Vyakaran Shilp Class- 6 (Pages 1 to 33)

6 ladYiuk ,M~;wlksÝV Vhe mRiknu Vhe xxu vxzoky xfjek cyokuh ys[kdµ lksue lgxy laLFkkid ,oa funsZ'kd fgrs'k lSuh dykÑfrµ t; jkt fp=kkadu dykdkjµ jes'k oqQekj iqLrd fMtkbfuaxµ veunhi flag

fganh ls lEcaf/r ewyHkwr jkspd tkudkjh fiz; ikBd] fganh dh lcls cM+h fo'ks\"krk ;g gS fd ;g ftl :i esa fy[kh tkrh gS] mlh izdkj ;g cksyh Hkh tkrh gSA ;gk¡fganh ls lEcaf/r eqyHkwr jkspd tkudkjh nh x;h gS tks vkidks fganh o.kZekyk dks ;kn j[kus esa vR;ar lgk;d gksxhA fganh o.kZekyk esa 11 Loj rFkk 33 O;atu fxuk, tkrs gSa] ijUrq buesa M+ ]~ <+ ~ va rFkk v% tksM+us ij fganh osQ o.kksZa dh oqQy la[;k 48 gks tkrh gSA tc dHkh O;atu dk iz;ksx Loj ls jfgr fd;k tkrk gS rc mlosQ uhps ,d frjNh js[kk (#~) yxk nh tkrh gSA ;g js[kk gyar dgykrh gSA gy;qÙkQ Oa;tu gyar o.kZ dgykrk gSA tSls& fon~;kA fganh o.kZekyk ozQe dks vklkuh ls ;kn j[kus dk mik; lcls igys vkidks fganh v{kjksa osQ mPpkj.kksa dk ozQe le>uk gksxkA fganh dh fyfi dks nsoukxjh dgrs gSaA nsoukxjh laLo`Qr Hkk\"kk ls yh xbZ gSA ,d er osQ vuqlkj nsouxj (dk'kh) esa izpyu osQ dkj.k bldk uke nsoukxjh iM+kA bl fyfi esa Loj& v ls vkS rd osQ o.kksZa dh èofu;k¡mPpkj.kksa osQ le; fcuk fdlh #dkoV osQ osQoy Üokl&ok;q (breath&air) }kjk fudyrh gSaA blosQ vfrfjDr O;atu Hkh mPpkj.k osQvk/kj ij fofHkUu oxksZa esa foHkkftr gSaA ;g bl izdkj gSaA l oaQBO; [Guttoral] (d] [k] x] ?k] M- ) & buosQ mPpkj.k osQ le; èofu xys ls fudyrh gSA l rkyO; [Palatal] (p] N] t] >] ×k) & buosQ mPpkj.k osQ le; thHk rkyw ls yxrh gSA l ew/ZU; [Cerebral] (V] B] M] M+ ] <] <+ ] .k) & budk mPpkj.k osQ le; thHk nk¡rksa ls yxrh gSA l nUrh; [Dental] (r] Fk] n] /] u) & buosQ mPpkj.k osQ le; èofu xys ls fudyrh gSA l vks\"BÔ [Labial] (i] iQ] c] Hk] e) & budk mPpkj.k vks\"B (gksaBksa) osQ feyus ij gh gksrk gSA l ukflD; [Nasal] (M-~ ] ×k~] .k~] u~] e~) & buosQ mPpkj.k osQ le; èofu xys ls fudyrh gSA l var%LFk [Unaspirated] (;] j] y] o) l mQ\"e [Aspirated] ('k] \"k] l] g) vki bu O;atuksa dks d] p] V] r] i oxZ osQ ozQe ls vklkuh ls ;kn j[k ldrs gSaA ok;q dh 'kfDr osQ vk/kj ij èofu;k¡ 1- vYiizk.k & bu èofu;ksa osQ mPpkj.k esa isQiQM+ksa ls de Üokl ok;q ckgj fudyrh gSA tSls i] c] r] n] p] t] d] y] j] o] ; vkfnA 2- egkizk.k & bu èofu;ksa osQ mPpkj.k esa isQiQM+ksa ls vf/d Üokl ok;q ckgj fudyrh gSA tSls [k] ?k] iQ] Hk] Fk] /] N] > vkfnA ?kks\"kRo osQ vk/kj ij èofu;k¡ 1- v?kks\"k & ftu èofu;ksa osQ mPpkj.k esa isQiQM+ksa ls Üokl ok;q Loj&raf=k;ksa ls oaQiu djrh gqbZ ugha fudyrh v?kks\"k dgykrh gSA tSls& d] [k] p] N] V] B] r] Fk] i] iQ] 'k] \"k] lA 2- l?kks\"k & ftu èofu;ksa osQ mPpkj.k esa Üokl ok;q Loj&raf=k;ksa ls oaQiu djrh gqbZ fudyrh gS] mUgsa l?kks\"k dgrs gSA tSls& x] ?k] M- ] ×k]>] e] M] <] .k] n] /] u] c] Hk] e rFkk ;] j] y] o] M] < èofu;k¡l?kks\"k gSA

vkeq[k Hkk\"kk og lk/u gS ftlosQ n~okjk euq\"; vius fopkj nwljksa rd igq¡pkrk gSA O;kdj.k osQ fu;eksa osQ fcuk Hkk\"kk dk 'kqn~/ :i ugha lh[kk tk ldrkA izLrqr O;kdj.k J`a[kyk ^fganh O;kdj.k*] Hkkx 1 ls 8 cPpksa dh #fp rFkk ;ksX;rk osQ Lrj dks ns[krs gq, dh xbZ gSA* izLrqr iqLrd&J`a[kyk dh fo'ks\"krk,¡bl izdkj gS & v O;kdj.k osQ O;kogkfjd Kku ij fo'ks\"k cy fn;k x;k gS vkSj blosQ fy, fo'ys\"k.k dks cksf>y u cukdj bldh ewy jpuk osQ rRoksa dk laKkukRed vuqiz;ksx fl[kk;k x;k gSA v Hkk\"kk] O;kdj.k] o.kZekyk] 'kCn] mlosQ Hksn ,oa 'kCn&HkaMkj vkfn lHkh ikB cPpksa dh vko';drk] ;ksX;rk ,oa mudh xzg.k&{kerk osQ vuqlkj lqfu;ksftr rjhosQ ls izLrqr fd, x, gSaA v blesa jpukRed ,oa iz;kstuewyd] lHkh f'k{k.k&lkexzh dk mfpr lekos'k fd;k x;k gS] tSls dgkuh&ys[ku] vuqPNsn rFkk fuca/ ys[ku] vifBr& xn~;ka'k vkfnA v nSuafnu thou ls laca/ vusd mnkgj.kksa dk lfp=k izLrqrhdj.k Hkk\"kk&Kku dks ljy ,oa lqcks/ cukrk gS rFkk ^jVus* osQ LFkku ij Lor% le>us dks izksRlkgu feyrk gSA v Nk=kksa osQ Kku dks ij[kus osQ fy, vkn'kZ iz'u i=k Hkh fn, x, gSaA gesa iw.kZ fo'okl gS fd izkFkfed d{kkvksa osQ fo|kfFkZ;ksa osQ fy, izLrqr iqLrd&J`a[kyk Hkk\"kk&Kku osQ {ks=k esa ,d ojnku fl¼ gksxhA leLr lq/h ikBdksa rFkk fon~oTtuksa osQ vewY; ijke'kZ dk ge lnSo Lokxr djrs gSaA & laiknd

fo\"k; lwph i`\"B la[;k ozQe fo\"k; 5 10 1- Hkk\"kk vkSj O;kdj.k 16 2- o.kZ&fopkj 23 3- 'kCn&fopkj 32 4- okD;&fopkj 36 5- milxZ 39 6- izR;; 48 7- laf/ 68 8- laKk vkSj laKk osQ fodkj 73 9- loZuke 80 10- fo'ks\"k.k 84 11- fozQ;k 89 12- dky 97 13- vO;; ;k vfodkjh 'kCn 101 14- fojke&fpg~u 112 15- 'kCn HkaMkj 118 16- eqgkojs ,oa yksdksfDr;k¡ 120 17- vifBr xn~;ka'k 123 18- i=k&ys[ku 125 19- fuca/&ys[ku 127 vkn'kZ iz'u i=k&1 vkn'kZ iz'u i=k&2

1 Hkk\"kk vkSj O;kdj.k d- (Language and Grammar) [k- x- Åij fn, x, fp=kksa dks è;ku ls nsf[k, vkSj crkb, fd& d- igys fp=k esa cPps D;k dj jgs gSa\\ [k- nwljs fp=k esa yM+dh D;k dj jgh gS\\ x- rhljs fp=k esa yM+dk D;k dj jgk gS\\ Åij osQ fp=kksa osQ vk/kj ij fy[ks x, rhuksa okD;ksa osQ Hkkoksa dks izdV djus osQ fy, vkidks] cksyus] fy[kus vkSj i<+us dk lgkjk ysuk iM+rk gSA vr% Hkk\"kk lkFkZd èofu;ksa dk og lewg gS] ftlosQ ekè;e ls ge vius fopkj nwljksa osQ le{k izLrqr dj ldrs gSa vkSj muosQ fopkjksa ls voxr gks ldrs gSaA okLro esa tks ge cksyrs gSa] ogh Hkk\"kk gSA vius eu osQ fopkjksa dks nwljksa rd igq¡pkus osQ fy, izR;sd ns'k esa fofHkUu Hkk\"kkvksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA lalkj esa vusd Hkk\"kk,¡izpfyr gSaA tSls & mnwZ] i+ Qkjlh] fganh] vaxzs”kh] laLo`Qr] vjch] :lh vkfnA izR;sd jk\"Vªesa ,d ,slh Hkk\"kk gksrh gS tks vf/drj yksxksa n~okjk cksyh tkrh gS vkSj le>h tkrh gS] ogh ml jk\"Vªdh jk\"VªHkk\"kk cu tkrh gSA Hkkjr dh jk\"VªHkk\"kk fganh gSA blosQ vfrfjDr gekjs ns'k osQ fofHkUu {ks=kksa esa fHkUu&fHkUu Hkk\"kk,¡cksyh tkrh gSa] tSls & iatkch] mnwZ] caxyk] ejkBh] laLo`Qr] rfey] rsyqxw] vkfnA 5 fganh O;kdj.k & 6

ekSf[kd Hkk\"kk osQ izdkj fyf[kr Hkk\"kk nks izdkj ls iz;ksx esa vkrh gS& d- ekSf[kd & ftl Hkk\"kk dks eq[k ls cksyk tkrk gS vkSj dkuksa ls lquk tkrk gS] mls ekSf[kd ;k dfFkr Hkk\"kk dgrs gSaA [k- fyf[kr & Hkk\"kk osQ ftl :i ls eu osQ Hkkoksa vkSj fopkjksa dk vknku&iznku fy[kdj fd;k tkrk gS] mls fyf[kr Hkk\"kk dgrs gSaA Hkk\"kk osQ fofo/ :i d- ekr`Hkk\"kk & ;g Hkk\"kk dk og :i gS] ftls ckyd viuh ek¡rFkk vius ifjokj ls lh[krk gSA rfeyukMq esa rfey ifjokj esa iys&c<+s cPps dh ekr`Hkk\"kk ^rfey* gksrh gSA [k- cksyh & ;g Hkk\"kk dk og :i gS ftls fdlh lhfer {ks=k esa vYi fodflr Hkk\"kk osQ :i esa iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA cksyh izk;% cksyus rd lhfer jgrh gSaA blesa lkekU;r% lkfgR; dh jpuk ugha gksrhA Hkkjr esa vusd cksfy;k¡gSa_ tSls&czt] vo/h] exgh] Hkkstiqjh] cqansyh vkfnA x- jk\"VªHkk\"kk & jk\"VªHkk\"kk og Hkk\"kk gksrh gS] ftldk iz;ksx laiw.kZ jk\"Vªesa fd;k tkrk gSA fganh Hkkjr dh jk\"VªHkk\"kk dgykrh gSA ?k- jktHkk\"kk & ftl Hkk\"kk esa ljdkjh dke&dkt fd;k tkrk gS] og jktHkk\"kk dgykrh gSA Hkkjrh; lafo/ku osQ vuqPNsn 343 osQ vuqlkj fganh Hkkjr dh jktHkk\"kk gSA bls 14 flracj] 1949 dks Lohdkj fd;k x;k FkkA blfy, bl fnu dks izfro\"kZ ^fganh fnol* osQ :i esa euk;k tkrk gSA O;kdj.k O;kdj.k og 'kkL=k gS] ftlosQ n~okjk gesa fdlh Hkk\"kk dks 'kqn~/ cksyus] fy[kus o i<+us osQ fu;eksa dk Kku gksrk gSA 6 fganh O;kdj.k & 6

fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dks è;kuiwoZd if<+,µ d- yM+dk fon~;ky; tk jgh gSA [k- og us viuh dke fd;kA x- rqe [kkuk [kk, gksA ?k- ?kksM+s nkSM+ jgk gSA mi;qZDr pkjksa okD; v'kqn~/ gSa D;ksafd dgha budh fozQ;k drkZ osQ vuqlkj Bhd ugha gS] rks dgha drkZ fozQ;k osQ vuqlkj Bhd ugha gSA Hkk\"kk osQ iz;ksx esa dksbZ xyrh u gks] blfy, O;kdj.k dk Kku gksuk vko';d gSA ;s OkkD; fuEu izdkj fy[ks tkus pkfg,%& d- yM+dk fon~;ky; tk jgk gSA [k- ml us viuk dke fd;kA x- rqeus [kkuk [kk;k gSA ?k- ?kksM+s nkSM+ jgs gSaA O;kdj.k osQ foHkkx O;kdj.k osQ fuEufyf[kr rhu foHkkx gSa& O;kdj.k o.kZ&fopkj 'kCn&fopkj okD;&fopkj o.kZ&fopkj & O;kdj.k osQ bl foHkkx esa o.kkasZ osQ vkdkj] Hksn] mPpkj.k vkSj la;ksx osQ ckjs esa fopkj fd;k tkrk gSA 'kCn&fopkj & O;kdj.k osQ bl foHkkx esa 'kCnksa osQ Hksn] miHksn] :i] cukoV vkfn dk vè;;u gksrk gSA okD;&fopkj & O;kdj.k osQ bl foHkkx esa 'kCnksa ls okD; cukus] okD;ksa dks vyx djus] okD; oQs Hkns rFkk fojke&fpgu~ kas oQs i;z kxs dh fof/ dk vè;;u fd;k tkrk gAS fyfi fdlh Hkk\"kk osQ fy[kus osQ <ax dks fyfi dgrs gSaA vyx&vyx Hkk\"kkvksa osQ fy[kus osQ vyx&vyx <ax gaS] blfy, mudh fyfi osQ uke Hkh vyx&vyx gSaA tSls fganh] laLo`Qr vkSj 7 fganh O;kdj.k & 6

ejkBh dh fyfi dk uke ^nsoukxjh*] mnwZ Hkk\"kk dh fyfi dk uke ^i+ Qkjlh*] vaxzs”kh Hkk\"kk dh fyfi dk uke ^jkseu* rFkk iatkch Hkk\"kk dh fyfi dk uke ^xq#eq[kh* gSA Hkk\"kk rFkk cksyh esa varj gksrk gSA cksyh ns'k osQ fdlh Hkh Hkkx esa cksyh tkus okyh Hkk\"kk gksrh gSA Hkk\"kk osQ {ks=kh; :i dks cksyh dgrs gSaA tSls&jktLFkkuh] iatkch] caxkyh] gfj;k.koh] vkfnA Hkk\"kk vkSj O;kdj.k dk laca/ & izR;sd Hkk\"kk dk viuk O;kdj.k gksrk gSA Hkk\"kk igys curh gS vkSj mldk O;kdj.k ckn esa curk gSA le; osQ lkFk&lkFk Hkk\"kk esa vusd ifjorZu gksrs gSaA O;kdj.k bu lcdh leh{kk djrk gSA O;kdj.k ls ge 'kqn~/ cksyuk] fy[kuk rFkk 'kqn~/ :i ls i<+uk lh[krs gSaA O;kdj.k gh Hkk\"kk osQ fy, fu;e cukrk gSA vkvks nksgjk,¡ • fopkjkas osQ vknku&iznku dk lk/u Hkk\"kk gSA • Hkk\"kk osQ nks :i gSa & fyf[kr o ekSf[kdA • Hkk\"kk osQ ys[ku dh O;oLFkk dks fyfi dgrs gSaA vH;kl dk;Z 1- fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mÙkj fy[kksA d- Hkk\"kk fdls dgrs gSa\\ [k- ekSf[kd vkSj fyf[kr Hkk\"kk esa D;k varj gSa\\ x- O;kdj.k fdls dgrs gSa\\ fdlh Hkk\"kk esa O;kdj.k dk Kku D;ksa vko';d gS\\ ?k- fyfi fdls dgrs gSa\\ fganh Hkk\"kk dh fyfi dkSu&lh gS\\ Ä- O;kdj.k osQ fdrus foHkkx gksrs gSa\\ 2- lgh fodYi pqudj (3) dk fu'kku yxkvksA d- -------------------- Hkk\"kk ugha gSA i. lquuk ii. fy[kuk iii. b'kkjs djuk 8 fganh O;kdj.k & 6

[k- Hkk\"kk dks fy[kus osQ fy, -------------------- dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA i. O;kdj.k ii. laosQr iii. fyfi x- iatkch Hkk\"kk -------------------- fyfi eas fy[kh tkrh gSA i. xq#eq[kh ii. nsoukxjh iii. jkseu ?k- Hkk\"kk dks 'kqn~/ djus okys 'kkL=k dk uke -------------------- gSA i. O;kdj.k ii. fyfi iii. jktHkk\"kk Ä- Hkkjr dh jktHkk\"kk -------------------- gSA i. vaxzs”kh ii. fganh iii. mnwZ p- lkjs Hkkjr esa vkilh laioZQ osQ fy, -------------------- dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA i. vaxsz”kh ii. fganh iii. laLo`Qr 3- mfpr 'kCnksa n~okjk fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ djksA d- 'kqn~/ Hkk\"kk dk iw.kZ Kku -------------------- n~okjk gksrk gSA [k- vius fopkjksa dks tc ge eq[k ls cksydj izdV djrs gSa] rks mls -------------------- dgrs gSaA x- Hkk\"kk osQ -------------------- :i dks cksyh dgrs gSaA ?k- laLo`Qr Hkk\"kk dh fyfi dk uke -------------------- gSA Ä- O;kdj.k osQ -------------------- foHkkx gSaA p- ejkBh Hkk\"kk dh fyfi dk uke -------------------- gSA 4- fyfi ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\\ fuEufyf[kr Hkk\"kkvksa dh fyfi;ksa osQ uke fy[kksA d- fganh ------------------------- [k- vaxzs”kh ------------------------- x- mnwZ ------------------------- ?k- laLo`Qr ------------------------- Ä- iatkch ------------------------- 9 fganh O;kdj.k & 6

2 o.kZ&fopkj (Orthography and Pronunciation) Hkk\"kk dh lcls NksVh bdkbZ ^o.kZ* gSA o.kZ os èofu&fpg~u gSa] ftuosQ vkSj VqdM+s ugha gks ldrsA o.kZ dh rhu fo'ks\"krk,¡gksrh gSa% fo'ks\"krk,¡ buosQ VqdM+s ugha gks ldrs lcls NksVh bdkbZ buosQ esy ls 'kCn curs gSaA fo'ks\"k % okD; esa iz;qDr gksus ij 'kCn in dgykrk gSA o.kZekyk Loj O;atu v vk b bZ m Å Í , ,s vks vkS va v% doxZ o~Q [k~ x~ ?k~ M~ + poxZ p~ N~ t~ >~ ×k~ VoxZ V~ B~ M~ <~ .k~ 11 Loj $ 1 vuqLokj roxZ r~ Fk~ n~ /~ u~ $ 1 folxZ ioxZ i~ i~Q c~ Hk~ e~ $ 33 O;atu var%LFk O;atu ;~ j~ y~ o~ Å\"e O;atu 'k~ \"k~ l~ g~ la;qDr O;atu {k =k K J 10 fganh O;kdj.k & 6

Loj o.kkasZ osQ Hksn v;ksxokg âLo] nh?kZ] Iyqr o.kZ vuqLokj] folxZ] vuqukfld O;atu Li'kZ] varLFk Å\"e] vkxr] la;qDr 1- Loj % ftu o.kksZa dk mPpkj.k djrs le; fdlh vU; èofu dh lgk;rk u yh tk, vkSj gok fcuk #osQ eq¡g ls ckgj vk,] mUgsa Loj dgrs gSaA fganh o.kZekyk esa fuEufyf[kr 11 Loj gSa%& v vk b bZ m mQ ½ , ,s vks vkS Lojksa osQ Hksn i- âLo Loj % ftu Lojksa osQ mPpkj.k esa de le; yxrk gS] mUgsa âLo Loj dgrs ii- nh?kZ Loj % gSaA âLo Loj pkj gSa & v] b] m] ½A ftu Lojksa dk mPpkj.k djrs le; âLo Lojksa ls yxHkx nqxuk le; iii- Iyqr Loj % yxrk gSa] mUgsa nh?kZ Loj dgrs gSaA nh?kZ Loj lkr gSa & vk] bZ] Å] ,] ,s] vks] vkSA ftu Lojksa dk mPpkj.k djrs le; âLo Lojksa ls yxHkx rhu xquk le; yxrk gS] mUgsa Iyqr Loj dgrs gSaA Iyqr Loj & vksýe~A 11 fganh O;kdj.k & 6

2- O;atu % ftu o.kksZa dk mPpkj.k djrs le; Lojksa dh lgk;rk yh tkrh gS vkSj gok oaQB ls fudydj eq¡g esa #ddj] ckgj vkrh gS] mUgsa O;atu dgrs gSaA O;atu osQ Hksn ftu O;atuksa dk mPpkj.k djrs le; gok oaQB] rkyq] ew/kZ] nk¡r ;k i- Li'kZ O;atu % vk\"s B dk Li'kZ djoQs e[q k ls ckgj fudyrh g]S mUgas Li'kZ O;ta u dgrs gSaA O;atuksa dk mPpkj.k Lojksa dh lgk;rk ls gksrk gSA Li'kZ O;atu fuEufyf[kr gSa& doxZ d [k x ?k M + poxZ p N t > ×k VoxZ V B M < .k (M)+ roxZ r Fk n / u (<)+ ii- var%LFk O;atu % bu O;atuksa esa ftg~ok eq[k osQ fdlh Hkkx dks iwjh rjg ugha Nwrh rFkk ok;q Hkh cgqr de le; osQ fy, #drh gS] blfy, ;s O;atu var%LFk O;atu dgykrs gSaA tSls& ; j y o iii- Å\"e O;atu % ftu O;atuksa dk mPpkj.k djrs le; gok eq¡g esa Vdjkdj Å\"ek (xehZ) iSnk djrh gSa] mUgas Å\"e O;atu dgrs gSaA iv- vkxr tSls& 'k \"k l g % vkW] ”k] Ik+ QA vkW dk iz;ksx vaxzs”kh osQ 'kCnksa osQ lkFk fd;k tkrk gSA tSls& MkWDVj] pkWd vkfnA ”k] Ik+ Q dk iz;ksx vjch&Ik+ Qkjlh osQ 'kCnksa osQ lkFk fd;k tkrk gSA tSls& Ik+ QkSju] ”kekur vkfnA 12 fganh O;kdj.k & 6

3- v;ksxokg % v;ksxokg dk vFkZ& ^v* osQ ;ksx ls vFkZ ogu djus okyk o.kZA v;ksxokg ,sls o.kZ gSa] tks u rks Loj gSa vkSj u gh O;atuA foaQrq budk mPpkj.k O;atuksa dh rjg Lojksa dh lgk;rk ls gksrk gSA bUgsa vuqLokj] folxZ vkSj vuqukfld dgrs gSaA i- vuqLokj ( a ) % bldk iz;ksx Lojksa vkSj O;atuksa osQ Åij fcanq osQ :i esa fd;k tkrk gSA tSls & eaxy] var] vkfnA ii- folxZ (% ) % bldk iz;ksx o.kksZa osQ vkxs gksrk gSA tSls& izkr%] vr%] vkfnA iii- vuqukfld ( ¡) % bldk iz;ksx o.kksZa osQ Åij fd;k tkrk gSA tSls& pk¡n] Å¡V] vkfnA mPpkj.k&LFkku dh rkfydk eq[k osQ ftl Hkkx ls tks o.kZ cksys tkrs gSa] og Hkkx ml o.kZ dk ^mPpkj.k&LFkku* dgykrk gSA rkfydk mPpkj.k&LFkku uke ozQe o.kZ oaQB oaQB~; 1- v] vk] o~Q] [k~] x~] ?k~] M~]+ g~ % (folxZ) rkyq rkyO; 2- b] bZ] p~] N~] t~] >~] ×k~] ;~] 'k~ ew/kZ ew/ZU; 3- ½] V~] B~] M~] <~] .k~] j~] \"k~ nar naR; 4- r~] Fk~] n~] /~] u~] y~] l~ vks\"B vks\"B~; 5- m] Å] i~] Ik~Q] c~] Hk] e ukfld ukflD; 6- vuqLokj ( a ) M-~ ] ×k~] .k~] u~] e~ oaQB vkSj rkyq oaQBrkyO; 7- ,] ,s oaQB vkSj vksaB oaQBks\"B~; 8- vks] vkS nk¡r vkSj vks\"B narks\"B~; 9- o~ 13 fganh O;kdj.k & 6

vkvks nksgjk,¡ • o.kZ Hkk\"kk dh lcls NksVh bdkbZ gSA • o.kZ osQ nks Hksn gksrs gSa% Loj vkSj O;atuA • Loj fcuk fdlh dh lgk;rk osQ cksys tkrs gSaA • O;atukas osQ mPpkj.k esa Lojksa dh lgk;rk ysuh iM+rh gSA vH;kl dk;Z 1- lgh fodYi pqudj (3) dk fu'kku yxkvksA d- okD; esa iz;qDr gksus ij 'kCn ----------------------------- dgykrk gSA i. in ii. o.kZ iii. èofu [k- ftu Lojksa osQ mPpkj.k esa de le; yxrk gS] mUgsa -------------------- Loj dgrs gSaA i. âLo ii. nh?kZ iii. Iyqr x- 'k] c] l] g -------------------- O;atu gSA i. var%LFk ii. Å\"e iii. Li'kZ 2- dks\"Bd esa ls lgh 'kCn pqudj fjDr LFkku dh iwfrZ djksA d- gesa -------------------- & nqf[k;ksa dh lsok djuh pkfg,A (fnu&nhu) [k- firk us izsepan osQ iSjksa esa v\"V /krq dh csfM+;k¡-------------------- nhA (<ky&Mky) x- firk dh e`R;q ls izsepan ij eqlhcrksa dk igkM+ VwV -------------------- A (i<+k&iM+k) ?k- -------------------- dh o`Qi.krk ns[k ufposQrk ls jgk u x;kA (firk&ihrk) 3- fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa esa iz;qDr o.kkasZ dks vyx&vyx djksµ d- lkSHkkX; & --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- [k- mTToy & --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 14 fganh O;kdj.k & 6

x- dk;ZozQe & --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ?k- vko`fÙk & --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- M-+ ltho & 4- mPpkj.k LFkku osQ vuqlkj izR;sd osQ uke dks mlosQ mnkgj.k ls js[kk n~okjk tksM+ksA d- naR; i. Å] i] IkQ [k- ukflD; ii. p] N] bZ x- rkyO; iii. r] y] Fk ?k- vks\"B; iv. va] u] e 5- fuEufyf[kr o.kkasZ dks tksM+dj 'kCn cukvksµ ¾ ---------------------------------- ¾ ---------------------------------- d- vk $ e~ $ j~ $ .k~ $ v ¾ ---------------------------------- [k- vk $ o~Q $ vk $ M~ + $ o~Q $ \"k~ $ vk x- x~ $ ½ $ g~ $ v $ l~ $ Fk~ $ bZ 6- fuEufyf[kr o.kkasZ osQ esy ls 'kCn cukvksµ d- n~ $ / ¾ -------------------------- [k- Fk~ $ ; ¾ -------------------------- x- n~ $ ; ¾ -------------------------- ?k- o~Q $ r ¾ -------------------------- M-+ r~ $ j ¾ -------------------------- p- o~Q $ \"k ¾ -------------------------- 7- uhps fn, x, 'kCnksa ij vuqLokj ;k vuqukfld fpg~u yxkvksµ d?kk rkxk efnj vxwBh ckl pknuh gluk xxk BM cnj lki pnu >Mk xko yxwj ÅVuh 15 fganh O;kdj.k & 6

3 'kCn&fopkj (Morphology) ,d èofu vFkok èofu;ksa osQ esy ls v{kj curs gSa vkSj vusd v{kjksa osQ lewg ls 'kCn curk gSA 'kCn nks idz kj oQs gkrs s g&aS lkFkdZ ,oa fujFkdZ A ftu v{kjkas oQs legw ls fdlh vFkZ dh vfHkO;fDr gksrh gS] os ^lkFkZd* 'kCn dgykrs gSaA tSls & Hkkjr] lqanj] ?kksM+k vkfn ^lkFkZd* 'kCn gSaA oqQN v{kjksa osQ lewg ftuls fdlh vFkZ dh vfHkO;fDr ugha gksrh gS] os ^fujFkZd* 'kCn dgykrs gSaA tSls & [kViV] okuh] cksnh] ok;] vkfnA ijarq dHkh&dHkh fujFkZd 'kCn Hkh vFkZ O;Dr djrs gSa] rc os lkFkZd cu tkrs gSaA tSls& eSa rqEgkjh jkst dh [kViV ls rax vk xbZ gw¡A o.kksZa osQ esy ls cuk og Lora=k lkFkZd èofu&lewg tks okD; esa iz;qDr gksdj gekjs fopkjksa dks izdV djRkk gS] 'kCn dgykrk gSA 'kCn dh fo'ks\"krk,¡ 'kCn dh fuEufyf[kr fo'ks\"krk,¡gksrh gSa& Ÿ lHkh 'kCn o.kksZa osQ esy ls curs gSaA Ÿ 'kCnksa dk oqQN u oqQN vFkZ gksrk gSA Ÿ 'kCnksa dks okD;ksa esa iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA 'kCn osQ Hksn 'kCnksa dk oxhZdj.k fuEu vk/kjksa ij fd;k tkrk gS& d- vFkZ osQ vk/kj ij 'kCnksa osQ Hksn i;kZ;okph foykse ,dkFkhZ vusdkFkhZ 'kCn 'kCn 'kCn 'kCn 16 fganh O;kdj.k & 6

1- i;kZ;okph 'kCn % tks 'kCn vFkZ dh n`f\"V ls yxHkx leku gksrs gSa] os i;kZ;okph 'kCn dgykrs gSaA vFkZ esa lekurk gksus ij Hkh i;kZ;okph 'kCn iz;ksx esa loZFkk ,d&nwljs dk LFkku ugha ys ldrsA tlS &s ^xxa k&ty* oQs fy, ^xxa k&ikuh* ugha fy[k ldrAs bloQs fy, ^ty* 'kCn dk i;z kxs (xxa k&ty) mi;Dq r g]S tcfd nkus kas i;k;Z okph 'kCn gAaS 2- foykse 'kCn % oqQN 'kCnksa osQ ;qXe ,sls gksrs gSa tks ijLij fojks/h gksrs gSaA ,sls ;qXe foykse ;k foyksekFkhZ dgykrs gSaA tSls& vanj & ckgj] vLr & mn;] vxyk & fiNyk 3- ,dkFkhZ 'kCn % ftu 'kCnksa dk vFkZ lnk ,d&lk jgrk gS] mUgsa ,dkFkhZ 'kCn dgk tkrk gSA tSls& fe=k] iRuh] iq#\"k] jsfM;ks] es”kA
 4- vusdkFkhZ 'kCn % tks 'kCn iz;ksx osQ vuqlkj fofHkUu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa fHkUu&fHkUu vFkZ nsrs gSa] mUgsa vusdkFkhZ 'kCn dgrs gSaA tSls& vFkZ% /u] eryc] iz;kstuA [k- jpuk ;k cukoV osQ vk/kj ij :<+ ;kSfxd ;ksx:<+ 1- :<+ % ftu 'kCnksa osQ lkFkZd [k.M u gks losaQ rFkk tks vius vki esa iw.kZ gksa mUgsa :<+ 'kCn dgk tkrk gSA bUgsa ewy 'kCn Hkh dgrs gSaA tSls& ^ty* 'kCn ^ikuh* osQ fy, :<+ gSA mnkgj.k % ?kj] nw/] isV] tx] iqLrd vkfnA 2- ;kSfxd % tks 'kCn nks ;k nks ls vf/d 'kCnksa ;k 'kCnka'kksa osQ esy ls curs gSa] os ;kSfxd 'kCn dgykrs gSaA fganh esa ;kSfxd 'kCnksa dh jpuk fuEu izdkj ls gS& 17 fganh O;kdj.k & 6

fon~;k $ vky; ¾ fon~;ky; yksd $ lsok ¾ yksd lsok jlksbZ $ ?kj ¾ jlksbZ?kj 3- ;ksx:<+ % tks 'kCn nks ;k nks ls vf/d 'kCnka'kksa osQ esy ls curs gSa] ija rq os fdlh vU; vFkZ esa iz;qDr gksrs gSa] os ;ksx:<+ 'kCn dgykrs gSaA tSls& n'kkuu & n'k (nl) $ vkuu (eq[k) vFkkZr~ nl eq[k okyk (jko.k)A yacksnj & yack $ mnj (isV) vFkkZr~ yacs isV okyk] x.ks'k th osQ fy, iz;qDr gqvk gSA mnkgj.k % iapkuu] n'kkuu] uhydaB vkfnA fganh esa vusd Hkk\"kkvksa osQ 'kCn gSaA os 'kCn vjch] i+Qkjlh] rqdhZ] laLo`Qr o vaxzs”kh Hkk\"kkvksa ls vk, gSa] vRk % blh vk/kj ij fganh Hkk\"kk osQ 'kCnksa dks pkj oxksZa esa ck¡Vk tk ldrk gSA mRifÙk ;k lzksr osQ vk/kj ij rRle rn~Hko ns'kt fons'kh ladj 'kCn 'kCn 'kCn 'kCn 'kCn 1- rRle 'kCn % LkaLo`Qr osQ os ewy 'kCn tks fganh esa T;ksa&osQ&R;ksa iz;qDr gksrs gSa] os rRle 'kCn dgykrs gSaA mnkgj.k % funzk] e`x] nqX/] jkf=k vkfnA 2- rn~Hko 'kCn % laLo`Qr osQ tks 'kCn ifjofRkZr gksdj fganh 'kCnkoyh esa iz;qDr gksrs gSa] os rn~Hko 'kCn dgykrs gSaA mnkgj.k % ?kh] fdokM+] nw/] jkr vkfnA 3- ns'kt 'kCn % fganh esa yksd&izpfyr 'kCnksa dks ns'kt 'kCn dgrs gSaA mnkgj.k % twrk] f[kM+dh] ixM+h vkfnA 18 fganh O;kdj.k & 6

4- fons'kh 'kCn % fons'kh tkfr;ksa osQ lEioZQ esa vkus osQ dkj.k] mudh Hkk\"kk osQ tks 'kCn fganh esa vius ewy :i esa iz;qDr gksus yxs] mUgsa fons'kh 'kCn dgrs gSaA mnkgj.k % MkWDVj] LVs'ku] LowQy] vkfnA 5- ladj 'kCn % nks Hkk\"kkvksa osQ 'kCnksa osQ esy ls cus 'kCn ladj ;k fefJr 'kCn dgykrs gSaA mnkgj.k % ek¡x&i=k ¾ ek¡x (fganh) $ i=k (laLo`Qr)] csle> ¾ cs (vjch) $ le> (fganh) rRle ,oa rn~Hko 'kCn rRle rn~Hko rRle rn~Hko xzke xk¡o deZ dke ?kV ?kM+k lw;Z lwjt lIr lkr xkS xk; owQi oqQvk¡ iq=k iwr fiz; I;kj nhid fn;k nar nk¡r x`g ?kj gLr gkFk ekl ekg v¡xq\"B v¡xwBk nqX/ nw/ vkJ; vkljk panz pk¡n ve`r vfe; va/ va/k vks\"B gksaB 'kr lkS oqQiq=k diwr diksr dcwrj fganh osQ egÙoiw.kZ fons'kh 'kCn% vjch Hkk\"kk ls % vnkyr] vkSjr] rkjh[k+ ] eqdnek] buke] dle] lqcg] [kr] 'krjat] fglkc] rdnhj] dkuwu vkfnA 19 fganh O;kdj.k & 6

i+Qkjlh Hkk\"kk ls % vkneh] pkowQ] vkleku] dkjhxj] dej] [kjkc] [kjhn] [kwu] xjnu] xqCckjk] xqykc] ph”k] psgjk] f'kdkj] 'kgn] vkfnA rqoQhZ Hkk\"kk ls % rksi] yk'k] pepk] rexk] pkowQ] oSQaph] oqQyh] cgknqj] canwd] vkfnA vaxzs”kh Hkk\"kk ls % vihy] dkWyst] MkWDVj] daiuh] ykWVjh] loZQl] flusek] iQksVks] cl] cSad] cSaM] CysM] e'khu] ulZ] uksV] xSl] vkfnA izQkalhlh Hkk\"kk ls % jsLrjka] dÝ;wZ] fcxqy] iqfyl] vkfnA phuh Hkk\"kk ls % pk;] yhph] vkfnA iz;ksx osQ vk/kj ij 'kCnksa osQ Hksn iz;ksx dh n`f\"V ls 'kCnksa osQ fuEufyf[kr vkB Hksn gSa%& fodkjh 'kCn vfodkjh 'kCn 1- LakKk 5- fozQ;k&fo'ks\"k.k 2- loZuke 6- laca/cks/d 3- fo'ks\"k.k 7- leqPp;cks/d 4- fozQ;k 8- foLe;kfncks/d vkvks nksgjk,¡ • lkFkZd o.kksZa dk lewg 'kCn dgykrk gSA • ;ksx:<+ 'kCn fo'ks\"k vFkZ dks izdV djrs gSaA • vFkZ osQ vk/kj ij 'kCn osQ Hksn gSa & i;kZ;okph] foykse] ,dkFkhZ vkSj vusdkFkhZA • cukoV osQ vk/kj ij 'kCn osQ rhu Hksn gSa & :<+] ;kSfxd o ;ksx:<+A • mRifÙk osQ vk/kj ij 'kCn osQ pkj Hksn gSa & rRle] rn~Hko] ns'kt] fons'kh vkSj ladjA • iz;ksx dh n`f\"V ls 'kCn osQ nks Hksn gSa & fodkjh vkSj vfodkjhA 20 fganh O;kdj.k & 6

vH;kl dk;Z 1- lgh fodYi pqudj (3) dk fu'kku yxkvksA d- vusd v{kjksa osQ lewg ls --------------------------- curk gSA i. 'kCn ii. okD; iii. o.kZ [k- laLo`Qr osQ tks 'kCn ifjofrZr gksdj fganh 'kCnkoyh esa iz;qDr gksrs gSa] os -------------------------- 'kCn dgykrs gSaA i. rRle ii. rn~Hko iii. ns'kt x- tks 'kCn vFkZ dh n`f\"V ls yxHkx leku gksrs gSa] os --------------------------- 'kCn dgykrs gSaA i. foykse ii. i;kZ;okph iii. ,dkFkhZ 2- fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa esa ls :<+] ;kSfxd vkSj ;ksx:<+ 'kCn Nk¡Vdj fy[kksA ?kj f=kykspu iQy fon~;kFkhZ Luku?kj fon~;k eqjyh/j fon~;ky; nqdku tyt iQyokyk nqdkunkj iapkuu eqjyh d- :<+ -------------------- -------------------- -------------------- -------------------- -------------------- [k- ;kSfxd -------------------- -------------------- -------------------- -------------------- -------------------- x- ;ksx:<+ -------------------- -------------------- -------------------- -------------------- -------------------- 3- fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa esa ls rRle vkSj rn~Hko 'kCn Nk¡Vdj fy[kksµ deZ iq=k nw/ {ks=k i=k /hjt uXu firk eksj cgw d- rRle --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- [k- rn~Hko --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4- uhps fn, x, 'kCnksa esa ls vjch] i+Qkjlh rFkk vaxzs”kh osQ 'kCn vyx&vyx djksµ vnkyr] vkneh] eqdnek] rkjh[k] dkjhxj] pkowQ] ph”k] dkuwu] vihy] dkWyst] i+Qhl] MkWDVj vjch Hkk\"kk % ------------------------- ------------------------- ------------------------- ------------------------- 21 fganh O;kdj.k & 6

i+Qkjlh Hkk\"kk % ------------------------- ------------------------- ------------------------- ------------------------- vaxzs”kh Hkk\"kk % ------------------------- ------------------------- ------------------------- ------------------------- 5- fuEufyf[kr okD; i<+dj jaxhu 'kCnksa osQ vFkZ dks\"Bd esa fy[kksµ d- ;equk osQ rhj ij dnac dk isM+ FkkA ( ) ) Jh jke us rhj ls rkM+dk&o/ fd;kA ( ) ) [k- cl osQ fy, ?kaVksa izrh{kk djuk vke ckr gSA ( ) ) vke [kkuk lcdks vPNk yxrk gSA ( ) )
 x- o`{k osQ i=k osQ ihNs fpfM+;k dk ?kksalyk fNik gSA ( ) ) xqM~Mw vius firk dks i=k fy[krk gSA ( ?k- geus eap ij ,d vad dk ukVd [ksykA ( xf.kr esa izR;sd vad lkIk+Q&lkIk+Q fy[kksA ( Ä- gkj igukdj usrk th dk Lokxr fd;k x;kA ( euq\"; dks thou esa dHkh gkj ugha ekuuh pkfg,A ( 6- fuEufyf[kr fons'kh 'kCnksa osQ fganh i;kZ; fy[kksµ d- bathfu;j ------------------------- [k- ,gfr;kr ------------------------- ------------------------- x- iQkSt ------------------------- ?k- [kqjkd ------------------------- ------------------------- Ä- fdrkc ------------------------- p- nfd;kuwlh ------------------------- N- Vsyhfotu ------------------------- t- ikth >- bYe ------------------------- ×k- u”kkjk 22 fganh O;kdj.k & 6

4 okD;&fopkj (Syntax) okD; gekjh Hkk\"kk osQ izfrfuf/ gSaA lkfgR; dh izR;sd fo/k osQ fy, okD; dh vko';drk gksrh gSA okD; osQ fcuk fdlh Hkh Hkk\"kk dh jpuk ugha dh tk ldrhA vr% okD; dks le>uk cgqr vko';d gSA fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dks è;ku ls if<+, vkSj lef>,& 1- isM+ dks;y gS jgh xk ijA 2- ihNs gS Hkkx fcYyh pwgs osQ jghA 3- dks Nk=kksa i<+krs vè;kid gSaA D;k Åij fy[kh rhuksa iafDr;ksa dks okD; dg ldrs gSa\\ mRrj gksxk&ughaA D;kasfd izR;sd iafDr esa dbZ 'kCn gSa] ysfdu bUgsa i<+dj cksyus okys (oDrk) ;k ys[kd dk iwjk vk'k; izdV ugha gks jgk gSA vc bUgha iafDr;ksa dks nwljs :i esa if<+,& 1- isM+ ij dks;y xk jgh gSA 2- fcYyh pwgs osQ ihNs Hkkx jgh gSA 3- vè;kid Nk=kksa dks i<+krs gSaA ;s rhuksa iafDr;k¡fu'p; gh okD; dgha tk ldrh gSa] D;ksafd rhuksa iafDr;ksa esa izR;sd 'kCn vkil esa bl izdkj tqMs+ gSa] fd oDrk ;k ys[kd dh ckr iwjh rjg le> esa vk tkrh gSA 'kCnksa osQ lkFkZd lewg dks okD; dgrs gSaA okD; osQ vax okD; osQ nks vax gksrs gSa& d- mn~ns'; [k- fo/s; 23 fganh O;kdj.k & 6

mn~ns'; 1- jke us jko.k dks ekjkA 2- ioZrjkt fgekpy dks Hkkjr dk eqoqQV dgk tkrk gSA 3- ckiw us gesa lR; vkSj vfgalk dk ikB i<+k;kA Åij osQ rhuksa okD;ksa esa ^jke us* ioZrjkt fgekpy] rFkk ^ckiw* 'kCn mn~ns'; gSaA mn~ns'; dks drkZ Hkh dgrs gSaA okD; osQ ml Hkkx dks mn~ns'; dgk tkrk gS] ftlesa drkZ osQ fo\"k; esa crk;k tkrk gSA fo/s; okD; esa mn~ns'; osQ fo\"k; esa tks oqQN dgk tk,] mls fo/s; dgrs gSaA fo/s; esa deZ vkSj fozQ;k vkfn lfEefyr jgrs gSaA mn~ns'; vkSj fo/s; dks le>us osQ fy, uhps nh xbZ rkfydk dks è;ku ls if<+,& mn~ns'; fo/s; 1- jke vius dejs esa lks jgk gSA 2- jes'k eu yxkdj i<+rk gSA 3- eksgu viuk ikB izfrfnu ;kn djrk gSA 4- iqLrosaQ Kkuo/Zd gksrh gSaA 5- gekjk ns'k egku~ gSA mns'; dk foLrkj mn~ns'; dHkh&dHkh vosQyk vkrk gS] ijarq dHkh&dHkh mldh fo'ks\"krk vkfn crkus okys vU; 'kCn Hkh mlosQ lkFk vkrs gSaA mUgsa mn~ns'; dk foLrkj dgrs gSaA tSls& d- fcYyh nw/ ihrh gSA [k- dkyh fcYyh nw/ ihrh gSA 24 fganh O;kdj.k & 6

;gk¡igys okD; esa ^fcYyh* mn~ns'; gSA blesa mn~ns'; vosQyk gh iz;qDr gqvk gS] tcfd nwljs okD; esa ^dkyh* 'kCn ^fcYyh* (mn~ns';) dh fo'ks\"krk crkus osQ fy, iz;qDr gqvk gSA ,sls 'kCn dks ^mn~ns'; dk foLrkj* dgrs gSaA fo/s; dk foLrkj ewy fo/s; dks iw.kZ djus osQ fy, ftu 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS] os ^fo/s; dk foLrkj* dgykrs gSaA tSls& fdlku viuk gy pykrk gSA ;gk¡^fdlku*&mn~ns'; rFkk ^pykrk gS*&fo/s; gS] ^gy*&deZ gS rFkk ^viuk*&deZ dk foLrkj gSA fo/s; dk foLrkj fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa n~okjk gksrk gS& 1- deZ dk foLrkj d- xfjek lsc [kjhnrh gSA [k- xfjek vPNs lsc [kjhnrh gSA Åij osQ nksukas okD;ksa esa ^lsc* deZ gSA ysfdu nwljs okD; esa ^vPNs* 'kCn ^lsc* deZ dk foLrkj gSA bl okD; esa ^vPNs* 'kCn ^lsc* (deZ) dh fo'ks\"krk crk jgk gSA deZ dh fo'ks\"krk crkus okys ,sls 'kCnksa dks ^deZ dk foLrkj* dgrs gSaA ftu 'kCnksa ls deZ dh fo'ks\"krk izdV gksrh gS] os 'kCn ^deZ dk foLrkj* dgykrs gSaA 2- fozQ;k dk foLrkj d- vafdr fon~;ky; tkrk gSA [k- vafdr fon~;ky; i<+us tkrk gSA bu nksuksa okD;ksa esa ^tkrk gS* fozQ;k gSA nwljs okD; esa ^i<+us* 'kCn fozQ;k dh fo'ks\"krk crk jgk gSA ,sls 'kCn dks ^fozQ;k dk foLrkj* dgrs gSaA 25 fganh O;kdj.k & 6

okD;ksa esa ftu 'kCnksa ls fozQ;k dh fo'ks\"krk izdV gksrh gS] os 'kCn ^fozQ;k dk foLrkj* dgykrs gSaA okD; osQ izdkj okD; jpuk vFkZ okD; dk oxhZdj.k fuEufyf[kr nks vk/kjksa ij fd;k tkrk gS& Ÿ jpuk osQ vk/kj ij Ÿ vFkZ osQ vk/kj ij v- jpuk osQ vk/kj ij okD; osQ izdkj jpuk osQ vk/kj ij okD; fuEufyf[kr rhu izdkj osQ gksrs gSa& 1- lk/kj.k okD; 2- la;qDr okD; 3- fefJr okD; 1- lk/kj.k (ljy) okD; d- iwtk i=k fy[krh gSA [k- iquhr NBh d{kk esa i<+rk gSA x- dfiy fon~;ky; tk jgk gSA bu okD;ksa esa ^iwtk*] ^iquhr* rFkk ^dfiy* & mn~ns'; gSa vkSj ^i=k fy[krh gS*] ^NBh d{kk esa i<+rk gS* ,oa ^fon~;ky;* tk jgk gS*& fo/s; gSaA ,sls okD; lk/kj.k ;k ljy okD; dgykrs gSaA 26 fganh O;kdj.k & 6

ftl okD; esa osQoy ,d gh mn~ns'; (drkZ) vkSj ,d gh fo/s; gks] mls ^ljy* ;k lk/kj.k okD; dgrs gSaA 2- la;qDr okD; d- esjs ekek th vk x, gSa] vkSj os esjs fy, ?kM+h yk, gSaA [k- eq>s vkt cq[kkj gS] vr% eSa fon~;ky; ugha tk ldrkA x- jksgu rks vk x;k ysfdu fodkl ugha vk;kA bu okD;ksa esa nks Lora=k okD; ^vkSj*] vr%*] ^ysfdu* leqPp;cks/dksa (;kstdksa) n~okjk tqM+s gq, gSaA bl izdkj tksM+s x, okD;ksa ls cuk ,d okD; ^la;qDr okD;* dgykrk gSA ftl okD; esa nks ;k nks ls vf/d ljy ,oa Lora=k okD; leqPp;cks/d 'kCnksa n~okjk tqM+s gksrs gSa] og okD; ^la;qDr okD;* dgykrk gSA 3- fefJr okD; d- lksgu us crk;k fd og ikl gks x;kA [k- fiz;k vkt fon~;ky; ugha xbZ D;kasfd og chekj gSA x- tc pksj us flikgh dks ns[kk rks og Hkkx x;kA feJ okD; esa ,d iz/ku miokD; rFkk 'ks\"k vkfJr miokD; gksrs gSaA tSls mi;qZDr okD;ksa esa fn[kk;k x;k gSA iz/ku miokD; vkfJr miokD; d- lksgu us crk;k fd og ikl gks x;kA [k- fiz;k vkt fon~;ky; ugha xbZ D;kasfd og chekj gSA x- tc pksj us flikgh dks ns[kk rks og Hkkx x;kA 27 fganh O;kdj.k & 6

vkfJr miokD; vius vFkZ osQ fy, iz/ku miokD; ij vkfJr gksrs gSaA bUgsa ^xkS.k miokD;* Hkh dgrs gSaA ftl okD; esa ,d iz/ku miokD; rFkk vU; vkfJr miokD; gksa] og ^fefJr okD;* dgykrk gSA vFkZ osQ vk/kj ij okD; osQ izdkj vFkZ osQ vk/kj ij okD; fuEufyf[kr vkB izdkj osQ gksrs gSa& 1- fo/kukFkZd okD; 2- fu\"ks/kRed ;k udkjkRed okD; 3- iz'uokpd okD; 4- bPNkokpd okD; 5- lansgokpd okD; 6- vkKkokpd okD; 7- laosQrokpd okD; 8- foLe;okpd okD; 1- fo/kukFkZd okD;& ftl okD; osQ n~okjk fdlh dke dk djuk ;k ckr dk gksuk ik;k tk,] mls fo/kukFkZd okD; dgrs gSaA tSls& d- iwue ikS/ksa dks ikuh ns jgh gSA (dke dk djuk) [k- i`Foh xksy gSA (ckr dk gksuk) 28 fganh O;kdj.k & 6

2- fu\"ks/kRed ;k udkjkRed okD; & ftl okD; ls fdlh dke osQ u djus ;k ckr osQ u gksus dk cks/ gks] mls fu\"ks/kRed ;k udkjkRed okD; dgrs gSaA tSls& d- jksfgr xkuk ugha xk jgk FkkA (dke dk u djuk) [k- ckgj er HkkxksA (ckr dk u gksuk) 3- iz'uokpd okD; & tc okD; esa dksbZ iz'u fd;k tk,] rks mls ^iz'uokpd okD;* dgrs gSaA tSls& d- rqe dgk¡tk jgs gks\\ [k- D;k rqEgkjs firkth MkWDVj gSa\\ 4- bPNkokpd okD; & ftl okD; ls bPNk] vk'khokZn] 'kqHkdkeuk] vkfn dk cks/ gks] mls ^bPNkokpd okD;* dgrs gSaA tSls& d- vkidk thou lq[ke; gksA ('kqHkdkeuk] vk'khokZn) [k- bZ'oj lcdh lgk;rk djasA (bPNk) 5- lansgokpd okD;& ftl okD; esa dke osQ gksus esa lansg vFkok laHkkouk dk cks/ gks] mls ^lansgokpd okD;* dgrs gSaA tSls& d- 'kk;n] vkt o\"kkZ gksA [k- ekrkth vc rd [kkuk cuk pqdh gksaxhA 6- vkKkokpd okD; & ftl okD; ls vkKk] vkn's k ;k fou; dk ck/s gk]s mls ^vkKkokpd okD;* dgrs gSaA d- lHkh Nk=k [kM+s gks tkvksA (vkKk @ vkns'k ) [k- o`Qi;k 'kakfr ls cSfB,A (fou;) 29 fganh O;kdj.k & 6

7- laosQrokpd ('krZokpd) okD; & ftl okD; ls laosQr ;k 'krZ dk cks/ gks] mls ^laosQrokpd okD;* dgrs gaSA tSls& d- tc lqfer vk,xk rks ge lc f'keyk pysaxsA (laosQr) [k- ;fn le; ij o\"kkZ gksxh rks IkQly Hkh vPNh gksxhA ('krZ) 8- foLe;okpd okD; & ftl okD; ls g\"kZ] foLe; (vk'p;Z)] 'kksd] vkfn osQ Hkko izdV gksa] mls ^foLe;okpd okD;* dgrs gSaA tSls& d- gk;! cspkjk yqV x;kA ('kksd) [k- vgk! oSQls lqgkouk ekSle gSA (g\"kZ) x- D;k! firkth vk x,A (foLe;) vkvks nksgjk,¡ • fdlh okD; esa fufgr Hkkoksa ;k fopkjksa dks v{kq..k j[krs gq, mls nwljs izdkj osQ okD; esa ifjofrZr djuk okD;karj.k dgykrk gSA • ;s nks izdkj ls fd, tkrs gSa& 1- jpuk dh n`f\"V ls 2- vFkZ dh n`f\"V lsA vH;kl dk;Z 1- lgh fodYi pqudj (3) dk fu'kku yxkvksA d- ftl okD; esa ,d eq[; fozQ;k gksrh gS mls ----------------------------- dgrs gSA i. lk/kj.k okD; ii. feJ okD; iii. la;qDr okD; [k- ftl okD; esa ,d iz/ku miokD; rFkk vU; vkfJr miokD; gks] mls ------------------------ dgrs gSaA i. lk/kj.k okD; ii. feJ okD; iii. la;qDr okD; 30 fganh O;kdj.k & 6

x- 'kCnksa osQ -------------------- dks okD; dgrs gSaA i. fujFkZd lewg ii. lkFkZd lewg iii. esytksy ?k- ftl okD; esa nks ;k nks ls vf/d ljy ,oa Lora=k okD; leqPp;cks/d 'kCnksa n~okjk tqM+s gksrs gaS] mls -------------------- dgrs gSaA i. ljy okD; ii. la;qDr okD; iii. feJ okD; 2- fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa esa ls mn~ns'; vkSj fo/s; vyx&vyx djosQ fy[kkµ d- gesa izfrfnu fon~;ky; tkuk pkfg,A ----------------------- ----------------------------------------- [k- ioZrjkt fgeky; Hkkjr dk eqoqQV gSA ----------------------- ----------------------------------------- x- xk¡/hth Hkkjr osQ egku~ usrk FksA ----------------------- ----------------------------------------- ?k- og flykbZ dk dke djrk gSA ----------------------- ----------------------------------------- M-+ og viuh tehu tksrrk vkSj cksrk gSA ----------------------- ----------------------------------------- 3- fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa osQ lkeus fo/kukFkZd] udkjkRed] bPNkokpd] iz'uokpd] laosQrokpd] vkKkokpd] lansgokpd rFkk foLe;okpd fy[kksµ d- eq>s vkt nÝ+ rj ugha tkukA -------------------------------------------------------- [k- vki dgk¡pys x, Fks\\ -------------------------------------------------------- x- vjs! mls rks tsy gks xbZA -------------------------------------------------------- ?k- vkidk thou eaxye; gksA -------------------------------------------------------- M-+ fon~;ky; dk IkQkVd can dj nksA -------------------------------------------------------- 4- fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa esa ls ljy] fefJr vkSj la;qDr okD; igpkuksA d- jk/k iqLrd i<+ jgh gS] ijarq 'khyk [ksy jgh gSA ---------------------------------------------- [k- mlus eq>s cqyk;k vkSj eSa pyk x;kA ---------------------------------------------- x- mlosQ ikl tks oqQN Fkk] og pksjh gks x;kA ---------------------------------------------- ?k- cjNh] <ky] o`Qik.k] dVkjh mldh ;g lgsyh FkhA ---------------------------------------------- M-+ tks O;fDr vkylh gksrk gS] og vlIkQy jgrk gSA ------------------------------------------ 31 fganh O;kdj.k & 6

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