FOC001_ Fundamentals of Computer

Bringing Computer to Life 143 Floppies come in two basic sizes: • 5¼ Inch: The common size for PCs made before 1987. This type of floppy is generally capable of storing between 100 K and 1.2 MB (megabytes) of data. The most common sizes are 360 K and 1.2 MB. • 3½ Inch: Floppy is something of a misnomer for these disks, as they are encased in a rigid envelope. Despite their small size, micro floppies have a large storage capacity than their cousins – from 400 k to 1.4 MB of data. The most common sized for PCs are 720 K (double-density) and 1.44 MB (high-density) Macintoshes support disks of 400 K, 800 K and 1.2 MB. Hard Disk Hard disk is a magnetic disk on which one can store computer data. The hard disk is faster than floppy disks. For example, hard disk can store anywhere from one megabytes to several gigabytes, whereas most floppies have a maximum storage capacity of 1.4 megabytes. Fig. 6.8: Hard Disk A single hard disk usually consists of several platters. Each platter requires two read/write heads, one of each side. All the read/write head are attached to a single access arm so that they cannot move independently. Each platter has the same number of tracks, and a track location that cuts across all platters is called a cylinder. For example, a typical 84 megabyte hard disk for a PC might have two platters (four sides) and 1,053 cylinders. In general, these are less portable than floppies, although it is possible to buy removable hard disks. There are two types of removable hard disks, disk packs and removable cartridges. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

144 Computer Fundamentals Winchester Disk Another magnetic media suitable for large volumes of information is the hard disk popularly known as Winchester disk. A Winchester disk pack consists of two or more magnetic plates fixed to a spindle, one below the other with a set of read–write heads. The disk pack is permanently seated inside a casing to protect it from dust and other contamination, thus, increasing its reliability and data integrity. They can hold large volume of information than floppies. They are very fast in reading and writing. Winchester disks are available in different sizes and capacities. Standard sizes are 5.25 inches, 8 inches, 10.5 inches and 14 inches, storage capacities. Fig. 6.9: Winchester Disk Zip Disk These are high-capacity floppy disk drives developed by the Iomega Corporation. Zip disks are slight larger than the conventional floppy disks, and as about twice as thick, e.g., 1200, 2000, 4200 MB and so on are typical for a personal computer. They can hold 100 MB of data because they are relatively inexpensive and durable they have become a popular media for backing the hard disks and for transporting large files. Fig. 6.10: Zip Disk Jaz Disk These are removable disk drives developed by the Iomega Corporation. The Jaz Disk has a 12- ms average seek time and a transfer rate of 5.5 Mbps. The removable cartridges hold 1 GB of data. The fast data rates and large storage capacity makes it a viable alternative for backup storage as well as for everyday use. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Bringing Computer to Life 145 Fig. 6.11: Jaz Disk Super Disk This is a new disk storage technology developed by the Imation Corporation that supports very high density diskettes. These are etched with a servo pattern at the factory. This pattern is then read by the Super Disk drive to precisely align the read/write head. The result is that a Super disk or diskette can have 2,490 tracks as opposed to the 135 tracks that conventional 3.5 to 1.44 MB diskettes use. This higher density translated to 120 MB capacity per diskette. Unlike the other removable disk storage solutions as the Zip drive, Super Disk is backward compatible to older diskettes. This means that you can use the same Super Disk drive to read and write to older 1.44 MB diskettes as well as the new 120 MB Super Diskettes. Imation’s current Super Disk drive is called the LS-120. Fig. 6.12: Super Disk USB Flash Drive A flash drive is a small electronic chip which is used as a medium of data storage and transfers all kind of data like images, videos, music, documents, files, presentation and software from one to another computer. It is also called thumb drive due to its small size. Before the inception of flash drives, computer users used floppy discs and CDs to store small amounts of data. When a computer user inserts a disk or CD into a computer, the computer reads the devices through movable parts, such as a laser scanning a CD. Since the flash drive has no moving parts, it is less susceptible to CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

146 Computer Fundamentals damage. To transfer data between two devices both devices need to have a USB port or USB adapter. A flash drive and a pen drive perform the same essential function; however, many people confuse the terms. The major difference between a pen drive and flash drive is that a pen drive is generally only used as a mobile USB storage device, whereas a flash drive has many different uses for data storage. Another difference is that the pen drive always refers to a drive that can be plugged directly into a USB port. On the other hand, a flash drive may be accessible by a direct USB connection, a corded USB connection or even stored internally inside a cell phone or mobile media device. Pendrive According to the Phison company website, the term \"pen drive\" came into the computer vocabulary in 2001. The pen drive is a type of flash drive named for its small pen-like appearance. It is a portable device which allows user to transfer data (text, images, videos, etc.) to and from computer quickly. Users can easily read and write the data on the Pen Drive by plugging it into the USB port on the computer. Fig. 6.13: Pendrive (i) Personal data transport: The most common use of flash drives is to transport and store personal files such as documents, pictures and videos. (ii) System administration: Pen drives are particularly popular among system and network administrators, who load them with configuration information and software used for system maintenance, troubleshooting, and recovery. (iii) Computer repair: Pen drives enjoy notable success in the PC repair field as a means to transfer recovery and antivirus software to infected PCs, while allowing a portion of the host machine's data to be archived in case of emergency. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Bringing Computer to Life 147 Advantages: (i) Pen drives implement the USB mass storage device class so that most modern operating systems can read and write to them without installing device drivers. (ii) It can transfer data much more quickly than older technologies, because it has no moving parts, it is solid state. (iii) Pen drives store data densely compared to many removable media. In mid-2009, 256 GB drives became available, with the ability to hold many times more data than a DVD or even a Blu-ray disc. (iv) Compared to hard drives, flash drives use little power, have no fragile moving parts and are small and light. Disadvantages: (i) Hardware failure: The interior of a pen drive is often simply a circuit board soldered to the USB plug, and since these devices stick out of the side or front of a computer, they tend to get bumped or struck very easily. The junction point is the weakest spot and a failure point, making it easy to break the USB connection and render the drive useless. (ii) Virus and malware: While pen drives can be an easy way to transfer files between computers, they can also be a vector for malware infections. Any computer with autoplay turned on may auto-execute infected files on a pen drive, triggering an infection. (iii) Short life period: Pen drives have a relatively short lifespan compared to other forms of media. Optical Disk Fig. 6.14: Optical Disk CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

148 Computer Fundamentals Optical disks differ from magnetic disks by the way data is stored and read. In optical disks a laser beam is used to read and write data on these reflective disks. Optical disks support direct access to data and have more storage capacity than magnetic disks. Optical disks are popularly known as compact disks (CDs). Optical disks can store much more data upto 6 gigabytes (6 billion bytes) than magnetic media, such as floppies and hard disks. Optical disk is an electronic data storage medium from which data is read and written to by using a low-powered laser beam. It is flat, circular, plastic or glass disk on which data is stored in the form of light and dark pits. The laser beam reads the pits and the data can be accessed. There are three basic types of optical disks: (i) Read-only optical disks: The optical disks, which are recorded at the time of manufacture and cannot be erased. CD, CD-ROM, DVD-ROM and DVD-Video are the read-only disks. (ii) WORM (Write Once, Read Many): WORM stands for write-once, read many. The optical disks can be recorded by the user only once but cannot be erased. After they have been recorded once, they behave like a read-only optical disk CD-R, DVD-R, and WORM disks are written once. (iii) Rewritable/Magneto-optic disks: The optical disks that can be erased and written to with the new information. CR-RW, DVD-RAM, DVD-RW and magneto-optic disks and Data play are rewritable. Rewritable disks use magneto-optic or phase change technology. Advantages: An optical disk offers many advantages over magnetic storage media. 1. Highest storage capacity. 2. Low cost per Megabyte of storage. 3. Environmental condition tolerance. 4. High data stability. 5. Long media life. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Bringing Computer to Life 149 An optical disk has much more storage capacity on the order of gigabytes, than a magnetic disk. It can hold up to 6 GB of data in comparison to 1.44 MB of a diskette. Optical disks are inexpensive to manufacture. Data stored on optical disks is resistant to power surges or magnetic disturbances, such as head crashes or corruption form stray magnetic fields. Hence, they provide high data stability. Optical disks are less vulnerable to extremes of hot and cold as compared to the magnetic disks. Optical disks have long media life than magnetic disks. Finally, you should consider how the player connects to your computer. Most CD-ROMs connect via a SCSI bus. If your computer doesn’t contain such interface, you will need to install one. Other CD-ROMs connect to an IDE or enhance IDE interface, which is the one used by the hard disk drive; still others use proprietary interface. Almost all CD-ROMs conform to a standard size and format, so it is usually possible to load any type of CD into any ROM player. In addition, most CD-ROM players are capable of playing audio CDs, which share the same technology. CD-ROMs are particularly well suited to information that requires large storage capacity. This includes color graphics, sound and especially video. In recent years the prices of CD-ROM players have decreased and the tools for creating new CD- ROM titles have improved, the CD-ROM industry has been expanding rapidly. Today, the most popular CD-ROM titles have been computer games and multimedia reference works. Optical Storage Devices Compact Disc Compact Disc (CD) is a Secondary Storage device. We can store the data, and information to the disc of size 700 MB and above. It is pronounced as “see-dee” ROM. There are various types – Read Only Memory CD-ROM PROM, EPROM, CD-R Drive, CD-RW Drive, etc. CD-ROM A CD-ROM is a CD that contains computer data, which cannot be read or rewritten. In computers, CD-ROM is the most commonly used optical storage technology. CD-ROM is a compact disc that contains information, which is accessible by a computer. It is composed of polycarbonate plastic, thin reflective metal layers, made of aluminum and a lacquer coating. Data is CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

150 Computer Fundamentals stored on the disc as a series of light and dark pits; the light portion refers to the spaces between the pits. A laser beam reads the pits and the data can be accessed. CD-ROM is an adaptation/EXTENSION of the compact disc that is designed for music storage and playback. The format of CD-ROM is very similar to an audio CD; the only difference being the standards used to store data. A standard 120 mm CD-ROM holds up to 700 MB of data or about 70 minutes of audio. This may mean that one CD can contain over one thousand novels; an average novel being composed of 60,000 words. A single CD-ROM has the storage capacity of 700 floppy disks, enough memory to store about 300,000 text pages. Once the data is written to a standard CD- ROM disc, it cannot be altered or rewritten. A CD-ROM can be read using a CD-ROM drive, which is almost common on the personal computers. A CD-ROM drive may be connected to the computer in several different ways depending on the type of interface, such as: IDE (ATA), SCSI, SATA, Firewire and USB. Almost all modern CD-ROM drives can play audio as well as video CDs. CD-ROMs are recorded by the vendor, and once recorded they cannot be erased and filled with new data. To read a CD, you need a CD-ROM player. Also called a CD-ROM drive. A CD- ROM player is a device that can read information from a CD-ROM. CD-ROM players can be either internal in which case they fit in a bay, or external in which case they generally connect to the computer’s parallel port. Parallel CD-ROM players are easier to install, but they have several disadvantages. They are somewhat more expensive than internal players, they use up the parallel port which means that you can’t use that port for another device such as a printer, and the parallel port itself may not be fast enough to handle all the data pouring through it. Fig. 6.15: CD-ROM CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Bringing Computer to Life 151 There are a number of features that distinguish CD-ROM players the most important of which is probably their speed. CD-ROM players are generally classified as single speed or some multiple of single-speed. For example, a 4X player access data at four times the speed of a single-speed player. Within these groups, however, there is some variation. Also, you need to be aware of whether the CD-ROM used the CLV (Constant Linear Velocity) or CAV (Constant Angular Velocity) technology. The reported speeds of players that use CAV are generally not accurate because they refer only to the access speed for outer tracks. Inner tracks are accessed more slowly. CD-ROM FORMAT One CD-ROM sector contains 2352 bytes, which is further divided into 98 24-byte frames. A CD-ROM contains a third layer of Reed-Solomon error correction in order to achieve improved error correction and detection. • Mode-1 CD-ROM: It has full three layers of error correction data, which contains 2048 bytes of the available 2352 per sector. • Mode-2 CD-ROM: It is mostly used for video files, which contains 2336 user available bytes per sector. CD-ROM SPEEDS AND USES • Early CD-ROM drives were known as single-speed and could read the data at the speed of 150 Kbps. • CD-ROM drives can transfer data up to the speed of 7800 Kbps. • CD-ROM can store audio, video, text and program instructions. It is used to store software programs. DVD-ROM DVD-ROM is an abbreviation of Digital Versatile Disc- read only memory. DVD-ROM is an optical disc storage media format that can be used for data storage, which includes movies with high video and sound quality. A DVD is composed of several layers of plastic, totalling about 1.2 mm thick. Each layer is created by injection molding polycarbonate plastic. DVD-ROM is a non-volatile optical storage medium similar to CD-ROM, which contains computer data that cannot be erased or rewritten. These DVDs are read-only disks that have storage capacity for 133 minutes of high CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

152 Computer Fundamentals quality video, in format and audio full-length feature film. The discs are pressed in a similar fashion as the CDs. The reflective surface is gold or silver colored. Fig. 6.16: DVD-ROM DVD-ROM can be accessed using a DVD-ROM drive attached to the personal computer. DVD-ROM drives are backward compatible, i.e., they are also capable of reading CD-ROMs and audio CDs as well. The DVD-ROM supports disks with capacities of 4.7 GB to 17 GB and access rates of 600 Kbps to 1.3 Mbps. A standard DVD disc stores up to 9.4 GB of data. DVDs are of the same diameter and thickness as CDs and using some of the same materials and manufacturing methods. Like a CD, the data is encoded in the form of small pits and bumps in the track of the disc. DVD-ROMs are of same size as a compact disc, but holds data about 7 times more. DVD can store that much of data because both the sides of a disc are used, with sophisticated data compression technologies. All DVD-ROMs contain a file system, UDF, which is an extension of the ISO 9660 Standard used for data CDs. DVDs can store more data than CDs for a few reasons: • Higher-density data storage • Less overhead, more area • Multi-layer storage CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Bringing Computer to Life 153 Variations of the term DVD often describe the way data is stored on the discs: (i) DVD–ROM (Read Only Memory): Data that can only be read and not written. (ii) DVD–R and DVD+R: Record data only once and then function as a DVD-ROM. (iii) DVD–RW, DVD+RW and DVD–RAM: Both record and erase data multiple times. (iv) DVD – Audio: A format for delivering high-fidelity audio content on a DVD. (v) DVD – Video: A standard for storing video content on DVD media. CD-RW CD-RW is an abbreviation of compact disc-rewritable and this is a new type of CD disk that enables you to write onto it in multiple sessions. One of the problems with CD-R disk is that you can only write to them once. It is a recordable CD format that can be erased and rerecorded multiple times, just like a floppy disk or a hard disk. It is a rewritable version of CD-ROM. CD-RW disc is round plastic, about 5 inches in diameter. CD-RW disks can be played or recorded in the CD-RW drive only. These disks behave unusable when put in a regular CD-drive or a CD-R drive cannot be played. A CD-RW drive can read everything except a DVD. A CD-RW can hold 650 Megabytes of data (unlimited number of times) written by a CD-RW drive. CD-RW cannot be selectively overwritten but can be extended. CD-RWs must be closed before they can be read in a normal CD-ROM drive. CD-RW disks cannot be read using a CD-ROM drive built before 1997. CD-RWs can be randomly read and written because of the variation of UDF format. CD-RW disks and drives are more expensive than a regular CD-ROM drive or media. A CD-RW disc can be read optically by laser light. DVD-RW DVD-RW stands for Digital Versatile Disk-Rewritable. It is a re-recordable optical disc, which can record up to 4.7 GB per side in a similar fashion to a CD-RW. DVD-RW supports sequential read/write access i.e. the device may need to wait for the correct location in a constantly revolving medium. The information stored on DVD-RW can be erased and rerecorded over multiple times without damaging the medium. DVD-RW is a phase-change erasable format based on DVD-R, using similar mark length, track pitch and rotation control. The format is supported by the DVD Forum. DVD-RW is also called “DVD Dash RW” and “DVD Minus RW”. DVD-RW can be CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

154 Computer Fundamentals played in many DVD drives and players. Depending on quality, recording time varies from 1 hour to 6 hours. CD-R Drive CD-R drive, which is short for Compact Disk-Recordable drive, is a type of disk drive that can create CD-ROMs and audio CDs. This allows the users to “master” a CD-ROM or audio CD for publishing. Until today CD-R drives were quite expensive, but prices have dropped dramatically. A feature of many CD-R drives called multi session recording enables you to keep adding data to a CD-ROM over time. This is extremely important if you want to use the CD-R drive to create backup CD-ROMs. Fig. 6.17: CD-R Drive To create CD-ROMs and audio CDs, you’ll need not only a CD-R drive, but also CD-R software package. Often, it is the software package, not the drive itself that determines how easy or difficult it is to create CD-ROMs. It drives can also read CD-ROMs and play audio CDs. Magnetic Drum The drum on which magnetic coating is made is called magnetic drum. Magnetic drum is basically used to store a large amount of binary information. Each track in magnetic drum is controlled by one read/write head. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Bringing Computer to Life 155 6.4 Power Supplies PS/2 Port Keyboard/Mouse USB Sound out Video card Network card Sound in Microphone Modem MIDI/Game port http://www.computerhope.com Fig. 6.18: Power Supplies Monitor The monitor data cable will plug into the computer in only one place. Most monitors will use either a DVI, VGA, or HDMI connector and plug into the corresponding port on the back of the computer. If your monitor only has a VGA plug and your computer only has a DVI connection, or visa versa, you need a video converter to connect your monitor. After the data cable has been connected to the computer, connect the power plug from the monitor to the surge protector. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

156 Computer Fundamentals Keyboard and Mouse The keyboard and mouse usually connect to the computer with the same type of connector, being either a PS/2 or USB connector. These connectors are usually found closer to the top of where all the connectors are located on the back of the computer. How to Connect and Install a Keyboard? For the computer, find the power cord and plug one end into the back of the computer itself (only one end will fit), usually at the top or the bottom. Plug the other end of the power cord into a power outlet or surge protector. We highly recommend that both the computer and monitor be powered through a surge protector. If your house experiences frequent brown outs or black outs, consider using a UPS to help protect your computer. A surge protector can help protect the computer from getting damaged by power fluctuations and surges, which can save you money in the long run by minimizing needed repairs. Speakers If you have computer speakers, they can also be plugged into the back of the computer. The speakers connect to the line out or sound out port (usually green) on the back of the computer. If your speakers are powered speakers, the power cord should also be plugged into the surge protector. Internet Finally, if you are using a wired Internet connection, connect the category 5 Ethernet cable to the back of the computer. If you are planning on using Wi-Fi to connect to the Internet nothing else needs to be connected to the computer, but a Wi-Fi router needs to be in range of the computer. Power Supply Abbreviated as PS or P/S, a power supply or PSU (power supply unit) is a hardware component of a computer that supplies all other components with power. The power supply converts a 110-115 or 220-230 volt AC (alternating current) into a steady low-voltage DC (direct current) usable by the computer and rated by the number of watts it generates. The image to the right shows an Antec True 330, a 330 Watt power supply. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Bringing Computer to Life 157 The power supply is located at the back of the computer, usually at the top. However, many more recent tower computer cases house the power supply at the bottom. The power supply is usually located at the top back or bottom back of the case. Everything contained in the computer chassis is powered by the power supply. For example, the motherboard, RAM, CPU, hard drive, disc drives, and most video cards (if the computer has one) are all drawing power from the power supply. Any other external devices and peripherals, such as the computer monitor and printer, have their own power source. 6.6 Summary A device that accepts video signals from a computer and provides information in a visual form. The display devices are known as output devices. The most commonly used output device in a graphics video monitor. The operations of most video monitors are based on the standard cathode- ray-tube design. The display devices are known as output devices. The most commonly used output device in a graphics video monitor. The operations of most video monitors are based on the standard cathode- ray-tube design. A storage device is a hardware device designed to store information. Computer data storage, often called ‘storage’ or’ ‘memory’, refers to computer components or devices that retain digital data used for computing for some interval of time. Pronounced ram, acronym of random access memory, a type of computer-memory that can be accessed randomly; that is, and any byte of memory can be accessed without touching the preceding bytes. A CD-ROM is a CD that contains computer data, which cannot be read or rewritten. In computers, CD-ROM is the most commonly used optical storage technology. CD-ROM is a compact disc that contains information, which is accessible by a computer. Pronounced rom, acronym for Read-Only Memory, a computer memory on which has been prerecorded. The information stored on the ROM, chips is permanent and is stored when it’s manufactured. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

158 Computer Fundamentals A flash drive is a small electronic chip which is used as a medium of data storage and transfers all kind of data like images, videos, music, documents, files, presentation and software from one to another computer. 6.7 Key Words/Abbreviations  Random Access Memory (RAM): RAM is the most common type of memory found in computers and other devices, such as printers.  PROM: A PROM is a memory chip on which data can be written only once.  EPROM: EPROM is a special type of memory that retains its contents until it is exposed to ultraviolet light.  Flash Memory: Flash memory is a special type of EEPROM that can be erased  Hard Disk: Hard disk is a magnetic disk on which one can store computer data.  DVD-ROM: DVD-ROM is an abbreviation of Digital Versatile Disc- read only memory.  Magnetic Drum: The drum on which magnetic coating is made is called magnetic drum. 6.8 Learning Activity 1. What is Storage Device? Explain types of storage devices. —————————————————————————————————— —————————————————————————————————— 2. Explain different types of RAM and ROM. —————————————————————————————————— —————————————————————————————————— CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Bringing Computer to Life 159 6.9 Unit End Questions (MCQs and Descriptive) A. Descriptive Type Questions 1. What is RAM? 2. Explain ROM and its types. 3. What is Virtual Memory? 4. What is Hard Disk? Explain the types of Hard Disk. B. Multiple Choice/Objective Type Questions 1. A word which has to be written in a memory is placed in group of cells known as ___________. (a) MDR (b) MAR (c) RAM (d) None 2. A PROM is a memory chip on which data can be written ___________. (a) Twice (b) Several Times (c) Only once (d) None 3. ___________ type of memory that retains its contents until it is exposed to ultraviolet light. (a) PROM (b) EPROM (c) EEPROM (d) Flash Memory 4. ___________ can be erased by exposing it to an electrical charge. (a) PROM (b) EEPROM (c) EPROM (d) Flash Memory CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

160 Computer Fundamentals 5. ___________ is very important to the PC system and its speed. (a) Cache Memory (b) Flash Memory (c) Both [a] and [b] (d) None 6. The common size for PCs made before 1987 is ___________. (a) 5¼ inch (b) 6¼ inch (c) 2¼ inch (d) None 7. Pendrive came into the computer vocabulary in ___________. (a) 2002 (b) 2003 (c) 2001 (d) 2004 Answers: 1. (a), 2. (c), 3. (b), 4. (b), 5. (a), 6. (a), 7. (c) 6.10 References References of this unit have been given at the end of the book.  CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

UNIT 7 BASICS OF OPERATING SYSTEM Structure: 7.0 Learning Objectives 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Wi-Fi 7.3 Operating System 7.4 Summary 7.5 Key Words/Abbreviations 7.6 LearningActivity 7.7 Unit End Questions (MCQs and Descriptive) 7.8 References 7.0 Learning Objectives After studying this unit, you will be able to:  Understand the basic input and output system  Underdstand the concept of Wi-Fi  Learn about the Operating System  Study other components of Computer

162 Computer Fundamentals 7.1 Introduction Input device sends information to a computer system for processing, and an output device reproduces or displays the results of that processing. Input devices only allow for input of data to a computer and output devices only receive the output of data from another device. Wi-Fi is the name of a wireless networking technology that uses radio waves to provide wireless high-speed Internet and network connections. A common misconception is that the term Wi-Fi is short for “wireless fidelity,” however this is not the case. An operating system is the program that, after being initially loaded into the computer by a boot program, manages all of the other application programs in a computer. The application programs make use of the operating system by making requests for services through a defined application program interface. 7.2 Wi-Fi Wi-Fi is a wireless networking protocol that allows devices to communicate without direct cable connections. It is technically an industry term that represents a type of wireless local area network protocol based on the 802.11 IEEE network standard. Wi-Fi is the most popular means of communicating data wirelessly, within a fixed location. It's a trademark of the Wi-Fi Alliance, an international association of companies involved with wireless LAN technologies and products.Wi-Fi is simply a trademarked phrase that means IEEE 802.11x. Wi-Fi Symbols How Wi-Fi Works? The easiest way to understand Wi-Fi is to consider an average home or business. The main requirement for Wi-Fi is that there is a device that can transmit the wireless signal, like a router, phone, or computer. In a typical home, a router transmits an internet connection coming from outside the network, like an ISP, and delivers that service to nearby devices that can reach the wireless signal. Another way to use Wi-Fi is a Wi-Fi hotspot so that a phone or computer can share its wireless or wired internet connection, similar to how a router works. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Basics of Operating System 163 No matter how the Wi-Fi is being used or what its source of connection is, the result is always the same: a wireless signal that lets other devices connect to the main transmitter for communication, like to transfer files or carry voice messages. Wi-Fi, from the user's perspective, is just internet access from a wireless-capable device like a phone, tablet or laptop. Most modern devices support Wi-Fi so that it can access a network to get internet access and share network resources. 7.3 Operating System An operating system (OS) is a set of system software programs in a computer that regulate the ways application software programs use the computer hardware and the ways that users control the computer. For hardware functions such as input/output and memory space allocation, operating system programs act as an intermediary between application programs and the computer hardware. The operating system is the coordinator and manager of the functions or activities and resources of PC, like memory, processor and the input and output devices. “A collection of computer programs that integrate the hardware resources of the computer and make those resources available to the user, in a way that allows the user access to the computer in a productive, timely and efficient manner”. “A program layer that connects to computer hardware in order to facilitate optimal execution of the user programs”. “An operating system is a collection of programs that control the application software that users run and provides a link between the hardware and software currently running on the computer”. An operating system is the program that, after being initially loaded into the computer by a boot program, manages all the other programs (called applications or application programs) in a computer. The application programs make use of the operating system by making requests for services through a defined Application Program Interface (API). In addition, users can interact directly with the operating system through a user interface such as a command language or a Graphical User Interface (GUI). CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

164 Computer Fundamentals Application Software System Software Operating System Computer Hardware Fig. 7.1: Operating System The operating system acts as an interface between the users and the computer. This system is used as a base for creating and processing application software. It is a system which is used to control all activities of the computer. For example, the operating system on your computer controls the input from the keyboard and mouse to your computer, the opening and closing of programs, the transfer of information to a printer, the organization of the files on your computer, and the screen display. To function, every computer must have an operating system. Basically, this system is stored in the main memory. When the system starts its working, the operating system is loaded in the memory and will remain until the system turns off. It is the first program loaded into memory when the computer is turned on, i.e., it brings life to the computer hardware. Without it you cannot run or any application software. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Basics of Operating System 165 Application Disk Drive Operating System Mouse Monitor Keyboard Printer Fig. 7.2: Life to the Computer Hardware Without an operating system, you cannot communicate with your computer. When you give a command to the computer the operating system relays the command to the ‘brain’ of the computer, called the microprocessor or CPU. You cannot interact directly to the CPU because it only understands machine level language. When you are working in a application software program, such as Microsoft Word the commands that you on give are willing the application are Sent through the operating system to the CPU. Windows 2000, Windows 95/98, Windows XP, Mac OS, UNIX and DOS are the most popular examples of OS. Types of Operating System (a) Operating System can be classified by its Users (i) Single-user Operating System It is used to manage only one user for a computer to do the things effectively at a time. The user is the only person who controls the system. (ii) Multi-user Operating System It is the one that supports several users at a time. So, each user is provided with a small portion of time in the memory. To obtain a response time, jobs have to be swapped in and out to main CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

166 Computer Fundamentals memory. When this interaction is occurred for I/O operation, CPU will not idle. Most of operating systems for minicomputers and mainframe computers are multiuser operating system. UNIX and XENIX are the popular multi-user operating systems. (b) Operating System can be classified by its Processor (i) Single-processing Operating System This operating system has only one processor. These are basically stand alone system. (ii) Multiprocessing Operating System Multiprocessing operating system is one which runs on the computer having more than one CPU. In this system, CPUs sharing bus, clock, memory, peripheral device and tasks are divided between processore, so that it takes less time than others. (c) Operating System can be classified by its Jobs (i) Multi-tasking Operating System Multi-tasking Operating System is the one that supports several tasks/jobs at a time, but only by a single user. Windows and operating system/2 are the examples of multitasking operating systems. (ii) Multi-programming Operating System The concept is to create system that would load several jobs into memory at once and cycle through them in some order, working on each one for a specified period of time by multi-user operating system. (iii) Time Sharing Operating System The multi-programming operating system was further used in time sharing system. The operating system is responsible for switching between the jobs in such a way that ever terminal feels that it is occupying the entire computer resources. Another important concepts in this system are priority, interrupt and I/O management. Important jobs can be given high priority so as to execute it fast. If the job to do some I/O operation while running in CPU, then another job will be allocated to the processor. Thus, it reduces the idle time of CPU and increases the efficiency. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Basics of Operating System 167 (iv) Multi-threading Operating System In recent days, multi-threading operating system is being introduced in addition. After getting the result, it creates a separate thread to service for further request. It is one in which it supports both multiple user as well as multiple program at a time, e.g., Sun Solaris Operating System. (v) Batch Operating System A batch system is one in which jobs are bundled together with the instructions necessary to allow them to be processed without intervention. There are two types: (a) Stacked Job Batch System (mid-1950s – mid-1960s): The output are available after all the jobs in the current cycle are finished. Advantages: (i) Move much of the work of the operator to the computer. (ii) It increases the performance of system. Disadvantages: (i) Some CPU stands idle. (ii) Turnover time is more. (iii) Difficult to debug program. (b) Spooling Batch System (mid-1960s – last 1970s): Spool is the acronym for Simultaneous Peripheral Operation On Line. The process in which computer can perform I/O parallel with computing is called ‘Spooling’. The output from jobs are available as soon as the job completed, rather than only after all the jobs in the current cycle are finished. The Spooling Batch System is the fast and more simplest of the multi-processing operating system. (vi) Real Time Operating System Real time operating systems are dedicated to some well-defined jobs which require very fast response time. The system must be fault-tolerant, i.e., must handle the error without going to unstable stage. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

168 Computer Fundamentals (vii) Network Operating System Most of the network operating system works under the principle of Client-Server mechanism. In this system, the user is aware of the existence of multiple computers and can use the functionality of remote machines. In other words, a user doesn’t have to sit in front of machine in which he wants to work on. (viii) Distribution Operating System The distribution operating system depends on network for their functionality, that appears to its user both as a traditionally uni-processor and multi-processor. The user might not be aware of where the application is running or where the file is located. The user feels like he is working in the terminal in front of him, but actually the work may take place in any machine in the network. Functions of an Operating System When computer is turned on, the operating system is loaded into the main memory from the disk. Most of the operating systems perform similar functions. The main functions performed by the operating system are: (a) Booting a Computer The operating system consists of a supervisor portion and a set of system programs. When the computer is switched on, the supervisor portion of the operating system (known as kernel) is loaded in the RAM from the disk. This process to start or restart a computer is called booting process. There are two types of booting. • Cold Boot: When computer is switched on, the computer starts booting. This process of booting is called Cold Boot. • Warm Boot: The process to restart the computer that is already powered on is called Warm Boot. (b) Program Management (i) User-interface User interface means how the user interacts with the computer to perform various tasks. User runs the application programs, opens the document, enters the data, prints the output reports etc. All CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Basics of Operating System 169 these are examples of user interfacing. The operating system plays the main role for interfacing between user and computer. The hardware devices like keyboard, mouse, monitor, etc. are used for interfacing. There are two main types of user interfaces. These are: Command-line User Interface and Graphical User Interface.  Command-line User Interface: In Command-line User Interface, the operating system provides a prompt line on the computer screen. The command is typed manually from keyboard to perform a specific task according to the rules and syntax of the commands. The operating system DOS is an example of command-line interface.  Graphical User Interface (GUI): In Graphical User Interface, the operating system provides graphical images on the computer screen, which are known as icons or command buttons and represent objects. Microsoft Windows operating system is an example of GUI. (ii) Running Programs The operating system also provides the interface between the programs and the user. Through program, the user accesses other computer resources such as printer, backing storages or another application programs. Actually, in program the built-in instructions known as “system calls” are used, that request the services from the operating system. The main services that an operating system provides to programs are:  Saving the data from memory in files on the disk.  Loading the files from disk into memory.  Sending the document on the printer.  To copy or move data from one document to another or from one program to another.  For the services of hardware.  To prepare the disk to store data, etc. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

170 Computer Fundamentals (c) Process Management (i) Single Tasking: It system can have only one application open at any time. (ii) Multi-tasking: Operating System can have one or more applications open at the same time, depending on the system RAM. (iii) Multi-user: Operating Systems allow the users to share a system. Time is allocated between the number of users. (iv) Multi-processing Operating System: This type operating system can run more than one processor and divide tasks between them. (v) Multi-programming Operating System: In this operating system, more than one program at a time run in a system. (vi) Time Sharing: This operating system is responsible for having several jobs which switch through time-period and priority of jobs. (vii) Multi-threading: A system which utilizes more than one processor and can perform multiple processes at the same time as a thread.  Thread: A sequence of routines and processes handled by the CPU.  Foreground: It is processing with interaction with the user.  Background: It is processing without the opportunity for interaction with the user. Example: Jobs submitted by users to a printer are stored in a queue and not processed immediately. They wait until appropriate resources are available and then are processed. (d) Memory Management (i) Buffers Temporary memory spaces for data, used to accommodate the difference in the rate at which two devices can handle data during transformation. Usually, it is built in the external devices such as a printer or modem. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Basics of Operating System 171 (ii) Paging In operating system, the most widely used mechanism is paging. In paging, primary memory is partitioned into same size into fixed called ‘Page Frame’ and the job is also partitioned into same size called ‘Page’. Instead of loading entire job at once, few pages are loaded into the page frame of memory. After the executing of such pages, they are kept back into the secondary storage and remaining part is again loaded in main memory. (iii) Virtual Memory Management Whenever the system needs more memory to load a program, it is separated in little space in hard disk. The identified least used pages or programs are the swapped (kept) at those place of hard disk. This part of hard disk is known as ‘Virtual Memory’ because, it acts like extension of RAM, but isn’t it. With virtual memory, what the computer can do is look at RAM for areas that have not been used recently and copy them onto the hard disk. This frees up space in RAM to load the new application. Instead of having large virtual memory, the system needs to have large amount of RAM to speed up the processing efficiency. (iv) Spooling Spooling is a technique in which an operating system uses buffers (a segment of memory) to place data before transferring it from or to input/output devices. This is done because sometimes earlier data is being processed while the new data arrives. For example, a computer sends some data to a printer. In the meanwhile, new data arrives for printing while the previous data is still being printed. This new data can now be placed in a buffer, which will be fed to the printer later on whenever the printer completes its previous job. (e) Input and Output Management (i) Device Drivers The computer is controlled by the special system software called device drivers. The device driver tells the operating system how to communicate with a device. Each device has its own device driver. When you boot a computer, the operating system loads each device’s driver. If you attach a new device or hardware such as scanner to computer then you have to install its driver. Usually the operating system has built-in device drivers for commonly used input/output devices such as mouse, keyboard, etc. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

172 Computer Fundamentals (ii) Plug and Play Technology Operating system automatically detects the appropriate driver needed for a device and installs and configures the device. (f) System Administration (i) System Performance: User or administrator can check to see whether the computer or network is getting overloaded. Changes could be made to the way tasks are allocated or maybe a shopping trip is in order. System performance would include response time (how long it takes for the computer to respond when data is entered) and CPU utilization (comparing the time the CPU is working to the time it is idle). One of the major tasks of operating system is to secure the data and program space of each job while loading into the memory. One program isn’t allowed to capture the program or data space of other program, for that operating system maintains the boundary of each job in the memory and each job is allowed to run only in that boundary. (ii) System Security: System security is part of the operating system, though additional software can add more security functions. For multiple users who are not all allowed access to everything, there must be a logon or login procedure where the user supplies a user name or ID and a secret password. An administrator must set up the permissions list of who can have access to what programs and what data. (g) Secondary Storage Management (i) File Management: A file is a collection of related information defined by its creator. The files are placed or stored in the folders or directories. A folder may contain files or sub-folders. The operating system keeps track of all the folders and files and sub-folders. The operating system maintains a list of these folders and files in the starting area of disk called the FAT (File Allocation Table). The five major activities of an operating system in regard to file management are: CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Basics of Operating System 173 1. The creation and deletion of files. 2. The creation and deletion of directions. 3. The support of primitives for manipulating files and directions. 4. The mapping of files onto secondary storage. 5. The backup of files on stable storage media. (iv) Disk Management Disk management is a technical task. Under some operating systems the hard-disk can be divided up or partitioned into several virtual disks. Each virtual disk treats as physically separate disk. The operating system managing several physical and/or virtual disks can get pretty complex, especially if some of the disks are set up with different operating systems. (h) Network Management (i) Establishing Internet Connection The operating system also provides means to establish a connection between your computer and the ISP (Internet Service Provider) Server. Some operating systems also have built-in browser program used to access the information on Internet. The information downloaded from the Internet is managed by the operating system in RAM as well as in the disk. (ii) Controlling Network Some Operating systems are specially developed, for networking. These operating systems are called the network operating systems or NOSs. A network operating system organizes and co- ordinates multiple users and makes it possible to access and share resources on network. The account of new user is created on the network as well as the account of old user is deleted if required. The overall functions of users are controlled by the network operating system. The network operating system also has security features. Each user on the network is required to give a user name and password to access the network. The account of users cannot be accessed by unauthorized persons. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

174 Computer Fundamentals 7.4 Summary An input device is a peripheral used to provide data and control signals to an information processing system such as a computer or information appliance. Mouse is a device that controls the movement of the cursor or pointer on a display screen. A mouse is a small object, it can roll along a hard, flat surface. Spooling is a technique in which an operating system uses buffers (a segment of memory) to place data before transferring it from or to input/output devices. This is done because sometimes earlier data is being processed while the new data arrives. Many of the components that make up the modern personal computer are heat-critical, and malfunction if allowed to become too hot. With the amount of heat that is generated in certain areas, particularly by the CPU, it is therefore necessary to ensure that the inside of the unit has adequate ventilation. This is achieved mainly by the use of fans to draw cold air over the components in question. Heat sinks are also used to dissipate the heat over a larger area. When computer is turned on, the operating system is loaded into the main memory from the disk. 7.5 Key Words/Abbreviations  Typewriter keys: A keyboard for manually entering characters to be printed.  Cursor-control keys: Buttons which move the cursor.  Digital Camera: A digital camera is a camera that captures photographs in digital memory.  Scanner: Scanner is an input device that can read text or illustrations printed on paper  CCTV: CCTV is a TV system in which signals are not publically distributed but are monitored.  Printers: A device which accepts text and graphic output from computer and transfers the information to paper. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Basics of Operating System 175 7.6 Learning Activity 1. Discuss briefly about the Input and Output Devices of Computer. —————————————————————————————————— —————————————————————————————————— 2. Explain the other components of computer. —————————————————————————————————— —————————————————————————————————— 7.7 Unit End Questions (MCQs and Descriptive) A. Descriptive Type Questions 1. What is Input device? 2. State the four input devices. 3. What are the types of Mouse? 4. Expand: OMR and OCR. 5. Mention any three types of keyboard. 6. What is Output device? 7. What are the different types of output devices? 8. Distinguish between Impact and Non-impact printers. 9. Explain Sound Card and Speaker. 10. Explain different types of modem. B. Multiple Choice/Objective Type Questions 1. A standard keyboard has __________. (a) 102 to 110 keys (b) 90 to 80 keys (c) 200 to 250 keys (d) None CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

176 Computer Fundamentals 2. _____ to open help window. (a) F2 (b) F3 (c) F1 (d) F4 3. _____ to focuses on the address bar. (a) F6 (b) F7 (c) F8 (d) F9 4. A ______ works by digitizing an image. (a) Camera (b) Scanner (c) Punched Card (d) Track Ball 5. ______ marks are commonly used for scoring in tests. (a) OCR (b) OMR (c) MICR (d) None 6. A typical size for small VGA monitor is _____ inches. (a) 15 (b) 14 (c) 13 (d) 12 Answers: 1. (a), 2. (c), 3. (a), 4. (b), 5. (b), 6. (b). 7.8 References References of this unit have been given at the end of the book.  CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Windows 177 UNIT 8 WINDOWS Structure: 8.0 Learning Objectives 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Features of Windows 8.3 Comparison between Professional and Home Edition 8.4 Windows Installation 8.5 Activating Windows 8.6 Security Features of Windows 8.7 Accessing User Accounts and Getting Help 8.8 Summary 8.9 Key Words/Abbreviations 8.10 LearningActivity 8.11 Unit End Questions (MCQs and Descriptive) 8.12 References 8.0 Learning Objectives After studying this unit, you will be able to:  Understand the concept of Windows  Understand the introduction and features of Windows CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

178 Computer Fundamentals  Compare between Professional and Home edition  Understand the concept of Window installation  Understand the concept of security features of windows  Learn to access user accounts and getting help 8.1 Introduction The latest version of Windows is Windows 10 was introduced in 2015. It is designed to be compatible with the hardware, software and peripherals. And updates that are always enabled help user stay up-to-date with features and security for the supported lifetime of device. Windows 10 enables apps to look and work great in all modes, on all devices and even as transition from one to another. 8.2 Features of Windows 1. Start Menu and Action Centre The Start Menu is now available in full screen instead of the limited in Windows 8.1. The Action Centre has quick buttons to switch Wi-Fi and Bluetooth on or off. 2. Cortana on Desktop Cortana, your personal assistant, is right on desktop. It make easier for user to interact with device without lifting a finger. User will be able to search hard drive for specific files, pull up photos from specific dates or launch PowerPoint presentations just by telling PC to do so. User can even get Cortana to send an email while user is working on a spreadsheet, making multi-tasking much easier. 3. Xbox app and streaming Gaming just got even better with Windows 10. Not only do your existing games work great, you can now play and connect with gamers across Xbox One and Windows 10 devices. 4. Universal apps The news of Universal apps is good news for anyone using more than one Windows device. A bundle of apps including Photos, Videos, Music, Maps, People and Messaging and Mail and Calendar CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Windows 179 will look and feel the same across different devices and screen sizes. The data will also be saved and sync automatically via OneDrive. 5. Snap Assist Helps You Snap Windows A new Snap Assist feature also helps users work out which way is best to snap apps to. User can snap windows into new screens and tile Windows just as user has been able to since Windows 2.0 or maybe 3.0. 6. Improvements to Windows Explorer A new Home location is the new default view in Windows Explorer. There's also a Share button on the Windows Explorer taskbar. 7. Continuum – The Special One This is the best new thing found out today. Continum is an on-the-fly mode for 2-in-1 devices that can automatically change mode if it detects there is suddenly no keyboard attached. 8. Lots for Business and Enterprise This version of Windows will have plenty of other features for enterprise, including a customised store and protection for corporate data. Mobile Device Management will be able to be used for all devices. 9. Control Panel Instead of having two apps to control your device settings in Control Panel and PC Settings, Microsoft is making things less confusing by bringing them together in one. It will be able to manage the device from one place instead of hunting for a specific menu. 10. Virtual Desktops In Windows 10, there is a option to use Virtual Desktops. If you are familiar with workspaces in Linux you will feel quite at home with Windows Virtual Desktops. Instead of just having one desktop per monitor you will be able to switch between multiple virtual desktops. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

180 Computer Fundamentals 8.3 Comparison between Professional and Home Edition Here are the various points about Home Edition. For starters, Windows 7 Home Premium is only supported until January 2015. By contrast, Windows 7 Professional is supported until January 2020. Oddly, Windows 7 Ultimate is only supported until January 2015 also. Maximum memory for Home Premium is 16 GB. For Professional and Ultimate, it is 192 GB (64-bit Windows). Home Premium can only support up to 1 CPU. Professional and higher can support a maximum of 2 CPUs. Home Premium cannot backup to a network location (only local backups). Professional and Ultimate can backup to the network. Home Premium can only be a client for Remote Desktop (can only be connected to from another machine). With Professional and Ultimate you can use Windows as a host for remote desktop and connect to other machines. Home Premium and above all support Home Groups Professional Windows 7 Professional In addition to the points mentioned above, Professional also has the following features and services: Support for Dynamic Disks: This allows software implementation of RAID, which could be useful for a system with multiple hard drives. Encrypting File System: Allows for file system-level encryption. Not as secure as BitLocker, which is only available in Ultimate. Location-aware Printing Presentation Mode: Lets you change the behavior of Windows while giving presentations, i.e., control volume, display different wallpaper, prevent screensaver from appearing, etc. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Windows 181 Group Policy: Allows you to control just about all aspects of the Windows operating system locally or via Windows Server 2003/2008 Offline Files and Folder Redirection: Again, more a feature of a Windows machine joined to a domain. Ability to join a Windows domain: Home Premium cannot join Windows domains Windows XP Mode: Allows you to run Windows XP SP3 inside Windows 7. Used for compatibility with older programs. Software Restriction Policies 8.4 Windows Installation • Computer: 100% IBM Compatible • Processor: 486DX/66 MHz or Higher processor • Memory: 16 MB of RAM (for Windows 98); 24 MB of RAM (for Windows 98 SE) • Drives: Approximately 195MB; can take up to 295MB (for Windows 98) Approximately 205MB; can take up to 315MB (for Windows 98 SE) • CD-ROM/Floppy (for Windows98) or CD-ROM/DVD (for Windows98 SE) • Sound: Standard Sound card for sound capability. • Video: VGA or higher-resolution • Controls: 100% compatible Microsoft keyboard/Mouse • Operating system: Windows 3.x, 3.1x or Windows 95 to upgrade • DirectX: Includes DirectX 5.0 (for Windows 98) Includes DirectX 6.0 (for Windows 98 SE) • Other: Microsoft Mouse or compatible pointing device (optional) Installation of Windows Upgrade on a New Hard Disk Drive There are two ways to install Windows 98 on your hard disk: 1. Copy all of the files from the win98 directory on the Windows 98 CD to a directory on your hard disk and install from your hard disk: The first method installs faster and CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

182 Computer Fundamentals every time Windows needs new software or driver from the Windows 98 CD, it will first go to the directory on the hard disk from which it was installed and install the software from there instead asking that you insert the CD. This saves me from having fish-out the Windows 98 CD every time I install new software and hardware, which is often. In this method, you leave the files on the hard disk after installation. Furthermore, with this first method, you may still need the CD for some drivers not found in the win98 directory. 2. Install directly from the CD: The advantage of this procedure is that it saves about 120 MB of hard disk space. Method 1 (i) Make a c:\\windows\\options\\cabs directory and copy the files from the win98 directory on the CD-ROM to the cabs directory. a:\\> c: c:>md windows c:>cd windows (or simply type cd followed by the F3 key) c:\\windows>md options c:\\windows>cd options c:\\windows\\options>md cabs c:\\windows\\options>cd cabs c:\\windows\\options\\cabs>copy d:\\win98\\*.* Where d: is your CD-ROM drive. The c:/windows/options/cabs directory was a convention established with the standard installation some of the OEM (Original Equipment Manufacturer) versions of Windows 95. You could copy the win98 directory to any desired directory on your hard disk and install from there, but I continue to use the convention so I can remember where the cab files are located. Cab or cabinet files are files containing one or more compressed files. Most of the Windows 98 files are in cab files on the CD. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Windows 183 (ii) Install Windows 98. c:\\windows\\options\\cabs>setup/ie The /ie flag tells Windows 98 not to make a new Startup Floppy during the installation. Method 2 What you will need: 1. Windows 98 CD 2. Computer with CD-ROM Access (a) Configuring your BIOS for the Install: To find out how to access the BIOS please refer to your motherboard manual or the manufacturer of your computer. (The system BIOS can usually be entered on boot, usually by pressing the F1, F2, F8, F10 or DEL key. Make sure you save the settings before exiting. If you are unsure or do not want to enter the BIOS then just test the computer by putting the CD-ROM in the drive and rebooting the computer. This is the recommended way to install Windows 98. (b) Starting the Setup: Part 1: 1. Insert the Windows CD and restart your PC. 2. Once the Windows 98 Setup Menu comes up choose option #2 (Boot from CD-ROM) 3. Then the Windows 98 Startup Menu will come up. Select Option #1. (Start Windows 98 Setup from CD-ROM) 4. Now your computer will install some drivers so please wait for a few moments. Part 2: 5. Now a blue setup screen will come up. Press Enter. 6. Setup then wants to do some system tests. Just press Enter. 7. Scandisk will now run, please wait. 8. After ScanDisk completes, Windows will copy a few important files for setup. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

184 Computer Fundamentals 9. Now the graphical Windows 98 Setup Screen will come up. 10. Click Continue and wait for the setup wizard to complete. 11. Now it will ask you in which directory to install Windows too. The default directory is just fine so click Next.. 12. Setup will now prepare the directory, please wait. 13. Setup will now check for installed components and disk space, please wait. 14. Setup will now prompt you to choose the type of installation. Choose Typical if you have a desktop computer or Portable if it is a laptop. 15. Windows will prompt you to install components, just choose Continue. 16. If a network card is detected a network information screen will appear. Type in the required information and click Next 17. Select your country settings, United States should be chosen by default. 18. Now finally the main part of Setup is here. Setup will start copying files. This could take some time, please be patient. Part 3: 19. Once setup is done copying files, Windows will restart automatically. 20. The Windows 98 Startup Menu will now appear. Select option #1. 21. The Windows 98 booting screen will appear. 22. Now Windows will prompt you for user information, enter it and click Continue. 23. Now the License Agreement. Read it and if you agree click on “I accept the Agreement” and click Next. If you select “I don’t accept the Agreement” then setup will end. 24. Now input your product key or certificate authenticity code. This is 16 digits and is located on the back of your CD case or on the Windows 98 Book. If you have an OEM computer then it could be on the side or back of your computer. Click Next to continue. 25. Click Finish. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Windows 185 Part 4: 26. Setup will now finalize the hardware and install settings. 27. Setup will now install plug and play devices. 28. Your computer will restart automatically. 29. The Windows 98 Startup Menu will appear. Select option #1 (Boot from Hard Disk). 30. Windows will start booting for the second time. 31. Setup will continue installing hardware. Part 5: 32. Now setup will prompt you to enter in your time, date, and time zone. Once selected click on Apply and then OK. 33. Windows will continue to setup Windows items. 34. The computer will restart automatically once again. 35. The Windows 98 Startup Menu will appear. Select option #1 (Boot from Hard Disk) Part 6: 36. Windows will boot for the third time. 37. Windows will update system settings. 38. Now finally you have reached the Windows Desktop! CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

186 Computer Fundamentals Fig. 8.1: Starting the Setup 39. If you are lucky, you will have no drivers to install, but chances are the next step will be to install them. Check out device manager for unknown devices, likely items are Network Cards, Sound Cards, Printers, Scanners, Graphics Cards, Digital Cameras, plus any other item you have. Getting Started Windows 98 is easy to access: turn your computer on; the operating system will boot up automatically, and you will see the Windows 98 logo. At this point, if you are connected to the network, you will need to log in. If you are not connected, Windows 98 will continue to load, and within a few minutes, you will see the Windows 98 desktop. Components of Windows Desktop The Windows 98 operating system is what controls the computer. It tells the machine how to access the various pieces of hardware you have (floppy drive, hard drive, etc.). It lets you install pieces of software, and connects you (when possible) to the internet. This is all displayed to you CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Windows 187 through a graphical interface call the “desktop”. The desktop comes up when Windows starts, and contains short-cuts to most of your programs along with several standard icons. These icons are described below. You have the ability to change the background design and/or colors if you wish. The various icons of Windows 98 desktop are explained below: Start button Launch Task Button System tray Fig. 8.2: Desktop 8.5 Activating Windows Start Menu Select the Start icon button on the taskbar. Next, make it yours by pinning apps and programs or moving and regrouping tiles. If you need more space, resize the Start menu to make it bigger. All apps and programs – right at your fingertips Get to File Explorer, Settings and other apps user use often from the left side of the Start menu. To see all apps and programs, select All Apps. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

188 Computer Fundamentals Find all your apps and programs The Start menu is the place to find a full list of all of them. Select the Start icon button, and then select All apps in the lower-left corner. To keep scrolling to a minimum, jump to a specific part of the list. Select one of the section dividers and then choose the letter that the name of app begins with. Pin apps to the Start menu To see live updates on what’s happening in world, like new email, next appointment or the weekend weather. Pin an app, is added to the Start menu as a new tile. Fig. 8.3: Activating Windows CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Windows 189 Steps: 1. Select the Start icon button, then select All Apps. 2. Press and hold (or right-click) the app you want to pin. 3. Select Pin to Start. Once pin a new app, resize it. Press and hold (or right-click) the app tile, select Resize and then choose the tile size user want. Group your apps After have pinned an app, move it into a group. To create a new group of tiles, move an app's tile up or down until a group divider appears and then release the tile. Move apps in or out of the group. To give new group a name, select the open space above new group and type a name. Make Start full screen User gets either maximized or default size. And even when maximized, the left side [All apps] list takes up a fraction of the screen. To make Start full screen and see everything in one view, select the Start icon button, then select Settings > Personalization > Start and then turn on Use Start full screen. Select the Menu icon in the top left corner of the screen to get to account picture, the All Apps and Most Used List, and the power button. If just want resize the Start menu a bit to make it taller or wider, select the top or side border and drag it. Work with files and folders File Explorer previously called Windows Explorer helps user work with files and folders on OneDrive, PC and network. Open File Explorer by swiping in from the right edge of the screen, tapping Search or if users are using a mouse, pointing to the top-right corner of the screen, moving the mouse pointer down, then clicking Search, entering File Explorer in the search box, then tapping or clicking File Explorer. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

190 Computer Fundamentals Different Parts of the File Explorer Window 1. Left Pane Use the left pane to get to all kinds of locations: your OneDrive, folders on your PC, devices and drives connected to your PC and other PCs on your network. Tap or click a location to view its contents in the file list or tap or click an arrow to expand a location in the left pane. 2. Back, Forward and Up Buttons Use the Back button to go back to the last location or search results you were viewing, and the Forward button to return to the next location or search results. Use the Up button to open the location where the folder you're viewing is saved. 3. Ribbon Use the ribbon for common tasks, such as copying and moving, creating new folders, emailing and zipping items, and changing the view. The tabs change to show extra tasks that apply to the selected item. For example, if you select This PC in the left pane, the ribbon shows different tabs than it would if you select your Pictures folder. If you can't see the ribbon, tap or click the Expand the Ribbon button in the top right or press Ctrl+F1. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Windows 191 Fig. 8.4: Ribbon 4. Address bar Use the address bar to enter or select a location. Tap or click a part of the path to go to that level or tap or click at the end of the path to select the path for copying. 5. File list This is where the contents of the current folder are displayed. It's also where your search results appear when you enter a search term in the search box. 6. Column headings In the Details view, you can use the column headings to change how the files in the file list are organised. For example, you can tap or click the Date modified heading to sort by date (with the files you worked on most recently at the top). If you tap or click the column heading again, the files are sorted with the oldest ones at the top. Press and hold or right-click a column heading to select CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

192 Computer Fundamentals other columns to add. To learn how to switch to Details view, see the next section, “Changing the view”. 7. Search box Enter a word or phrase in the search box to look for an item in the current folder. The search begins as soon as you begin typing – so if you enter “B”, for example, all the files with names starting with the letter B will appear in the file list. 8. Status bar Use the status bar to quickly see the total number of items in a location, or the number of selected items and their total size. 9. Details/Preview pane Use the details pane to see the most common properties associated with the selected file. File properties provide more detailed info about a file, such as the author, the date you last changed the file and any descriptive tags you might have added to the file. If you can’t see the details pane, tap or click the View tab, then tap or click Details pane. Use the preview pane to see the contents of a file, such as an Office document, without opening it in an application. If you can’t see the preview pane, tap or click the View tab, then tap or click Preview pane. Searching for a file Depending on how many files you have and how they're organized, it might be a lot of work to always browse to each particular file you need. To save time and effort, use the search box to search for files. The search box is located at the top of every window. To search for a file, open a folder as a starting point for your search, tap or click the search box, then start entering your search term. The search box filters the current view based on the text you enter. Files are displayed as search results if your search term matches the file's name, tags or other properties or even the text inside a document. For more information about searching in File Explorer, see Searching for files in File Explorer. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)