E-LESSON-10-11

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BCA 2 All right are reserved with CU-IDOL Internet Computing and Ethics Course Code: BCA 113 Semester: First SLM Units: 10, 11 e-Lesson No.: 8 www.cuidol.in Unit-10, 11 (BCA113)

Introduction to Standards, and Adoption 33 Methods & Process OBJECTIVES INTRODUCTION Student will be able to define various types of In this unit we are going to learn various types of standards used for open source standards used for open source Student will be able to learn ASF and its Also describe ASF and its contribution towards contribution towards open source open source and various driving forces used in the adoption of open source Student will be able to learn about various driving forces used in the adoption of open source Student will be able to know various example of describe various example of open standard open standard adoptions and various challenges adoptions and various challenges of open of open source source www.cuidol.in Unit-10, 11 1(BBCCA113) INASlTl ITriUgThEt OarFeDrIeSsTeArNvCeEd AwNitDh OCNUL-IIDNOE LLEARNING

TOPICS TO BE COVERED 4  Introduction to Standards  About types of standard  About ASF  About Open standards adoptions  About Challenges of OS www.cuidol.in Unit-10, 11 (BCA113) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

What are standards 5  ISO, the International Organization for Standardization, defines standards as \"a document that provides requirements, specifications, guidelines or characteristics that can be used consistently to ensure that materials, products, processes and services are fit for their purpose.  ISO is an independent, non-governmental international organization that develops international standards. The ISO site explains that international standards give specifications for products, services, and systems, to ensure quality, safety, and efficiency, which is instrumental in facilitating international trade. www.cuidol.in Unit-10, 11 (BCA113) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

What are standards 6  In computing, standards enable portability and interoperability.  Portability includes:  i) application code ports between operating systems or compilers;  ii) middleware architecture ports between systems--its source code may also port but not nearly to the same extent;  and iii) a developer's skills porting from one platform to another. Each time something ports, someone saves time and money.  Interoperability also pays, motivating companies to get together and write standards. www.cuidol.in Unit-10, 11 (BCA113) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

Open Source vs Open Standards 7  Open source and open standards are not the same thing.  Open source refers to software whose source code is freely available to users for reference, debugging, modification, and/or extension.  Open standards are, typically, specifications: formal descriptions of software or software interfaces. Open standards may have reference implementations, but the description in the formal standard typically takes precedence over the behaviour of a reference implementation. www.cuidol.in Unit-10, 11 (BCA113) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

Open Source vs Open Standards 8  For open source, open means that the source code must be distributed with every copy of an executable application and every recipient must be allowed to modify and distribute the source code freely to subsequent users.  In open standards, open signifies that the standards process is open to participation and that the completed standards are available to everyone.  Working documents and drafts are typically kept private to the issuing organization's members, and there may be reasonable conditions for participation such as membership fees, but any person or company may participate as a member at a meaningful level.  Many standards organizations give copies of their standards away for free and the right to implement a standard is typically also free and, if not, is available on fair and equitable terms. www.cuidol.in Unit-10, 11 (BCA113) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

Types of Standards  Proprietary standards evolve from a product line or specific vendor examples such as the IBM 9 PC, UNIX, or Microsoft's Windows. Such standards develop when there is widespread acceptance by a broad base of customers or users. The standard, based on a dominant technology produced by a single company, is designated as proprietary or exclusive. The dangers should be apparent, as a single supplier or vendor has total control over the functionality and usefulness of the product.  Open standards are developed and adopted by some authorized standardization body, such as by treaty among national governments, or voluntary non-treaty organizations. General examples include the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). Open standards develop in the absence of underlying technology, dominant or proprietary, needed for implementation. Extensible Markup Language (SML), a specification developed by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), is another example of an open standard. www.cuidol.in Unit-10, 11 (BCA113) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

LIFE CYCLE OF STANDARD 10 www.cuidol.in Unit-10, 11 (BCA113) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

Apache Software Foundation 11  The Apache Software Foundation (ASF) is an American non-profit corporation to support Apache software projects, including the Apache HTTP Server.  The ASF was formed from the Apache Group and incorporated on March 25, 1999.  The Apache Software Foundation is a decentralized open source community of developers.  The software they produce is distributed under the terms of the Apache License and is free and open-source software (FOSS). www.cuidol.in Unit-10, 11 (BCA113) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

Apache Software Foundation 12  The Apache projects are characterized by a collaborative, consensus-based development process and an open and pragmatic software license.  Each project is managed by a self-selected team of technical experts who are active contributors to the project.  The ASF is a meritocracy, implying that membership of the foundation is granted only to volunteers who have actively contributed to Apache projects.  The ASF is considered a second generation[3] open-source organization, in that commercial support is provided without the risk of platform lock-in. www.cuidol.in Unit-10, 11 (BCA113) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

Importance of Open Standards 13 Facilitates broader adoption  There's nothing like giving your product away for free to attract users. In fact, apart from so- called \"snob goods,\" or \"Giffen goods,\" most economic demand curves have an inverse relationship between price and demand. Opening a standard eliminates one the biggest barriers to adoption-the cost of obtaining and using the standard. Improves information transfer and usage  Open standards remove unnecessary barriers and give everyone access to the format's definitions. Little or no assumptions have to be made when implementing the standard. And since openness increases adoption, the transfer of information via an open standard is made more efficient and error-free because no interpretations or transformations are required. In addition, a clearer path is paved for those who still wish to map an open standard to a closed one. www.cuidol.in Unit-10, 11 (BCA113) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

Importance of Open Standards 14 Increases innovation  An open standard invites people of diverse backgrounds and goals to participate in its use. A standards owner looking to \"think outside the box\" can look to others to provide feedback and new ideas that can spur innovation. New products or services that piggy-back off an open standard can also come to life.  As with any decision, there are tradeoffs to consider when opening your standard. The most pressing ones that can come to mind for any business is increased competition and ensuring a return on the investment of developing the standard in the first place. Providing access to intellectual property may encourage copycat rival standards. www.cuidol.in Unit-10, 11 (BCA113) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

Adoption of open source 15  Adoption of open source is likewise expected to continue with equitable levels of enthusiasm.  In the last 12 months, 68% of respondents reported an increase in the use of open sources software, while 29% reported no change. For the next 12 months, 59% expect an increase, while 39% expect no change.  The use of free software instead of propriety software can be given institutions better control over information technology.  Therefore, a growing number of public institutions started a transition to free software solution www.cuidol.in Unit-10, 11 (BCA113) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

Reasons for the adoption of open source 16  REDUCED COSTS AND SIMPLIFIED OPERATIONS  Opens sources solutions are an affordable alternatives to COTS software. In fact, in survey after survey, business cite reduces costs as the most significant benefits to adopting open sources solutions.  When companies move to open standards solution, they effectively eliminate the vendor lock-in associated with commercial software.  ACCELERATED INNOVATION  Innovation drives change, but wouldn’t it be nice to invest in technology solutions that will stand the test of time?  Companies that adopt open standards solutions are able to rapidly scale, evolve and extend their existing technology stacks and system, as opposed to starting from scratch with each new wave of innovation. www.cuidol.in Unit-10, 11 (BCA113) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

17 Adoption Methods and Process: Examples of Open Standard Adoptions in the World and Open Source Challenges.  Open standards are important to our data infrastructure. To make the launch of new research, researchers Edafe Onerhime and Rose Rees-Jones share their findings on how people approach developing standards and what they need, and the impact of open data standards. www.cuidol.in Unit-10, 11 (BCA113) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

Example of Open Standard Adoptions in the World 18  javascript object Notation: JSON for efficiently transferring structured data  eXtensible Markup Language: XML for efficiently transferring and validating structured data  HyperText Markup Language: HTML - currently on version 5, managed by the World Wide Web Consortium  Cascading Style Sheets: CSS - currently on version 3, also managed by the World Wide Web Consortium  Protable Document Format: PDF, initially created by Adobe, but made a vendor-neutral, royalty-free open standard  Protable Network Graphics: :PNG (raster images)  GraphicsScalable Vector Graphic: SVG (vector graphics)  HyperText Transfer Protocol: HTTP (plain text) and HTTPS (secure, encrypted) protocol for making structures requests for content on the web, among other things. www.cuidol.in Unit-10, 11 (BCA113) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

Example open standards organizations 19  Standards bodies  DMTF (Distributed Management Task Force, Inc.)  IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force)  NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology)  OASIS (Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information Standards)  The Open Group  Benchmark standards  SPEC (Standard Performance Evaluation Corporation)  STAC (Securityes Technology Analysis Center)  TPC (Transaction Processing Performance Council) www.cuidol.in Unit-10, 11 (BCA113) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

Example open standards organizations 20  Security standards  CSA (Cloud Security Alliance)  Trusted Computing Group  Software standards  C++ Standards Committee  DWARF Debugging Standard  Freedesktop.org  Java Community Process  OpenMP  OSGi Alliance  PatternFly  UEFI (Unified Extensible Firmware Interface Forum) www.cuidol.in Unit-10, 11 (BCA113) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 21 Q1. What is the full form of ASF? a) Apache Software Foundation b) Apache system Foundation c) Apache Solar Foundation d) None of these Q2.Is Internet is an example of open standard? a) False b) True Q3.Which is not the example of open standard : a) PDF b) Java Script c) HTML d) None of these Answers: 1.a) 2. b) 3.d) www.cuidol.in Unit-10, 11 (BCA113) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 22 Q4.What is the problems that could arise when having a proprietary standards: a) The file may not be read by the recipient.. b) monopoly of only one supplier c) cannot modify such products as their standards are not known publicly . d) All of the above Answers: d) www.cuidol.in Unit-10, 11 (BCA113) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

SUMMARY 23  ISO, the International Organization for Standardization, defines standards as \"a document that provides requirements, specifications, guidelines or characteristics that can be used consistently to ensure that materials, products, processes and services are fit for their purpose.  Proprietary standards and open standard are two type of standards.  The Apache Software Foundation (ASF) is an American non-profit corporation to support Apache software projects, including the Apache HTTP Server. The ASF was formed from the Apache Group and incorporated on March 25, 1999  The use of free software instead of propriety software can be given institutions better control over information technology.  javascript object Notation: JSON for efficiently transferring structured data eXtensible Markup Language: XML for efficiently transferring and validating structured data www.cuidol.in Unit-10, 11 (BCA113) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS 24 Q1. Differentiate between Proprietary standards and Open standards. Ans: Proprietary standards evolve from a product line or specific vendor examples such as the IBM PC, UNIX, or Microsoft's Windows. While Open standards are developed and adopted by some authorized standardization body, such as by treaty among national governments, or voluntary non-treaty organizations. For Further details please refer to the subject SLM unit 10. Q2. Describe the reasons for the adoption of open source. Ans: There are several reasons including - reduced costs and simplified operations, accelerated innovation etc. For Further details please refer to the subject SLM unit 10. Q3. Discuss the importance of open standards. List the examples of open standard adoptions in the world. Ans: Importance of open standards includes - Facilitates broader adoption, Improves information transfer and usage, etc. For Further details please refer to the subject SLM unit 10 and 11. www.cuidol.in Unit-10, 11 (BCA113) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

REFERENCES 25  https://opensource.com/resources/what-are-open-standardshttp://www.whatarecookies.com/  https://timreview.ca/article/207  https://objectcomputing.com/resources/business-insights/5-reasons-to-transition-to-open-source www.cuidol.in Unit-10, 11 (BCA113) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

26 THANK YOU www.cuidol.in Unit-10, 11 (BCA113) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL