E-LESSON-8 HISTORY-1

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B.A.English 2 All right are reserved with CU-IDOL HISTORY-I Course Code: BAQ111 Semester: First SLM Unit : 8 E-Lesson: 8 www.cuidol.in Unit- 8 (BAQ111)

HISTORY-I OBJECTIVES INTRODUCTION 33 After studying this unit, you will be able to: Describe the origin of Buddhism. Gautama Buddha strove to save the millions of people groaning under the To develop ability to draw out similarities yoke of Brahmanical monopoly. among Buddhism and Jainism www.cuidol.in Unit- 8 (BAAQQ11111)1) INASlTl ITriUgThEt OarFeDrIeSsTeArNvCeEd AwNitDh OCNUL-IIDNOE LLEARNING

TOPICS TO BE COVERED 4 > Teachings of Buddha > Teaching of Jainism >> Similarities in Jainism and Buddhis HISTORY-I m www.cuidol.in Unit- 8 (BAQ111) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

JAIN PHILOSOPHY There were twenty-four Tirthankaras who actually established the Jaina darshan. 5  The first Tirthankara realized that the source of Jaina's philosophy was Adinath.  The Jainas believe that the natural and supernatural things of the universe can be traced back to seven fundamental elements.  The substance is the basis of attributes (qualities). The attributes that we find in a substance are known as Dharmas.  Without essential attributes, a thing cannot exist. So they are always present in everything.  According to Mahavira every element was a combination of material and spiritual factors.  In addition to taking these five vows he also insisted on principles of right conduct, right faith and right knowledge.  Right faith meant belief in the Jinas and right knowledge meant the knowledge of the eventual liberation .  Mahavira did not believe in God nor did he believe that He created the world or exercised any personal control over it. www.cuidol.in Unit- 8 (BAQ111) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

BUDDHISTS PHILOSOPHY 6 Gautama Buddha presented simple principles of life and practical ethics that people could follow easily. He considered the world as full of misery. Man’s duty is to seek liberation from this painful world. He strongly criticized blind faith in the traditional scriptures like the Vedas. •When Buddha saw human beings suffering from sickness, pain, and death, he concluded that there was definitely suffering in human life. •The second is related to the cause of suffering. •The third one when passion, desire, and love of life are totally destroyed, the pain stops. •The fourth one leads to a way that takes to liberation. • The teachings of the Buddha are aimed solely at liberating sentient beings from suffering. •We are the same as plants, as trees, as other people, as the rain that falls. •The second universal truth of the Buddha is that everything is continuously changing. •Once dinosaurs, mammoths and saber-toothed tigers roamed this earth. •The third universal truth explained by the Buddha is that there are continuous changes due to the law of cause and effect. •The law of cause and effect is known as karma. Nothing ever happens to us unless we deserve it. We receive exactly what we earn, whether it is good or bad www.cuidol.in Unit- 8 (BAQ111) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

EARLY HISTORY 7 The general believe is that Vardhamana, popularly known as Mahavira, is the founder or Jainism. But the Jainas hold that Mahavira is their last prophet i.e. the twenty-fourth Tirthankara. According to them, their religion is as old as the Rig Veda. They believe that their first Tirthankara was Rishava who was the father of Bharata, the first Vedic chakarvarti King of India. There are said to be 23 Tirthankaras after Rishava, about whom our knowledge is nominal.. Mahavira: Mahavira was the last Tirthankara. His original name was Vardhamana. He was born in Kundagrama, a village near Vaisali about 540 B.C. In that village lived a rich noble man Siddhartha who was the head of a Kshatriya clan called Jnatrika. He was married to Trisala, the sister of most famous ruler of Vaisali. To them was born Vardhamana, the Mahavir. Mahavira received education and was married to Yasoda www.cuidol.in Unit- 8 (BAQ111) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

POINTS OF DIFFERENCES 8  Self-mortification and the middle path: Jainism believes in hard penance and self mortification.  Principles of Ahimsa: Both religions firmly believe in Ahimsa.  Existence of God: Mahavira denied the existence of God and His omnipotence and omnipresence.  Existence of God: Mahavira denied the existence of God and His omnipotence andomnipresence.  Different ways of attaining Nirvana: In Jainism, Nirvana means the end of human life which can be achieved following the principle of 'Three-Jewels.' But in Buddhism  The difference in Dress and Conduct: The followers of the Digambar sect of Jainism prefer nudity. They remain stark naked and worship naked deities  Sangha Organizations: The Jainas, no doubt, had their organizations to propagate their religion. But those were not well-knit organizations. www.cuidol.in Unit- 8 (BAQ111) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

KEY WORDS/ABBREVIATIONS  Buddhism:- Buddhism encompasses a variety of traditions, beliefs and spiritual practices largely based 9 on original teachings attributed to the Buddha and resulting interpreted philosophies  Gautama:- Siddhartha Gautama (also known as the Buddha “the awakened one”) was the leader and founder of a sect of wanderer ascetics (Sramanas), one of many sects which existed at that time all over India.  Philosophy:- the study of the fundamental nature of knowledge, reality, and existence, especially when considered as an academic discipline  Buddhism:- Buddhism encompasses a variety of traditions, beliefs and spiritual practices largely based on original teachings attributed to the Buddha and resulting interpreted philosophies.  Jainism:- Jainism, traditionally known as Jain Dharma, is an ancient Indian religion. Followers of Jainism are called Jains, a word derived from the Sanskrit word Jina referring to the path of victory in crossing over life's stream of rebirths by destroying karma through an ethical and spiritual life www.cuidol.in Unit- 8 (BAQ111) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

LEARNING ACTIVITY 10 1 Write a short note on the similarities between Buddhism and Jainism ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2 . Discuss the Philosophy of Jainism ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- www.cuidol.in Unit- 8 (BAQ111) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1. Who was Ananda? 11 (a) Disciple of Buddha (c) Minister (b) King (d) Buddha’s son 2. Gautam Buddha died at (b) Patna (a) Nepal (d) Kushi Nagar (c) Madhayapradesh 3.The Jainas do not believe in the (b) Puranas (a) Vedas (d) None of the Above (c) Shastras Answers: 1(a) 2.(d) 3.(c) Unit- 8 (BAQ111) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL www.cuidol.in

SUMMARY 12 • Both Jainism and Buddhism are against the caste-system. Both Jainism and Buddhism believe in social equality and do not sanction special privileges to a class or a community. According to them, even the humble of the humblest has the right to attain Moksha or salvation. In fact, the emergence of Jainism and Buddhism was greatly responsible to tone down the vigour of sordid casteism. • Both Jainism and Buddhism did not attach any importance to the Vedas and Sanskrit language. • The superiority of the Vedas and other Vedic literature was not accepted by the founders of both religions. • Both preached religion in the spoken language so that the common people had no difficulty to understand the teachings. Both never Considered Sanskrit either superior or a holy language. www.cuidol.in Unit- 8 (BAQ111) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS 13 1. What was condemned by Gautam Buddha? (For more information see SLM) Ans: Gautam Buddha strongly condemned the caste system. 2. After the death of Buddha, when was the first council held ? (For more information see SLM) Ans: After the death of Gautama Buddha, the First Buddhist Council was held in 487 B.C. at Rajgriha (in the Satapani Cave), the capital of Magadha. 3. Who were against the caste system? (For more information see SLM) Ans: Both Jainism and Buddhism are against the caste-system. 4. What was not accepted by Jainism and Buddhism? (For more information see SLM) Ans: Both Jainism and Buddhism did not attach any importance to the Vedas and Sanskrit language. www.cuidol.in Unit- 8 (BAQ111) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

REFERENCES 14  Tripathi, R.S. (2016). Prachin Bharat Ka Itihas : Seventh Edition. Jaipur: Royal Publication.  V.C. Pandey(1986). Political and Cultural History of Ancient India-Part I, Allahabad: Vishal Publication.  Mookerji, R.N. (1947). Ancient India. Delhi: Motilal Banarsi Das PublishersPvt. Ltd..  Basham, A.L.(1967). The Wonder that was India. London: Arthur Probsthain.  Davies, C.C. (1949). An Historical Atlas of Indian Peninsula. India: Oxford University Press  Majumdar, R.C. (2017). Ancient India. Delhi: Motilal Banarsilal Publishers Pvt. Ltd.  Dhillon, S.K. (1991). Religious History of Early Medieval Punjab. Punjab: National Book Organisation. Web Resources  https://www.ancient.eu/india/  https://www.culturalindia.net/india-history/ancient-india/index.html www.cuidol.in Unit- 8 (BAQ111) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

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