\u1ea3ng th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i th\u1ea3m h\u1ea1i, t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t g\u1ea7n 180 t\u00e0u, t\u01b0\u1edbng Sluys - c\u0103n c\u1ee9 h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p. Vua Ph\u00e1p s\u0129 b\u1ecb th\u01b0\u01a1ng vong r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u. Qu\u00e2n Anh bj th\u01b0\u01a1ng Philip VI l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c c\u1eed 20.000 qu\u00e2n v\u00e0 200 t\u00e0u vong h\u01a1n 4.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi. N\u01b0\u1edbc Anh chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng t\u1edbi ngh\u00eanh chi\u1ebfn. \u0110\u1ed9i t\u00e0u chi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p d\u00e0n trong tr\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0 gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m th\u00e0nh 3 h\u00e0ng, m\u1ed7i h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec1u d\u00f9ng x\u00edch s\u1eaft n\u1ed1i so\u00e1t tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n, m\u1edf ra c\u1ee5c di\u1ec7n m\u1edbi cho vi\u1ec7c v\u01b0\u1ee3t c\u00e1c t\u00e0u chi\u1ebfn l\u1ea1i, s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e1nh ch\u1eb7n. Tr\u01b0a bi\u1ec3n t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p \u00edt l\u00e2u sau. ng\u00e0y 24, \u0111\u1ed9i t\u00e0u chi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a Anh xu\u00f4i theo h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u00f2ng n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ea5n c\u1ed1ng gi\u00e0nh tr\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecba tr\u01b0\u1edbc, ti\u1ebfp 1 3 3 jL \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ec7nh cho c\u00e1c x\u1ea1 th\u1ee7 b\u1eafn t\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 y\u1ec3m h\u1ed9 cho","Anh huo\u00ecig c\u00f9a chi\u00e8n tranh S\u1ef1 h\u1ec9nh th\u00e0nh d\u1ea7n t\u1ed9c Ph\u00e1p Tr\u1ea3m N\u0103m data nh\u1ea5t Chi\u1ebfn tranh Tr\u0103m N\u0103m gi\u1eefa hai n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh - N\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1eeb v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c T\u00e2y Ph\u00e1p t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1337 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1453 d\u00f9 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Frank. T\u1eeb n\u1eeda sau th\u00ea' k\u1ec9 9 v\u00e0 th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 10, n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Anh hay nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p th\u00ec \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p lu\u00f4n \u1edf trong t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng c\u00e1t c\u1ee9 phong ki\u1ebfn. m\u1ed9t th\u1ea3m h\u1ecda. T\u1eeb sau khi vua Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 Louis VI l\u00ean ng\u00f4i v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1108, v\u01b0\u01a1ng quy\u1ec1n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea9u l\u1edbn m\u1ea1nh. Do chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfn tranh Tr\u0103m N\u0103m T\u1edbi n\u0103m 1226, d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a vua Louis IX, th\u1ebf ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu di\u1ec5n ra t\u1ea1i l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p n\u00ean n\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh ch\u00faa \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ecb gi\u1ea3m s\u00fat, kinh t\u1ebf Ph\u00e1p b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh hu\u1edfng nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n. Trong th\u1eddi v\u01b0\u01a1ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn m\u1ea1nh, \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng gian chi\u1ebfn tranh, \u0111\u1ec3 huy \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh ph\u00ed cho cu\u1ed9c cho vi\u1ec7c th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p. N\u0103m 1328, d\u1ecd chi\u1ebfn, vua Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi quy t\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e3 tr\u01b0ng thu thu\u1ebf hai n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh - Ph\u00e1p n\u1ea3y sinh m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn v\u1ec1 \u1edf m\u1ee9c cao \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nong d\u00e2n v\u00e0 th\u1ecb d\u00e2n, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1eeba k\u1ebf ngai v\u00e0ng, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng d\u1eabn t\u1edbi d\u1eabn t\u1edbi c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn. Cho d\u00f9 chi\u1ebfn tranh Tr\u0103m N\u0103m. Cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh k\u00e9o c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ecfi ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t b\u1ecb d\u1eadp t\u1eaft nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e0i \u0111\u00f3 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng k\u1ebft th\u00fac v\u1edbi th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00fang c\u0169ng gi\u00e1ng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f2n r\u1ea5t m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0o ch\u1ebf Ph\u00e1p. \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p. Cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 th\u1ee9c t\u1ec9nh v\u1ec1 \u00fd th\u1ee9c Chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng trong chi\u1ebfn tranh Tr\u0103m N\u0103m d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, v\u00ec th\u1ebf n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m then ch\u1ed1t cho vi\u1ec7c th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t d\u1eadn t\u1ed9c, \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho vi\u1ec7c m\u1edf Ph\u00e1p. Sau \u0111\u00f3, kinh t\u00ea' x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Ph\u00e1p ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n r\u1ed9ng ra ch\u00e2u \u00c2u sau n\u00e0y. th\u1ea7n t\u1ed1c, c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng trong n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u0169ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u li\u00ean h\u1ec7 ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u1edbi nhau. D\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi vua Louis N\u01b0\u1edbc Anh kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng ch\u1eb3ng gi\u00e0nh du\u1ee3c g\u00ec XI, th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng trong n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi Paris l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m t\u1eeb chi\u1ebfn tranh Tr\u0103m N\u0103m m\u00e0 c\u00f2n g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 m\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh. L\u1ea5y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u1eef Paris h\u1ebft to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ecba t\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p. Tuy nhi\u00ean, sau khi l\u00e0m n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng, ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef chung c\u0169ng d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n m\u01b0u \u0111\u1ed3 x\u01b0ng b\u00e1 t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u \u00c2u c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh bi ti\u00eau th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t. tan, h\u1ecd bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i chuy\u1ec3n h\u01b0\u1edbng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ra bi\u1ec3n v\u1ea3 bu\u1edbc v\u00e0o con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng x\u01b0ng b\u00e1 tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n. T\u00f2a \u00e1n d\u1ecb gi\u00e1o tr\u1ef1c thu\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u1ee7a l\u1edbn m\u1ea1nh, t\u00f2a \u00e1n d\u1ecb gi\u00e1o tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u1eafc gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng. T\u00f2a \u00e1n n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 chu\u1ef5\u00ean ch\u1ebf. gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Innocent III tr\u1ecb v\u00ec (1198 - 1216) Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u1eeb t\u00f2a \u00e1n d\u1ecb gi\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ea5n \u00e1p cu\u1ed9c v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a phe T\u00e2y Ban Nha \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 cho Albigensian \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p. D\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf T\u00e2y Ban Nha. H\u1ecd gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Gregory IX tr\u1ecb v\u00ec (1227 - 1241), ki\u1ec3u kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 d\u00f9ng t\u00f2a \u00e1n n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ea5n \u00e1p t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o t\u00f2a \u00e1n n\u00e0y t\u1ed5rTt\u1ea1i ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u1edf c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia C\u01a1 d\u1ecb \u0111oan m\u00e0 c\u00f2n d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ee9c h\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea2 R\u1eadp \u0110\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i. Trong 15 n\u0103m t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1483 t\u1edbi n\u0103m 1498, s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb t\u00f2a \u00e1n d\u1ecb gi\u00e1o b\u1ee9c h\u1ea1i M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a t\u00f2a \u00e1n l\u00e0 tr\u1ea5n \u00e1p t\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t h\u01a1n 100.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi. c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 m\u00ea t\u00edn d\u1ecb \u0111oan ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i, ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 vua v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u1ee9\u1eebi c\u00f3 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng V\u00e0o th\u00ea' ki 18, \u0111a s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia T\u00e2y \u00c2u \u0111\u1ec1u m\u00ea t\u00edn d\u1ecb \u0111oan hay \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ecnh v\u1edbi m\u00ea t\u00edn d\u1ecb \u0111oan. x\u00f3a b\u1ecf t\u00f2a \u00e1n d\u1ecb gi\u00e1o. C\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 ch\u1ee7 tr\u00ec vi\u1ec7c th\u1ea9m tra x\u00e9t x\u1eed do gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh. T\u00f2a \u00e1n d\u1ecb gi\u00e1o s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng phi\u0102ng N\u0103m 1908, d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u00f4i gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Pius X tr\u1ecb v\u00ec, ph\u00e1p tra h\u1ecfi l\u1ea5y cung b\u1ecb c\u00e1o v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng t\u00e0n kh\u1ed1c \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean t\u00f2a \u00e1n t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o t\u1ed1i cao \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec3 \u00e9p h\u1ecd khai ra. N\u1ebfu b\u1ecb c\u00e1o \u0103n n\u0103n th\u00ec b\u1ecb giam d\u1ef1ng t\u1ea1i Rome v\u00e0o gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 16 th\u00e0nh \u201cTh\u00e1nh c\u1ea7m, t\u1ecbch thu t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n, c\u00f2n n\u1ebfu t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i h\u1ed1i t\u1ed9i th\u00ec ch\u1ee9c b\u1ed9\\\", ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu ph\u1ee5 tr\u00e1ch vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m tra s\u00e1ch b\u1ecb x\u1eed t\u1eed b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch thi\u00eau s\u1ed1ng. b\u00e1o, ban b\u1ed1 danh m\u1ee5c s\u00e1ch c\u1ea5m, khai tr\u1eeb gi\u00e1o t\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 v\u00e0 b\u00e3i mi\u1ec5n ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Cu\u1ed1i th\u00ea' k\u1ec9 14, khi v\u01b0\u01a1ng quy\u1ec1n \u1edf T\u00e2y \u00c2u d\u1ea7n nh\u00e2n s\u1ef1 chuy\u00ean tr\u00e1ch v\u1ec1 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. \u1eb2 134","NI\u00caN BI\u1ec2U S\u1ef1 KI\u1ec6N L\u1ecaCH s\u1eed N\u0102M C\u00c1C V\u00d9NG THU\u1ed8C CH\u00c2U \u00c2u C\u00c1C N\u01a0I KH\u00c1C 375 D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c German b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea1i di c\u01b0. Vua Chandragupta II c\u1ee7a \u1ea4n D\u1ed9 l\u00ean ng\u00f4i. 395 \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c \u0110\u00f4ng La M\u00e3 v\u00e0 T\u00e2y La M\u00e3 chia t\u00e1ch. Gwanggaeto \u0110\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebf cai tr\u1ecb Goguryeo (391). 420 D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Frank v\u01b0\u1ee3t s\u00f4ng Rhine. 449 D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Anglo-Saxon x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh. \u1ea4n D\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, th\u1eddi k\u00ec B\u1eafc tri\u1ec1u \u1ed9 Trung Qu\u1ed1c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u. 453 \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Hung N\u00f4 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5. 476 \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c T\u00e2y La M\u00e3 b\u1ecb di\u1ec7t vong. 481 Clovis tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh vua c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Frank. Nh\u00e0 T\u00f9y th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t Trung Qu\u1ed1c (589). 568 V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Lombard xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i ph\u00eda B\u1eafc Italy. Mohammed s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp ra H\u1ed5i gi\u00e1o (610). 711 \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c \u1ea2 R\u1eadp ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Visigothic. T\u00f9y D\u1ea1ng \u0110\u1ebf b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft, nh\u00e0 T\u00f9y di\u1ec7t vong, nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n (618). \u25a0 714 Charles Martel tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3n th\u1eeba c\u1ee7a v\u1ee9dng Huy\u1ec1n Trang sang \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 th\u1ec9nh kinh qu\u1ed1c Frank. (629-645). 749 Pepin tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3n th\u1eeba c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Frank. Tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i Abbasid c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c \u1ea2 R\u1eadp xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n (750). 751 Pepin tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh vua c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Frank. Lo\u1ea1n An S\u1eed x\u1ea3y ra t\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c (755). 756 Pepin hi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5t cho gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng La M\u00e3. \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c \u1ea2 R\u1eadp b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea9u x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 Baghdad (762). 768 Charlemagne tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh vua c\u1ee7a vi\u00dfng qu\u1ed1c Frank. 772 Adrian I tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng La M\u00e3. Charlemagne \u0110\u1ea1i \u0111\u00ea' tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf Baghdad ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng ph\u1ed3n vinh (803) 800 qu\u1ed1c T\u00e2y La M\u00e3. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1edf \u0111i ch\u1eebng 200 n\u0103m, \u1edf \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c A R\u1eadp xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u1eadp truy\u1ec7n \u201cNg\u00e0n l\u1ebb m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ebfm\\\". ngu\u1eddi Norman t\u00e0n s\u00e1t b\u1eeba b\u00e3i \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c \u0110\u00f4ng La M\u00e3 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn 8t2 \u25a0 Charlemagne D\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebf l\u00e0 ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf c\u00f9a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c T\u00e2y La M\u00e3. 814. Charlemagne \u0110\u1ea1i d\u1ebf qua \u0111\u1eddi, Louis I k\u1ebf vi ngai v\u1ea7ng. 829 V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Anglo-Saxon xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i Anh. 843 Theo \\\"Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc Verdun\\\", v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Frank bi chia th\u00e0nh 3 ph\u00e1n. 135^k WI","N\u00c3M C\u00c1C V\u00d9NG THU\u1ed8C CH\u00c2U \u00c2u C\u00c1C N\u01a0I KH\u00c1C 870 V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Frank l\u1ea1i b\u1ecb ph\u00e2n chia m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa. Nh\u00e0 Du\u1ee1ng c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c di\u1ec7t vong, b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o 911 Th\u1ee7 \u1ec9\u0129nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi Norman l\u00e0 Rollo tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng th\u1eddi k\u00ec Ngu \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eadp Qu\u1ed1c (907). Cao Ly th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean (936). t\u01b0\u1edbc x\u1ee9 Normandy. Tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i B\u1eafc T\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp 962 Otto I D\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebf tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u00ea' c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c (960). La M\u00e3 Th\u1ea9n th\u00e1nh. 980 T\u1ea1i b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o Iberia xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n cu\u1ed9c v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1eafc t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 C\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o thu ph\u1ee5c l\u00e3nh tho. 1066 William chinh ph\u1ee5c n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh, th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp tri\u1ec1u Tri\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea1i Seljuk c\u1ee7a Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 chi\u1ebfm l\u0129nh \u0111\u1ea1i Normandy. Baghdad (1055). 1076 Vua Henry IV c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c La M\u00e3 Th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh V\u01b0\u01a1ng An Th\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u T\u1ed1ng, Trung Qu\u1ed1c b\u1eaft b\u1ecb khai tr\u1eeb gi\u00e1o t\u1ecbch. \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt. 1077 Vua Henry IV \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ban gi\u00e1o t\u1ecbch m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa (chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i Canossa). 1095 Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng La M\u00e3 Urban II ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9ng cu\u1ed9c Th\u1eadp t\u1ef1 chinh v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng. 1096 Cu\u1ed9c Th\u1eadp t\u1ef1 chinh l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 1 (\u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1099). 1099 Qu\u00e2n Th\u1eadp t\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Jerusalem. Tri\u1ec1u B\u1eafc T\u1ed1ng b\u1ecb qu\u00e2n Kim ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t (1126). 1147 Cu\u1ed9c Th\u1eadp t\u1ef1 chinh l\u1ea9n th\u1ee9 2 (\u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1149). Th\u00e0nh C\u00e1t T\u01b0 H\u00e3n ra \u0111\u1eddi (1155) 1189 Cu\u1ed9c Th\u1eadp t\u1ef1 chinh l\u1ea9n th\u1ee9 3 (\u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1192). Salad\u00edn chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00e1nh Jerusalem (1187). 1202 Cu\u1ed9c Th\u1eadp t\u1ef1 chinh l\u1ea9n th\u1ee9 4 (\u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1204). 1202 Trong khi cu\u1ed9c Th\u1eadp t\u1ef1 chinh l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 di\u1ec5n ra, de qu\u1ed1c D\u00f4ng La M\u00e3 t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi di\u1ec7t vong. 1215 Vua John c\u1ee7a nu\u1edbc Anh k\u00ed k\u1ebft \u201c\u0110\u1ea1i Hi\u1ebfn Th\u00e0nh C\u00e1t T\u01b0 H\u00e3n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea9u vi\u1ec5n chinh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u201d. T\u00e2y (1219-1224). 1228 Cu\u1ed9c Th\u1eadp t\u1ef1 chinh l\u1ea9n th\u1ee9 5. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u00f4ng c\u1ed5 di\u1ec7t Kim (1234). 1241 C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 ph\u00eda B\u1eafc n\u01b0\u1edbc D\u1ee9c tham gia li\u00ean minh Hanse. 1248 Cu\u1ed9c Th\u1eadp t\u1ef1 chinh l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 6 (\u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1254). Tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i Abbasid di\u1ec7t vong (1258). 1270 Cu\u1ed9c Th\u1eadp t\u1ef1 chinh l\u1ea9n th\u1ee9 7. H\u1ed1t T\u1ea5t Li\u1ec7t l\u1eadp ra nh\u00e0 Nguy\u00ean. 1271 Marco Polo ngu\u1eebi Genoa, Italy du h\u00e0nh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng 1302 Nu\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb ba \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p. 1337 Chi\u1ebfn tranh Tr\u0103m N\u0103m gi\u1eefa Anh v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p b\u1eaft Qu\u00e2n Ottoman b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea9u x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm ch\u00e2u \u00c2u (1353). \u0111\u1ea7u (\u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1453). 1347 B\u1ec7nh d\u1ecbch h\u1ea1ch b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea9u lan tr\u00e0n kh\u1eafp ch\u00e2u \u00c2u Nh\u00e0 Nguy\u00ean di\u1ec7t vong, tri\u1ec3u Minh th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp (1368). (\u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1351). 1358 Cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a Jacquerie n\u1ed5 ra t\u1ea1i n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p. \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Tamerlane xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf Trung \u00c1 (1369). 1381 Cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a do Wat Tyler l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o n\u1ed5 ra t\u1ea1i n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh. 1429 Th\u00e1nh n\u1eef Jean d\u2019Arc xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, c\u1ee9u nguy cho n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p. 1431 Th\u00e1nh n\u1eef Jean d\u2019Arc b\u1ecb thi\u00eau s\u1ed1ng. 1453 Chi\u1ebfn tranh Tr\u0103m N\u0103m k\u1ebft th\u00fac. D\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Ottoman ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c D\u00f4ng La M\u00e3."]