CU-BSC.TTM-SEM-IV-Travel Documentation and Formalities

 Prohibition—The act or practise of prohibiting anything by law; more specifically, the phrase relates to the prohibition of alcoholic beverages' manufacture, storage, transportation, sale, possession, and consumption. The term can also refer to a period of time during which such prohibitions are in effect.  Customs-Customs is a government authority or agency in charge of collecting customs and regulating the movement of commodities into and out of a country, including animals, transportation, personal effects, and dangerous materials.  Penal-of, involving or connected to punishment, punishments, or punitive institutions. 2 : subject to punishment for committing a criminal conduct  Narcotic-A pain reliever that is used to treat moderate to severe pain. Narcotics are similar to opiates like morphine and codeine, but they aren't derived from opium.  Explosives-An explosive is a reactive chemical containing a large amount of potential energy that, if released quickly, can cause an explosion, which is usually followed by the production of light, heat, sound, and pressure. 6.9 LEARNING ACTIVITY 1. Discuss Prohibited and Restricted Goods in India. ___________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ 2. Explain what FTP is? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 6.10 UNIT END QUESTIONS A. Descriptive Questions 151 Short Questions 1 What are prohibited articles? 2 What are Restricted articles? 3 What are penal provisions? 4 What is restriction under customs? 5 What are currency restrictions? Long Questions 1. Explain the aim of Customs and regulations in India? CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

2. Discuss on import of dangerous goods? 152 3. What is the penalty on violating customs regulations? 4. What are the prohibited articles for import into India? 5. Explain the need of customs and regulations for Import and Export? B. Multiple Choice Questions 1. The Governing body for all the import and export in India_____ a. DFGT b. DGFT c. DBFT d. DIFT 2. _______is a restricted domestic animal a. Horse b. Hen c. Quills d. Donkey 3. _______is a restricted Wild animal a. Elephant b. Tiger c. Lion d. Dolphins 4. _______ (Plant) on International Trade in Endangered Species a. Cactus b. Rose c. Neem d. Turmeric 5. _______wood is restricted for import and export a. Sandal wood b. Teak wood c. Rubber wood CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

d. Bamboo Answers 1-b,2-a,3-d,4-a,5-a 6.11REFERENCES Reference books • Bezbarua M.P, Indian Tourism Beyond The Millenium • Burkart&Medlik, Tourism; Past, Present and Future. • Gee, Chuck Y, James C. Makens , Dexter J. L. & Choy, The Travel Industry • Murphy, Peter H, Tourism: A Community Approach Textbooks • Bhatia A.K., Basics of Tourism Management, Sterling Publishers Pvt Delhi, 2010 • Bhatia A.K., The Business of Tourism: Concepts and Strategies, Sterling Publishers Pvt Delhi, 2010 • Inskeep Edward, Tourism Planning: An Integrated and Sustainable Development, John Wiley & Sons Inc Publications, New York. • Kumar MisraSuddhendu Narayan and SadualSapan, Basics of Tourism Management, Excel Books. • Nath Dhar Prem, Development of Tourism and Travel Industry: An Indian Perspective, Kanishka Publications, New Delhi. • Prasad VV Vara, Travel & Tourism Management, Sundari VBT Publications. • Sinha R.K., Tourism Strategies, Planning and Development, Common Wealth Publishers • Peter Tarlow, Tourism Security: Strategies for Effective Managing Travel Risk and Safety. Websites • https://www.iatatravelcentre.com/international-travel-document- news/1580226297.htm • https://www.iatatravelcentre.com/ • https://www.united.com/ual/en/us/fly/travel/documentation- requirements/international.html 153 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

• https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/international-travel/before-you- go/travelers-checklist.html 154 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

UNIT -7: EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION STRUCTURE 7.0 Learning Objectives 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Immigration Laws in India 7.3 The immigrants Act 1950 7.4 The immigration Act 2000 7.5 Guidelines for immigration Clearance 7.6 Summary 7.7 Keywords 7.8 Learning Activity 7.9 Unit End Questions 7.10 References 7.0LEARNING OBJECTIVES After studying this unit, you will be able to:  Describe Emigration and Immigration  State the need for Emigration Clearance  Explain the guidelines for Emigrations 7.1INTRODUCTION 155 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

The Government of India established the Bureau of Immigration (BoI) in 1971 to handle immigration in the country. The Board of Immigration is led by the Commissioner of Immigration, with FRROs assisting with immigration facilitation at airports and tasks connected to foreigner registration under various Acts and Rules. There are 86 Immigration Check Posts in India that cater to international traffic. Out of them, 37 ICPs are controlled by the BoI, while the rest are managed by the respective state governments.There are currently 12 FRROs in major cities such as Delhi and Mumbai. Kolkata, Chennai, Amritsar, Bengaluru, Hyderabad, Calicut, Kochi, Trivandrum, Lucknow, and Ahmedabad are among the most populous cities in India. Apart from that, the cities of Goa, Jaipur, Gaya, Varanasi, Nagpur, Pune, Mangalore, Trichy, Coimbatore, Bagdogra, Chandigarh, and Guwahati each have 12 Chief Immigration Officers. In the remaining areas, the District Superintendent of Police (SP) or the specified authority acts as a Foreign Relations Officer (FRO) to assist foreigners. 7.2 IMMIGRATION LAWS IN INDIA 156 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Despite the fact that humans have been migrating for hundreds of thousands of years, immigration in the modern meaning refers to people moving from one nation-state to another where they are not citizens. Immigrants are expected to stay in the country for a long time. Tourists and tourists who are only staying for a short time are not considered immigrants. Seasonal labour migration (usually for less than a year) is, however, frequently recognised as a form of immigration. In absolute terms, global immigration is high, but in proportional ones, it is low. In 2005, the United Nations estimated that 190 million foreign migrants made up around 3% of the world's population. The other 97% still live in the state in which they were born, or its successor state. People migrate for a variety of reasons, the most common of which is economic. Political, religious, and personal reasons can all play a role. Pull factors are the causes for attractive incentives for migration, whereas Push factors are the compelling circumstances that force migration, which are primarily the reasons for emigration from the place of origin. War, poverty, natural catastrophes, and other conditions may act as catalysts. Political stability, higher salaries, and familial considerations could all be draw factors. The law that governs immigration in a country is known as immigration law. In terms of foreign citizens, Immigration Law is linked to a country's nationality law, which governs 157 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

citizenship issues. Immigration Law affecting a country's residents is governed by international law. The United Nations International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights is relevant in this regard. The main intergovernmental body in the topic of migration is the International Organization for Migration. It was founded in 1951 as the Intergovernmental Committee for European Migration to assist those who had been displaced during WWII. This organisation is dedicated to the protection of the environment. The objective of immigrationis the process of obtaining citizenship or nationality in another country. Citizenship and nationality law in India is primarily governed by the provisions of the Constitution. The Indian Constitution establishes an unified citizenship system for the entire country. Articles 5 to 11 of Part II of the Indian Constitution deal with citizenship issues. Articles 5 to 9 of the Constitution identify a person's status as an Indian citizen at the time of the Constitution's inception. Article 10 guarantees their status as citizens, subject to the provisions of any legislation passed by the legislature. The Constitution specifically saves Parliament's ability \"to enact any provision with relation to the acquisition and termination of citizenship, and any other matters connected to citizenship\" under Article 11. Every individual belonging to the following groups who has his domicile in the territory of India shall be a citizen of India at the start of this Constitution, according to Article 5: 1) Who was born in the territory of India; or 2) Either of whose parents was born in the territory of India; or 3) Who has been ordinarily resident in the territory of India for not less than five years immediately preceding such commencement; Article Certain individuals who have migrated to India from Pakistan are entitled to citizenship under Article 6 of the Constitution. Certain migrants to Pakistan are granted citizenship under Article 7 of the Constitution, and certain persons of Indian heritage residing outside India are granted citizenship under Article 8 of the Constitution. 7.3 THE IMMIGRANT’S EXPULSION FROM ASSAM ACT 1950 This law was enacted to allow some immigrants to be expelled from Assam. The Act gives the federal government the authority to order the deportation of certain immigrants. If the Central Government believes that any person or class of persons, having been ordinarily resident in any place outside India, has or has come into Assam, whether before or after the commencement of this Act, and that their stay in Assam is detrimental to the interests of the general public of India, any section thereof, or any Schedule Tribe in Assam, a: direct such person or class of persons to remove himself or themselves from India or Assam within such time and by such route as may be specified in the order; b: and give such further directions in regard to his or their removal from India or Assam as it may consider necessary or expedient. 158 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

However, these provisions of the Act shall not apply to any person who on account of civil disturbances or the fear of such disturbances in any area now forming part of Pakistan has been displaced from or has left his place of residence in such area and who has been subsequently residing in Assam. 7.4 THE IMMIGRATION CARRIERS’ LIABILITY ACT 2000 159 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

This was designed to address the problem of carriers arriving with huge numbers of people who did not have legal travel documents, in violation of the Passport Act of 1920. If the competent authority believes that a carrier has brought a person into India in violation of the Passport (Entry into India) Act, 1920 and rules made thereunder, he may order the carrier to pay a penalty of rupees one lakh, subject to the condition that no order be made without the carrier being given an opportunity to be heard in the matter. The Act has been changed to comply with an international requirement that any carrier or class be exempt from a tax. The Bureau of Immigration is in charge of immigration services at India's major international airports as well as foreigner registration in five major cities. Foreigners Regional Registration Officers are field officers in charge of immigration and registration activities in Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, and Amritsar (FRROs). Apart from the FRROs in charge of immigration and registration in the five cities stated above, the concerned District Superintendents of Police serve as Foreigners Registration Officers (FROs) in all of the country's states. All foreigners, including those of Indian origin, who are visiting India on a long-term (more than 180 days) student visa (including those coming to study Yoga, Vedic Culture, Indian system of dance and music), research visa, employment visa, medical, medical attendant, or missionary visa must register with the concerned Registration Officer within 14 days of their first visit. Foreign visitors to India on other types of long-term visas, such as business/entry visas, do not need to register with the relevant FRROs/FROs if their stay does not exceed 180 160 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

days in a single visit.Pakistan Nationals are required to register within 24 hours and Afghanistan Nationals are required to register within 7 days of their arrival in India. Children below 16 years of age do not require registration, on any type of visa. Foreign people who already have long-term Tourist Visas valid for 10/5 years with a stay limit of 180 days/90 days and multiple entry privileges should leave at least 2 months between trips to the country on Tourist Visa. If a visit to the country is required within two months, approval should be sought from the Head of Mission concerned, who should be informed of the exact reasons for the quick visit. In all of these instances, you must register within 14 days after your arrival. This covers foreigners on Tourist Visas who, following their first entry into India, left the country primarily for local tourism-related travel However, immigration officers at all Immigration Check Posts may permit such foreign citizens on Tourist Visas to enter the country twice or three times (depending on need) if they produce an itinerary and supporting paperwork (Ticket bookings). Although there is no fee for registration, there is a penalty of US$ 30/- (Rs.1395/-) in Indian currency if you register late. However, immigration officers at all Immigration Check Posts may permit such foreign citizens on Tourist Visas to enter the country twice or three times (depending on need) if they produce an itinerary and supporting paperwork (Ticket bookings). Although there is no fee for registration, there is a penalty of US$ 30/- (Rs.1395/-) in Indian currency if you register late. Every foreigner is required to provide, in the registration report, such information as may be in his possession for the purpose of satisfying the Registration Officer, and shall, upon being required, sign the registration report in the presence of the said officer, and shall be entitled to receive a certificate of registration from the said officer. At the time of ultimate departure from India, every foreigner is expected to give his certificate of registration to the Registration Officer of the place where he is registered or the place from which he wishes to depart, or to the Immigration Officer at the Port/Check post of exit. A receipt showing such surrender of the document may be acquired and shown to the Immigration Officer at the time of final departure if the certificate is submitted to someone other than the Immigration Officer at the port or check point of exit. At the time of arrival and departure, all passengers, whether Indians or foreigners, are subjected to an immigration check. At both arrival and departure, passports are appropriately stamped. All travellers, both foreigners and Indians, arriving in India or departing from India must fill out a D (Disembarkation) Card and an E (Embarkation) Card upon arrival and departure, respectively. Passengers are expected to fill out the following information on these cards:- 161 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

1. Name and Sex 2. Date of Birth, Nationality 3. Passport Details viz. Number, Dates of Issue 4. Address in India 5. Occupation 6. Flight Number, Date of Arrival / Date of boarding & port of final destination 7. Countries visited during last six days for arriving Indians 8. Purpose to Visit abroad The Ministry of Home Affairs, New Delhi, has general authority over visa conversions and extensions for foreigners residing in India. Visa status changes from one category to another are usually not permitted. Only in exceptional cases will the Ministry of Home Affairs consider it. However, the FRROs/District Superintendents of Police (ex-officio FROs) are empowered to make various conversions/extensions for specific types of Visas without reporting them to the Ministry of Home Affairs for the convenience of foreigners. 7.5 GUIDELINES FOR EMIGRATION CLEARANCE SYSTEM Emigration Clearance sticker shall be pasted by the POE office only if the individual having an Emigration Check Required (ECR) Passport, approaches POE office himself or through a Recruiting Agent. ECR Endorsements on the passports are stamped by the Regional Passport Officers. In case of unskilled worker, farm worker and women emigrant, Employment agreement attested by Indian Embassy is mandatory. 162 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

The Recruiting Agent seeking Emigration Clearance would have to Give an affidavit confirming the following:- That employment visa(s) attached/endorsed on the passports of the workers, issued by respective Foreign Mission/Competent Authority in respect of foreign employer as per the details given against each name is/are genuine and valid for the period mentioned. Details of workers. The RA has hired the workers after receiving a Demand Letter and Power of Attorney from the overseas employer, which has been presented. That the worker will be assigned to the same foreign employer for whom he was hired, and that the foreign employer will greet him when he arrives in the nation of employment. That the worker has passed a trade exam and been judged suitable for the position in which he is employed. That the worker will be paid a minimum wage and will be subject to the minimal conditions of employment set forth in the Specimen employment contract, a copy of which is enclosed. That the worker will be assigned to the same position for which he was hired. The female employee will not be used as a maid or domestic worker. That the RA will be held liable if the people he sends are proven to be unsuited after they get in the country where they will be employed. In such cases, he will be responsible for the cost of repatriation. That the RA keeps track of the above-mentioned information on the workers. 163 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

That all of the workers listed in item (ii) above are skilled or semi-skilled, and that none of them are an unskilled worker, agricultural labourer, farm worker, or housemaid, for example. It is further certified that the cook(s) included in the above list are not going for domestic employment. That the RA has gone through the provisions of sub Section (1) and (2) of Section 37 of the Emigration Act, 1983 and provisions of Section 193 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860 (45 of 1860) relating to punishment for false evidence and have understood the contents thereof and undertake that in event of any of the documents filed along with or referred to in this affidavit being found to be false, incorrect, fabricated ,tampered with or changed, he shall be liable under section 37 of the Emigration Act and Section 193 of the Indian Penal Code. That intended emigrants have been informed on the reality of the destination country, particularly the Maldives. The challenges they are expected to confront, as well as the lifestyle, cultures, religion, practises, and dos and don'ts in the destination country, have all been told to the emigrants. That the RA agrees to conduct a complete medical examination of all workers sent abroad before to their departure from India. That the worker signed the employment contract in his presence, which contains the foreign employer's seal and signature, and that the same employment contract was countersigned by him with the RA's seal and handed to him with a receipt. Emigration Clearance for any form of job in any ECR country will not be issued to any girl under the age of 30. Anguilla is not eligible for clearance. Workers are given permission to emigrate to Libya. Note: Emigration clearance for a certain nation will be issued in accordance with the Government of India's policy/orders in effect at the time. The Protector of Emigrants has the authority to reject an emigration application for the following reasons: That the applicant's proposed terms and conditions of employment are either discriminatory or exploitative. That the applicant's proposed employment involves work of nature that is illegal under Indian law, offends Indian public policy, or undermines human dignity and decency. That the applicant will be required to work or live in substandard conditions. It would not be in the applicant's best interests to emigrate, given the current circumstances in the country where the applicant intends to work. 164 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

That no provision has been made to cover the costs that may arise if it becomes necessary to arrange for the applicant's repatriation to India, or that the provisions made in this regard are inadequate. Orders rejecting any application for emigration clearance shall set out clearly the grounds on which the order has been made and the fact or circumstances on which such grounds are based. Who Needs Emigration Clearance All persons, having ECR endorsed passports and going to any of the 17 ECR countries for taking up employment require emigration clearance. A person can work in another country through a registered recruiting agent, a foreign employer, or a project exporter. The Protector of Emigrants issues emigration clearance in the appropriate manner and form after assuring himself of the accuracy of the particulars mentioned in the application and other papers presented with the application. If there is a defect, the POE notifies the applicant or, as the case may be, the Recruiting Agent or Employer through whom the applications were submitted, by an order in writing. Information about the registered as well as active Recruiting Agents (RA) is available at the Ministry’s website : www.emigrate.gov.in Required Documents Documents Required for Skilled/Semi-Skilled Workers (Individuals) Semi-skilled individuals who seek emigration clearance directly from the Protectors of Emigrants (and not through Recruiting Agents) are required to produce the following documents in original for scrutiny and return: Passport valid for a minimum period of six months with valid visa. 165 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Employment Contract from foreign employer. Challan towards deposit of prescribed fee. Insurance policy- Pravasi Bhartiya Bima Yojana. A person can work in another country through a registered recruiting agent, a foreign employer, or a project exporter. The Protector of Emigrants issues emigration clearance in the appropriate manner and form after assuring himself of the accuracy of the particulars mentioned in the application and other papers presented with the application. If there is a defect, the POE notifies the applicant or, as the case may be, the Recruiting Agent or Employer through whom the applications were submitted, by an order in writing. Documents required for skilled/semi-skilled workers (Through Recruiting Agents) Recruiting agents who seek emigration clearance for skilled/semiskilled workers are required to produce: Passport of the worker valid for a minimum period of 6 months with valid visa. Original Employment contract, demand letter and power of attorney from the foreign employer. Challan towards deposit of prescribed fee. Insurance Policy- PravasiBharatiyaBima Yojana. Documents required for Unskilled/Women Workers (Through Recruiting Agents) In addition to the requirements for skilled/semiskilled workers, all employment documents mentioned in (ii) above have to be duly attested by the Indian Mission. The specimen employment contract lays down the basic terms and conditions of employment including salary, accommodation, medical cover, transport, etc. Emigration clearance to women to work abroad as housemaids/domestic servants etc. On the recommendations of the National Commission for Women, a ban was imposed on grant of emigration clearance to women below the age of thirty (30) years for all kind of employment in any ECR country. Women who have travelled to India on leave and seek to return to the same foreign employer are not subject to the restriction, and POEs have been given the authority to provide a \"no objection certificate\" to such women applicants in order to simplify immigration processing at India's international airports. The ban does not apply to I women with ECR (Emigration Check Required) endorsements on their passports, or (ii) women travelling to any of the ECNR nations. The Foreign Employer has deposited US Dollar 2500 at the concerned Indian Mission. 166 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

7.6SUMMARY  The Government of India established the Bureau of Immigration (BoI) in 1971 to handle immigration in the country. The Board of Immigration is led by the Commissioner of Immigration, with FRROs assisting with immigration facilitation at airports and tasks connected to foreigner registration under various Acts and Rules.  In 2005, the United Nations estimated that 190 million international migrants lived in the world, accounting for nearly 3% of the global population. The remaining 97 percent live in the state where they were born, or in a successor state.  Immigration law is the law that governs only immigration in a country. In terms of foreign citizens, Immigration Law is linked to a country's Nationality Law, which governs the same issues.  Citizenship and nationality law in India is primarily governed by the provisions of the Constitution. The Indian Constitution establishes a unified citizenship system for the entire country. Articles 5 to 11 of Part II of the Indian Constitution deal with citizenship issues.  Foreigners Regional Registration Officers (FRROs) are field officers in charge of immigration and registration activities in Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, and Amritsar.  Every foreigner who is about to depart finally from India is required to surrender his certificate of registration either to the Registration Officer of the place where he is registered or of the place from where he intends to depart or to the Immigration Officer at the Port/Check post of exit at the time of final departure from India. 7.7 KEYWORD • Arrival- Departure in airport terminology means outbound flights (going out of airport) and arrival means inbound flights (coming into the airport). Departure: • Departure- Departure is the act of leaving before starting a journey. • Immigration Check- Immigration check is conducted for all passengers, Indians or foreigners, both at the time of arrival and departure. The passports are duly stamped at time of arrival as well as departure. Passengers should be careful to see that their passports are duly stamped before leaving the immigration counter. • WTTC- World Travel and Tourism Council 167 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

• Missionary Visa- All religious worker visas allow people to come to the United and perform good works associated with various faith-based groups. Rather, the requirements of the Missionary visa are based on the kind of work you will do. • FRRO’s- Foreigners Regional Registration Officers • International Migrant- International migration occurs when people cross state boundaries and stay in the host state for some minimum length of time. Migration occurs for many reasons. Many people leave their home countries in order to look for economic opportunities in another country. • BOI- Bureau of Immigration 7.8 LEARNING ACTIVITY 1. Define Immigration ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 2. Define Emigration ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 7.9UNIT END QUESTIONS A. Descriptive Questions Short Questions 1. What is mean by immigration? 2. Define Emigration? 3. What is the immigration carrier’s liability Act 200? 4. What is the objective of Assam Act 1950? 5. What is Emigration clearance system? Long Questions 1. Discuss the guidelines for emigration clearance system? 2. Explain who needs emigration clearance? 3. What are the documents required for emigration clearance? 4. Explain the immigration laws in India? 5. What is immigrants’ expulsion Assam Act 1950? 168 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

B. Multiple Choice Questions 169 1. BOI refers to a. Bureau of Immigrant b. Bureau of Immigration c. Bureau of Indians d. Burmese Immigration 2. ICP’s refers to: a. Immigration Check Posts b. Immigrant Check Posts c. Immigration Check Point d. Immigration clearance point 3. Immigration refers to long-time ______settlement. a. Permanent b. Temporary c. Push factor d. Pull factor settlement 4. “_________is a push factor settlement. a. Incentives b. Natural disasters. c. Visiting friends d. Tourism 5._____is a pull factor settlement. a. war b. poverty c. Higher incomes d. natural disaster Answers 1-b, 2-a, 3-a, 4-b, 5-c CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

7.10 REFERENCES Reference books • Bezbarua M.P, Indian Tourism Beyond The Millenium • Burkart&Medlik, Tourism; Past, Present and Future. • Gee, Chuck Y, James C. Makens , Dexter J. L. & Choy, The Travel Industry • Murphy, Peter H, Tourism: A Community Approach Textbooks • Bhatia A.K., Basics of Tourism Management, Sterling Publishers Pvt Delhi, 2010 • Bhatia A.K., The Business of Tourism: Concepts and Strategies, Sterling Publishers Pvt Delhi, 2010 • Inskeep Edward, Tourism Planning: An Integrated and Sustainable Development, John Wiley & Sons Inc Publications, New York. • Kumar MisraSuddhendu Narayan and SadualSapan, Basics of Tourism Management, Excel Books. • Nath Dhar Prem, Development of Tourism and Travel Industry: An Indian Perspective, Kanishka Publications, New Delhi. • Prasad VV Vara, Travel & Tourism Management, Sundari VBT Publications. • Sinha R.K., Tourism Strategies, Planning and Development, Common Wealth Publishers • Peter Tarlow, Tourism Security: Strategies for Effective Managing Travel Risk and Safety. Websites • https://www.iatatravelcentre.com/international-travel-document- news/1580226297.htm • https://www.iatatravelcentre.com/ • https://www.united.com/ual/en/us/fly/travel/documentation- requirements/international.html • https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/international-travel/before-you- go/travelers-checklist.html 170 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

UNIT - 8: HEALTH REGULATIONS AND YELLOW FEVER VACCINE STRUCTURE 8.0Learning Objectives 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Vaccines before travelling abroad 8.3 Yellow fever Vaccines 8.4 Countries regarded as yellow fever infected 8.5 Procedure for Yellow fever vaccinations 8.6 Summary 8.7 Keywords 8.8 Learning Activity 8.9 Unit End Questions 8.10 References 8.0LEARNING OBJECTIVES After studying this unit, you will be able to:  Understand the health regulations for International Travel  Understand the need for vaccines  Know about various health certifications required for international travel 171 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

8.1INTRODUCTION Figure 8.1 High Risk Areas for Yellow Fever The International Health Regulations (IHR), first adopted by the World Health Assembly in 1969 and last revised in 2005, are a legally binding international law instrument that aims for international collaboration \"to prevent, protect against, control, and provide a public health response to the international spread of disease in ways that are commensurate with and limited to public health. 8.2 VACCINES BEFORE TRAVELLING ABROAD Check the vaccines and medicines list and visit your doctor at least a month before your trip to get vaccines or medicines you may need. 172 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Figure 8.2 High Risk Areas for Yellow Fever Vaccines for Recommendations Clinical Guidance for disease Healthcare providers Routine vaccines Make sure you are up-to-date on all Immunization schedules routine vaccines before every trip. Some of these vaccines include  Chickenpox (Varicella)  Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis  Flu (influenza)  Measles-Mumps-Rubella (MMR)  Polio COVID-19 Everyone 16 years of age and older COVID-19 Cholera should get fully vaccinated for COVID- 19 before travel. Vaccination may be considered for adults Cholera (CDC Yellow 173 who are traveling to areas of active Book) cholera transmission. Cholera is presumed to be present in India. Cholera is rare in travelers but can be severe. Certain factors may increase the CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Vaccines for Recommendations Clinical Guidance for disease Healthcare providers Hepatitis A risk of getting cholera or having severe Hepatitis B disease (more information). Avoiding Japanese unsafe food and water and washing your Encephalitis hands can also help prevent cholera. Recommended for unvaccinated travelers Hepatitis A (CDC Yellow one year old or older going to India. Book) Infants 6 to 11 months old should also be Dosing info vaccinated against Hepatitis A. The dose does not count toward the routine 2-dose series. Travelers who are allergic to a vaccine component or are under the age of six months should receive a single dose of immune globulin, which can provide adequate protection for up to two months depending on the dosage given. Unvaccinated travellers over 40 years old, immunocompromised, or with chronic medical issues who plan to travel to a risk location in less than two weeks should have the first dose of vaccination and immune globulin at the same time. Recommended for unvaccinated travelers Hepatitis B (CDC Yellow of all ages to India. Book) Dosing info Recommended for travelers who Japanese encephalitis (CDC Yellow  Are moving to an area with Book) Japanese encephalitis to live  Spend long periods of time, such Japanese Encephalitis as a month or more, in areas with Vaccine for US Children 174 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Vaccines for Recommendations Clinical Guidance for disease Healthcare providers Malaria Japanese encephalitis  Frequently travel to areas with Japanese encephalitis Consider vaccination for travelers  Spending less than a month in areas with Japanese encephalitis but will be doing activities that increase risk of infection, such as visiting rural areas, hiking or camping, or staying in places without air conditioning, screens, or bed nets  Going to areas with Japanese encephalitis who are uncertain of their activities or how long they will be there Not recommended for travelers planning short-term travel to urban areas or travel to areas with no clear Japanese encephalitis season. CDC recommends that travelers going to Malaria (CDC Yellow certain areas of India take prescription Book) medicine to prevent malaria. Depending on the medicine you take, you will need Considerations when to start taking this medicine multiple days choosing a drug for malaria before your trip, as well as during and prophylaxis (CDC Yellow after your trip. Talk to your doctor about Book) which malaria medication you should take. Malaria information for India. Find country-specific information about 175 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Vaccines for Recommendations Clinical Guidance for disease Healthcare providers Measles Rabies malaria. Typhoid Infants 6 to 11 months old traveling Measles (Rubeola) (CDC internationally should get 1 dose of Yellow Book) measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine before travel. This dose does not count as part of the routine childhood vaccination series. Rabid dogs are commonly found in India. Rabies (CDC Yellow If you are bitten or scratched by a dog or Book) other mammal while in India, there may be limited or no rabies treatment available. Consider rabies vaccination before your trip if your activities mean you will be around dogs or wildlife. Travelers more likely to encounter rabid animals include  Campers, adventure travelers, or cave explorers (spelunkers)  Veterinarians, animal handlers, field biologists, or laboratory workers handling animal specimens  Visitors to rural areas Since children are more likely to be bitten Yellow or scratched by a dog or other animals, consider rabies vaccination for children traveling to India. Recommended for most travelers, Typhoid (CDC especially those staying with friends or 176 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Vaccines for Recommendations Clinical Guidance for disease Healthcare providers Yellow Fever relatives or visiting smaller cities or rural Book) areas. Dosing info (CDC Yellow Book) Any traveler (except infants <9 months old) arriving by air or sea without a yellow fever vaccination certificate is detained in isolation for up to 6 days if that person— 1) arrives within 6 days of departure from an area with risk of YF virus transmission, 2) has been in such an area in transit (except those passengers and members of flight crews who, while in transit through an airport in an area with risk of YF virus transmission, remained in the airport during their entire stay and the health officer agrees to such an exemption), 3) arrives on a ship that started from or touched at any port in an area with risk of YF virus transmission up to 30 days before its arrival in India, unless such a ship has been disinfected in accordance with the procedure recommended by WHO, or 4) arrives on an aircraft that has been in an area with risk of YF virus transmission and has not been disinfected in accordance with the Indian Aircraft Public Health Rules, 1954, or as recommended by WHO. The following are regarded as countries 177 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Vaccines for Recommendations Clinical Guidance for disease Healthcare providers and areas with risk of YF virus transmission: Africa: Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Côte d’Ivoire, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Gabon, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Sudan, Sudan, Togo, and Uganda. Americas: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago (Trinidad only), and Venezuela. Note: When a case of yellow fever is reported from any country, that country is regarded by the government of India as a country with risk of YF virus transmission and is 8.3 YELLOW FEVER For entry into India:- 178 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Figure 8.3 Yellow Fever Any person, Foreigner or Indian, (excluding infants below six months) arriving by air or sea without a vaccination certificate of yellow fever will be kept in quarantine isolation for a period up to 6 days if :  He arrives in India within 6 days of departure/transit from a yellow fever endemic area.  Has come on a ship which has started from or transited at any port in a yellow fever endemic country within 30 days of its arrival in India provided such ship has not been disinfected in accordance with the procedure laid down by WHO. (B) For leaving India:- There is no health check requirement by Indian Government on passengers leaving India. Persons leaving for a yellow fever infected area are advised in their own interest to get themselves vaccinated and to be possession of valid yellow fever vaccination certificates before they leave the country. An administrative Arrangement for the health control of sea, air and land traffic exists between the Government of India and the Government of Bangladesh. It implies that, if any aircraft or ship or land traffic from a third country arrives first at any airport or port or border check post in either of the agreement countries and then directly (without touching any other third country enroute) reaches the second country of the agreement, all health checks will be 179 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

completed in the country of first arrival and the travellers will be exempted from any further health check on arrival in the second country. Persons exempted from production of vaccination certificate: The under mentioned persons are exempted from production yellow fever vaccination certificate:  Infants below the age of six months.  Any person suffering from some chronic illness and has poor resistance and is thereby exempted from being vaccinated.  Crew and passengers of an aircraft transiting through an airport located in yellow fever infected area provided the Health Officer is satisfied that such persons remained within the airport premises during the period of stay. 8.4 COUNTRIES REGARDED AS YELLOW FEVER INFECTED Figure 8.4 Yellow fever Regarded Countries The following countries are regarded as yellow fever endemic : Africa: Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Cote d' Ivoire, Democratic Republic of Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Kenya, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Sudan, South Sudan, Togo, Uganda. South America: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guyana, Guyana, Suriname, Trinidad (Trinidad only), Venezuela, Panama, Paraguay, Peru. 180 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

 A Yellow fever vaccination certificate is valid only if it conforms to the model. The validity period of an international certificate of vaccination for yellow fever is lifelong beginning 10 days after vaccination.  Foreign nationals residing or who have passed through the Yellow fever endemic countries during the preceding six days, are granted visas only after the production of vaccination certificate of Yellow Fever. After checking the vaccination certificate an entry reads as “Valid Yellow Fever Vaccination Certificate Checked” is made in the passport of the foreigner. Passengers travelling to and from YF endemic countries (countries where Yellow Fever disease is persisting) are required to be in possession of a “VALID YELLOW FEVER VACCINATION CERTIFICATE” issued by authorized and designated vaccination centers in India. Figure 8.5 Yellow fever Vaccine Certificate In the lack of the required information, the certificate is considered as \"INVALID\" (details as per YF Certificate). Immigration Officers, incidentally, are in charge of checking for a valid YF Certificate in the possession of travellers travelling from or via any of these YF endemic nations. 181 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Those found not in possession of a valid certificate, or a faulty certificate as defined by the WHO are quarantined until the YF certificate becomes \"valid\" or until a period of six days has passed from the last possible exposure to infection, whichever comes first. The vaccination is valid after 10 days from the date of vaccination and duration of its validity is the life of the person vaccinated. Vaccination Procedure The vaccine beneficiary moves in following direction Flow of vaccine Beneficiary Registration counter → waiting area → Injection Room → Observation Room Yellow Fever Vaccination received in India is valid only if it is received from Govt. of India recognized centers only. 10 PERSONS ARE REQUIRED IN THE LAST BATCH (As the vaccine available vial is of 10 dose each & it is opened only when 10 person are available) FEE - RS.300/- FOR ONE VACCINE, fixed by Govt. of India from time to time. Mandatory Requirement – Original Passport There has to be gap of four weeks between two different live vaccines. 8.5THE PROCEDURE FOR YELLOW FEVER VACCINATION The vaccinations will be given out on a first-come, first-served basis. To keep the first come, first served system, the registration / token distribution mechanism can be used. The Travel Document (passport) must be reviewed at the time of registration, and all vaccinees must read the appropriate Yellow Fever Vaccination information provided in the registration / waiting area. Vaccinees are reminded to bring/keep their Travel Document (passport) and the vaccination fee of Rs.300/- with them when they receive their immunization. All vaccinees are instructed to wait in the waiting area, and vaccinees are called into the vaccination room in batches of ten people. All vaccinees are informed and given the opportunity to read about the Yellow Fever Vaccination's side effects, adverse reactions, and other related information. All vaccine recipients must give their informed consent. The entries are made in the vaccination register using the information from the travel document (passport), and then the fee for the vaccination is collected and the vaccinee is given a receipt. 182 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Vaccinees are instructed to complete the vaccine-related entries on the WHO Yellow Fever Vaccination Card and to seek vaccine inoculation. The doctor/nurse start vaccination procedure as follows: Checks the Vial Viability Marker With a 5ml disposable plastic syringe, combine the needed amount of diluents in the vial. According to biomedical waste standards, all biomedical waste is segregated and collected/disposed in the appropriate bags only at the time of process. The inoculation area is cleaned using a water swab. With a 1ml disposable/AD plastic syringe, the vaccination dose, which is 0.5ml for everyone, is injected to the vaccinee. After inoculation, vaccinees are instructed to wait 30 minutes before reporting any side effects or unpleasant reactions to the on-duty doctor. Vaccine summary Yellow Fever Vaccine is a live-virus preparation of the 17D strain of yellow fever virus generated in leucosis-free chick embryos that has been attenuated. When delivered correctly, a single dose gives immunity to almost all recipients. Protective immunity is only developed after 10 days of yellow fever vaccination and lasts for the rest of the person's life. This vaccination is given as a single subcutaneous injection. Only 10 days after immunization does a Yellow Fever Vaccination Certificate become valid. 183 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Figure 8.6 Yellow fever Vaccine Type of vaccine Live viral Number of doses One dose of 0.5 ml subcutaneously Route of Sub-cutaneous Administration Contraindications Egg allergy; immune deficiency from medication or disease; Adverse reactions symptomatic HIV infection; hypersensitivity to previous dose; pregnancy Hypersensitivity to egg; rarely, encephalitis in the very young; hepatic Special precautions failure. Rare reports of death from massive organ failure. Do not give before six months of age; avoid during pregnancy Storage +2 to +8 degrees centigrade temperature Yellow Fever Endemic Countries- The list is updated from time to time by WHO Africa Central and South America Angola Ethiopia Rwanda Argentina São Tomé and Bolivia1 Benin Gabon Principe Senegal Brazil1 Burkina Faso The Gambia Sierra Leone Colombia Somalia Ecuador1 Burundi Ghana Sudan French Guiana Tanzania Guyana Cameroon Guinea Panama1 Cape Verde Guinea-Bissau Central African Kenya Republic Liberia 184 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Chad Mali Togo Paraguay1 Uganda Peru1 Congo Mauritania Suriname Trinidad and Tobago Côte d'Ivoire Niger Venezuela1 Democratic Nigeria Republic of Congo Equatorial Guinea 8.6 SUMMARY  Travelers to other countries often face health issues they wouldn't ordinarily experience at home.  To minimize your risks of becoming seriously ill when traveling abroad, you should find out in advance whether any specific immunizations may be recommended for travel to the region of the world you'll be visiting. It's also a good time to review your own immunization history.  Travelers are given \"recommended\" immunizations to protect them from illnesses that are common in other parts of the world. Doctors assess which vaccines are advised for international travel based on your destination, whether you will be spending time in rural regions, the season of the year you will be going, your age, overall health, and immunisation history.  Malaria, a potentially fatal infection delivered by the bite of a female Anopheles mosquito, is a major concern for many tourists visiting tropical nations.  Malaria is most widespread in Africa, but it can be found in more than 100 nations.  While there is no vaccine to prevent malaria, if you are travelling to an at-risk area, your doctor can give preventive, or prophylactic, antimalarial drugs.  Some of the world's most beautiful places are also home to some of the most dangerous pests. International travellers are susceptible to yellow fever, malaria, and even polio. Learn whatever immunizations or precautions are recommended to protect yourself. 185 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

8.7KEYWORDS • Yellow Fever Vaccination- Yellow Fever vaccination is the only one that is required,when travelling to a country that requires an ICVP stating that the holder has been vaccinated against yellow fever because the country is at risk of transmission or the traveller has been through a country at risk of transmission, vaccination is necessary. Yellow fever transmission risk is defined as the existence of animals or microorganisms that pose a risk of infection and transmission and are currently or previously documented to have yellow fever. • Japanese Encephalitis- An infection that can induce brain enlargement and is widespread throughout Asia and the western Pacific. The virus that causes Japanese encephalitis is spread by infected mosquito bites. In rural and agricultural settings, it is more common. The majority of cases are minor. Rarely, it results in severe brain edema, which is accompanied by a severe headache, a high fever, and confusion. Supportive care is part of the treatment process. There is a vaccination available. • UNDP - United Nations Development Programme 8.8LEARNING ACTIVITY 1. Various vaccines for travel abroad? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 2. Discuss on Yellow fever vaccine and certificate. ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 8.9 UNIT END QUESTIONS A. Descriptive Questions Short Questions 1. Define International Health regulations? 2. What is vaccination? 3. Why is vaccine certificate important for international travel? 4. What are the routine vaccines? 5. Define Cholera? 186 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Long Questions 187 1. What are health regulations? Discuss. 2. Discuss the various health vaccines required for travel abroad? 3. What is Yellow fever? 4. What are the procedures to get yellow fever vaccination? 5. Which are the countries need yellow fever vaccination? B. Multiple Choice Questions 1. IHR refers to. a. The International Health Regulations b. The Indian Health Regulations c. The Inter-continental Health Regulations d. The In-land Health Regulations 2. The International Health Regulations was adopted in the year a. 1097 b. 1990 c. 1988 d. 1969 3. IMF refers to a. Indian Monetary fund b. International Monetary fund c. Income Monetary fund d. Inland Money fund 4. WHO refers to a. World Heal Organisation b. World Health Organ c. World Heart Organisation d. World Health Organization 5. Persons exempted from production of vaccination certificate a. Above 50 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

b. Infant below 06 months c. Above 20 d. Above 40 Answers 1-a,2-d,3-b,4-d,5-b 8.10REFERENCES Reference books • Bezbarua M.P, Indian Tourism Beyond The Millenium • Burkart&Medlik, Tourism; Past, Present and Future. • Gee, Chuck Y, James C. Makens , Dexter J. L. & Choy, The Travel Industry • Murphy, Peter H, Tourism: A Community Approach Textbooks • Bhatia A.K., Basics of Tourism Management, Sterling Publishers Pvt Delhi, 2010 • Bhatia A.K., The Business of Tourism: Concepts and Strategies, Sterling Publishers Pvt Delhi, 2010 • Inskeep Edward, Tourism Planning: An Integrated and Sustainable Development, John Wiley & Sons Inc Publications, New York. • Kumar MisraSuddhendu Narayan and SadualSapan, Basics of Tourism Management, Excel Books. • Nath Dhar Prem, Development of Tourism and Travel Industry: An Indian Perspective, Kanishka Publications, New Delhi. • Prasad VV Vara, Travel & Tourism Management, Sundari VBT Publications. • Sinha R.K., Tourism Strategies, Planning and Development, Common Wealth Publishers • Peter Tarlow, Tourism Security: Strategies for Effective Managing Travel Risk and Safety. Websites • https://www.iatatravelcentre.com/international-travel-document- news/1580226297.htm • https://www.iatatravelcentre.com/ 188 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

• https://www.united.com/ual/en/us/fly/travel/documentation- requirements/international.html • https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/international-travel/before-you- go/travelers-checklist.html 189 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

UNIT - 9: BUREAU OF CIVIL AVIATION SECURITY STRUCTURE 9.0 Learning Objectives 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Objectives of Bureau of Civil Aviation 9.3 Guidelines for Greenfield airports 9.4 Development and financing of Greenfield airports 9.5 Central government guidelines 9.6 State government guidelines 9.7 Central Board of Indirect Tax and Customs, Department of Revenue 9.8 Summary 9.9 Keywords 9.10 Learning Activity 9.11 Unit End Questions 9.12 References 9.0LEARNING OBJECTIVES After studying this unit, you will be able to:  Explain the process of transformation of travel of past into tourism of today.  Discuss various types and related purposes of tourism.  Explain the variety and value of tourist resources of India.  Explain the causes and factors responsible for the growth of tourism.  Analyse the area development through the promotion of tourism 9.1INTRODUCTION The Bureau of Civil Aviation Security (BCAS) is a Ministry of Civil Aviation-affiliated office (India). It is India's civil aviation security regulatory authority. It is led by a Director General of Police who is also known as the Director General of the Bureau of Civil Aviation Security. The Director General of BCAS is the responsible authority for implementing Annex 17 of the Chicago Convention of the International Civil Aviation Organization (Security: Safeguarding International Civil Aviation Against Acts of Unlawful Interference). The Director General of BCAS is in charge of developing, implementing, and maintaining the National Civil Aviation System. 190 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Figure -9.1International Civil Aviation Organization 9.2 OBJECTIVES OF BUREAU OF CIVIL AVIATION SECURITY The primary goal of the National Civil Aviation Security Program is to protect civil aviation operations from unlawful intervention by enacting regulations, policies, and procedures that consider flight safety, regularity, and efficiency. The National Civil Aviation Security Program of India strives to protect national and international air carriers operating out of India, as well as civil airports/civil enclaves in India that support international and domestic flights and national air carriers operating out of foreign airports. The Bureau of Civil Aviation and Security (BCAS) is the regulatory authority for civil aviation security in India. It provides the following services:  Laying down of aviation security standards in accordance with Annex 17 to the Chicago Convention of ICAO for airport operators, airlines operators, and the security agencies responsible for implementing Aviation Security (AVSEC) measures.  Monitoring the implementation of security rules and regulations and carrying out a survey of security needs.  Ensuring that persons implementing security controls are appropriately trained and possess all competencies required to perform their duties.  Planning and coordination of aviation security matters.  Establishing, developing, implementing, maintaining, and reviewing the National Civil Aviation Security Programme (NCASP); and  Conducting (a) surprise/dummy checks to test professional efficiency and alertness of the security staff and b) mock exercises to test the efficacy of contingency plans and operational preparedness of various agencies. 191 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Site Selection & Construction of Aerodrome 1. The applicant shall submit details of the site/proposed design/architectural and infrastructural requirements for the site inspection and security requirements for integration in the design of the aerodrome. 2. BCAS officials may carry out inspection during the period of construction and prior to operation as considered appropriate, to assess the progress and the security assurance system adopted by the applicant. 3. The access control to the airport and its security restricted area shall be in accordance with the authorization and instructions issued by COSCA from time to time. 9.3 GUIDELINES FOR GREENFIELD AIRPORTS Purpose of Compendium The compendium will serve as a guiding document for a developer of understand: a) the guidelines approval, c) Infrastructure requirement for reserved activities to be provided by Central Government agencies, d) guidelines for airport infras names of the Government agencies to be contacted for seeking approvals. Flow of the compendium has been provided below. 192 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Steps to be followed for obtaining approval for setting up of Greenfield Airport Compendium of Central Government Services and Regulations for Greenfield Airport Guidelines for Greenfield Airports Purpose of Compendium The compendium will serve as a guiding document for a developer of a greenfield a) The guidelines for setting up a greenfield airport b) The process for obtaining ) infrastructure requirement for reserved activities to be provided by Central ) c) Guidelines for airport infrastructure, d) safety, and security, and e) the Government agencies to be contacted for seeking approvals. The flow of the compendium has been provided below. Steps to be followed for obtaining approval for setting up of Greenfield Airport Legal Framework for setting up of aAirport The Constitution of India includes aerodromes in Item 29 of the Union List, which implies that the Central Government alone has legislative and executive powers relating to airports. The primary responsibility for the development of airports rests with the Central Government. “Airways, aircraft, and air navigation; provision of aerodromes; regulation and organisation of air traffic and aerodromes; provision for aeronautical education and training, and regulation of such education and training provided by states and other agencies” are all areas in which the Union of India has sole legislative authority. The Central Government's Rules enacted under the Aircraft Act of 1934 (the \"Aircraft Act\") control the development, maintenance, and operation of all airports, including greenfield airports. Under the Act, the Central Government has the sole right to grant a licence for setting up an airport, and the operations of the airport would be subject to its licensing conditions (Rule 78 of the Aircraft Rules). The Airports Authority Act (the \"AAI Act\"), adopted by the Central Government in 1994, mandated that the Airport Authority of India (\"AAI\") design, finance, operate, and maintain all Government airports. The AAI Act, on the other hand, allows AAI to offer a concession to a private corporation for the financing, development, operation, and maintenance of an airport. As a result, if private participation is expected, greenfield airports planned by the Central Government could use the concession route. Airports other than those managed by AAI are governed by the provisions of the Aircraft Act and the Rules made thereunder. An entity other than AAI (hereinafter referred to as an “Airport Company”) can set up an airport. The Airport Company must function under a licence from Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA) to be issued under the Aircraft Act. Such a licence can be granted only to the following (Rule 79 of the Aircraft Rules): 193 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

a. A citizen of India; or b. A company or a body corporate either in the Central sector, state sector or the private sector registered under the Companies Act, 1956, and subject to the following conditions: i. It is registered and has its principal place of business in India; or ii. It meets the equity-holding criteria specified by the Central Government from time to time; iii. The Central Government or a state government or any company or any corporation owned or controlled by either of the said Governments iv. A society registered under the Societies Registration Act, 1860. Thus, an airport can be developed and operated either by AAI or by an Airport Company that has been given a licence by DGCA as per its licence conditions. The Rules also allow the Central Government or a state government to obtain a licence. 9.4 DEVELOPMENT AND FINANCING OF GREENFIELD AIRPORTS 1. AAI Airports Greenfield airports to be set up by AAI would be preferably constructed through public private partnerships (PPP); such airports would be financed substantially through PPP concessions. However, the land for such airports would have to be provided by AAI. Furthermore, any finance gaps can be filled through the Viability Gap Funding initiative, which offers a capital grant of up to 20% of the project's cost. Greenfield airport concessions would be given through an open competitive bidding process based on model bidding documents. In places of India's north-east where the PPP path may not be practical, AAI might build greenfield airports on its own, with consent from the government on a case-by- case basis. Land for greenfield airports would ideally be granted free of charge and free of any encumbrances to AAI by the recipient government/local government.Other Airports Financing and development of any other airport would be the responsibility of the airport company seeking the licence. Land for this purpose may be acquired by the airport company, either through direct purchase or through acquisition by the state government as per the extant policy. 9.5 CENTRAL GOVERNMENT GUIDELINES The Central Government may, from time to time, notify guidelines to be followed by DGCA for grant of licence to operate a greenfield airport. While granting a licence, DGCA would keep these guidelines in view. At present, the following conditions shall be kept in view by DGCA while granting a licence: 194 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

a. No greenfield airport would be allowed within an aerial distance of 150 km of an existing civilian airport. b. If a greenfield airport is proposed within 150 kilometers of an existing civilian airport, the impact on that airport would be assessed. The government will decide such matters on a case- by-case basis. Activities connected to Air Traffic Services (ATS), security, customs, and immigration would be reserved for Central Government agencies in the case of any greenfield airport established under these policy guidelines. The provision of these services would be governed by the Central Government's policies. Government from time to time. The requirement for the same has been dealt with in subsequent chapters. 9.6 STATE GOVERNMENT GUIDELINES 1. In case a state government wishes to promote the setting up of airports in the state, it could either: a. Apply to DGCA for a licence itself, in which event the state government would be responsible for the development and operation of the airport; or 195 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

b. An entity of the state government could apply for a licence to DGCA, in which event such an entity would be responsible for the development and operation of the airport; or c. The state government or its corporation may select a private entity and form a Joint Venture Company (JVC) in the private sector; in such an event, the JVC would be responsible for the development and operation of the airport under a licence from DGCA; or d. Allot land to a private airport company for the development and operation of an airport under a licence from DGCA. 2. In case a state government wishes to facilitate the setting up of the airport, it could provide the following incentives to an airport company: a. Land, concessional or otherwise; b. Real estate development rights in and around the airports; c. Airport connectivity, rail, and road; d. Fiscal incentives by way of exemptions from state taxes; and e. Any other assistance that the state government State governments may develop rules that provide any or all of the aforementioned incentives to airport companies. If the state government or any of its entities must choose a private entity or JVC partner, it must do so through an open competitive bidding process. When awarding land or other benefits, the state government has the option of stipulating the airport company's rights and obligations as a condition of such grants. 4. Because state governments lack the constitutional authority to issue airport concessions, they are unable to enter into any agreements with airport firms. As previously stated, the Aircraft Act of 1934 vests entirely in the Central Government the authority to provide a licence for the operation of an airport. State governments, on the other hand, can provide any or all of the incentives/assistance listed in paragraph. 5. State governments can also donate land to AAI for the development of greenfield airports via concessions, which are awarded to private corporations in compliance with the AAI Act's stipulations. States may grant AAI any of the foregoing concessions in order to facilitate the construction of airports in their states. In Annexure VII, a State Support Agreement has been attached as an example. As needed, the agreement will be drawn on stamp paper.Process for obtaining approval A greenfield airport to be set up by AAI or an airport company shall have to follow the following process: 1. If the proposed airport is beyond 150 km of an existing civilian airport: a. If it is in compliance with the guidelines, then it would not require prior approval of the Central Government. DGCA would be competent to grant a licence for its operation as per the extant rules and notifications. However, the proposals should be routed through the Steering Committee. 196 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

b. If it seeks exemption/relaxation from any of the other guidelines or extant rules and policies, it would be considered for clearance by the Steering Committee constituted as explained in the subsequent section. The committee's recommendations would be forwarded to the Ministry of Civil Aviation. If the Steering Committee is unable to reach a consensus, then the proposal would be placed before the competent authority (Union Cabinet) for a decision. DGCA would consider such proposals for grant of licence only after the approval of the Central Government is secured. If the airport is within 150 km of an existing civilian airport: a. In this case, the application shall be considered first by the Steering Committee. All relevant facts and circumstances, including any contractual liabilities, shall be considered by the Steering Committee. The Steering Committee will also consider whether the applicant has received the necessary authorization from the relevant authorities under the applicable laws. The Steering Committee will provide a recommendation to the Central Government after examining the application (the Ministry of Civil Aviation). The recommendation will be considered by the Central Government, which will then determine whether or not to approve the airport project. Only when the Central Government has given its permission can the DGCA consider a proposal for granting a licence to the applicant. b. Where an application also seeks exemption/relaxation from any extant rules and policies, the application shall be considered first by the Steering Committee. The Steering Committee shall consider all relevant facts and circumstances including contractual liabilities, if any. The Steering Committee will also consider whether the applicant has secured the necessary authorization from the relevant authorities under the applicable laws. The Steering Committee will offer a reasonable recommendation to the Central Government after examining the application. The Union Cabinet would assess the subject on a case-by-case basis, according to the Ministry of Civil Aviation. Only after the Central Government has given its permission would the DGCA examine such suggestions for granting a licence. 9.7 CENTRAL BOARD INDIRECT TAX AND CUSTOMS, DEPARTMENT OF REVENUE The Central Board of Indirect Tax and Customs (CBIC), Department of Revenue, Ministry of Finance, provides customs services at the airport. The airport operator obtains a clearance certificate from the Department of Revenue for the provision of customs services. CBIC provides the following services at greenfield airports: (a) customs control at the Walkthrough Channel, (b) customs control at baggage examination centres in the Green/Red Channel, (c) customs control for detained goods, 197 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

(d) customs control for mishandled baggage, (e) customs control for valuables, (f) customs control for re-shipment goods, (g) customs control for confiscated goods, (h) issuance of export certificates, and (i) services of relevant officials in connection with the CBIC’s functions. 9.8 INFRASTRUCTURE, EQUIPMENT, AND PERSONNEL REQUIREMENTS The total strength of the personnel and specifications for infrastructure and equipment at the airport depend on the volume of passengers, both incoming and outgoing, at the airport. The estimate for space requirement is made on the basis of passenger projection (both incoming and outgoing) at a Greenfield airport. The space requirements for the department in general at the arrival side of the airport include: a. Space for customs control at the walkthrough channel b. Space for customs control at baggage examination counters in the Green/Red Channel including rest rooms for officers c. Space for the Commissioner of Customs including PA’s room d. Space for the Joint Commissioner/Additional Commissioner including PA’s room e. Space for the Assistant/Deputy Commissioner shift in charge f. Space for the Assistant/Deputy Commissioner in charge of Prevention Air Intelligence Unit (AIU) g. Space for the Assistant/Deputy Commissioners (establishment) who looks after deployment of staff and legal and prosecution aspects h. Space for the dog squad i. Space for officers deployed for preventive (AIU) j. Space for frisking of lady passengers k. Space for interrogation l. Space for detained/seized/confiscated goods and mishandled baggage m. Space for a strong room n. Space for the special duty officer and field security officers o. Space for District Development Officer (DDO) and Accounts Officer 198 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

p. Space for canteen q. Space for the Commissioner (Appeal’s) office r. Space for the Chief Commissioner’s office s. Record room t. Recreation room Similarly, at the departure side, adequate space for the following purposes is required: a. Space for the Assistant/Deputy Commissioner shift in charge b. Space for the Assistant/Deputy Commission in charge of Preventive (AIU) c. Space for facilitation of passengers at the departure side d. Space for baggage examination room e. Space for officers deployed for Preventive (AIU) f. Space for interrogation room g. Space for the dog squad h. Space for warehouse and strong room i. Space for frisking of passengers (separate for male/female) j. Space for changing room for officers (separate for male/female) This information is related to passenger side only and does not include air cargo operations. For the space and infrastructure requirements at the air cargo operations area, the operator would be required to obtain information from the department. The airport developer/operator shall follow the CPWD norms, in case of provisioning of space (operational or non- operational) for CBEC. 9.8SUMMARY  The Bureau of Civil Aviation Security (BCAS) is an attached office of the Ministry of Civil Aviation (India). It is the regulatory authority for civil aviation security in India. It is headed by an officer of the rank of Director general of Police and is designated as Director General of Bureau of Civil Aviation Security.  The National Civil Aviation Security Program's main goal is to protect civil aviation operations from unlawful intervention by enacting regulations, standards, and procedures that consider flight safety, regularity, and efficiency.  Aerodromes are listed in Item 29 of the Union List in the Indian Constitution, implying that the Central Government has sole legislative and executive authority 199 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

over airports. The central government bears major responsibility for the development of airports. In 1994, the Central Government passed the Airports Authority Act (the \"AAI Act\"), which specified that the Airport Authority of India (\"AAI\") would develop, finance, operate, and maintain all Government airports. The AAI Act, on the other hand, allows AAI to offer a concession to a private corporation for the financing, development, operation, and maintenance of an airport. As a result, if private participation is expected, greenfield airports planned by the Central Government could use the concession route.  Any other airport's financing and development would be the responsibility of the airport firm seeking the licence. For this reason, land is required. The Central Government may issue guidelines to the DGCA for the grant of a greenfield airport licence from time to time. The DGCA would bear these parameters in mind while granting a licence.  State governments may develop rules that provide any or all of the aforementioned incentives to airport companies. If the state government or any of its entities must choose a private entity or JVC partner, it must do so through an open competitive bidding process. When awarding land or other benefits, the state government has the option of stipulating the airport company's rights and obligations as a condition of such grants. 9.9 KEYWORD 200  AAI- Airports Authority of India  AERA -Airports Economic Regulatory Authority  AFRRO- Assistant Foreign Regional Registration Offices  AFS- Aeronautical Fixed Services AIS Aeronautical Information Service  AGA -Aerodrome and Ground Aids  AIU - Air Intelligence Unit  AMO - Aeronautical meteorological offices  AMS-Aeronautical Meteorological Stations  AMSL - Above Mean Sea Level  APHO -Airport Health Organization  APIS-Advanced Passenger Information System  ASC-Airport Security Committee CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)