E-LESSON-3 SOCIOLOGY-1

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B.A.English 2 All right are reserved with CU-IDOL INTRODUCTION TO INTRODUCTION TO SOCIOLOGY SOCIOLOGY Course Code: BAQ109 Semester: First SLM Unit : 3 E-Lesson: 3 www.cuidol.in Unit-3(BAQ-109)

INTRODUCTION TO SOCIOLOGY OBJECTIVES INTRODUCTION 33 After studying this unit, you will be able to: Society is a web of social relations. It is a network of social relations. Understand the concepts and definition of society and community Explain the concept of association and institution In sociology, there are various theories and concepts which need to be studied in order State the importance of these concepts in the to understand man as a member of society. study of social life. www.cuidol.in Unit-3(BAQ-10Q9)109) INASTllITrUigThEtOaFreDrISeTsAeNrvCeEdAwNiDthOCNUL-IINDEOLLEARNING

TOPICS TO BE COVERED 4 BASIC SOCIAL CONCEPTS: INTRODUCTION TO SOCIOLOGY • Society • Community • Institution • Association • Organization • Group • Norms • Values • Folkways and Mores https://www.deanza.edu/sociology/ www.cuidol.in Unit-3(BAQ-109) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

5 INTRODUCTION Sociology is science of society which focuses on certain basic units to understand how human beings live and carry out their activities. These units provide the basis for understanding relationships between individual life and social processes. In this lesson we shall discuss certain basic concepts used by Sociologists to understand social life. www.cuidol.in Unit-3(BAQ-109) http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/sociology/the-relatio nship-of-sociology-with-other-social-sciences/6248 All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

These are: 6 • Society All right are reserved with CU-IDOL • Community • Association and • Institution • Organization • Group • Norms • Values • Folkways and Mores www.cuidol.in Unit-3(BAQ-109)

SOCIETY 7 The term ‘society’ refers to people inhabiting a specific territory and sharing a common way of life. They interact with each other in certain patterned ways on a regular and continuous basis. This social interaction is regulated and facilitated by certain norms of behaviour that are formulated by certain institutions.r Definitions:  According to Horton and Hunt: ‘Society is a relatively independent, self-perpetuating human group which occupies a territory, shapes a culture and has most of its associations within this group.’  According to Mac Iver and Page: ‘Society is a complicated web of social relationships www.cuidol.in Unit-3(BAQ-109) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

CHARACTERISTICS OF SOCIETY: 8 1. Firstly, society is characterized by a system of social relationships. 2. Society is characterized by both likeness and difference. 3. In any given society, the differences are subordinate to the likeness found. 4. Another characteristic is that man is dependent on society. 5. Society is dynamic by nature. 6. Social control is exercised on members. 7. Culture is part of every society. 8. Finally, society can also be classified into various types. A Simple society refers to a relatively smaller, primitive; non-literate economically backward and undifferentiated type of society. A Complex society, on the other hand refers to a modern, industrialized, educationally and economically advanced and differentiated society. www.cuidol.in Unit-3(BAQ-109) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

COMMUNITY 9 There is a geographical area within which the community functions. Talcott Parsons has defined a community as “collectivity the members of which share a common territorial area as their base of operation for daily activities”. Tonnies defines community as “an organic natural kind of social group whose members are bound to gether by the sense of belonging, created out of everyday contacts covering the whole range of human activities”. According to Kingsley Davies, community is defined as “the smallest territorial group that can embrace all aspects of social life”. For Karl Mannheim, community is, “any circle of people who live together and belong together in such a way that they do not share this or that particular interest only but whole set of interests”. www.cuidol.in Unit-3(BAQ-109) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

10 The different characteristics of a community are listed below- 1. Close and informal relationships – Relationships in a community are informal by nature. Members share close bonds. 2. Territory- A community identifies themselves with some specified territory. They reside in a definite territory. 3. Common beliefs and values- Members in a community, share amongst them, common beliefs and values. They have a common culture. 4. Mutuality- The members commonly share feelings or actions. This is because they identify themselves as belonging to the same community. 5. Strong group feeling- there exists, among a community, a very strong ‘we’ or group feeling. They identify strongly with the community they belong to. The members have strong community sentiment. 6. Cultural similarity- in a community, there is cultural similarity among the members. Members share similar language, customs and traditions. 7. Organized interaction- The interaction, among members of a community is organized. It is based on certain premises. www.cuidol.in Unit-3(BAQ-109) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

GROUP 11 • Groups are amongst the most stable and enduring of social units. They are important both to their members in particular and to the society at large. • Groups form the foundation upon which society rests through encouraging such regular and predictable behaviour. • It exhibits some degree of social cohesion and is more than just a simple collection of individuals, such as people waiting at a bus-stop, or people waiting in a queue. Characteristics shared by members of a group may include interests, values, representations, ethnic or social background and kinship ties. Paul Hare regards the defining characteristic of a group as social interaction. • The members of a group have “regular interaction” and theyhttps://faithandleadership.com/peer-groups-change-work-denominational- have a common identity, rules, structure, etc. officials-massachusetts www.cuidol.in Unit-3(BAQ-109) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

FEATURES OF SOCIAL GROUPS 12 According to social scientists, two or more people make up a group when five things are true: (i) First, individuals in a group interact. The behaviour of each member of a group affects the behaviour of the other members. (ii) The members of a group depend on each other for the fulfillment of their primary and secondary needs. They are interdependent. (iii) Members of a group share common goals or interests. Groups always originate, start and proceed with common interests. (iv) They share meanings. In other words, each member understands the rules of the group and knows how to behave. (v) The members of a group develop a strong sense of ‘we feeling’ and ‘consciousness of kind’. It is a psychological awareness of belonging to one another and is a proof of their being social. www.cuidol.in Unit-3(BAQ-109) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

NORMS 13 All right are reserved with CU-IDOL Norms are the rules that specify how people should or should not be have in various situations. They are the standards of behaviour accepted or expected by society. (a) They bring about regularity of social behaviour of members of a group. They show people how they should behave in a particular situation. (b) They set limits, which an individual must acknowledge. Any departure from prescribed limits brings disapproval and punishment. (c) Norms control and regulate our behaviour and preserve social order. www.cuidol.in Unit-3(BAQ-109)

Kinds of Social Norms: 14 1. Folkways: Coined by W. G. Sumner. Folkways are simply the customary, normal, habitual ways in which a group does things 2. Mores: Coined by Sumner. It is used to refer to moral values. They are those strong ideas of right and wrong, which require certain acts to be performed and forbid others. 3. Custom: Customs are socially accepted ways of acting. These are the institutional practices of society. Example: 4. Law: The body of rules which are recognized, interpreted and applied to particular institutions by the courts of the State. 5. Habit: Habits are behaviour modes, which through repetition have become channelised. 6. Fashion: It applies to different aspects of our culture. Example: dress, furniture. It is cyclical in nature. www.cuidol.in Unit-3(BAQ-109) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

VALUES 15 • Values are individual beliefs that motivate people to act one way or another. They serve as a guide for human behavior. • Generally, people are predisposed to adopt the values that they are raised with. People also tend to believe that those values are “right” because they are the values of their particular culture. • Ethical decision-making often involves weighing values against each other and choosing which values to elevate. Conflicts can result when people have different values, leading to a clash of preferences and priorities. • Some values have intrinsic worth, such as love, truth, and https://medium.com/@shounakbagchi/the-value-of-values-68ecbffce1d2 freedom. Other values, such as ambition, responsibility, and courage, describe traits or behaviors that are instrumental as means to an end. www.cuidol.in Unit-3(BAQ-109) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 16 1. ------------ is the father of sociology A. Comte B. Durkheim C. Spencer D. Cooley 2. ‘Society is a relatively independent, self-perpetuating human group which occupies a territory, shapes a c ulture and has most of its associations within this group.’ A. Horton & Hunt B. Ogburn C. Leacock D. MacIver 3. Sociology is the ________of all social sciences. A. Mother B. Father C. None of these 3. ____________are individual beliefs that motivate people to act one way or another. A. Values B. Norms C. Mores D. Folkways Answers: 1.A. 2.A. 3.A www.cuidol.in Unit-3(BAQ-109) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

SUMMARY 17 • The term ‘society’ refers to people inhabiting a specific territory and sharing a common way of life. They interact with each other in certain patterned ways on a regular and continuous basis. • This social interaction is regulated and facilitated by certain norms of behaviour that are formulated by certain institutions. • A Simple society refers to a relatively smaller, primitive; non-literate economically backward and undifferentiated type of society. • A Complex society, on the other hand refers to a modern, industrialized, educationally and economically advanced and differentiated society. • Norms are the rules that specify how people should or should not behave in various situations. • They are the standards of behaviour accepted or expected by society. • Values are individual beliefs that motivate people to act one way or another. •They serve as a guide for human behavior. Ethical decision-making often involves weighing values against each other and choosing which values to elevate. Conflicts can result when people have different values, leading to a clash of preferences and priorities. •Some values have intrinsic worth, such as love, truth, and freedom. Other values, such as ambition, responsibility, and courage, describe traits or behaviors that are instrumental as means to an end. www.cuidol.in Unit-3(BAQ-109) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTION 18 1. What is a society? Ans: Society is a web of social relations. we say in every society there are individuals, social relations, soci al norms and social goals. (For more information see SLM) 2. What is the nature of Sociology.(For more information see SLM) Ans: Sociology studies society, and Psychology studies mind. or mental processes of humans. (For more information see SLM) 3. Explain nature od Sociology. Ans: Sociology is the branch of knowledge and it has its own characteristics. Sociology has different nature in society. • It is different from other sciences in certain respects. (For more information see SLM) 4. What is a group or community? Ans: A group is simply a collectivity of people without any particular goal. (For more information see SLM) www.cuidol.in Unit-3(BAQ-109) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

REFERENCES 19 1. https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Sociology/Book%3ASociology(Boundless)/3 2. %3ACulture/3.2%3A_The_Symbolic_Nature_of_Culture/3.2J53a_Folkways_and_More 3. www.yourarticlelibrary.com/society/13-most-important-characteristics-or-elements-of community/6231 4. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_organization 5. https://www.stoodnt.com/blog/sociology-careers-and-jobs-in-india/ 6. http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/sociology/the-relationship-of-sociology-with-other-social-sciences/6248 www.cuidol.in Unit-3(BAQ-109) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

20 THANK YOU For queries Email: [email protected] www.cuidol.in Unit-3(BAQ-109) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL