CU-BA-Eng-SEM-IV-English literature-IV

a. Stress b. Intonation c. Tone d. Pitch 2. Identify the correct option for the following sentence: Very often stress and pitch change work together to make a _______prominent. a. Word b. Syllable c. Sound d. Pitch 3. What is the element on which there is stress in compound word? a. First b. Second c. First & second d. Last 4. Identify the suitable option for the following sentence: Stress and _______ are linked phenomena. a. Pronunciation b. Pitch c. Intonation d. Syllable 5. Identify the suitable option for the following statement: Words with ____prefixes are stressed on the root. a. Strong b. Weak c. Medium d. Low Answers: 1-a, 2-b, 3-c, 4-d, 5-b. 7.12 REFERENCES 201 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

References:  Kenstowicz, Michael and Charles Kisseberth (1979) Generative Phonology. Academic Press.  Ladefoged, Peter (2001) A Course in Phonetics (4th Ed.), Harcourt Brace.  Ladefoged, Peter (1996) Elements of Acoustic Phonetics (2nd Ed.). University of Chicago Press. Textbooks:  D Z.M. Bazarbaeyeva, Kazakh intonation, Аlmaty, pp. 283-287,2008.  A.A. Isengeldina, Sonor consonants of Kazakh, Bulletin ofthe Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR, 1960, no.3.  J.K. Kaliev, Some problem of teaching methods of foreign languages, Kazakhstan school, 1962,no. 8.  S.K. Kenesbayev, Modern Kazakh language. Phonology and morphology. Alma-Ata, 1962.  S.K. Kenesbayev, ‘On the category of stress in the Kazakh language’, Proceedings of the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR, 1958, Vol. 5.  P.S. Kuznetsov, ‘On the phonology of stress’, Reports and philological faculty of Moscow State University, 1948. Websites  https://www.nordangliaeducation.com/en/our- schools/shanghai/puxi/article/2016/6/8/stress-rhythm-and-intonation-phonology  https://www.englishclub.com/pronunciation/  https://www.uni-due.de/DI/REV_Phonetics_Phonology.htm  https://www.britannica.com/science/phonetics/Secondary-articulations 202 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

UNIT 8: COMPOSITION PART II: VOICE, SIMPLE, COMPOUND AND COMPLEX SENTENCES STRUCTURE 8.0 Learning Objective 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Simple Sentences 8.3 Compound Sentences 8.4 Complex Sentences 8.5 Summary 8.6 Keywords 8.7 Learning Activity 8.8 Unit End questions 8.9 References 8.0LEARNING OBJECTIVE After studying this unit, you will be able to:  Apply rules of transformation of sentences.  Compare all kinds of sentences.  Transform sentences.  Convert sentences from simple to compound and complex. 8.1INTRODUCTION The two fundamental parts of every English sentence are the subject and the predicate. A simple sentence can also be described as a group of words expressing a complete thought. Subjects can be described as the component that performs the action described by the Predicate. Subject + predicate = sentence A simple sentence or independent clause must have a verb. A verb shows action or state of being. The subject tells who or what about the verb. Subject + verb = sentence 203 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Sentence Structure Vocabulary  The sentence format consists of a subject and a predicate.  The subject names the topic and the predicatetalks about the subject.  A sentence with one subject and one predicate is called a simple sentence.  The receiver of actions is called the object.  A group of words used as a single value without subject or predicate is called a phrase.  A clause is a group of words with a subject and predicate.  Principal or independent clauses can form sentences.  A compound sentence contains two or more principal clauses.  A clause which cannot form a sentence is called a dependant clause.  A complex sentence contains a principal clause and one or more dependant or subordinate clauses.  A compound-complex sentence contains two principal clauses and one or more subordinate clauses. Four Kinds of Sentences Four kinds of sentences: declarative, imperative, interrogative, and exclamatory. 1. A declarative sentence makes a statement. Example: The hockey finals will be broadcast tomorrow. 2. An imperative sentence gives a command or makes a request. Example: Pass the puck to the open man. 3. An interrogative sentence asks a question. Example: Do you know the rules of hockey? 4. An exclamatory sentence shows strong feeling. Example: Stop that man! Declarative, imperative, or interrogative sentences can be made into exclamatory sentences by punctuating them with an exclamation point. The Six Basic Sentence Construction Patterns 1. No Verb Complement The simplest structure is one without a verb complement. In traditional grammar, all verb 204 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

complements are either nouns or adjectives. Examples 1. Canada wins. 2. Direct Object Verb Complement The defining characteristic is the presence of a direct object. Example: Boys love hockey. 3. Indirect and Direct Object Verb Complements Both indirect and direct objects are present. Indirect objects are placed immediately after the verb. Direct objects that are noun phrases follow the indirect object. Example: Dad gave [(me)(a puck)]. 4. Predicate Nominative Verb Complement The predicate nominative verb complement is a noun or a pronoun that redefines, renames, or classifies the subject of the sentence. The verb in a predicate nominative sentence pattern is always a linking verb, such as be, seem, or become. Example: He became a coach. 5. Predicate Adjective Verb Complement The predicate adjective is an adjective that modifies the subject of the sentence. The verb is always a linking verb, such as be, seem, smell, look, taste, or become. Example: The game became difficult. 6. Direct Object and Objective Complement The verb complements are a direct object and an objective complement. An objective complement is a noun or an adjective that occurs after the direct object and describes the direct object. Example: The class made [(me)(bilingual)]. 8.2SIMPLE SENTENCES A simple sentence contains a subject and a verb. - It expresses a single complete thought that can stand on its own. Examples: 1. The baby cried for food. There is a subject and a verb that expresses a complete thought. 2. Professor Maple’s intelligent students completed and turned in their homework. A simple sentence does not necessarily have to be short. It can have adjectives. In this case, there are two verbs ‘completed’ and ‘turned in.’ However, the sentence expresses one complete thought and therefore is a simple sentence. 205 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

3. Megan and Ron ate too much and felt sick. Although there are two subjects and two verbs, it is still a simple sentence because both verbs share the same subjects and express one complete thought. A simple sentence is a sentence containing only one clause, or more specifically, an independent clause, with a subject and a predicate. A simple sentence is typically made up of a subject, verb, and object, or SVO, and creates a complete thought; however, since a simple predicate is a verb or verb phrase only, a simple sentence can also be made up of only a subject and verb (SV). Figure 8.1: Sentence structure Subject + Verb + Object (SVO)  Jessie ate dinner. Subject + Verb (SV)  Jessie ate. Both of these examples are grammatically correct simple sentences, but including an object helps to clarify the full idea of the sentence. Despite their name, simple sentences can include things that are not so simple. Let’s review the use of modifiers, compound subjects, and compound verbs/predicates in simple sentences. Modifiers in Simple Sentences Modifiers are words or phrases that can be included in simple sentences to add more detail. Let’s see how we can modify the simple sentence used above: Jessie ate dinner. Adding Articles/Adjectives 206 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

 The hungry Jessie ate a large dinner. Adding Adverbs  The hungry Jessie quickly ate a very large dinner. Adding a Prepositional Phrase  The hungry Jessie quickly ate a very large dinner after a long day at work. All these examples still qualify as simple sentences because they are all independent clauses that convey a complete thought. Pro Tip: Ask yourself how the sentence is changed because of a modifier. Compound Subjects in Simple Sentences Compound subjects are two or more nouns or pronouns sharing the same verb. They are joined using coordinate or correlative conjunctions. Compound Subjects Using Coordinate Conjunctions  Jessie and Jade ate dinner.  Jessie or Jade ate dinner.  Jessie, Jade, and Titus ate dinner. Compound Subjects Using Correlative Conjunctions  Both Jessie and Jade ate dinner.  Neither Jessie nor Jade ate dinner. Even with two or more simple subjects, these examples are independent clauses conveying a complete thought, so they are still simple sentences. Compound Verbs/Predicates in Simple Sentences Compound verbs, or compound predicates, are two or more verbs/predicates that share the same subject. This may be written as simply as a subject performing multiple verbs (simple predicates) or, more elaborately, as a subject performing multiple complete predicates. The compound verbs/predicates are joined by a conjunction. Compound Verbs/Simple Predicates  Jessie cooked and ate dinner.  Jessie rinsed and washed the dishes. Compound Predicates  Jessie ate dinner and washed the dishes.  Jessie cooked dinner and rinsed the dishes 207 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Again, these examples are all independent clauses conveying a complete thought. So even with multiple verbs, a sentence can be a simple sentence. Tips for Using and Identifying Simple Sentences Tip #1: Subject + Verb + Object (SVO) Simple Sentences Can be Arranged in Different Ways. While a simple sentence is typically expected to contain a subject, verb, and object, this does not always mean that the subject will be the first thing we see in a sentence. When we place parts of the predicate at the beginning of the sentence or ask a question, the standard SVO arrangement of a simple sentence will vary. Placing a Part of the Predicate Before the Subject When the predicate, or verb + object portion of the sentence contains a prepositional phrase or adverb, they can appear at the beginning of the sentence followed by a comma. Check out the following examples to see sentences in both their standard forms and rearranged forms: Prepositional Phrase  We completed our homework after school.  After school, we completed our homework. Adverb  I ran quickly to the store.  Quickly, I ran to the store. Asking a Question Sentences that ask a question are called interrogative sentences, and they are often simple sentences. Some questions start with the main verb or part of the verb phrase. Look at the examples below to see the placement of the verb in both a question and the statement form of the question:  Will it rain tomorrow?  It will rain tomorrow.  Has the race been postponed?  The race has been postponed.  Were you sick today?  You were sick today. Tip #2: Avoid using too many basic simple sentences in your writing. 208 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Remember, basic simple sentences are the first type of sentence we learn how to write. So, it’s probably safe to assume that filling our writing with three- or four-word sentences is not the best idea. Too many simple sentences close together can sound choppy and disconnected. Always revise your work to see where simple sentences can be edited to create more sophisticated writing. Combine Simple Sentences If you have a string of very basic simple sentences in your writing, you can probably combine some of those sentences into compound sentences. Choppy  He loves baseball. He first played little league baseball. He joined the baseball team in middle school. Revised:  He loves baseball and plays little league before joining the baseball team in middle school. Tip #3: Add more detail. There’s nothing wrong with using simple sentences in your writing, but you can (and should) use modifiers to enhance simple sentences when possible. Basic Simple Sentence:  I visited Chichén Itzá. Revised:  On my vacation to Mexico, I visited the ancient Mayan ruins of Chichén Itzá. Applying the Basics: Simple Sentences Review & Practice Now that you understand what simple sentences are, and how to use them properly in your writing, let’s practice identifying them. Remember, a simple sentence is a sentence that contains one independent clause, or one complete thought. Simple Sentences Exercises & Review Complete the quick exercise below to assess your mastery of simple sentences. Determine if the sentence is a simple sentence or not. 1. I finally received my passport for our trip overseas. Simple Sentence 2. Last week, she told the funniest joke in the middle of the meeting. Simple Sentence 209 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

3. Tim went to the store, and he bought a new laptop for school. Not a Simple Sentence 4. Julie and Paige went to the amusement park and rode a rollercoaster. Simple Sentence 5. I was exhausted after working all day. Not a Simple Sentence For additional practice, check out the Simple Sentences content on Albert. 8.3COMPOUND SENTENCES A compound sentence is a sentence that connects two independent clauses, typically with a coordinating conjunction like andourbut. They’re best for combining two or more self- sufficient and related sentences into a single, unified one. Compound sentences give your writing a faster pace and unite related ideas together, but they have a few more extra rules than standard sentences. In this quick guide, we explain how to use them properly to give your writing an edge. Polish your writing Grammarly helps you write with confidence Write with Grammarly What is a compound sentence? As we mentioned in our guide on how to write better sentences, compound sentences combine two or more independent clauses. The key here is independent clauses, which are clauses that can stand alone as separate sentences. Essentially, a compound sentence brings together individual, related sentences as one. (If you’re unfamiliar with these terms, please check out our guide to clauses in English, which better defines what makes up a clause.) Compound sentences are easy to identify because they usually use a coordinating conjunction, which you may remember as FANBOYS: For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, and So. However, compound sentences can also use a semicolon to connect two clauses, in which case no conjunction is necessary. Let’s look at some compound sentence examples to see how they work. Compound sentence examples Below are two simple sentences. Both are independent clauses because they each have their own subjects and verbs. 210 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

I have a pet iguana. His name is Fluffy. To combine them into a compound sentence, we simply add a comma plus the coordinating conjunction and. I have a pet iguana, and his name is Fluffy. Alternatively, we can make a compound sentence by adding only a semicolon and the sentence is still correct. I have a pet iguana; his name is Fluffy. Although they’re talking about the same topic, the subjects of each sentence are both different: the first sentence’s subject is I and the second one’s subject is name. That’s part of what makes them independent, and compound sentences only work with independent clauses. For example, the sentence below is not a compound sentence. I have a pet iguana whose name is Fluffy. To be a compound sentence, it needs at least two subjects and two verbs. If both sentences use the same subject, it must be stated twice, as in the example below. Otherwise, it’s not a compound sentence. ‘I alone cannot change the world, but I can cast a stone across the water to create many ripples.’ —Mother Teresa Be careful of sentences with two subjects or two verbs—these are not the same as compound sentences. The following sentence is not a compound sentence because there is only one subject and because what comes after the conjunction ‘and’ is not an independent clause: I came here to chew bubble gum and study grammar. However, you can turn this sentence into a compound sentence by adding another independent clause with a second subject: I came here to chew bubble gum and study grammar, but I’m all out of gum. Keep in mind that imperative sentences don’t always show their subjects because they’re assumed. That leads to compound sentences like this example: Get me some water, or the fire will spread! Let’s look at some more compound sentence examples from some of history’s greatest writers: ‘Nature does not hurry, yet everything is accomplished.’ —Lao Tzu ‘Be yourself; everyone else is already taken.’ —Oscar Wilde ‘You will face many defeats in life, but never let yourself be defeated.’ —Maya Angelou Commas and Punctuation in Compound Sentences 211 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

When creating compound sentences, there are two punctuation rules to keep in mind: 1. Place a comma before the coordinating conjunction. 2. If you’re not using a coordinating conjunction, place a semicolon between each clause. As always, you use a lowercase letter to start the second independent clause. Since compound sentences are a single sentence, only the first letter of the first clause is capitalized. Mastering these punctuation rules is crucial for creating compound sentences. Without them, your sentence becomes a dreaded run-on sentence. In writing, run-on sentences are not only grammatically incorrect, but also, they’re difficult for your reader to understand. To avoid both run-on sentences and confusingly long compound sentences, try to limit the number of clauses in a sentence to two or three. In situations when you need more than three clauses, keep them as short as possible by removing unnecessary words. Remember, short sentences are easier to understand and give your writing a faster pace. Compound vs. Complex Sentences It’s easy to get compound sentences confused with complex sentences; both use two or more clauses in a single sentence. The most significant difference, however, is the type of clause they use. Compound sentences use two or more independent clauses. I am working now, but we will eat later. Complex sentences combine independent clauses with subordinate clauses, also known as dependent clauses. Because I am working now, we will eat later. In this example, because I am working now is the subordinate clause and we will eat later is the independent clause. The clue is the word because, which is a subordinating conjunction. Words like because, if, whenever, and since—as well as certain prepositions like after and before—all act as subordinating conjunctions. Their job is to connect subordinate clauses to independent clauses. Just by adding a subordinating conjunction, you can turn an independent clause into a subordinating clause. I am working now alone is an independent clause, but with because in front it becomes a subordinating clause. Be careful, though, because a sentence can be both complex and compound at the same time! A complex-compound sentence occurs when a single sentence has at least two independent clauses and at least one subordinate clause. After I got home from work, my friends invited me out, and I left my apartment again. 212 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

In this example, after I got home from work is the subordinate clause (you can tell because the word after appears at the front). Both my friends invited me out and I left my apartment again are independent clauses, joined by the coordinating conjunction and. Put all three clauses together with the proper punctuation and you have a perfectly correct complex- compound sentence. Polish Your Writing The rules about different clauses and how to combine them can get complicated, even for lifelong English speakers. It takes some practice to get used to, especially learning all the different coordinating and subordinating conjunctions. A compound sentence has two independent clauses. An independent clause is a part of a sentence that can stand alone because it contains a subject and a verb and expresses a complete thought.  Basically, a compound contains two simple sentences.  These independent clauses are joined by a conjunction (for, and, nor, but, or, yet so). Examples: 1. The shoplifter had stolen clothes, so he ran once he saw the police. Both sides of the conjunction ‘so’ are complete sentences. ‘The shoplifter had stolen clothes can stand alone and so can ‘he ran once he saw the police.’ Therefore, this is a compound sentence. 2. They spoke to him in Spanish, but he responded in English. This is also a compound sentence that uses a conjunction to separate two individual clauses. A. Compound sentences created with coordinating conjunctions.The coordinating conjunctions are and (shows addition), or (shows choice), but and yet (show contrast), for and so (show logical consequence), nor (shows addition of a negative point). Together with a comma, coordinating conjunctions can join two independent clauses. Example: Life is short. [Independent clause] Art is long. [Independent clause] Life is short, but art is long. B. Compound sentences created with a semicolon this method of joining sentences is only recommended for sentences whose ideas are related and of equal significance. Example: The house was empty; everyone had gone. C. Compound sentences created with a conjunctive adverb and a semicolon and a comma (when the conjunctive adverb immediately follows the semicolon) Examples: The price of oil has risen sharply; therefore, wood stoves are popular again. OrThe price of oil has risen sharply; wood stoves are therefore popular again. 213 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

A conjunctive adverb is a word or phrase that indicates the relationship between clauses it joins but is usually weightier and more emphatic than a conjunction. Conjunctive adverbs specify one of the following relations: 1. Addition: besides, furthermore, moreover, or in addition the general had complete confidence in his soldiers' training and valor; furthermore, he considered his battle plan a work of genius. 2. Likeness: likewise, similarly, or in the same way Many young Englishmen condemned the English war against France in the 1790s; likewise, many young Americans condemned the American war against Vietnam in the 1960s. 3. Contrast: however, nevertheless, still, nonetheless, conversely, otherwise, instead, in contrast, or on the other hand Einstein's theory of relativity was largely a product of speculation; experiments made within the last fifty years, however, have confirmed its basic points. 4. Cause-and-effect: accordingly, consequently, hence, therefore, as a result, or for this reason Carl spent too many nights going to parties his first semester in college; for this reason, he missed more classes than he should have. 5. Means-and-end: thus, thereby, by this means, or in this manner when our guinea pigs became listless, we took them to the doctor; thus, we were able to stop their illness before it became too grave. 6. Reinforcement: for example, for instance, in fact or indeed My son hates tee-ball; in fact, he hates it so much that he walked from third base during his last game of the season and stomped on home plate. 7. Time: meanwhile, then, subsequently, afterward, earlier, and later we went to the voodoo museum; afterward, we went to a cemetery and found the grave of Marie Laveau. Simple sentences, or basic sentences, are the main unit of expression in written text. A sentence contains a collection of words that communicate a complete thought. For a sentence to make sense it needs two important features: a verb and its subject, and a predicate. Subject/ Verb/ Predicate The boy/ ran /to school. Clauses All sentences are made up of clauses. The simple sentence has only one clause: the main clause. Other types of sentences such as compound, complex and compound complex sentences have two or more clauses. 214 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

The basic sentence has one clause only. If you ever get stuck remembering how a basic sentence is constructed, and how it’s different from other sentence types, remember that it contains a single clause. The main clause can either be quite short, or very long. For example, the following basic sentences contain only one verb, the word 'like.' I like cats. I like fat cats. I like fat cats with long tails. I like fat cats with long furry tails and big eyes. The basic sentence, though it only has one main clause, can reach a great length due to the author adding phrases. Phrases are groups of words that don't contain a verb. Phrases are only part of a sentence. For instance, big eyes, long furry tails, with long tails, etc. Compound sentences are essentially two or more simple sentences - or main clauses - joined together by a link word or link words. A sentence can actually have two or more main clauses. And because they are main clauses, or independent clauses, the clauses don’t depend on other words in other clauses to be complete. It's really like writing two or more separate sentences on separate pieces of paper and then joining them together with glue. The glue in this case are the coordinating conjunctions. Coordinating Conjunctions Conjunctions are joining words. They join two or more clauses together to make two or more separate sentences into one big one. The clauses used to join main clauses together are frequently and our but. For example, The car started, and we drove home.' or... 'It's a nice day today but tomorrow looks like it may rain.' As we can see in both above examples, each clause could stand independently as a sentence. For instance, 'The car started,' is a complete sentence, as is, 'We drove home.' 8.4COMPLEX SENTENCES A complex sentence is an independent clause joined by one or more dependent clauses. A dependent clause either lacks a subject or a verb or has both a subject and a verb that does not express a complete thought. - A complex sentence always has a subordinator (as, because, since, after, although, when) or relative pronouns (who, that, which). 215 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Examples: 1. After eating lunch at The Cheesecake Factory, Tim went to the gym to exercise. The independent clause is ‘Tim went to the gym to exercise.’ The subordinating clause before it is dependent on the main, independent clause. If one were to say, ‘after eating lunch at The Cheesecake Factory,’ it would be an incomplete thought. 2. Opinionated women are given disadvantages in societies that privilege male accomplishments. The subject is ‘opinionated women’, and the verb is ‘are given.’ The first part of the sentence ‘opinionated women are given disadvantages in societies’ is an independent clause that expresses a complete thought. The following ‘that privilege male accomplishments’ is a relative clause that describes which types of societies. 3. The woman who taught Art History 210 was fired for stealing school supplies. ^ The dependent clause in this sentence is ‘who taught Art History 210’ because if removed, the rest of the sentence would stand as an independent clause. ‘Who taught Art History 210’ is an adjective clause that provides necessary details about the subject, woman. Complex sentences are considerably different from simple and compound sentences because they contain clauses which are not equal to the main clause. These unequal clauses are known as subordinate or dependent clauses. The subordinate clause is not a complete sentence and therefore cannot stand on its own. The subordinate clause is often called the dependent clause because it relies on the main clause to make sense as a statement. This type of sentence is most useful when you want to include ideas that are more important than others, and if you wish to be more precise with your sentences. Perhaps the best way to demonstrate the differences between complex, compound and simple sentences is to use an example. Please note the differences in the following 3 examples: Simple Sentence: We ate the apples. They were delicious. Compound Sentence: We ate the apples, and they were delicious. Complex Sentence: We ate the apples because they were delicious. With the simple sentence example, we can see that there are two independentsentences. Both stand alone as individual and complete sentences. In the compound sentence example note that the two complete sentences are simply joined together by a coordinating conjunction, the word and. They could still stand alone as independent and complete sentences. This would be the case even if we were to remove the 'and.' Most interestingly, in the third example - the complex sentence example - something entirely different has occurred. The addition of the link word 'because' has created a subordinate clause. The clause '...because they were delicious,' cannot stand alone asa complete thought, 216 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

hence it is dependent on the main clause, 'We ate the apples.' Additionally, the added conjunction ‘because’ tells us why we ate the apples. It presents the information contained in the sentence with more precision. The more advanced type of sentence structure is the compound complex sentence. This sentence form is the combination of compound and complex clauses with which to create long and elaborate statements. Compound Complex Sentence: ‘Paula’s dog was so poorly behaved, and he gave her so much trouble that she decided to take him to dog training school where he would learn how to behave himself.’ The teaching of compound complex sentences is not a feature of this program. A complex sentence is a sentence with one independent clause and at least one dependent clause. It works best when you need to provide more information to explain or modify your sentence’s main point. Complex sentences are easy to spot as they often use subordinating conjunctions like because, since, or until to connect clauses. Why are they called ‘complex?’ Complex sentences are different from simple sentences but share some similarities with compound sentences. Does that seem complex? Don’t worry; they’re easy to use once you understand how they work, which we explain fully below. We talk about simple vs. complex sentences, independent vs. dependent clauses, and give plenty of complex-sentence examples. Improve your writing Grammarly helps give your sentences extra polish Write with Grammarly What is a complex sentence? Complex sentences are one of the four types of sentences based on structure (simple, complex, compound, and compound-complex). Their distinction is that they contain a dependent clause; only complex sentences and complex-compound sentences have them. Dependent clauses, also known as subordinate clauses, are clauses that cannot stand alone as a complete sentence. Without an independent clause, a dependent clause is just a sentence fragment. Incorrect: When I grow up Correct: When I grow up, I’ll use complete sentences. One of the most common types of complex sentences are conditional sentences, which discuss imaginary situations, often using an if-then structure. In conditional sentences, one clause is true only if both clauses are true. ‘If you’re always trying to be normal, you will never know how amazing you can be.’ — Maya Angelou 217 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Independent vs. dependent clauses: What’s the difference? The key to using complex sentences understands the difference between independent and dependent clauses. Basically, independent clauses are complete sentences on their own, but dependent clauses are not. However, both clauses contain a subject and a verb, so why is one a complete sentence but not the other? The short answer is that dependent clauses always start with subordinating conjunctions. In a way, these subordinating conjunctions turn independent clauses into dependent ones. You’re probably already familiar with some common subordinating conjunctions, such as because, since, if, until, when, even though, in case, while, now that, and certain uses of the prepositions before and after. There are quite a few less common subordinating conjunctions, so we recommend studying the above list until you can recognize them on your own. With a subordinating conjunction, a clause becomes a description of another clause. In this way, dependent clauses change the meaning of independent clauses. Consider this example of an independent clause: You cannot leave the school. That sounds scary! Alone, this independent clause means that you must remain at school forever. Now, let’s add a dependent clause to make a complex sentence that clarifies things further: You cannot leave the school until the bell rings. See how the dependent clause changes the meaning of the main point? Simple vs. complex sentences The difference between simple and complex sentences is easier to explain. Simple sentences are any sentence with only one independent clause. Any sentence with more than one clause—including complex sentences—cannot be simple sentences. Interestingly, you can sometimes combine two simple sentences to create one complex sentence if you add a subordinate conjunction. Simple sentences: Troy ate a giant cookie. He got a stomach ache. Complex sentence: After Troy ate a giant cookie, he got a stomach ache. How to make a complex sentence Although conditional sentences get complicated, complex sentences in general have fairly easy grammar rules. If you’re using the right subordinate conjunction, you only have to worry about commas in complex sentences. 218 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Whether or not to use a common depends on which clause comes first:  If the dependent clause comes first, place a comma right before the independent clause.  If the independent clause comes first, no comma is needed. Here’s a couple of complex sentence examples to illustrate: When Thanos attacked the Earth, where were the Eternals? Where were the Eternals when Thanos attacked the Earth? Complex Sentence Examples Here are some complex sentence examples from famous writers to help you understand how they work. We’ve underlined the subordinate conjunction in each. ‘If the path is beautiful, let us not ask where it leads.’ —Anatole France ‘It is an ironic habit of human beings to run faster when they have lost their way.’ —Rollo May ‘Don’t pray when it rains if you don’t pray when the sun shines.’ —Satchel Paige ‘It doesn’t matter how slowly you go as long as you don’t stop.’ —Confucius ‘Because things are the way they are, things will not stay the way they are.’ —Bertolt Brecht Tips For Writing Complex Sentences Once you get the hang of subordinate conjunctions and dependent clauses, complex sentences don’t seem so complex after all. You can even improve them using the same exact tips on how to write better sentences. A complex sentence is a sentence that contains one independent and at least one dependent clause (sometimes called a subordinate clause). An independent clause is a phrase that would make sense if it were a sentence on its own, whereas a dependent clause will not form a sentence on its own. When these two types of clauses appear in a sentence, we create a complex sentence. Consider this example: I like to eat the candy before I watch a movie. ‘I like to eat the candy’ is an independent clause as it would make a complete sentence on its own. ‘Before I watch a movie’ is a dependent clause, as it doesn’t make a complete sentence on its own. It is ‘dependent’ on the first clause for the phrase to make sense. Complex Sentence Definition 219 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

The definition of a complex sentence is a sentence that contains one independent clause and at least one dependent clause. Examples of Complex Sentences In the examples of complex sentences below, the dependent clause comes first. Notice that the dependent clause begins with a subordinating conjunction (words like since, because, while) and that the clauses are separated by a comma:  Because he was late again, he would be docked a day’s pay.  While I am a passionate basketball fan, I prefer football.  Although she was considered smart, she failed all her exams.  Whenever it rains, I like to wear my blue coat. In the complex sentence examples shown below, the independent clause comes first. Notice that in most examples there is no separation of the clauses by a comma, which is the general rule in complex sentences starting with an independent clause. However, the last example has a comma as it is an example of an extreme contrast. This extreme contrast refers to the clauses expressing ideas that are almost opposite in meaning or that must be heavily emphasized.  Having a party is a bad idea because the neighbours will complain.  I am extremely happy since I retired.  The dog jumped on his lap while he was eating.  Annie was still crying, although she had been happy about the news. Independent and Dependent Clauses We have mentioned several times that a complex sentence contains an independent clause and at least one dependent clause. But what are clauses in a sentence? And why are they important in grammar? Let’s look back at the earlier example of a complex sentence:  I like to eat candy before I watch a movie. As we stated earlier, ‘I like to eat candy’ is an independent clause. It makes sense as a standalone sentence. ‘Before I watch a movie’ does not make sense on its own. However, let’s tweak the sentence a bit:  I like to eat candy, but I don’t like to eat popcorn. The sentence now contains two independent clauses, as ‘I like to eat candy’ and ‘I don’t like to eat popcorn’ could both form complete sentences. The example has now become a 220 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

compound sentence, i.e., one that contains two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction (but). However, there is an important distinction to be made when a subordinating conjunction is added to a clause. These words – such as since, whenever, although, because – act to make a clause a dependent clause, even if it looks like an independent clause.  I like to eat candy (independent clause – makes sense on its own).  Because I like to eat candy (dependent clause – does not make sense on its own without more information). Common Complex Sentence Examples As we have seen with the previous examples, the structure for a complex sentence essentially looks like this:  Dependent Clause + Independent Clause (comma splits the clause)  Independent Clause + Dependent Clause (comma usually does not split the clause) So, using that structure we can easily form examples of complex sentences:  Despite her advancing years, Elesa was still the best player on the team.  Elesa was still the best player on the team despite her advancing years.  Since Hannah got here, she’s been nothing but trouble.  Hannah has been nothing but trouble since she got here. You should also be aware that a complex sentence can contain more than one dependent clause. Here are some examples of those types of complex sentences:  Because I was often late, and since I was always forgetting things, I was regarded as a scatterbrain by my friends.  Although the war ended, and as people tend to have short memories, the city’s people were still divided over its impact. Complex Sentences from Literature Below are some quotes from that classic book that can be considered complex sentences:  ‘Because he was so small, Stuart was often hard to find around the hou’E.B White – Stuart Little  ‘I’ve never any pity for conceited people, because I think they carry their comfort about with them.’George Eliot – The Mill on the Floss  ‘And now that you don’t have to be perfect, you can be good.John Steinbeck — East of Eden 221 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

The 4 Types of Sentence Structure A complex sentence is, of course, just one type of sentence we can use in writing. The four types of sentences are discussed below: 1. Complex Sentence As we have mentioned, a complex sentence is one with an independent clause and at least one dependent clause. Example:Whenever he was lonely, Lance called his mother. 2. Compound Sentence A compound sentence is one with two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction (for, but, and, nor, or, yet so). Example:I was born in the United States, yet I consider myself Canadian. 3. A Simple Sentence A simple sentence is one with only one independent clause and no dependent clauses. Example:David drives carefully to work in the morning. 4. A Compound-Complex Sentence A compound-complex sentence is one with at least two independent clauses and at least one dependent clause. Jim doesn’t drink beer because he has a gluten allergy, so he tends to drink wine most weekends. Subordinating Conjunctions There are dozens of subordinating conjunctions in English, and their usage is intrinsically linked to dependent (subordinate) clauses. Common examples of subordinating conjunctions includeafter, before, even though, although, as much as, when, whenever, because, if, while, since. These words and phrases act as modifiers to a sentence, sometimes changing the phrase from an independent clause to a dependent clause. There are two main ways to think about subordinating clauses:  A word or phrase that introduces a dependent clause.  A word or phrase that links an independent and dependent clause. Using Subordinate Clauses in Complex Sentences As we mentioned earlier, a subordinate clause is another way of terming a dependent clause. Both words, subordinate and dependent, offer clues to help us better understand the function of these clauses in writing. Dependent means contingent on or determined by, whereas 222 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

subordinate means lower in rank or position. That tells us that – grammatically speaking – subordinate/dependent clauses are not equal to the independent clause in a sentence. The independent clause and subordinate clause are not equal because the latter cannot form a sentence on its own. The subordinate clause is, as such, dependent on the independent clause to provide the complete meaning. You cannot create a complex sentence without using a subordinate clause in it. Other types of sentences – compound sentences, simple sentences – can exist without subordinate clauses. When you think about it, the subordinate clause is what makes the sentence ‘complex’. The subordinate clause requires the help of the independent clause for it to make sense. It reaches back or forward across the sentence to contextualize itself, making the sentence more ‘complex’ in the process. 8.5 SUMMARY  A common weakness in writing is the lack of varied sentences. Becoming aware of three general types of sentences--simple, compound, and complex--can help you vary the sentences in your writing.  Language is made up of words, which work together to form sentences, which work together to form paragraphs.  In this section, we’ll be focusing on sentences: how they’re made and how they behave.  Sentences help us to organize our ideas—to identify which items belong together and which should be separated.  Simple sentences are sentences containing one independent clause, with a subject and a predicate.  Modifiers, compound subjects, and compound verbs/predicates can be used in simple sentences.  The standard arrangement of a simple sentence is subject + verb + object, or SVO order. This can vary by arranging parts of the predicate before the subject.  A compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, or so) and a comma or by a semicolon alone.  A complex sentence combines a dependent clause with an independent clause. When the dependent clause is placed before the independent clause, the two clauses are divided by a comma; otherwise, no punctuation is necessary.  A simple sentence contains a subject and a verb. - It expresses a single complete thought that can stand on its own. 223 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

 A compound sentence has two independent clauses. An independent clause is a part of a sentence that can stand alone because it contains a subject and a verb and expresses a complete thought. - Basically, a compound contains two simple sentences. - These independent clauses are joined by a conjunction (for, and, nor, but, or, yet so).  A complex sentence is an independent clause joined by one or more dependent clauses. A dependent clause either lacks a subject or a verb or has both a subject and a verb that does not express a complete thought. - A complex sentence always has a subordinator (as, because, since, after, although, when) or relative pronouns (who, that, which).  A Simple Sentence has one independent clause.  A Compound Sentence has two independent clauses joined.  A Complex Sentence has one dependent clause (headed by a subordinating conjunction or a relative pronoun) joined to an independent clause. 8.6 KEYWORDS  Communication: is the art and science of persuading, informing, teaching and entertaining people. It involves a sender, a message, a receiver, a medium (channel), and feedback to complete the communication.  Equifinality: is a characteristic of an open system to reach the objective/goal of the system through a variety of means.  Teleology: is the study of purpose in a natural phenomenon. Open systems show the characteristics of purposefulness.  Structures: Sentences are identical in structure and display the same pattern because they all contain examples of the same grammatical categories which are arranged in a certain order according to a set of grammatical rules e.g.,I’d like to go to Paris/SwazilandOrI’d like to go home/read a book etc.  Forms (of sentences) include different types of sentences like declarative, negative, exclamatory sentences/or the different forms of verb – present/ past, weather a noun is singular or plural / countable or unaccountable.  Function (ofsentences) – The purpose of an utterance/sentence, whether it is an order, a request or a prayer.  Verb It is the central element in a sentence indicating what is happening or the state of things.  Tense – refers to the time of action: present, past and future. 224 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

 Aspect – Tells us whether the action denoted by the verb is complete or incomplete e.g. she is cooking (action in progress at the time of speaking); she has finished cooking. (Action complete).  Conditional (clause): expresses a condition usually starting with if or unless e.g. If you do not have your meals regularly, you will fall sick. Passive Sentences: refers to the verb phrase in a sentence in which the person or thing effected by the verb because the subject, e.g., the thief was caught.  PseudoPassives – (often with have or get) are common in informal English. They have subjects which have things done for them; to them or which happen to them e.g. I had my car washed.  Interlanguage: is the type of language produced by second and foreign language learners who are in the process of learning a language. In language learning, learner errors are caused by several different processes, i.e., borrowing patterns from mother tongue, extending patterns from target language, expressing meanings using the words and grammar which are already known. Interlanguage has a structurally intermediate use between native and target language. 8.7LEARNING ACTIVITY 1. Write about different types of sentences? ___________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ 2. Explain complex sentences with examples. ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 8.8UNIT END QUESTIONS A. Descriptive Questions Short Questions 1. What do you understand by sentences? 2. Define simple sentence. 3. Give one example of complex sentence. 4. Write an example of compound sentence. 5. Define complex sentence. 225 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Long Questions 1. Explain complex sentences with 5 examples. 2. What do you understand by compound sentence? Write examples. 3. Explain different types of sentences. 4. Differentiate complex and compound sentences. 5. How simple sentences are converted into compound sentences? B. Multiple Choice Questions 1. What type of sentence is: My Dad was delighted when I showed him my result? a. Simple b. Compound c. Complex d. None of these 2. What type of sentence is:We can survive at the temperature of 44 degree Celsius? a. Simple b. Compound c. Complex d. None of these 3. What type of sentence is: Humans have good bone structure and a well-developed immune system? a. Complex b. Simple c. Compound d. None of these 4. What type of sentence is: he went to the park, but she stayed at home? a. Complex b. Simple c. Compound d. None of these 5. What type of sentence is: Old men speak because they want to share their experience? 226 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

a. Simple b. Compound c. Complex d. None of these Answers 1-c, 2-a, 3-b,4-b, 5-c. 8.9REFERENCES References  Dessler, G. (2012). Human Resource Management. New Delhi: Prentice-Hall of India.  Rao, V.S.P. (2002). Human Resource Management: Text and cases. New Delhi: Excel Books.  Kenstowicz, Michael and Charles Kisseberth (1979) Generative Phonology. Academic Press. Textbooks  Mamoria, C.B. (2002). Personnel Management. Mumbai: Himalaya Publishing House.  Dipak Kumar Bhattacharyya, Human Resource Management, Excel Books.  French, W.L. (1990), Human Resource Management, 4th ed., Houghton Miffin, Boston. Website  http://www.slideshare.net/sreenath.s/evolution-of-hrm  www.articlesbase.com/training-articles/evolution-of-human-resource- management- 1294285.html  http://www.oppapers.com/subjects/different-kinds-of-approaches-to-hrm- page1.html 227 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)