M5 Ethical Public Speaking

Art of Public Speaking:Ethical Public Speaking MODULE 5- ETHICAL PUBLIC SPEAKING Structure 5.0 Introduction 5.1 Plagiarism 5.1.1 Avoiding Plagiarism 5.1.2 Deliberate Vs Accidental Plagiarism 5.2 Citations 5.2.1 Steps for Accurate Citations 5.3 Paraphrasing 5.3.1 Paraphrasing Process 5.3.2 The 4R’s of Paraphrasing 5.4 Setting Responsible Speech Goals 5.5 Inclusive Language 5.5.1 Inclusionary Pronouns and Phrases 5.6 Free Speech Vs Hate Speech 5.7 Recognition of Issues Affecting the Society 5.8 Summary 5.9 Glossary 5.10 References Page 1 of 11 All Rights Reserved. Vol. TLE001/03-2022

Art of Public Speaking:Ethical Public Speaking 5.0 INTRODUCTION Ethics in public speaking demand that you are honest and accurate in the information you are presenting to your audience. Do not mislead your audience intentionally. Do not distort the facts to suit your aim. If you are not sure about a piece of information or fact or statistics, don’t use it. Ethics in public speaking, like most other professions, is essential for the credibility of all who share in this field. Communication and ethics should fit like a hand on a glove. Be truthful, honest, and accurate in presenting your qualifications and experience. Be ethical and professional in actions and business practice. You never would want to do anything that would discredit yourself, the profession of public speaking, or other public speakers. This requires consequential thinking (\"if I do this, what will the consequences be\"). Try to understand the organization you will represent and the audience’s needs. You will need to know the approaches, goals, and cultures of those you will be speaking for and use speaker skills and expertise to meet those specific needs. Be original, both in speech and writing or, if using material from another speaker or writer, have approval (in writing) and give credit. Using the material of another is usually limited to stories, illustrations, and anecdotes. Have and maintain a relationship of shared responsibility and respect, dignity and professional courtesy, and the highest ethical standards with other speakers. 5.1 PLAGIARISM Plagiarism is presenting someone else’s work or ideas as your own, with or without their consent, by incorporating it into your work without full acknowledgment. All published and unpublished material, whether in manuscript, printed, or electronic form, is covered under this definition. Plagiarism may be intentional or reckless, or unintentional. Under the regulations for examinations, intentional or reckless plagiarism is a disciplinary offense. 5.1.1 Avoiding Plagiarism There are many reasons to avoid plagiarism. You have come to university to learn to know and speak your mind, not merely to reproduce the opinions of others - at Page 2 of 11 All Rights Reserved. Vol. TLE001/03-2022

Art of Public Speaking:Ethical Public Speaking least not without attribution. At first, it may seem very difficult to develop your views, and you will probably find yourself paraphrasing the writings of others as you attempt to understand and assimilate their arguments. However, you must learn to develop your voice. You are not necessarily expected to become an original thinker, but you are expected to be an independent one - by learning to assess critically the work of others, weigh up differing arguments and draw your conclusions. Students who plagiarise undermine the ethos of academic scholarship while avoiding an essential part of the learning process. You should avoid plagiarism because you aspire to produce work of the highest quality. Once you have grasped the principles of source use and citation, you should find it relatively straightforward to steer clear of plagiarism. Moreover, you will reap the additional benefits of improvements to both the lucidity and quality of your writing. It is important to appreciate that mastery of the techniques of academic writing is not merely a practical skill, but one that lends both credibility and authority to your work, and demonstrates your commitment to the principle of intellectual honesty in scholarship. 5.1.2 Deliberate Vs Accidental Plagiarism Deliberate plagiarism is the most common form of plagiarism and is the act of attempting to pass off someone else’s work as one’s own. An alternative definition of deliberate plagiarism is that it is the process of actively trying to deceive academic tutors by passing off someone else’s work as their own. Deliberate plagiarism is not only the most common form of plagiarism but is also the type of plagiarism that carries with it the most severe penalty. This is because with deliberate plagiarism the student has immediately shown themselves to be dishonest and lack conscientiousness - two particularly damaging attributes to their future career path. Accidental plagiarism typically occurs when a student mistakes the views of one author for another, neglects to cite their sources, and/or unintentionally paraphrases from a source, whether this is paraphrasing or patchwork paraphrasing. The lack of intent in no way mitigates the damage a high plagiarism score can inflict on the academic validity of the student’s essay or report answer. Page 3 of 11 All Rights Reserved. Vol. TLE001/03-2022

Art of Public Speaking:Ethical Public Speaking The most effective solution to accidental plagiarism is to cite references correctly which can be achieved by utilizing online reference generators. 5.2 CITATIONS A “citation” is the way you tell your readers that certain material in your work came from another source. It also gives your readers the information necessary to find the location details of that source on the reference or Works Cited page. A citation must include a set of parentheses. Without a set of parenthesis, one does not have a proper in-text citation and can risk being charged with plagiarism. 5.2.1 Steps for Accurate Citation 1. Include In-text or Parenthetical Citations When Paraphrasing It can be tempting to just re-write a sentence from a source to include in your paper. But neglecting the inclusion of a parenthetical, or in-text citation can lead to accusations of plagiarism. Being accused of committing plagiarism can not only impact your grade but can put your enrolment in jeopardy as well. To avoid Page 4 of 11 All Rights Reserved. Vol. TLE001/03-2022

Art of Public Speaking:Ethical Public Speaking making this error, be sure to paraphrase carefully, and include a parenthetical or in-text citation in your paper each time you reference an outside source. 2. Periods (Almost) Always Go After the Parenthesis Something as minor as an incorrectly placed period after a reference can lead to losing major points on your paper. In nearly every citation style with parenthetical citations, the period comes after the parenthesis, not before. 3. Be Consistent with Your Citation Style Some classes require you use MLA format, while others require APA, while still others require the Chicago Manual of Style. These specifications can be difficult to keep track of, but being consistent with your style is perhaps the easiest thing you can do to make sure you have well-written citations. Double-checking your citations at the end of your paper before handing it in can lead to good last-minute improvements. 4. All In-text and Parenthetical Citations Should Correspond with a Reference List Entry In-text and parenthetical citations can be done while you are writing your paper, and are included each time you include information from an outside source. It is important to remember, however, that each time you do this, you should bear in mind that at the end of your paper in the works cited, bibliography, reference list, etc., there should be a corresponding longer reference to that same source that matches the in-text or parenthetical reference. When you are finished making your in-text and parenthetical references, use them to make a list of full citations you will need to include at the end of your paper. 5. Cite Properly, Not in Excess While it is important to include citations in your paper, you shouldn’t be including them after every sentence you write. The important thing to remember is to cite only if you are including information from an outside source. This information should only be included if you feel that it backs up your claim effectively enough to the point where another researcher could potentially find that source and identify it as being related to your argument. If all the information in one paragraph you write refers to the same source, you only need to include one in- text or parenthetical citation in that paragraph, not after each sentence. Page 5 of 11 All Rights Reserved. Vol. TLE001/03-2022

Art of Public Speaking:Ethical Public Speaking 5.3 PARAPHRASING Paraphrasing means rephrasing the words of an author, putting his or her thoughts in your own words. A paraphrase can be viewed as a \"translation\" of the source. When you paraphrase, you rework the source's ideas, words, phrases, and sentence structures with your own. Paraphrasing text is often, but not always, slightly shorter than the original work. Like quotations, paraphrased material must be followed with in-text documentation and cited on the Works Cited page. Paraphrase when:  You plan to use the information on your note cards and wish to avoid plagiarizing  You want to avoid overused quotations  You want to use your voice to present information 5.3.1 paraphrasing process 1. Read the original text until you grasp its meaning; then set it aside. 2. Using your memory, write down the main points or concepts. Do not copy the text verbatim. 3. Change the structure of the text by varying the opening, changing the order of sentences, lengthening or shortening sentences, etc. 4. Replace keywords within the sentences with synonyms or phrases with similar meanings. 5. Check your notes against the original to ensure you have not accidentally plagiarized. 5.3.2 The 4r’s of Paraphrasing 1. Read The first step is to read; as the name says, this is about reading the original content. Here, you should focus on reading the content in a way to grasp the essence of the content and not the wordings in it. Page 6 of 11 All Rights Reserved. Vol. TLE001/03-2022

Art of Public Speaking:Ethical Public Speaking 2. Restate The second step is to restate. Now that you have read the content and know its meaning, it's time you restate key points and important information in it using your words and thoughts. 3. Recheck Once you write your thoughts down, take out some time to check the new content. Compare it with the original content, and look for errors in writing, language, and context to the actual meaning of the content. 4. Repair Now, the last step is to repair the content, if needed. Here, focus on understanding the mistakes you made in the content and repair them to ensure that the paraphrased text is perfect for submission. 5.4 SETTING RESPONSIBLE SPEECH GOALS The Speakers right and responsibilities are as follows:  Trustworthiness  Integrity in subject matter  Respect for others  Dignity in conduct  Truthfulness in message  DEI: Diversity, Equality, Inclusivity  Responsible language  No room for bias 5.5 INCLUSIVE LANGUAGE Inclusive language is a language that is respectful and promotes the acceptance and value of all people. It is a language that is free from words, phrases, or tones that demean, insult, exclude, stereotype, infantilize or trivialize people based on their membership in a certain group or because of a particular attribute. Inclusive language is not about impinging on free speech or political correctness; it is about communicating in a way that is accessible and respectful and values, includes, and empowers all members of your audience. Language is dynamic and fluid and Page 7 of 11 All Rights Reserved. Vol. TLE001/03-2022

Art of Public Speaking:Ethical Public Speaking the meaning and connotations of words can change rapidly. You must apply the inclusive language principles outlined in this guideline, rather than learning specific appropriate phrases, as these may change over time. 5.5.1 Inclusionary Pronouns and Phrases Avoiding sexist language is one way to use inclusive language. Another important way for speakers to develop responsible language is to use inclusionary pronouns and phrases. For example, novice speakers might tell their audience: “One way for you to get involved in the city’s Clean Community Program is to pick up trash on your street once a month.” Instead, an effective public speaker could exclaim: “One way for all of us to get involved in our local communities is by picking up trash regularly.” This latter statement is an example of “we” language—pronouns and phrases that unite the speaker to the audience. “We” language (instead of “I” or “You” language) is a simple way to build a connection between the speaker, speech content, and audience. This is especially important during a persuasive speech as “we” language establishes trust, rapport, and goodwill between the speaker and the audience. Take, for example, the following listener relevance statements in a persuasive speech about volunteering: “You” language: You may say that you’re too busy to volunteer, but I don’t agree. I’m here to tell you that you should be volunteering in your community. “We” language: As college students, we all get busy in our daily lives and sometimes helpful acts such as volunteering aren’t priorities in our schedules. Let’s explore how we can be more active volunteers in our community. In this exchange, the “you” language sets the speaker apart from the audience and could make listeners defensive about their time and lack of volunteering. On the other hand, the “we” language connects the speaker to the audience and lets the audience know that the speaker understands and has some ideas for how to fix the problem. This promotes a feeling of inclusiveness, one of the responsible speech goals. Page 8 of 11 All Rights Reserved. Vol. TLE001/03-2022

Art of Public Speaking:Ethical Public Speaking 5.6 FREE SPEECH VS HATE SPEECH Purpose of Hate vs. Free Speech Free speech allows people to discuss their beliefs, thoughts, and ideas openly; however, there are limitations to this freedom. On the other hand, hate speech incites harm or violence against others and does not respect pertinent limitations. Encourages Debate Free speech encourages debate by liberally but politely presenting the two sides of an issue while hate speech encourages violence by deliberately offending the other party and supporting discriminatory acts. Effect on Society because of Hate vs. Free Speech Hate speech creates unnecessary factions within a society due to the aggressive content which may further lead to the community’s deterioration. On the other hand, free speech generally leads to society’s growth. Though certain divisions may arise, there is still a positive change in the end which fosters healthy social evolution. Effect on Oneself Publicly stating homophobic, racist, and other discriminatory remarks under hate speech do not only hurt others but oneself as well. For instance, people who ridicule others also get ridiculed in return and get socially punished. On the contrary, those who engage in free speech are generally not socially punished because they are careful not to cross the line. Attitude towards Minority Hate speech discriminates against the minority by disseminating offensive remarks while free speech protects the minority by practicing tolerance and respecting the diversity that each group brings. The free speech follows a guideline that prevents the marginalization of individuals. Humane Unlike hate speech, free speech is more humane as it aims to respect the dignity of individuals. Hence, this is being encouraged in various social agency settings such as schools and workplaces. Page 9 of 11 All Rights Reserved. Vol. TLE001/03-2022

Art of Public Speaking:Ethical Public Speaking Hate Crime Unlike free speech, hate speech is more associated with hate crimes as it promotes content regarding abusive acts. For instance, certain mass killings were said to be preceded by hate speech. 5.7 RECOGNITION OF ISSUES AFFECTING THE SOCIETY Speakers should consider it their ethical responsibility to educate listeners by introducing ideas of racial, gender, or cultural diversity, but also by raising social awareness, or the recognition of important issues that affect societies. Raising social awareness is a task for ethical speakers because educating peers on important causes empowers others to make a positive change in the world. Many times when you present a speech, you have the opportunity to raise awareness about growing social issues. For example, if you’re asked to present an informative speech to your classmates, you could tell them about your school’s athletic tradition or you could discuss Peace One Day—a campaign that promotes a single day of the worldwide cease-fire, allowing crucial food and medicine supplies to be shipped into warzone areas. If your assignment is to present a persuasive speech, you could look at the assignment as an opportunity to convince your classmates to (a) stop texting while they drive, (b) participate in a program that supports US troops by writing personal letters to deployed soldiers or (c) buy a pair of TOMS (tomsshoes.com) and find other ways to provide basic needs to impoverished families around the world. Of course, those are just a few ideas for how an informative or persuasive speech can be used to raise awareness about current social issues. It is your responsibility, as a person and speaker, to share information that provides knowledge or activates your audience toward the common good. One way to be successful in attaining your speech goal while also remaining ethical is to consider your audience’s moral base. Moon identifies a principle that allows the speaker to justify his or her perspective by finding common moral ground with the audience. This illustrates to the audience that you have goodwill but allows you to still use your moral base as a guide for responsible speech use. For example, even though you are a vegetarian and believe that killing animals for food is murder, you know that the majority of your audience does not feel the same way. Rather than focusing on this argument, you Page 10 of 11 All Rights Reserved. Vol. TLE001/03-2022

Art of Public Speaking:Ethical Public Speaking decide to use Moon’s principle and focus on animal cruelty. By highlighting the inhumane ways that animals are raised for food, you appeal to the audience’s moral frame that abusing animals is wrong—something that you and your audience can both agree upon. “If we lose love and self-respect for each other, this is how we finally die.” – Maya Angelou 5.8 SUMMARY  Ethical public speaker considers how, to be honest, and avoid plagiarism by taking notes during the research process,  Ethical public speakers also cite sources properly by understanding how to paraphrase and directly quote sources.  Ethical speakers strive to achieve responsible speech goals by promoting gender, racial, and cultural diversity, using inclusive language, 5.9 GLOSSARY  Plagiarism: the practice of taking someone else's work or ideas and passing them off as one's own.  Citation: the way you tell your readers that certain material in your work came from another source  Inclusive language: something that doesn't leave any person, part or group out.  Paraphrasing: putting someone else's ideas into your own words 5.10 REFERENCES  https://toughnickel.com/business/the-ethics-in-public-speaking  https://stpauls-mb.libguides.com/plagiarism/definitions  https://staff.uq.edu.au/files/242/using-inclusive-language-guide.pdf Page 11 of 11 All Rights Reserved. Vol. TLE001/03-2022